Series 1 CREATIVE INNOVATION WITHOUT BOUNDARIES

CREATIVE

INNOVATION

WITHOUT

BOUNDARIES

Series 1

Nur Fadhlina Zainal Abedin

CREATIVE INNOVATION

WITHOUT BOUNDARIES

Edited by:


BOOK COMPILATION

Creative Innovation without Boundaries

Published by MNNF Publisher

Copyright © 2017 by MNNF Publisher

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, from the

publisher.

The views and opinions expressed therein and those of the individual authors and

the publication of statements in the book do not imply endorsements by the

publisher or the editorial staff.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

ISBN 978-967-13637-6-8

Editor : Nur Fadhlina Zainal Abedin

FOREWORD

All praise and thanks are due to Allah the Most Merciful and the Most

Gracious for His blessings that International Invention & Innovative

Competition (InIIC) Series 1/2017 is successfully organised at Federal Hotel,

Kuala Lumpur, on 6 May 2017.

This book ‘Creative Innovation without Boundaries’ is a collection of essay

from the participants of InIIC Series 1/2017. It provides 25 chapters of creative

and innovative ideas and findings. It will greatly benefit practitioners as well

as academics as an innovative source and reference for becoming more

creative.

I want to especially thank all the authors, who have shared their time and ideas

in contributing the essay. To MNNF Network Director, Md Nadzri Salleh and

staff Siti Nur Khadijah Hatta Adam, who helped significantly throughout the

submission process. The director who always give tremendous support to

make sure this book is published before the event. Siti Nur Khadijah who

worked patiently through emails and helped in submission and communication

with the authors, and help in compiling the first draft of this book.

It is my hope that this book will greatly benefit you to sparkle ideas in order

to become more creative and innovative in designing new products.


TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1

Breast Cancer Recurrence (BCR) Risk Analyzer Nurul Husna Jamian, Yap Bee Wah, Syadatul Syaeda Mat Saleh,

Ilya Zulaikha Zulkifli, Samsiah Ahmad, Muhammad Azzarul Zamier

Bin Abd Aziz & Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Bin Mukhtar

1

Chapter 2

Kitchen Waste Reducer Noor Raifana Binti Ab Rahim, Nur Zaidani Wati Binti Mohd Darwis

& Narita Binti Noh

5

Chapter 3

VOLCANOSEE: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Volcano Eruption

Android App Roni Marudut Situmorang, Singgih Bekti Warsito, Rifaldy Fajar ,

Kristian Bayu & Riana Dwi K

9

Chapter 4

SMARTLET (Intelligent Toilet Dehydration Level Detection

Based Urine Color Aided Internet of Things (IoT) that Easy and

Accurate Towards Intelligent Non Dehydration) Deni Kurnianto Nugroho, Hernawan Prabowo, Anjasmoro Adi Nugroho, Thifli

Habibi Nur Salim Nava & Rifaldy Fajar

13

Chapter 5

NAMMON (Nata de Persimmon) Debby Agustin, Lailatul Fitriyah, Prihantini, Lulik Rina Widyastutik & Rifaldy

Fajar

17

Chapter 6

A Study on the Effectiveness of UsahawanRia Board Game as a

Training Tool in Entrepreneurship Lesson Hasyireen binti Abdul Halim, Erita Mazwin binti Mazlan & Faridah

binti Che In

20

Chapter 7

myBaby Remedy Kit Hartini Yusof, Reena Leeba Richard, Shahrul Azam Abdullah,

Mohamad Azlan Abd Majid & Shamima Abdul Rahman

25

Chapter 8

“S-FARM” (SMART FARMING DESIGN): Monitoring and

Controlling System in Long-Distance Land Moisture in

Agricultural Farm Based on IOT (Internet of Things) Through

a Smartphone Android to Realize Sovereignty for Indonesian

Food Singgih Bekti Worsito, Hernawan Prabowo, Linda Noviasari, Lina

Ambarwati, Lailaturrahmi Ramadhani & Muhamad Ali,M.T.

28

Chapter 9

Utilization of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) As a Green

Building and Renewable Energy Pujianto, M. Pd., Fauziyyah Diyah Anggita Sari, Okta Lesagia,

Rizal Justian Setiawan, Nurokhmah & Indra Dwi Suryanto

32

Chapter 10

Design and Fabrication of Coordinate Measuring Machine Jig

for Metrology Laboratory Norasikin Binti Hussin & Nor Izlan Bin Zulkhiflee

37

Chapter 11

Nanosunblock Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin bin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Nurain binti

Adam, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli & Tengku Shafazila binti Tengku

Shaharudin

41

Chapter 12

STUPA: Students, Teachers, and Parents Application to

Monitor Student Attendance in Formal School Agus Triyanto, M. Pd., Galuh Candrasari, Intan Lisnawati, Nur

Yono, Nana Indri Kurniastuti & Anjasmoro Adi Nugroho

45

Chapter 13

BAPENO: Banana Peels Noodle a Nutritious Healthy Food Lilis Sugiarto, M. Si, Muhammad Ghani Fadhlurrahman, Dwi

Nailul Izzah, Intan Lisnawati, Rini Winarti & Fitri Febriani

48

Chapter 14

The Design and Development of Mobile Application in

Enhancing English Language Competency: A Prototype Shahrul Ridzuan Bin Arshad, Ima Shanaz Wahidi & Mazura

Mastura Muhammad

52

Chapter 15

FLOAT eVILLA Hassnah Wee, Syazwani Binti Mohamad, Normaizatul Akma Binti

Md Ghani, Fatimah Binti Jinal, & Nor Asmalina Mohd Anuar

57

Chapter 16

Turmeric Asam Paste (Packaging) Massyittah Binti Omar, Siti Nor Fadillah Binti Ahmad Shariff, Zuratulraha

Binti Jaafar, Siti Nurhanifah Binti Sulong & Hayati Adilin Binti

Mohd Abd Majid

60

Chapter 17

Prototype of Self-Aid Arm Rehabilitation Ahmad Najmie Bin Rusli, Muhamad Zaini Bin Mohamed Zain,

Muhamad Afiq Hakim Bin Muhamad Affandi, Ariff Hamiz Ar-Rasyid

Bin Rusli & Nurul Nadiah Binti Rasdi

64

Chapter 18

Dual Folding Chair Muhammad Ariffudin Abdul Wahab , Fadhleen Munirah Arif , Saida

Farhanah Sarkam, Noor Affeeda Ramli & Noor Junaini Arwin

Yaacob

68

Chapter 19

3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) Abdul Aziz Masnan, Nur Anis Afiqah Zainal Abidin , Farah Faseiha

Osman, Saida Farhanah Sarkam & Noor Junaini Arwin Yaacob

71

Chapter 20

Low Back Pain Help Tool using Web-Based Application Nur Amalina Alleyes, Liyana Shuib, Nur Baiti ‘Afini Binti

Normadhi, Ghulam Mujtaba & Leena Loh Poh Chen

74

Chapter 21

Clitoria Ternaeta sp. Extract as an Alternative to Produce Inks

for Whiteboard Marker Pens Muhammad Azrie bin M Raymi, Muhamad Amir Firdaus bin Ismail, Aina

Zafirah binti Azhar, Nur Najwa binti Md Amin & Nur Adira binti Mohamad

Azlan

79

Chapter 22

A Potential of Thiosemicarbazones as Corrosion Inhibitors for

Industrial Cleaning Process Nur Nadia Dzulkifli, Nur Nadira Hazani, Nur Nadira Hazani, Sheikh Ahmad

Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Jamil Mohamad Sapari & Fasihah Esa

82

Chapter 23

Corrosion Inhibition on a Mild Steel by Dithiocarbamate

Complexes in an Acidic Solution Nor Farah Hida Othman, Nabilah Syakirah Zolkifli, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli,

Muhammad Faiz Latif & Ahmad Husaini Mohamed

87

Chapter 24

Magnetic Absorbent Magic Noor Azland Jainudin Ahmad Fadzil Jobli, Ahmad Zaidi Hampden, Nurul

Najihah Mad Rosni, Yaziz Kasim

91

Chapter 25

Magical Canting Rohani binti Osman, Alia Najiha binti Jusoh & Nurzahirah binti Zuhairi

94

__________________________________________________

1

Series 1/2017 Creative Innovation without Boundaries International Invention & Innovative Competition (InIIC)

Chapter 1

Breast Cancer Recurrence (BCR) Risk Analyzer

Nurul Husna Jamian, Yap Bee Wah, Syadatul Syaeda Mat Saleh, Ilya

Zulaikha Zulkifli, Samsiah Ahmad, Muhammad Azzarul Zamier Bin Abd

Aziz & Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Bin Mukhtar

Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah 35400, Tapah Road Perak

Abstract

Breast cancer recurrence (BCR) is the return of breast cancer after primary treatment and it can recur within

the first three to five years. Usually after completing treatment, many cancer survivors feel anxiety and

fear that the breast cancer will recur. The worst case scenario, they may have misconception that after

successful initial treatment they remain breast cancer free. Thus, BCR Risk Analyzer was developed to

help breast cancer survivors predict their chances of having the recurrence in the future. This is the first

system developed to predict the risk of recurrence either low or high among breast cancer survivors in

Malaysia. This system was built and designed using Notepad++ and Adobe Dreamweaver CS10 where the

target users are among women who have an experience of breast cancer and have no coexistence of other

cancers. Users are required to answer all the questions displayed to get their own risk level result. BCR

Risk Analyzer can be a useful tool and be used by doctors and breast cancer survivors to determine their

risk level of recurrence. It also helps the government, medical practitioners and health care providers to

take further preventive actions in order to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.

Introduction In normal human body, cells will grow, divide, and die in an orderly and controlled way.

However cancer happens when cells in a certain part of the body start to grow out of control and

invade other tissues. Breast cancer is a malignant (cancer) tumour that begins from cells of the

breast [1,2]. Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women where it was 100

times more common than in men since women have more hormone estrogens and progesterone

compared to men which promote breast cancer cell growth.

In Asia, the incidence of breast cancer is lower than in the West but it is increasing rapidly

while Malaysia has the higher incidence rate as compared to the neighbouring countries

especially Indonesia and Thailand [4]. In Malaysia, the most common cancer occurred among

women is breast cancer (26.5%) compared to other cancers such as cervix uterine (12.6%),

colorectal (9.9%), lung (5.8%) and ovary (5.4%) [3].

Normally breast cancer patients undergo treatment once they were diagnosed with breast

cancer at various stages. Most of them have highly potential of survival with good medical

treatment and lifestyle. Unfortunately, some patients experience a recurrence or the development

of a second primary cancer. Recurrence is the return of breast cancer after primary treatment that

can recur anytime usually within the first three to five years [4].

In Malaysia, The Preliminary Report in 2008 by National Cancer Patient Registry (NCPR)

consists of reports on follow-up breast cancer patients from NCPR-Breast Cancer. There were

108 out of 154 breast cancer patients with available follow-up information within the period of

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2


1st June 2008 to 31st December 2008. The status of patients in this follow-up period showed that

94.4% patients are disease free while about 5.6% patients are recurrent cases [5].

However, there is still lack of studies on the risk factors of breast cancer recurrence in

Malaysia. Moreover, most studies focus on survival rate of breast cancer and the risk factors [6-

8]. Breast cancer recurrence studies have been mostly conducted in developing countries such

United Stated, Japan and Canada. Information on the chances of recurrence is important for both

patients and doctors. After completing treatment, patients feel anxiety and fear that the breast

cancer will recur. However some patients may have the misconception that after successful initial

treatment they remain breast cancer free. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a

breast cancer recurrence (BCR) system named BCR Risk Analyzer.

The data of breast cancer has been collected from Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala

Lumpur from 2006 until 2011. A medical scorecard model was developed for this data using

SAS Enterprise Miner 7.1 software. It found that, five important risk factors that contributes

towards breast cancer recurrence such as race, stage, tumour size, histological type, and vascular

invasion. All the risks factors also considered in the system developed. This is the first system

developed to predict the risk of recurrence among breast cancer patients in Malaysia. It can be a

useful tool and be used by doctors and breast cancer survivors, government, medical practitioners

and health care providers to take further preventive actions in order to improve the prognosis of

breast cancer patients.

Content

BCR Risk Analyzer was developed to help breast cancer survivors in predicting their potential

of having recurrence in the future. In order to develop this system, this project apply System

Development Life Cycle such Planning, Design, Development and Testing.

In planning phase, the prior step is analysing the data in order to get the score for each attribute

of risk factors. The potential users are also consider in this phase such medical practitioners,

health care providers and breast cancer survivors. The system flow consists of interface designs

and contents that will be included in the system are planned properly to produce an interactive

and user-friendly system. Besides, the software such Notepad++ and Adobe Dreamweaver CS10

are also prepared.

In design phase, all the interfaces required for the system have been designed by applying

Notepad++ and Adobe Dreamweaver CS10 software. The homepage is designed by providing a

few information about breast cancer recurrence before answer the questions in the second page.

The last page is result obtained either the users have low or high risk of recurrence.

In development phase, BCR Risk Analyzer was developed on Windows 7 platform by using

Notepad++ and Adobe Dreamweaver CS10. All the modules were programmed according to the

pseudocodes design in the previous phase. During development, the integration among

Notepad++ and Adobe Dreamweaver CS10 were done and it was observed that the integrations

were compatible.

In testing stage, the system was tested to evaluate whether it was functioning properly as

expected. The tests include the linking between the interfaces, retrieval of user information and

performance evaluation. The BCR Risk Analyzer consists a few sets of risk factors that requires

some breast cancer survivors to test the functionality of the system. They need to complete all

the risk factors such as Race, Stage, Tumour Size, Historical Type and Vascular Invasion

displayed.

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3


Fig 1 Screen illustrating of BCR Risk Analyzer

Fig 1 shows the illustrating of system for BCR Risk Analyzer. The homepage of system

provide information about the definition of breast cancer recurrence, common scenario or

mindset of cancer survivors, main purpose of the system build and the target users apply for this

system. After the user start using this system, it will displayed the five risk factors that have

significant effect towards breast cancer recurrence which resulting from the statistical analysis

performed using medical scorecard model. Users are required to answer all those risk factors to

get the potential risk level of recurrence. Users are suggest to refer the past treatment record or

ask the doctors or specialist who had treated them before answer the questions in order to gain

more accurate result. Users are allow to choose one answer from each risk factor and click

“Evaluate” to get the result or “Reset” to redo the test. Then, the result will appear after user click

the button “Evaluate” either “You have low risk of breast cancer recurrence” or “You are

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4


potentially having high risk of breast cancer recurrence”. The risk level result is depends on the

score generated from the statistical analysis performed where every single attribute of the risk

factors has its score.

