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Islamic Republic of Pakistan
4th APAP Technical WorkshopManaging Protected Areas Effectively:
Using the IUCN Green List, Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE),
and other International Tools and Standards
19-21 June 2018, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
By:1. Muhammad Samar Hussain Khan
Deputy Conservator (Wildlife) Ministry of Climate ChangeIslamabad, Pakistan
2. Muhammad NiazDeputy Conservator Wildlife, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa WildlifeDepartment, Peshawar,
Pakistan
Biodiversity of PakistanBiodiversity of Pakistan is blend of Palearctic, Indo-
Malayan and Ethiopian forms. Species belonging to Palearctic realm occur in the
Himalayan and Balochistan uplands Species of Indo-Malayan realm occur in the Indus
plains and the Himalayan foothills Species with affinities to Ethiopian realm occur in
the dry southwest, along the Makran Coast and inthe Thar Desert
Biodiversity of PakistanS. # Taxa Total Species Reported in Pakistan1. Mammals 1952. Birds 6683. Reptiles 1924. Amphibians 225. Fish (freshwater) 1986. Fish (marine) 7887. Echinoderms 258. Mollusks (Marine) 7699. Crustaceans (Marine) 28710. Annelids (Marine) 10111. Insects >500012. Angiosperms 570013. Gymnosperms 2114. Pteridophytes 18915. Algae 77516. Fungi >4500
Protected Areas Network in PakistanA system of protected areas has been established in
Pakistan, which include following categories (Above 12%of the land area):
National Parks: 28 Wildlife Sanctuaries: 91 Game Reserves: 116 Community Conservation Areas: 117 Recently Pakistan has designated Astola Island Marine
Protected Area, Balochistan (401.47 Sq. Km) in ArabianSea
Notification is under process for Indus River CanyonMarine Protected Area (27,607 Sq. Km)
Pakistan has also designated 19 Ramsar Sites, with totalsurface area of 13,43,627 ha
Pakistan has two areas declared as Biosphere Reserveunder UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme;Ziarat Juniper Forest (Balochistan Province) and 1977,Lal Suhanra National Park (Punjab Province).
Status of Protected Areas in PakistanUnder wildlife legislations, hunting, shooting and habitat
destruction is strictly prohibited in National Parks andWildlife Sanctuaries. Whereas hunting and shooting ofwild animals under special permits is allowed in GameReserves as well as Community Conservation Areas/Private Game Reserves.
IUCN Category II applies to the most of National Parksin Pakistan (Ecosystem protection and recreation)
IUCN Category IV applies to the most of WildlifeSanctuaries in Pakistan (Habitat/species managementarea)
IUCN Category VI applies to the most of Game Reservesand Community Conservation Areas/ Private GameReserves in Pakistan (Sustainable use of resources)
Protected Areas Management in Pakistan Wildlife conservation and management in Pakistan
is a provincial subject The provincial/territorial governments have set up
their wildlife departments, which conserve, protectand manage wildlife under their respective wildlifelegislations
Protected areas are mainly designated and managedunder provincial/territorial wildlife laws
However, policy formulation on wildlife, liaison withinternational agencies, conventions andcoordination with provincial/territorial forest andwildlife authorities is carried out at Federal level byMinistry of Climate Change.
Protected Areas Management in PakistanProtected areas management in Pakistan is mainly
focused on enforcement of wildlife legislation withlittle effort on habitat management , monitoring andassessment of biodiversity.
Protected areas management activities generallyinclude:
Controlling hunting and poaching Controlling grazing and collection of Non Timber
Forest Products Mitigation of Human Wildlife Conflict Managing tourism Controlling encroachment Surveys and monitoring of species Awareness raising activities
Protected Area Management Effectiveness (PAME) evaluation methodologies/tools in
Pakistan There is no specific mechanism for PAME evaluation
in Pakistan, however IUCN Framework for Assessingthe Management of Protected Areas is considered asstandard for it
Monitoring and evaluation is carried out in sitespecific management planning and projectsimplemented in protected areas. It generally involvesmain components of Management Effectiveness(Design, Appropriateness of management systemsand Delivery of objectives) which are used in settingindicators.
In some cases of community based conservationareas, assessment and monitoring is carried out forselected species
Benefits of PAME Methodologies/Tools and challenges in their implementation
PAME methodologies/tools are very useful to evaluate management of protected areas for improvement of policy and conservation actions.
However following are some challenges encountered in their use in protected areas of Pakistan:
Lack of management plans (More than half of PAs lack management plans/implementation).
Weak institutional capacity Financial constraints Lack of uniform management regime/land tenure Lack of inter-agency cooperation/coordination Remoteness of areas and lack of infrastructure Conflicts between park staff and local communities
Collaborative Management of Protected Areas in Pakistan
Protected Areas Management Project (PAMP): AGEF/World Bank funded project, PAMP wasimplemented during 2002-2007. Management regimeswere improved in three national parks (Hingol NationalPark, Chitral Goal National Park, and Machiara NationalPark) with active community participation byestablishing Park Associations. The main activitiesunder the project included; management planning,buffer zone development and habitat improvement andmanagement.
Fund for Protected Areas (FPA): To ensure financialsustainability a “Fund for Protected Areas (FPA) “ wasestablished. The FPA has been registered and licensedas a non-profit private company, which is run by anindependent Board of Directors. The funds generatedby FPA are utilized in the three national parks and theircommunities on the recommendations of ParkAssociations.
