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Session 4. Managing the risks at the markets of developing countries
FDI from the BRICS
This collection was collated by Yuriy Zaytsev as teaching material on the FDI from the BRICS course at the Institute of Development Studies.
Questions of the session
• The main investment risks existing in developing countries;• The role of governments and donors in reducing the risks for
investors;• The engagement of international business for improving the
business climate in those countries, where it operates; • CSR and PPP as mechanisms in mobilizing resources for
development needs and investment climate improvement. • The methods to overcome investment-associated risks in
developing countries, employed by BRICS business;• How do these methods create an added value, which help
them to compete with other investors?
The risk chain
Note: The feedback arrows in the risk chain diagram represent the potential for the outcomes of past shocks to affect exposure and internal conditions, as well as the propensity for future shocks. Similarly, the effectiveness of people’s risk management can significantly affect the nature of and propensity for future shocks.
The nature and extent of outcomes depend on shocks, exposure, internal conditions, and risk management
Source: The World Development Report, 2014
The role of risk-management in developing countries
• The goal of risk management:– mitigate the losses and improve the
benefits that people experience when they face risk and opportunity.
NB: Risk management can both increase economic returns and reduce the propensity for crises: there need not be a trade-off between resilience and growth.
Source: The World Development Report, 2014
The mechanisms to cope with risks in developing countries
• Knowledge– Increased information about risk can help people better understand the nature and likelihood of
risks they may face, thus reducing uncertainty.
• Protection– action to prevent negative shocks from occurring or to mitigate their impact; – actions to increase the propensity for positive shocks and gains from them; protection can be
self-provided, purchased from the market, or provided publicly by the community or the state.
• Insurance– instruments that transfer resources between good and bad times (savings, formal insurance
contracts, loans, credit lines, hedging instruments), – means of transferring resources to those especially in need in bad times:
• Social safety nets, community support, or other risk-pooling mechanisms.
• Preparation– together, knowledge, insurance, and protection constitute preparation (or ex ante risk
management);
• Coping – (ex post risk management) encompasses all actions that are taken once a risk (or alternatively
an opportunity) has materialized. – updating relevant knowledge by assessing the new situation and then implementing necessary
and available responses.
The measures to cope with risks in developing countries
• Worker, consumer, and environmental protection:– facilitating the development and implementation of
employment standards and production processes that protect workers, consumers, and the environment.
• Resource reallocation and innovation:– enterprises shift resources, expand and contract, and
enter and exit markets;• Risk sharing
Obstacles in managing risks
NB: Identifying risks is not enough: the obstacles to risk management must also be identified, prioritized, and addressed through private and public action.
Source: The World Development Report, 2014
8
Interdependence of Risks for Business
Business Risk
OperationalRisk
FinancialRisk
IT and business process
outsourcing
Derivatives documentation and counterparty risk
risk in a new foreign market
Enterprise-Wide Risks Financial Risks
MarketRisk
LiquidityRisk
CreditRisk
Credit Risk Associated with
Investments
Credit Risk Associated with Borrowers and Counterparties
Funding Liquidity
Asset Liquidity
Risk Management Dept. 9
Integrated Framework
Risk and Economic
Capital Measurement
Performance Measurement
& Management
Business Portfolio
Management
Investment
Strategy
Pricing
Reinsurance Optimisation
Limit Setting
• Common measurement standard leading to common language
• Common risk ‘currency’, interpretation as capital
10
Integrated Framework
2. Line Management
Business strategy alignment
3. Portfolio Management
Think and act like a “fund manager”
4. Risk TransferTransfer out
concentrated risks
5. Risk AnalyticsDevelop advanced
analytical tools
6. Data and Technology Resources
Integrate data and system capabilities
7. Stakeholders ManagementImprove risk transparency for key stakeholders
1. Corporate GovernanceEstablish top-down risk management
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Benefits
• Broadens risk awareness
• Aligns risk profile and strategy
• Minimizes surprises and losses
• Rationalizes capital requirements
• Assures regulatory compliance
• Improves ROE and shareholder value
Risk Impact Analysis
– Input: • System mission• System and data criticality• System and data sensitivity
– Analysis: Adverse impact described in terms of loss or degradation of
integrity, confidentiality, availability
– Output: Impact Rating of High, Medium or Low
A set of screens for assessing obstacles to risk
management, and formulating policy responses
Source: The World Development Report, 2014
PPP mechanisms
• Public-private partnership is a very efficient way to expand the operations of transnational corporations (TNCs) in developing countries – effective tool for integrating businesses into government IDA-related projects.
• Public-private partnership in international development assistance offers a number of positive effects. – PPP projects solve the problem of inefficient state regulation and market failures, as well as mitigate the
risks related to financing development programs, offering an alternative for handling development problems;
– PPP mechanisms within IDA present a novel approach for combining the resources and competencies of traditional and new IDA participants, who may share equally the risks and benefits of implementing non-hierarchical projects, while retaining their own goals and tasks at the same time;
– PPP projects generate added value through optimization and synergy-related effects, which would be impossible if partners operated separately. • In fact, the tool of PPP in IDA promotes the creation of a unique product able to promptly resolve problems within
the poorest countries, i.e. helping solidify factors encouraging sustainable development. As far as the production of economic effects is concerned, both in the near and distant future such projects are not likely to be replaced by alternatives, in view of the low growth rates in the poorest countries. IDA appears to have acquired a trend where traditional PPP approaches are transformed through the emergence of multilateral partnerships that unite representatives of the public sector, private firms and NGOs. In many cases, this effect is triggered by the complexity of the IDA process which involves multiple goals of economic development of the poorest countries, the possibility of the negative net present value of the project, and the need for strengthening national institutions to ensure continuity in IDA project outcomes in the long term.
Types of PPPs in Basic Education, Public Health, and Water and Sanitation
Source: World Economic Forum
CSR mechanisms
• Corporate social responsibility is another track for business participation in the IDA and managing the risks in developing countries;
• Usually, firms regard CSR programs as an instrument to lower social risks and maintain the loyalty of current and potential clients in developing countries.
• The public sector regards CSR programs through the prism of lowering ecological and social risks, with multilateral and bilateral donors accentuating this point as well. – CSR often becomes a realm where the activities of the businesses and donors in
recipient countries play in tune.• CSR projects in developing countries are primarily related to the companies'
implementation of certain international principles regulating socially responsible financing, first of all those recommended by international development banks like the IFC and IBRD, Asian Development Bank, and the African Development Bank, which vigorously support the processes of socio-economic development in the poorest countries.