Conclusion

BCR Risk Analyzer can be a useful tool and used by doctors and breast cancer survivors to

determine their risk level of breast cancer recurrence. Besides, information about the risk level

of breast cancer recurrence will help the government, medical practitioners and health care

providers to take further preventive actions in order to improve the prognosis of breast cancer

patients. Indirectly it contributes in monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the initial

diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, the results obtained will create awareness

among breast cancer survivors to practice healthy lifestyle. It is hoped that the BCR Risk

Analyzer developed will contribute in the medical literature on breast cancer and could be widely

utilized.

References American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures. (2010). Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Available

at: http://www.cancer.org

National Cancer Institute. (2012). What Is Cancer? In Cancer Topic. Available at:

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer

Globocan. (2008). Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2008. Available at:

http://globocan.iarc.fr

Imaginis. (2000). The Breast Cancer Resource. Breast Cancer Recurrence (2000). Available at:

http://www.imaginis.com/breasthealth/bcrecurrence.asp

Preliminary Report. (2008). Clinical Research Centre. National Cancer Patient Registry (NCPR).

Norsa’adah, B., Rusli, B.N., Imran, A.K., Naing, I., and Winn T. (2005). Risk factors of breast cancer in

women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Singapore Med J 2005; 46(12):698-705.

Mohammed, R.A., Isa, Z.M, Shah S.A, Mohd Nor, M.I., Chen, R, Ismail, F., and Radman, S.A. (2009).

Eight year survival among breast cancer Malaysian women from University Kebangsaan Malaysia

Medical Centre. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 10: 1075-1078.

Ong, T.A., and Yip, C.H. (2003). Short-term survival in breast cancer: The experience of the University of

Malaya Medical Centre. Asian J.Surg, 26, 169-75.

http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/acspc024113.pdf

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer

http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factsheet.asp?uno=900

http://www.imaginis.com/breasthealth/bcrecurrence.asp

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5


Chapter 2

Kitchen Waste Reducer

Noor Raifana Binti Ab Rahim, Nur Zaidani Wati Binti Mohd Darwis &

Narita Binti Noh

Universiti Teknologi Mara

Abstract

Kitchen waste is a common daily waste production. Statistically, three (3) million kilogram of kitchen

waste generated in one-day can contribute a huge amount of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse

gases. The increased volume of kitchen waste requires a large landfill area that leads to land pollution. In

addition, leachate orginating from kitchen food waste might also produce methane that is damaging to the

environment.There have been studies conducted to reduce the amount of kitchen waste by turning the

waste to fertilizer instead. However, this is not practical in Malaysia because of the limited land space in

residential areas that discourages gardening activities. Therefore, kitchen waste reducer is introduced to

reduce the volume and moisture content of the waste. Reduction of waste volume consequently will reduce

the space required in dustbin, hence, the required landfill area; while the reduction of moisture can decrease

micro activities that causes the production of odour and methane gases. The kitchen waste reducer

comprises of the spinning bucket and blade to cut waste into smaller pieces without using electricity with

reasonable price.

Introduction

Solid waste production is a major challenge in developing countries such as Malaysia due to rapid

growth of urban areas. The scenario is observed to be globally consistent. Malaysia is estimated

to produce 36,165 tonnes/day of Municipal Solid Waste by 2020 based on population growth[1].

Abundance of waste generation will require high cost for waste collection, management and

disposal area. The largest fraction of solid waste is contributed by organic waste (kitchen waste)

with an average of 47.5 % per year[1,2]. Estimated more than 3,000 tonnes of unnecessary food

wastes generated in one day by The National Solid Waste Management Department

(Malaysia)[2] . Food waste is commonly linked to kitchen waste that is considered as organic

matter as stipulated by MS 2505:2012, which is high in moisture content, oil, fat and salt[3,4].

Organic waste normally will end up at a landfill area either with or without pre-treatment of

methane and leachate production. This phenomenon will lead to solid waste pollution that is

harmfull to life organism including human life, destroys the ecosystem and decelerates the

economy development[5] . At present, researchers have been studying methods to reduce the

amount of kitchen waste such as feeding the waste to animals, changing the waste to the

renewable energy, recycling and composing the waste as organic fertilizer. However, these

methods have drawnbacks in China and Japan due to cost, competition with readily available

chemical fertilizer, and complicated process and harmfull gases produced in anaeraobic digestion

for renewable energy. Hence, Solid Waste Management Act and Public Cleansing 2007 was

gazetted on 30th of August of 2007 and enforced on 1st September of 2011 that stated the

segregration of household waste at home by separated bins inclusive of organic and recycle waste

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6


material bins[3,4]. The policy implementation is observed to be ineffective as the level of

compliance and participation by nation and stakeholders are lacking of publicity in social media.

Lack of awareness and insufficient knowledge on solid waste mananagement among citizens will

result in negative impact towards the implementation of the policy in Malaysia[2]. The changing

process of saving the earth must start from home, which greatly requires active participation from

all Malaysians. The Kitchen Waste Reducer is an invention that supports the current policy in

Malaysia that can reduce the weight, volume and moisture content of the waste before being

dispose to the landfill.

Content

Introduction to the Kitchen Waste Reducer

Kitchen waste is always a problem in the household management system. Kitchen waste comes

from cooking waste and leftover food including vegetables peelings, egg shells, scraps from food

plates and many more. The waste comes in various sizes and shapes, mix with liquid from tap

water or food gravy. Hence, making the waste to be watery and smelly. High volume of waste

evidently will need larger waste plastic bag and larger dustbin. Due to the climate condition in

Malaysia, the temperature affect the bacterial growth. The optimum temperature for bacteria

growth is between 20° to 40° celcius. Hence, kitchen waste need to taken out daily to prevent

kitchen contamination. The waste will also produce unpleasant odour and attract ants, rats and

cockroaches. In addition, there is high possibility that the waste will clog the kitchen sink and

drains causing more serius problems such as blockages in household drains. Due to the increasing

amount of solid waste produced from households, a larger landfill will be needed to cater the

waste. One of the solutions to overcome the problem is by reducing the volume of waste from its

source i.e. the household with Kitchen Waste Reducer.

How the Kitchen Waste Reducer functions?

Kitchen Waste Reducer is an essential product in the kitchen. It is easy to be used, washable,

light in weight, uses minimal manpower and no electricity needed to operate. The main function

of the product is to shred and spin food waste. The waste is shredded with a chopping blade and

simultaneously spins the waste. Shredding the waste will reduce the volume of the waste from

large to small bits, while spinning will remove the liquid from the waste. This has been proven

through an experiment where Kitchen Waste Reducer is tested on a kitchen waste sample. The

result is recorded in Table 1. In an ideal condition, Kitchen Waste Reducer will reduce the weight

of the waste by eliminating the moisture content and reduce the volume of the waste by chopping.

Hence, a smaller sized waste can be collected without consuming a large space in the dustbin and

free from excessive liquid. The product is easy to be disassembled and wash after every use.

Product details

The components of the product are knob, bowl cover, chopping blade, spinning strainer bowl,

bowl and blade holder. Each components is important and has its own function.

Knob Act as spinner to spin the strainer bowl.

Bowl cover

To cover bowl and prevent the waste from spill out while

using the product.

Chopping blade The blade is designed to chop and mince kitchen waste.

Spinning strainer bowl

All waste will be put in this strainer bowl. The function of the

strainer is to eliminate excessive water in the waste.

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7


Bowl

Large container to keep all the parts together and also to

collect excessive water during the spinning process.

Blade holder To keep the chopping blade in static condition so that it can

cut the waste.

Fig. 2 Kitchen Waste Reducer diagram

Result

After the spinning process, the kitchen waste is mainly consists of high moisture content as

depicted in Table 1. Surprisingly, Kitchen Waste Reducer is able to elimate 50% of the total

weight of the kitchen waste, which helps to reduce anaerobic digestion that causes odour and

delay the fermatation process.

