Session 9 What is Ergonomics

8/13/2019 Session 9 What is Ergonomics

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Human Factors



Cross-Section of Sauber F1 Cockpithttp://motorsportmodeller.blogspot.in/2012/10/sauber-formula-1-cut-in-half.html



F1 Steering Wheel, 2011http://www.notasmartman.com/f1-round-bathurst-like-it-or-not-its-awesome/



http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2013/07/06/2013-german-grand-prix-qualifying-in-pictures/f1-grand-prix-of-germany-qualifying-34/



F1 Pit-Stop with Wheel Changehttps://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0620/5b299550e2ef2/5b299554ec403.jpg



F1 Cockpit, Mercedes W04 2013http://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-wallpaper/hd-pictures-2013-launch-mercedes-w04-f1-car/



Nico Rosberg on the Mercedes W04 2013

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eh4FB5D3rs



So,What have we learned about Human Factors ?

- driving posture

- line of sight

- steering wheel controls- foot pedal controls

- seat in the shape of your body

- clearance for movement

- body support- display font size, spacing and colour

- pitcrew optimized for team performance



What is Human Factors ?



Human Factors is concerned with the application

of what we know about people, their abilities,

characteristics, and limitations to the design of

equipment they use, environments in which they

function, and jobs they perform.

Human Factors & Ergonomics Societyhttp://www.hfes.org/web/educationalresources/hfedefinitionsmain.html



Ergonomics / Human Factorser·go·nom·ics

ergon = work + nomos = laws {greek}

‘laws of work’ erg : g·cm/s



Ergonomics discovers and applies informationabout human behavior, abilities, limitations, and

other characteristics to the design of tools, machines,

systems, tasks, jobs, and environment for productive,

.

Chapanis (1985)



Human Factors

Past, Present & Future



Past Present Future

Doug Englebart + First Mouse

1967

Apple Magic Mouse

2009

Pranav Mistry + 6th Sense

2009 onwards . . ,



So, why should we care?



Well, here is why >

Human Factors is perhaps as

old as mankind! Oh Really?



Stone tools at Gona, Ethopia. Estimated to be 26,00,000 years old.Journal of Archaeological Science (2000) 27, 1197–1214, doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592



Egyptial Azde (3000 BC). Precursor to the axe. Initially stone tied to wooden

handle with leather strap. Later stone replaced by copper.



What do we see>

+ Initially tools based on trial & error

+ Next, tools built to fit to the task



+ Seating designed to fit legs

Amphitheatre in ancient Greece (500 BC)



+ Tools designed for the hand

Stonecutting tools in ancient Greece (460 BC)http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm



+ Objects designed for ease of use

Earthenware, ancient Greece (350 BC)http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm



+ Objects designed for right fit

Child Seat, ancient Greece (not dated)http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm





+ Human body as object for protection

Body Armour in the Middle Ages,http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/20C/Weapons.html



+ Objects handmade according to need

Pre Industrial Age

+ objects crafted by hand

+ knowledge transfer through generations+ tool/object customized for individual+ time intensive process+ slow innovation



+ The Steam Engine Changes Everything

James Watt’s Steam Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_steam_engine



+ Founder of Experimental Psychology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber

E.H.Weber (1795-1878)

+ first to study human perceptional abilities

+ touch, pain, sight, hearing, taste & smell+ two-point threshold, weight perception,

just-noticeable-difference



+ Founder of Scientific Management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

F.W.Taylor (1856-1915)+ father of ‘scientific mgmt’

+ first to systematically

observe and study work+ goal to improve industrial

efficiency. Which is the best

way to do a job? What should

constitute a day’s work?

+ time studies



Taylor’s Principles

Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based

on a scientific study of the tasks.

Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather

than passively leaving them to train themselves.

Provide detailed instruction and supervision of each worker

in the performance of that worker's discrete task.

Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers,

so that managers apply scientific management principles

to planning the work and workers actually perform tasks.



Time Studies @ Bethlehem Steel (1898)

+ studied shovelling work at Bethlehem Steel.

+ same shovel to load rice coal(3.5lb) and ore(38lb)

+ conducted detailed time studies with different shovel loads to determin optimum load/shovel+ 21.5 lbs found to be optimum weight/shovel+ shovel scoops redesigned for different materials+ same work now done by 140 men instead of 600+ material handling cost reduced by 50%+ $78,000 saved per year



Taylorismhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slfFJXVAepE



Tell us of a contemporary activity

shaped by Taylor’s Principles?

