Session 2

Peer Support Quiz

What is a hernia?

What is a hernia?

A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening

What is the peritoneum?

What is the peritoneum?

The serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities

List four uses of health information

List four uses of health information

• Epidemiological investigation• Evaluate current services• Plan future services• Health promotion/disease prevention

Describe simple diffusion

Describe simple diffusion

Movement of a solute across a membrane by dissolving in the hydrophobic membrane

core

What are the two parietal layers?

What are the two peritoneal layers and name the structures they cover?

• Visceral peritoneum: abdominal organs• Parietal peritoneum: abdominal wall

Name the space between the two layers of peritoneum

Name the space between the two layers of peritoneum

The peritoneal cavity

List five characteristics of membrane transporters

List five characteristics of membrane transporters

• Transporters are integral membrane proteins

• Transporters are channels or carriers• Transporters are specific (or selective)• Transporters are regulated• Transporters are passive or active

Give three types of gated transporters

Give three types of gated transporters

• Voltage-gated• Ligand-gated• Mechanically-gated

What does the pneumonic CARTA stand for when assessing the quality of health information?

What does the pneumonic CARTA stand for when assessing the quality of health information?

• C: completeness• A: accuracy• R: relevance/representativeness• T: timeliness• A: accessibility

What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?

What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?

Intraperitoneal organs are completely almost completely covered by peritoneum and

suspended by a mesentery whereas retroperitoneal organs are only partially

covered by peritoneum

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

• The facilitate movement between abdominal organs and between organs and the abdominal wall

• To produce peritoneal fluid which contains leukocytes and antibodies

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport uses metabolic energy whereas passive transport does not use

metabolic energy

Is the GLUT transporter passive or active? Give its mechanism of action

Is the GLUT transporter passive or active? Give its mechanism of action

PassiveGlucose is transported down its concentration into the cell. In the cell glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate maintaining the concentration gradient

Give two types of diaphragmatic hernia

Give two types of diaphragmatic hernia

• Traumatic• Congenital

What is demography?

What is demography?

The study of the size, structure, dispersement, and development of human

populations

What is the difference between a direct and an indirect hernia?

What is the difference between a direct and an indirect hernia?

A direct hernia goes through Hasselbach’s triangle whereas an indirect hernia goes

through the inguinal canal

An INdirect hernia is IN the INguinal canal

What is the relationship of direct and indirect herniae to the inferior epigastric vessels?

What is the relationship of direct and indirect herniae to the inferior epigastric vessels?

Direct herniae are found medial to the vessels whereas indirect herniae are found

lateral to the vessels.

What are the three types of active transporters?

What are the three types of active transporters?

• P-type:• V-type:• F-type:

Name the mesentery of the large intestine and of the small intestine

Name the mesentery of the large intestine and of the small intestine

• Large intestine: mesocolon• Small intestine: THE mesentery

Describe the innervation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum has the same innervation as the overlying abdominal wall and is sensitive to pain. Visceral peritoneum has the same innervation as the part of the gut is covers and so pain is poorly localized

Describe the innervation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum

What are the two types of co-transport and give an example of each?

What are the two types of co-transport and give an example of each?

• Symporters: • Na+:glucose (drives the uptake of glucose by intestinal

cells)• Na+:AA• Na+:Cl-

• Na+:HCO3-

• Antiporters: • Na+:H+ (regulates intracellular pH)• Na+:Ca2+ (maintains low intracellular Ca2+)• Na+&HCO3

-:H+&Cl- (Na+-dependent Cl-:HCO3- antiporter)

What type of groin hernia is more common in women?

What type of groin hernia is more common in women?

Femoral hernia

Femoral hernia are found below the inguinal ligament

What are the three measures of fertility?

What are the three measures of fertility?

• Crude birth rate• Live births/1000 population

• General fertility rate• Live births/1000 women aged 15-44yrs

• Total fertility rate• Average number of live children that a group of woman would have if

they experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the calendar year in question throughout their child-bearing lifespan

Crude birth rate – Includes males, children and post-menopausal women in denominatorGeneral fertility rate –Doesn’t take account of variation of fertility with age.Total fertility rate – Takes account the differing fertility rates within age groups

What is the processus vaginalis?

What is the processus vaginalis?

An embryonic out pouching of the peritoneum that precedes the testes during

descent

What is the tunica vaginalis?

What is the tunica vaginalis?