Table 1 Effiency of Kitchen Waste Reducer

Weight of the sample before using kitchen waste reducer 876.25 gm

Weight of the sample after using kitchen waste reducer 407.20 gm

Weight loss 469.05 gm

Percentage weight loss 54 %

Furthermore, the chopping of the kitchen waste will reduce the volume of the waste which

then only need a smaller space in the dustbin. The reduction of the volume can be clearly been

seen in Figure 1a and Figure 1b.

Fig. 1a Fig. 1b

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8


Conclusion

Solid waste especially kitchen waste will continuously be produced in order to fit the needs of

the human being worldwide and will be one of the sources of pollution that is harmful to the

ecosystem. Policy has been made but lacks of response from the public. Active participation from

citizens and stakeholders is crucial. The knowledge and awareness on the right kitchen waste

management is viewed to be able to support the Malaysia government to reduce the size of

landfill consequently reducing the cost of waste management. A small start with Kitchen Waste

Reducer will bring significant impact towards Malaysian policy, and it all begins in the kitchen.

References Yangyang Li, Yiying Jin, Jinhui Li, Yixing Chen, Yingyi Gong, Yuezhong Li, Jinfeng Zhang. Current

situation and development of kitchen waste treatment in China. Procedia Environmental Science

2016;31:40-49

Manaf, L. A., Samah, M. A. A. and Zukki, N. I. M. 2009. Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia:

Practices and challenges. Waste management, 29, 2902‐2906.

Alireza Fazeli, Farzaneh Bakhtvar, Leila Jahanshaloo, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik n , Ali Esfandyari Bayat.

Malaysia's stand on municipal solid waste conversion to energy: A review. Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 1007–1016

Muhammad Azahar Abas & Seow Ta Wee. The issues of policy implementation on Solid Waste

Management in Malaysia. International Journal of Cenception on Management and social Sciences

2014;issue 3;Vol 2.

Say 'no' to food waste. March 28, 2016 @ 9:22am http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/03/135501/say-no-

food-waste. 18/4/2017

http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/03/135501/say-no-food-waste

http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/03/135501/say-no-food-waste

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9


Chapter 3

VOLCANOSEE: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Volcano

Eruption Android App

Roni Marudut Situmoranga, Singgih Bekti Warsitob, Rifaldy Fajarc, Kristian

Bayub & Riana Dwi Ke

aDepartment of Geography Edu., Faculty of Social Science,

Yogyakarta State University

bDepartment of Mecatronica Edu., Faculty of Mechanic, Yogyakarta State University cDepartment of Mathematic, Faculty of Mathematic and Nature Science,

Yogyakarta State University dDepartment of Sport Education, Faculty of Sport Science,

Yogyakarta State University eDepartment of Indonesian Language, Faculty of Art and Language,


Abstract

Volcano eruption to date has claimed many casualties. This is due to the difficulty of prediction of an

eruption in a volcano. A volcanic eruption can be predicted with some parameters, one of the most

important measurement parameter, namely the parameters of land surface temperatures. Volcanic eruption

will experience can lead to increased land surface temperature significantly. High land surface temperature

will affect the temperature of the surrounding air, thus causing an increase of air temperature as well.

Community slopes of volcanoes during this does not get info quickly when the eruption will occur. This

issue is caused slowness of information that comes as a result of information that came not directly acquired

by mobile phone community. Rapid development of mobile telephony has created an Android service that

can be used to access all information quickly. Rescue many souls before the eruption occurred is needed,

therefore, necessary information can be used by the people directly, through the application of pre-disaster

mitigation volcanic eruption in the Android app. Results from this study is an application that can run on

mobile devices, and provides the parameters for the air temperature to pre-disaster mitigation volcano

eruption. Air temperature measurements periodically through these applications can enhance community

preparedness in daily activity on sloping volcano, researchers in conducting research on the volcano, and

the government in determining the appropriate time for a quick evacuation.

Keywords: Android apps, Mitigation, volcanoes.

Introduction

Eruption of volcanic activity report has resulted in many losses for surrounding communities.

The most frequent eruptions of volcanic activity report gives losses i.e. volcanic activity report

with explosive power, whereas a society often suffered a loss that is the communities in

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10


developing countries that minimal hazard mitigation. This loss has been a major obstacle in the

improvement of well-being and human resources community the slopes of volcanic activity

report.

Eruption of volcanic activity report can usually be characterized by parameters increase in

land surface temperature, heat clouds, fire, the dome grows, rumbling, seismicity, inflation,

magnetic, SO2, symptoms of short and long rains (Noviar et al, 2006). Land surface temperature

parameter can not be accessed and widely introduced to the community, but this parameter is

very easy to know when volcanic activity report will erupt, as it did in the Merapi mountain in

1996, the sensor on top of the fumaroles of Mount of Merapi Habanero noted an increase in land

surface temperatures average about 180°C start three weeks before the explosion the temperature

rises to 300°C (Noviar dkk , 2006).

Land surface temperature recording not only can be felt in the area of the crater, but also

around the slopes of the volcano. The increase in air temperature gradually in the area of the

slopes can become a reference in the prediction of eruptions and volcanic activity report. But the

increase in air temperature gauges in the area of the slopes of the volcano, still regarded expensive

that causes the difficulty of the pre mitigation eruption volcanic activity report. Gauges the

temperature levels that already exist right now is still very difficult to provide information rapidly

to the entire community of the slopes of the volcanic activity report. Android application is the

quickest access future now and have owned almost all the societies of the world. Therefore, it is

necessary to access android application level gauges the temperature of the air around the slopes

of volcanic activity report to minimize loss due to eruption of volcanic activity report.

Content

Block System Working Tools

Block system consists of five parts generally i.e. inputs, process, outputs, power supply and

IOT system. The input section consists of a wide variety of input i.e. input levels of soil moisture

and temperature sensors then input data input time sourced from RTC. Block process serve as

the input and output processing. The processor used is of type Arduino Nano that features ADC

to process input from sensors, i/o to process inputs and outputs, Input/Output (I/O) to

communicate with the output and the last is a series (Rx, Tx) to transfer data using ESP8266 and

GSM SIM900 and also to communicate with the IOT system. Output was serves to give an

indication of the conditions in the form of LCD and LED. Virtual media in use here there are two

namely ESP 8266 and modem GSM 900 LICENCE to further communicate with output. Block

IoT system serves to connect the transmission medium to the internet to display information can

be controlled from android and the android. The necessary devices are smartphones, Web

Hosting, Cloud servers and the Internet. Power supply block serves to provide power throughout

the system in order to work properly.

Fig. 1 Circuit Schematic electronic and Transmission System

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11


The above image is a schematic design plans of the electronic circuit of the air temperature

gauges and temperature of the surface of the land that will be realized. In the image above as a

whole there is a five-part series regulator, i.e. the sensor input, output, reset and crystal and a

series of processors.

Testing the Temperature Sensor

The purpose of Land Surface temperature sensor testing is pengkalibrasian value measured

using the sensor so that the value of the corresponding output the desired results, in this case in

the form of a percentage which shows the temperature of the surface of the land. Based on the

datasheet the sensor Lm 35 and DHT11 sensors, the following are the expected value range:

Air Temperature

Average air temperature: volcanic activity report Categories are safe

Increase of volcanic activity report Category C : 10-150 Ready

Increase temperature Morethan 150 C : volcanic activity report Category

of danger

(The possibility of eruption of 100%/citizen is obligated to evacuate)

Fig 2. The display of the Graphical User Interface of data graphic

Results of testing the sensor Lm 35 and DHT11 sensor it can be concluded that the design and

implementation of sensor Lm 35 and DHT11 sensors can be said to be viable and successful

because of the range of the value obtained in accordance with datasheet the sensor Lm 35 and

DHT11 sensors.