Community Participation in Conservation Pakistan is pioneer in involving local communities in
conservation. In early 1990s a pilot GEF funded projecttested the concept of conservation at valley level byinvolving local communities in sustainable trophyhunting. With its success, Pakistan was able to getCITES annual trophy hunting quota for Markhor (CITESAppendix-I).
After successful implementation of pilot project, a fullGEF/UNDP funded project; “Mountain AreasConservancy Project” (MACP) was implemented during1999-2006, to build capacity of the local communities andgovernment agencies to manage natural resources. As aresult of the project, an initial system of four MountainAreas Conservancies was established in northernPakistan.
For financial sustainability a “Mountain AreasConservancy Fund (MACF)” was also established.
Community-based Trophy Hunting Programme
Community-based Trophy Hunting of ungulates;Markhor (Capra falconeri), Urial (Ovis aries) Blue Sheep(Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica),Sindh Goat (Capra hircus aegagrus) is beingsuccessfully implemented in Pakistan and is worldrecognized
Trophy hunting is carried out in CommunityConservation Areas which are designated by provincialwildlife authorities and managed by Community-basedOrganizations
The local communities get 80% shares of the revenuegenerated, which is used for community-basedconservation activities and socio-economic uplift.
CITES Conference of Parties (CoP10, Harare, Zimbabwe,1997) allocated an annual quota of six hunting trophiesof Markhor (CITES Appendix-I) for Pakistan. In view ofsuccess of the Programme, trophy hunting quota ofMarkhor was doubled at CITES CoP 12 (Santiago, Chile2002).
Community-based Trophy Hunting Programme(in Community Conservation Areas)
Use of trophy hunting income
Use of trophy hunting income
Use of trophy hunting income
Increase in ungulate populations Reduction in illegal hunting and poaching Habitat improvement activities Socio-economic uplift of local communities Sense of ownership in local communities Involvement of local communities in in watch and ward
and surveys Livelihood opportunities Awareness raising about importance of species Awareness raising /positive attitude for wildlife
(Reduction in retaliatory killing of wildlife in cases oflivestock depredation or crop damage)
Outcomes of Community-based Trophy Hunting Programme
An ongoing umbrella project, Green PakistanProgramme has strong component of protected areasmanagement activities (including management planningand implementation). It also include a review ofprotected areas system of Pakistan as per IUCN criteria
IUCN-Pakistan may hold a stakeholder workshop toelaborate on IUCN Green Standard for adoption inselected protected areas initially
WWF-Pakistan in collaboration with provincial wildlifedepartments has been piloting Spatial Monitoring andReporting Tool (SMART) in selected protected areas ofPakistan. It may be implemented in other protectedareas in future.
Way Forward
Management Effectiveness Evaluation:
Case Study of Chitral Gol
National Park, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Chitral Gol – 1800 to 1971 Wildlife Sanctuary 1979 – 1984 National Park 1984 (Area 7,750 hac) Protection of resources Supports all the four national biological
symbols of Pakistan: Markhor (National Animal) Chukar (National Bird) Deodar (National Tree) Jasmine (National Flower) Regular Markhor surveys
Brief overview of Chitral Gol National Park
Biological featuresA pristine example of:Himalayan dry temperate forestAlpine scrubAlpine rangeland
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Kashmir markhor (Capra
falconeri) Ladakh urial (Ovis orientalis) Red fox (Vulpus vulpus) Black bear (Ursus thibetanus) Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus)
Mammals
Turkistan Rat (Rattus turkestanicus)
Himalayan Wood Mouse(Apodemus rusiges)
Golden Marmot (Marmota caudata aurea)
Grey Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus)
Himalayan monal Golden eagle Himalayan snow cock Chukar partridge Himalayan griffon vulture Snow partridge
Birds
Increase in human population Low literacy rate Inadequate staff for protection Poverty
Threats
WWF/World Bank Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool
Year: 2005
Total Score: 81
Method for Evaluation
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Male
Female
Fawn
Total
Growth in Markhor Population
Protected Areas Management Project (PAMP) wasimplemented from 2001-2007.
Earlier, local communities had conflicts over the area butwith the help of PAMP their support enlisted in CGNP.
MEE was undertaken during the period to knowmanagement effectiveness of the Park in terms ofprotection of Markhor/ Snow leopard/ habitat andaddressing the needs of communities.
University of Montana, Missoula, USA and WildlifeDepartment were involved.
The main findings from MEE process included; Population of Wildlife species especially Markhor was
increasing Cooperation of local people ensured Dependency local people for fuel wood and fodder reduced.
Summary of MEE Process
Based on the results of MEE process future plans areused to keep up the positives trends.
Regular Markhor surveys, community involvement, andincentives are ensured.
Separate management unit was created to look after theCGNP in 2008.
A mega project “Development and Management ofNational Parks” was launched in 2015-16.
Local communities organized through establishment ofConservation Committees, Cluster Committees and ParkAssociations.
Efforts are being made to conduct Trophy hunting ofMarkhor in Buffer Zone to benefit local communities.
Endowment Fund established and strengthened throughseed money
Using Results of MEE Process
Each National Park must have Management Plan. Organization of local communities should be
strengthened and Incentives to local people ensured fortheir effective participation with good prospects ofminimizing pressure and threats on the naturalresources.
Management of Protected Areas through manpower andfinancial resources should be intensified.
Baseline data is essential
Lessons learned from the MEE experience
Management of CNGP on scientific basis according tothe management plan of the Park.
Initiation of Community Based Trophy Hunting ofMarkhor in buffer zone of the Park.
Capacity building of staff and local communitiesthrough short term trainings and visits to furtherimprove management.
Future Plans
Thank you