Hint:



+ Founder of Motion Studies

http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/manuscripts/fblg/

+ use video to study motion

+ reduce number of steps@work+ use process flowcharts+ develop chronocyclegraph+ study individuals w/disabilities

+ concern for worker’s welfare

F.B.Gilbreth(1868-1924)L.M.Gilbreth(1878-1972)



+ Chronocyclegraph - recording motion over time



Bricklaying Ergonomicshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVKTX_Sbwzw



+ The Assembly Line

Henry Ford (1863-1947)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford



+ Development of sophisticated equipment

World War 1 (1914-1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I



+ Development of research into human abilities

World War 1 (1914-1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

+ Psychologists hired to create selection tests

+ Establishment of aviation psychology+ Understanding abilities and limitations of people

+ People adapt to machines . . . but things are

changing



+ Large scale empirical/applied research on HF/E

World War I1 (1939-1945)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

+ Large scale recruitments for the war effort

+ No longer possible to select a few specialists for the job

+ Design equipment to take advantage of human abilities

+ Recognise human limitations - design to avoid human error



+ Application of HF/E to non-military pursuits

+ Alphonse Chapanis - Father of Ergonomics as we know it today

+ Paul Fitts - Fitt’s Law and human machine interactions

+ Henry Dreyfuss - The Measure of Man and Woman

+ Design for the human makes business sense

+ HF/E research shapes the post war boom in the US & Europe



+ The Human Computer Interaction Era

+ Development of Computers and advanced technologies

+ Computing permeates all aspects of our daily lives

+ Doug Englebart - invention of the mouse

+ Development of the Graphic User Interface (GUI)+ Consumer Products & Ergonomics

+ Culture, Emotions, Gestures, Artificial Intelligence . . .



New Horizons for HF/E+ Gestures, Haptics, Tangible User Interfaces+ Living longer . . . implications for design

+ Overuse Injuries . . . how to reduce them+ Information overload . . .simplify+ Robotics in everyday life . . .

Welcome to the future!



X Design is satisfactory for me -

It will be satisfactory for everyone else.

X Design is satisfactory for the average -It will be satisfactory for everyone else.

X The variability of human beings is so great that

it cannot be possibly catered for in any design.

X Ergonomics is expensive and ergonomic considerations

can be ignored for mass-produced objects.

X Ergonomics is an excellent idea. However, I always design

with ergonomics in mind - I do it intuitively and rely on my

common sense. I don’t need tables of graphs or empirical

studies to backup my design.

5 Fundamental Myths



+ Design with the user in mind

+ Recognize individual differences in human

capabilities and limitations+ Design of things influences human behaviour

+ Emphasize on empirical data and evaluation

+ Use the Scientific Method to test hypotheses

and generate data on human behaviour+ Recognize systems perspective; things, people,

processes, environments do not exist in isolation



1. User-centered design is empirical

base your decisions on scientific evidence

2.User-centered design is iterative cyclic process - design > build> test> repeat cycle

3.User-centred design is participative

make the user an active participant in the design process

4.User-centered design is non-Procrustean

fit the product to the user, rather than vice-versa

User Centered Design



5. User-centered design takes due account of human diversity

best possible match for greatest number of people

6.User-centered design takes due account of user’s task match between product and user is task-specific

7.User-centred design is systems oriented

understands the role of a context or ecosystem

8.User-centered design is pragmatic

design is about undertanding limits; recognizing trade-offs

User Centered Design



User Centered Designhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgEAAhEeDHY



1. Sanders, Mark S., and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and

Design . McGRAW-HILL book company, 1987.

2. Wickens, Christopher D., Sallie E. Gordon, and Yili Liu. " An Introduction to Human

Factors Engineering." (2004). Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

3. Pheasant, Stephen T., and Christine M. Haslegrave. Bodyspace: anthropometry, ergo-

nomics, and the design of work . CRC Press, 2006.

4. Chengalur, Somadeepti N., Thomas E. Bernard, and Suzanne H. Rodgers. Kodak's Er-

gonomic Design for People at Work . Wiley, 2004.

5. Chakrabarti, Debkumar. Indian Anthropometric Dimensions for Ergonomic Design

Practice. National Institute of Design, 1997.

6. Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik. "H uman Dimension and Interior Space: A Source-

book of Design Reference Standards." (1979).

7. Tilley, Alvin R. " The Measure of Man and Woman." Wiley, 1993.

8. Steinfeld, Edward, and Jordana Maisel. Universal design: Creating Inclusive Environ-

ments. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.



http:// ergo.human.cornell.edu /

http:// www.hfes.org /web/educationalresources/hfedefinitionsmain.html

http:// www.iea.cc /

http:// www.ergonomics.org.uk /

http:// www.ilo.org /global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order

online/books/WCMS_120133/lang--en/index.htm

http:// hf.tc.faa.gov /hfds/

http:// www.iso.org /iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53348

http:// www.inderscience.com /jhome.php?jcode=ijhfe

http:// www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk /research/inclusivedesign/

http:// ergonomics.osu.edu /

http:// hfaging.gatech.edu /



Are we taller in the morning?Will have my answer tomorrow.



That’s All Folks!Email: [email protected]

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Session 9 What is Ergonomics