Session 4: Coal statisticsSession 4: Coal statistics

United Nations Statistics Division

International Workshop on Energy Statistics

24-26 September 2012, Beijing, China

World commercial primary World commercial primary energy production 2009energy production 2009

Solids32%

Liquids37%

Gas26%

Electricity5%

Hard Coal 25%Hard Coal 25%

Brown Coal 7%Brown Coal 7%

Peat & Oil Shale .1%Peat & Oil Shale .1%

Total commercial primary Total commercial primary energy production 1970-2009energy production 1970-2009

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

America, South

Oceania

Europe

Asia

America, North

Africa

OutlineOutline

• Classification

• Measurement units

• Statistical units

• Data items

• Data sources

• Current UNSD Questionnaire

• Common problems

SIEC ClassificationSIEC Classification

• SIEC 0: Coal

• SIEC 1: Peat and Peat products

• SIEC 2: Oil shale / oil sands

SIEC 0: CoalSIEC 0: Coal

01 Hard Coal

011 Anthracite

012 Bituminous Coal

0121 Coking coal

0129 Other bituminous coal

02 Brown Coal

021 Lignite

022 Sub-bituminous coal

03 Coal Products

031 Coal Coke

032 Patent Fuel

033 Brown Coal Briquettes

034 Coal Tar

035 Coke oven Gas

036 Gas Works Gas

037 Recovered Gases

039 Other coal products

1 Peat and Peat products

11 Peat

12 Peat Products

121 Peat Briquettes

129 Other Peat products

2 Oil Shale/Oil sands

Secondary products

Coal Coke

Patent Fuel

Brown Coal Briquettes

Coal Tar

Coke oven Gas

Gas Works Gas

Recovered Gases

Other coal products

Peat Briquettes

Other Peat products

Primary Products

Hard Coal

Anthracite

Coking coal

Other bituminous coal

Brown Coal

Lignite

Sub-bituminous coal

Peat

Oil Shale/Oil sands

Measurement units –Measurement units –original/natural unitsoriginal/natural units

Original or natural units

Used at the point of measurement of the fuel flow the units measured should be the best suited to its physical state (solid, liquid or gas)

Examples include:

• Mass units for solid fuels (e.g. kilograms or tons)

• Volume units for liquids and gases (e.g. litres or cubic metres)

• Energy units for electricity (e.g. kilowatt-hour) and heat (e,g. calories or joules).

Measurement units – Measurement units – Common unitsCommon units

Natural units are often converted to a common unit to enable comparison between fuels, estimating efficiencies etc.

Common units are typically this is an energy unit (e.g. megajoule or ton of oil equivalent).

Calorific value (heating value) are conversion factors that expresses the heat obtained from one unit of the fuel

Example calorific values (CVs) include:

gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t) for coal

megajoule/cubic metre (MJ/m3) for gas

NOTE: Calorific values vary between products and also countries

Net and Gross Calorific valuesNet and Gross Calorific values

Calorific values may be expressed in gross or net terms. The difference is due to latent heat of vaporization of the water produced during combustion.

Net calorific values are typically 5% to 6% less than the gross calorific value for solid and liquid fuels and about 10% less for natural gas.

IRESIRES

No specific measurement units are recommended for national data collection (most suitable for the circumstance)

However, certain units are recommended for dissemination. In particular,

Solid fuels -> Metric Tons

Gases -> Terajoules

Calorific valuesCalorific values

IRES recommends the use of net calorific values (NCV) when expressing the energy content of energy products rather than gross calorific values (GCV)

However, where available, countries are strongly encouraged to report both gross and net calorific values

IRES 4.36

Default Calorific valuesDefault Calorific values

• Default calorific values only to be used in absence of specific values

• IRES provides default calorific values in line with those in the 2006 IPCC guidelines

Examples of Net Calorific ValuesExamples of Net Calorific Values(GJ/Metric ton)(GJ/Metric ton)

Anthracite 26.7

Coking coal 28.2

Other bituminous coal 25.8

Sub-bituminous coal 18.9

Lignite 11.9

Peat 9.76

… …

Statistical unitsStatistical units

• A statistical unit is an entity about which information is sought and for which statistics are ultimately compiled. It is also the unit at the basis of statistical aggregates

• IRES recommends the use of establishments and households as statistical units for energy statistics

Data itemsData items

They reflect data collected from statistical units

Data sourcesData sources

• IRES recommends to distinguish, as applicable, at least the three reporters groups:

• Energy industries

• Other energy producers

• Energy consumers

IRES 7.18

Statistical units classified according to ISIC rev. 4 and grouped as described in IRES

Data sourcesData sources

Statistical data sources

From censuses and/or sample surveys (enterprises surveys, households surveys, mixed-households surveys)

IRES recommends that countries make efforts to establish a programme of sample surveys which would satisfy the needs of energy statistics in an integrated way to avoid duplication of work and reduce response burden.

IRES 7.38

Data sourcesData sources

Administrative data

data created originally for purposes other than the production of statistical data

- monitor activities related to production and consumption of energy;

- enable regulatory activities and audit actions;

- assess outcomes of government policies, programmes and initiatives

Annual QuestionnaireAnnual Questionnaire

Imports

Stock changes

Non energy useFinal Energy Consumption Manufacturing, const. and non-fuel industry Transport Other (Agriculture, Households, etc.)

Production

Transformation

Final consumption

Total energy supply

Energy industry own useEnergy industry own use

Losses

Exports

Int. bunkers

UNSD Annual QuestionnaireUNSD Annual Questionnaire

UNSD Annual QuestionnaireUNSD Annual Questionnaire

Calorific valuesCalorific values

For the different products

Common problemsCommon problems

• Data on calorific values are often not reported

• Distinction between international bunkers and (domestic) transport

• High statistical difference

• Production of secondary products without input into the transformation

• Conversion into electricity and heat plants should be looked at in conjunction with the electricity production

• Energy industry own use and transformation

Thank you!