Fig 3. The display of the Sign and Display the Application Menu Volcanosee

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12


Conclusion Design and implementation of Volcanosee system have been filled all test criteria and have valid

values. Unit testing Lm 35 and DHT11 sensors can be said to be good and successful because of

the range of the value obtained in accordance with datasheet Lm 35 and DHT11 sensors. Results

of the data sender and appearance of the data on a smartphone can run well and true. Analysis of

the geomorphology of the area is Mount piroksimal fasies active primary base in the installation

of sensors, power supply and transmission in an active volcanic activity report Piroksimal Fasies.

References Bronto S. 2006. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia. Fasies Gunung Api dan Aplikasinya. Vol. 1 No. 2: Hal 59-71.

Indonesia.

Bogie, I. dan Mackenzie, K.M., 1998. Proceeding 20th NZ Geothermal Workshop. The application of a

volcanic facies models to an andesitic stratovolcano hosted geothermal system at Wayang Windu, Java.

h.265-276. Indonesia.

Noviar et.al. 2006. Jurnal Jumac Penginderaan Jauh. Pengukuran Suhu Permukaan Lahan untuk Prediksi

Letusan Gunung Api. Vol 3 No 1: Hal 26-35. Indonesia.

Pfister, Cuno. 2011. Getting Started with the Internet of Things. First Edition, O’Reilly Media, Inc. USA.

Ruggieri, Marina. Internet of Things-From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment. River

Publishers Series in Communication. Denmark.

Smyth, Neil. 2015. Android Studio Development Essentials. Second Edition, eBookFrenzy.

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13


Chapter 4

SMARTLET

(Intelligent Toilet Dehydration Level Detection Based

Urine Color Aided Internet of Things (IoT) that Easy

and Accurate Towards Intelligent Non Dehydration)

Deni Kurnianto Nugroho, Hernawan Prabowo, Anjasmoro Adi Nugroho, Thifli Habibi

Nur Salim Nava & Rifaldy Fajar

Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

Abstract

The Indonesian Hydration Research Study (THIRST) shows that almost half of the population of Indonesia

are experiencing symptoms of mild dehydration. The results showed as much 46.1% of 1,200 people

inhabitants of Indonesia in Jakarta, West Java, East Java and South Sulawesi, experiencing mild

dehydration. Based on the data about the high tendency to dehydration in Indonesia caused a flurry of

activity, then the researcher offers a practical solution that makes it easy for the public to know the degree

of dehydration and recommendations should be in the amount of water to drink to prevent dehydration that

diseases early author name SMARTLET i.e. a public toilet service intelligent detector of dehydration

through the color of the urine that results can be viewed through a smartphone. The methods used in the

making of this Analysis is SMARTLET-Design-Development-Implementation-Evaluation (ADDIE). As

for the goals to be achieved in this research are generating draft SMARTLET, knowing the performance

and the workings of SMARTLET and know the advantages and benefits of SMARTLET. This detection

system implementations have the percentage of success in recognizing dehydration and not well hydrated

with a percentage of 100% success. The conclusion that can Pull in from the services it is able to become

SMARTLET services that facilitate users in detecting the level of dehydration with the display of

information in the form of LCD and smartphone as early solution to prevent diseases of dehydration.

Keywords: dehydration, Internet of Things (IoT), community service, public toilets, the color of urine.

Introduction

In Indonesia, The Indonesian Hydration Research Study (THIRST) (2009) shows that almost half

of the population of Indonesia are experiencing symptoms of mild dehydration. The results

showed as much 46.1% of 1,200 people inhabitants of Indonesia in Jakarta, West Java, East Java

and South Sulawesi, experiencing mild dehydration. Rachma research (2014), students in grades

4 and 5 of 62.8% dehydrated lightly based on the signs of dehdrasi.

Discoloration of the urine can be evaluated from his physical appearance, the contents of

chemical substances and microscopic substance in it. So much information that can be retrieved

from urine so that there are more than 100 different tests can be done on urine. Urine can indicate

the actual condition of the body. Urine tests are widely used for screening, diagnosis and monitor

the effectiveness of treatment. Routine urine tests can be done when hospitalized or be part of a

medical checkup, the pregnancy test or preparation operation (Salma, 2012). Measurement of

urine color to find out the level of dehydration, when this is done using the litmus paper. The

weakness of the litmus paper is disposable or not can be used repeatedly.

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14


See those odds and important of fluids in the human body and there is the problem of

measurement of urine color that is still using the litmus paper then the author offers an idea of a

general intelligent toilet service detection level of dehydration through the color of urine using

urine color sensors are accurate, reliable, and can then be used repeatedly (not disposable). The

results of the urine with readings in the send using the system of Internet of Things (IOT), the

reading of the results data emailed to smartphones so that users can continue to monitor the level

of tool over some, the amount of water should be drunk and the level of health.

Content

Block system SMARTLET consists of five parts generally i.e. inputs, process, outputs, power

supply and IOT system. The function of each block are outlined as follows: block input: there is

urine color sensor that functions to detect the color of the urine which then results will be emailed

to block transcription process that had previously been done analogue to digital conversion or

commonly called ADC (analog to digital converter). Then there is finger print that serves to

recognize the identity of the user data to be sent in order for the toilet results in urine color

detection and personal finger print also serves as a substitute for a flush toilet cleaners or buttons.

Block process: authors use ATMEGA 328 because are low cost chip, reliable and has a large

amount of memory. On the process itself there are three features of the ATMEGA 328 used i.e.

the ADC (analog to digital converter), i/o (Input/Output) that serves to process input and output

data in LCD displays especially, and then there is the last serial communication features (Rx-Tx)

that serves to communicate with devices such as the IOT modem etc. Block Output: the author

uses the LCD readout display results as the urine will be placed above the closet for easy viewing.

In addition the author also used the Wifi Module to the means of delivery of data so that the

information can be sent to gadgets and can serve as a means of information on the level of

dehydration, a reminder of the amount of water should be drunk and other health information.

Two Solenoid valve that serves as the retaining retaining water sprinkler and disposal of urine.

Block IOT System: as the database server and processing the data received and which will be

emailed to the gadget that consists of three layers, namely the internet, web servers and

Smartphones. Blocks: power supply is a very important component of power supply is given the

resources of the whole system. The power supply comes from electricity 220V then in regulation

PLN with a series of power supply to generate the output voltage DC 5V.

Characterization of the system the sensor is required to know the character and behavior of

the system the sensor is used to detect the color of urine. Characterization is done by looking at

the influence of the distance between the LED and photodiode sensor against the output voltage

is generated. Characterization is done by two treatment that is in place is relatively light and

where a little dark. The graph of the relationship between the voltage and the distance will be

described by transfer function y = 0, 1006x-0.1973 volts, with a level of sensor sensivitas

0.095103 V/cm and the degree of correlation of R2 = liniernya 0.9009 (in the dark) and at a

relatively bright spot with transfer function y = 0, 1313x – 0.2038 volt and the degree of

correlation that is smaller than in a dark place (a little noise) IE 0.8672

SMARTLET implementation done by trying to enter the sample liquid urine into the urinal

that is both dehydration and normal with varying degrees of murky. After pouring the urine into

a urinal then the next step is the detection of fingerprints to process automatic watering, the

appearance of the data results in urine color detection and data transmission of the results of

detection urine color to your smartphone via a system of IoT (Internet of Things).