The remnants of the processus vaginalis surrounding the testes

Because the tunica vaginalis develops from the processus vaginalis it is composed of parietal and visceral peritoneum

What is the difference between the chemical and electrical potential across a membrane?

What is the difference between the chemical and electrical potential across a membrane?

The chemical potential is the difference in concentration across the membrane whereas

the electrical potential is the difference in charge across the membrane

The electrochemical potential combines the two

What is a membrane potential?

What is a membrane potential?

The difference in electrical potential between the interior and exterior of a cell

The inside is more negative

Where is birth registration and death registration data collected?

Where is birth registration and death registration data collected?

Office of National Statistics (ONS) Birth notification (within 36 hrs) &Birth registration (within 42 days)

Local registrar for births, marriages & deaths

Office of National Statistics (birth statistics)

Death certificate issued by doctorDeath registration (within 5 days)

Local registrar for births, marriages & deaths

Office of National Statistics (mortality statistics)

What is the typical ion concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell?

What is the typical ion concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell?

• Inside: 160mM• Outside: 5mM

What is a hydrocoele?

What is a hydrocoele?

A collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum of the tunica

vaginalis

What is peritonitis?

What is peritonitis?

Inflammation of the peritoneum

How are population estimates calculated?

How are population estimates calculated?

Census baseline + birth – deaths ± migration

What is the typical ion concentration of Na+ inside and outside the cell?

What is the typical ion concentration of Na+ inside and outside the cell?

• Inside: 10mM• Outside: 150mM

What is the difference between population estimates and population projections?

What is the difference between population estimates and population projections?

A population estimates estimates population size and structure between census whereas a

population projection forecasts future population size and structure based on mortality,

fertility and migration

What is the typical ion concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?

What is the typical ion concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?

• Inside: 5mM• Outside: 115mM

What is ascites?

What is ascites?

Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity

What are the five F’s for abdominal swelling?

What are the five F’s for abdominal swelling?

• Fluid• Fat• Flatulence• Faeces• Foetus

What is the typical ion concentration of Ca2+ inside and outside the cell?

What is the typical ion concentration of Ca2+ inside and outside the cell?

• Inside: 0.2μM• Outside: 2mM

Remember – there is a 1000-fold difference in intracellular and extracellular concentration

Give three sources of morbidity data

Give three sources of morbidity data

• Cancer registration• Notifications of communicable diseases• NHS activity data

Give the simplified Nernst equation

Give the simplified Nernst equation

Only applies at at temperature of 37°

Eion

61 mV

Zlog

[ion]out

[ion]in

=Eion = equilibrium potential (volts)[ion] = ion concentration (mM)Z = the valence (charge) of the ion

What is a Hernia contains a Meckel’s diverticulum?

What is a Hernia contains a Meckel’s diverticulum?

A hernia of Littré

What are two types of traumatic diaphragmatic herniae?

What are two types of hiatus herniae?

• Sliding: the gastroesophageal junction moves above the diaphragm with part of the stomach

• Rolling: part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm without movement of the gastroesophageal junction

A hiatus hernia is a type of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. They may also be congenital e.g. Bochdalek (posterior) or Margagni (anterior)

What is depolarization of the membrane?

What is depolarization of the membrane?

A decrease in the membrane potential. The inside of the cell becomes less negative.

Give two examples of NHS activity data

Give two examples of NHS activity data

• Quality and outcomes framework (QOF): completed by GPs

• Hospital episodes statistics (HES): all admissions to NHS hospitals in England

What are the two main clincial classifications used by the HES?

What are the two main clincial classifications used by the HES?

• ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision): Describes conditions treated or investigated

• OPCS-4 (OPCS Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures, 4th Revision): Records details of operations e.g. hip replacement

What are the complications of a hernia?

What are the complications of a hernia?

• Incarceration: the hernia becomes stuck• Strangulation: ischemia of the herniated

structure

An incarcerated hernia may become a strangulated hernia

What are the two main types of bias associated with surveys?

What are the two main types of bias associated with surveys?

• Responder bias• Reporting bias

What is hyperpolarization of a membrane ?

What is hyperpolarization of a membrane ?

An increase in the membrane potential. The inside of the cell becomes more negative.

What is the absolute refractory period?

What is the absolute refractory period?

The period of time following an action potential when another action potential

cannot be fired

Caused because the Na+ channels are in an inactive state