In Figure 1, it is display application in android smartphone results the reading levels of

turbidity color urine, along with the time and amount of water recommendations that should be

taken in order to avoid dehydration. The existence of this view of expected user SMARTLET

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15


(smart toilets) are able to avoid dehydration and disease are also capable of being a reminder of

the amount of water should be drunk. In this application there are also health information, anaisis

State body and also a history of urination which is always detected and teranalisa in real time,

easy, fast and practical. The last expected by the existence of this tool can be successful for the

realization of a free healthy celebrated by dehydration.

Figure 1. Display results in Urine Color Readout Smartphone (Indonesian Version)

Conclusion Characterization of sensors on this research obtained several consecutive characterization

variables as follows: (1) transfer function V = 0.125 0.152 + I, (2) the relationship of the input

and output is very strong with r = 0.990591, (3) Repeatabilitas of 99,77%. This detection system

implementations have the percentage of success in recognizing dehydration and not well

hydrated with a percentage of 100% success. SMARTLET service capable of being services that

facilitate users in detecting the level of dehydration with the display of information in the form

of LCD and smartphone as early solution to prevent diseases of dehydration.

References Achmad Rokim. (2015). Rancang bangun alat deteksi dehidrasi menggunakan LED dan fotodioda melalui

warna urin. Yogyakarta : UIN Sunan Kalijaga.

Arifin, Zainal. 2013. Rancang Bangun Sistem Deteksi Bensin Campuran Menggunakan Led dan

Photodioda. Fisika, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.

Cahyani, Yulia Dwi, Izzati, Mike N, Dzulfahmi, Ramadhan, dkk. (2015). Analisis Tiosianat Dalam Urin

Sebagai Metode Monitoring Potensi Gaki (Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Iodium) Berbasis Test Kit.

Malang : Universitas Brawijaya.

Fraden, Jacob. 2003. Handbook of Modern Sensor Physics, Design, and Aplication, Third Edition. United

States of America: Springer-Verlag.

Gustam. (2012). Faktor Risiko Dehidrasi Pada Remaja Dan Dewasa. Bogor : Departemen Gizi

Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Irawan, Singgih dan Sumardi, Utomo S. (2014). Perancangan Alat Ukur Kadar Protein Dengan Tingkat

Kekeruhan Urin Berbasis Database System. Jember : Universitas Jember Press.

Jyh-Shing, Roger Jang et al. (2008). Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: A Computational Approach to

Learning and Machine Intelligence. Bejing : Prentice Hall.

Levy, Charles dan Wong, David. (2014). Towards a smart society. United Kingdom: Lancaster University.

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Wildian, ES. (2013). Rancang Bangun Alat Ukur Kadar Gula Darah Noninvasive Berbasis Mikrokontroler

AT89s51 Dengan Mengukur Tingkat Kekeruhan Spesimen Urin Menggunakan Sensor Fotodioda.

Journal Fisika Unand Vol.2 . No,1, Januari 2013.

Zulfikar, Siswoyo, Endang. (2010). Pengembangan Test Strip Narkotika Dan Psikotropika Sebagai Alat

Pendeteksi Dini Keberadaan Narkoba Dalam Sampel. Jember : Universitas Jember Press.

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17


Chapter 5

NAMMON (Nata de Persimmon)

Debby Agustin, Lailatul Fitriyah, Prihantini, Lulik Rina Widyast utik &

Rifaldy Fajar

Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

Abstract

During this cure for Diabetes mellitus still rely on injections of insulin to the patient's body and oral

synthetic antidiabetik. Treatment of diabetes mellitus type II can be done by using natural materials, such

as persimmon, containing several secondary metabolites, including polyphenols. Persimmon (Diospyros

ft) is one of the many horticultural products are found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Highlands,

such as Indonesia. Persimmon fruit contains tannins and phenolic compounds. Phenol compounds is one

of the types of components that are essential to the health of phytochemicals and acts as an antioxidant by

way of inhibiting oxidation process and the process of the formation of free radicals. Antioxidant properties

that may prevent the onset of various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Persimmon else

rich likopen functioning as antioxidants preventing cancer phytochemicals, lutein, beta carotene and fiber.

The content of polyphenols in persimmon can lower the bad cholesterol that causes diabetes mellitus.

Persimmons are used to treat DM is as much 500gr/day. According to the USDA, persimmon contains

19.6% carbohydrates, particularly fructose and glucose so that it can be used as one of the food products

namely nata with Nammon name (Nata de Persimmon). So this product was able to increase the selling

value of persimmon and antioxidant dessert into preventive diseases diabetes mellitus type 2.

Keywords: Diabetes, Persimmon, Nata, Nammon.

Introduction Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder diseases chronical because the body can not using

efektif insulin (Infodatin, 2001). Insulin is a hormone that regulates the balance of blood sugar

levels. As a result an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1999) by 2014 as many as 422 million

adults aged over 18 years who live with Diabetes Mellitus. This is supported by data on

International Diabetes Feredation (IDF) stating that by 2013 there are 382 million in the world

who suffer from Diabetes Mellitus, of this amount is expected to increase to 592 million people

in the 2035 (Restyana, n. F, 2015).

Persimmon (Diospyros ft) is a fruit that has high economic value in agriculture of Indonesia.

The fruit is often known as Persimmon has a lot of useful content in particular treatment-natural

treatment. Persimmon fruit contains several secondary metabolites, including polyphenols.

Phenol compounds is one of the types of components that are essential to the health of

phytochemicals and acts as an antioxidant by way of inhibiting oxidation process and the process

of the formation of free radicals. Antioxidant properties that may prevent the onset of various

diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. In addition to the above, the content of

persimmon fruit also has the tannins can stabilize insulin levels as well as bad cholesterol which

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18


is useful to prevent type 2 diabetes (non insulin dependent diabetes) (Astawan, 2004). Based on

its content, then the inovation can be a persimmon fruit dessert a healthy form of nata called

Nammon (Nata De Persimmon).

Content

NATA is a synthetic cellulose that is produced through the fermentation of Acetobacter xylinum

mikrobayaitu involving (Warisno, 2009 in Yusak, 2011). NATA is not only can be made from

coconut milk, however, can be made from a variety of sources, one of which namely persimmon

juice. The bacterium acetobacter xylinummembentuk nata if grown in media containing carbon

(C) and nitrogen (N), this process will produce extracellular enzymes that can be compiled

(polymerizing) sugar into thousands of chain (homopolimer) as well as or cellulose. Acetobacter

xylinum bacteria out of millions that grow will be generated millions of sheets of cellulose yarn

that finally appears to be solid colored white to transparent with nata.

NATA de Persimmon generated through the process of persimmon sari fermentation using

Acetobacter xylinum. Persimmon fruit is used locally. The procedure of making the nata begins

from the peel and wash the persimmon is then cut into small pieces and blend, then filter the

persimmon has been in a blender and extract the filtrat. Persimmon fruit juice extracts added

bean sprouts as much as 60 ml. Persimmon fruite juice already added extract sprouts heated to

boiling, then added 3 grams of urea and acid of vinegar with a pH of 4. Extract the already boiling

put in a container/tray as much as 500 ml. Extracts are already included in each container/tray

Acetobacterxylinum starter plus 10%. The extract already plus starter incubated at room

temperature, so after 9 days of the incubation resulting in the Nata de Persimmon (Nammon).

Excess products other than dessert was Nammon Nammon is healthy dessert that can prevent

the disease of diabetes mellitus type 2. Sweetness in Nammon friendly for diabetics in General

so that diabetics need not worry when the consumed. In addition, Nata of persimmon fruit juice

has a economical price so that it can be consumed by all people. Use practical packaging this

product can serve as a dessert that is easy to carry everywhere. Moreover, it can also be used as

a companion to other dessert.

Fig. 1 Diospyros kaki and Nata De Persimmon (Nammon)

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Fig 2. Nammon Brand

Conclusion Nammon products made from persimmon has a lot of useful content for the health of the body.

Nammon is healthy dessert that can be used as a preventive food of type 2 diabetes mellitus

disease because it can stabilize insulin and the bad cholesterol that is present in the body. NATA

of persimmon fruit juice has a economical price so that it can be consumed by all people. Use

practical packaging this product can serve as a dessert that is easy to carry everywhere.

References Astawan, M. Wresdiyati. (2004). Diet Sehat Dengan Makanan Berserat. Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai

Fatimah, Restyana Noor. (2015). Diabetes MelitusTipe 2. J Majority vol 4 no 5(101-93)

M, Atun. (2010). Diabetes Mellitus.Bantul :KreasiWacana.

Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI.(2014). Info DATIN. Kemeterian Kesehatan RI.

Utomo, Hendro. (2007). Kesemek. Jakarta : PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Wahyuni, Yuli. (2014). Kualitas Hidup Berdasarkan Karakteristik Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Vol 2,

No 1 April 2014. 25-34.

WHO. (2016). Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus. Access on 20th of April 2017. Dari

http://www.who.int/topics/diabetes_mellitus/en/

Yusak, Yuniarti. (2010). Inkorporasi Asam Askorbat pada Pembentukan Selulosa Bakteri dengan

Menggunakan Acetobacter xylinum. Disertasi. Medan: Fakultas MIPA USU, Medan.

http://www.who.int/topics/diabetes_mellitus/en/

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20


Chapter 6

A Study on the Effectiveness of UsahawanRia Board

Game as a Training Tool in Entrepreneurship Lesson

Hasyireen binti Abdul Halim a, Erita Mazwin binti Mazlanb & Faridah binti

Che Inc

aElectrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka,

bCivil Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka cCommerce Department, Politeknik Melaka

Abstract.

Teaching Aids is a need for teachers to carry out teaching and learning (T&L) activities on this day.

Inherent of students’ diversity require teachers to be more innovative in the classroom. This is because the

students themselves have a learning style that varies among the style of auditory, visual and kinesthetic.

As teachers, it is a responsibility to ensure that all types of students can get an advantage in any T&L

methods that implemented in the classroom. Entrepreneurship course has been made as a compulsory

subject for all polytechnic students including students in engineering department. In order to realize the

diversity of teaching aids, UsahawanRia board game has been innovated to fill the demand of the

curriculum and the students learning style. UsahawanRia board game which is designed based on concept

of games also helps in improving knowledge and foster cooperation among group members. The main

objective of this innovation is to diversify the methods of T&L activities in the classroom so that the

process of teaching and learning becomes more interesting and interactive. This study is looking for the

development of product innovation in T&L in the classroom for the course of entrepreneurship among

polytechnic students to achieve domain of cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Overall rating of the game

will be assessed based on the amount of profits earned by the students. In future, innovation of

UsahawanRia board game can be made as a formal evaluation tool to grade students in their course

assessment and could be used as teaching aids in secondary schools.

Introduction

In area of globalization, education now is very challenging. More efforts and strategies are needed

to educate the young generation and various training tools have been used. These materials have

been designed to facilitate student to develop their critical thinking in the entrepreneurship

course. Previously in the conventional training method, most of teachers assumed that students

will understand the whole teaching goal while the reality is a lot of students only achieve a part

of the goals and the rest of them do not achieve any of the goals. Most of the teachers conduct a

class using textbook classes and test. The implementation of a tool like UsahawanRia board

game provides a non-threatening, playful and competitive environment where a student can

learns from the mistake. This indoor activity is simple and easy to be done. UsahawanRia board

game elements provide a competitive environment, discussion and problem-solving with

members about the content as the way to educate students to work independently. According

Heinich et al. (2002), learning aid is a part of the teaching medium consisting of visual and audio

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21


materials associated with the process in the teaching and learning session. This definition proves

that the teaching aids are a very important element in the process of teaching and learning.

Communication problems between teachers and students often occurred. As an educator, we

often assume that only with words, our students will be able to fully understand what is presented.

The use of learning aids is effective if the teaching is based on the words used in conjunction

with an image or symbol that can enhance the understanding of the students. For teachers, the

diversity of delivery methods in teaching and learning is an important component in motivating

student interest in the subject or course of study. To ensure the use of methods and techniques of

teaching and learning was attractive and effective, teachers need to provide a space for students

to be actively involved throughout the lesson without feeling tired and bored. With the help of

innovative materials of UsahawanRia board game produced, it is expected to increase interest

and understanding of students in entrepreneurship courses which in turn makes the process of

learning more fun.

Background of the Research

Active learning can include interactive games and the new and emerging simulation style ‘board

games’ tend to introduce contextual information and serve for future learning (Harris, 2009).

Milczyaski, (2010) pointed out that there are clear benefits to supplement games as an active

learning component in the classroom because it provides a hands-on and heads-on skill and

knowledge development for students for all subjects and also very useful, effective and enjoyable

for all ages (Cook & Olson, 2006). According to Telukunta et al., (2014), the use of games as a

tool for teaching has attracted 96% of the students' interest in the project managing as compared

to usual. Ztech de Object-Oriented is developed as a teaching object-oriented programming in

higher computer games and gives very positive effect to the undergraduate student computer

programme. While a board game like DELIVER is developed to help undergraduate students in

controlling the project performance by applying the Earned Value Management technique (Von

Wangenheim et al., 2012).Vigil-Cruz, (2005) found feedback obtained from the use of

SCRUMIA and PHARM games show positive effects on learning.

UsahawanRia Board Game

UsahawanRia board game intended to be a collaborative game and it must be played in a group.

Each group consists of 5 participants and everyone has assumed a specific role as in Table 1.

UsahawanRia board game is used to enable participants starting their journey until they reach

the destination. UsahawanRia board game consists of several challenges faced by all participants.

UsahawanRia board game emphasizes how to manage the journey in terms of thinking skills and

communication skill independently.

Table 1: Task UsahawanRia board game role play and responsibility

Role Quantity Responsibility

Group

Leader/Judge

One person per

group

Group leader / judge responsible for deciding on the

answers given by the participants before the

participant can continue their journey onwards

Team

members

Four people per

group

Participants are responsible to answer all the

questions given by the group leader/judge.

Participants also ensure their journey is completed on

time and within budget.

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Module of Task UsahawanRia game board

The effective module of teaching and learning for polytechnic students should meet the needs of

educational objectives in Bloom's Taxonomy. The cognitive level involved in Bloom’s

Taxonomy is Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation

(Bloom, 1956). To ensure that all students achieve maximum learning outcome, the goals and

rules of the game must be clear. The aim of using this game as training tools is to diversify

teaching methods for the entrepreneurships subject. In addition it is good to train students about

the importance of thinking skills and communication skills in their daily life. Students are

expected to be more efficient in managing the two things mentioned above at the end of this

game.

Gameplay

At the beginning, students must be divided into 5 players in one team. Every team needs to assign

one group leader/judge. The group leader/judge states the rules, then divide the material, sum of

money and set the time. Student is not required to finish their task for every stage. The game

started with a capital of RM1860 given by the group leader to each participant. Each participant

rolls the dice to determine how many steps they need to move on. Along the route encountered

by participant, there are several challenges that need to be faced by the participants as stated in

the card games such as answering questions, performing style, acting and direction spontaneously

and simple conjunction words. A penalty will also be imposed if participants unable to complete

the answers correctly. Overall rating of the game will be rated based on the amount of profits

earned in the final game.

Research Method

This research uses UsahawanRia board game as a tool in training entrepreneurship subject for

students at one institution in Melaka. This research is done on 70 students.

Purpose and Procedure

The goal of the UsahawanRia board game is to help students to increase the knowledge of

entrepreneurship skills. These case studies used a pre- test and post-test design. UsahawanRia

board game pre-test begins with the completion of survey by each player after the game ends.

All comments were collected and identified to improve the existing module in accordance with

the level of knowledge. Post-test game is to identify the effectiveness of UsahawanRia board

game as a training tool for entrepreneurship skills.

Instrument

In this study, a questionnaire was chosen as the evaluation model. It consists of two types of

components regarding knowledge and satisfaction with 15 items of questions. Questionnaire is

as following Likert Scale from strongly disagree (1), disagree (2), not sure (3), agree (4) and

strongly agree (5).

Result and Analysis

The data was analyzed to identify the level of knowledge and satisfaction of students towards

UsahawanRia board game.

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The effectiveness of learning through innovation UsahawanRia board game by the level of

student knowledge for the entrepreneurship subject.

Table 2: Level of student knowledge through pre-test and post test

Pre-test Post-test

Range of

Marks

Grade Quantity Percentage

(%)

Quantity Percentage

(%)

9 – 10 A 6 10 15 25

7 – 8 B 12 20 30 50

5 – 6 C 30 50 15 25

3 – 4 D 9 15 - -

1 – 2 E 3 5 - -

In view of the level of student knowledge, scoring range of 9-10 is A, 7-8 is B, 5-6 is C 3-4

D and 1-2 is E. Based on the data that has been analyzed for the pre-test, it was found that 6

students (10%) obtained a Grade A, 12 students (20%) obtained a grade B, 30 students (50%)

achieved a grade C, 9 students (15%) achieved a grade D and 3 students (5%) achieved a grade

E. Refer to Table 2. As for the post-test, it was found that 15 students (25%) achieved a Grade

A, 30 students (50%) obtained a grade B and 15 students (25%) with grade C. There were no

students for both grade D and E. Please refer to Table 4.2.

The effectiveness of learning through innovation UsahawanRia board game by the level of

satisfaction of students and lecturers.

According to the objectives of this study, two different data analysis were carried out on

students who have used this innovation. From Fig. 1 (a), most of the survey found that 51% of

students "agree (A)" and 34% "strongly agree (SA)" that they were satisfied with the

effectiveness of learning through innovation UsahawanRia board game, while the remaining 9%,

4% and 2% of the students each choose "not sure (NS)", "disagree (D)" and "strongly disagree

(SD)". Based on Fig. 1 (b), it shows that 46% of lecturers "agree (A)", while 34% "strongly agree

(SA)" that they were satisfied with the effectiveness of learning through innovation

UsahawanRia board game. A total of 8% of lecturers were "not sure (NS)", 8% "disagree (D)"

and only 4% of lecturers choose "strongly disagree (SD)".

Fig. 1 (a) Level of satisfaction of students Fig. 1 (b) Level of satisfaction of lecturers

Conclusion

From the post-test that have been conducted, it was found that, Grade C is the minimum results

of the level of student’s knowledge which used the UsahawanRia board game while the minimum

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score of pre-test is grade E. This result shows an increase in the percentage of 100% compared

to the previous results which used this innovative tool. This achievement prove that this

innovation has made a positive impact and suitable for the purpose of teaching and learning.

Teaching and learning environment that is more encouraging and fun are necessary to ensure the

involvement of students in the learning process. As a result, this innovation can improve the

achievement of the students in the entrepreneurship subject at the same time make the learning

outcomes of the topics can be achieved.

References Harris, C. (2009). Meet the New School Board: Board games are back and they’re exactly what your

curriculum needs. School Library Journal, 55, 24-26.

Milczyaski, K. A. (2010). Literature review: effectiveness of gaming in the classroom.

Cook, L. S., & Olson, J. R. (2006). The sky's the limit: An activity for teaching project management.

Journal of Management Education, 30(3), 404-420.

Telukunta, S., Kota, M. S. K., Potti, M. S., Shashank, M. H., & ReddY, M. T. (2014).

StrateJect: An interactive game for project management experiential learning.

Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals:

Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York:Toronto: Longmans, Green.

Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2002). Instructional media and technologies

for learning. 7th Ed. Columbus: Merrill Prentice Hall.

Vigil-Cruz, S.C. (2005).Research on Comparative Effectiveness of The PHARM Game® and other

Teaching Tools, University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy.

C.G. Von Wangenheim, R. Savi, & A.F. Borgatto. (2012). DELIVER!-An educational game for teaching

Earned Value Management in computing courses. Information and Software Technology, 54(3), 286-

298.

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25


Chapter 7

myBaby Remedy Kit

Hartini Yusofa, Reena Leeba Richarda, Shahrul Azam Abdullahb, Mohamad

Azlan Abd Majidc & Shamima Abdul Rahmand

aDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti

Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus,42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. bFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,

40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. cDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. dDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy,

Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, 63000 Cyberjaya, Malaysia.

Abstract

Consumers are spoilt with variety of choices with different price ranges of baby products. Unfortunately,

most of the products that are available in the market are not safe for babies. Some of the products may

cause minor injuries while others are linked to a long term effect on their reproductive ability. The latter

occurred highly due to the high content of toxic chemicals, especially from toiletries. Most parents are

unaware of this situation, hence, it is vital for parents to limit their baby’s exposure to harmful chemicals

as it can be easily absorbed into the body and potentially affecting their cells growth and function. Thus,

the alarming concern had led us to develop ‘myBaby Remedy Kit’ that consisted of sanitizer, baby oil,

head-to-toe wash, nappy balm and eczema cream that contained non-toxic antimicrobial agent. The

increasing awareness on herbal remedies as an alternative had raised interest in the development of this

product. This natural product is inexpensive and derived from fresh, pure Piper sarmentosum leaves extract

that are easily grown throughout the region. The crude extract had also undergone several tests to determine

the antimicrobial activities against several bacterial strains that are common cause of skin infections.

Besides, this product also moistures the skin, prevents any redness or skin irritation and suitable for babies

with or without eczema. In conclusion, ‘myBaby Remedy Kit’ has the potential to be marketed due to its

natural content and its effectiveness in combating skin infections while still maintaining a healthy, soft

skin.

Introduction

The sales and marketing strategy had been a major influence to the consumers to purchase their

respective goods. Nonetheless, consumers are spoilt with variety of choices and price ranges,

notably for babies. Although most parents are aware of the possible chemical contens (i.e. sodium

lauryl ether sulfate or SLES, paraben, triclosan) in the products, especially toiletries, the

overwhelming claims or statements from manufacturers such as purely organic, can cause

confusion among consumers on the ingredients and materials used. Wheather the products are

genuinely safe for babies or not, it is rather difficult to find ones that fulfill the consumer’s needs

- in terms of effectiveness in eliminating bacterial and fungal infections as well as non-toxic.

Hence, it is vital for parents to limit their baby’s exposure to the harmful elements as it can be

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26


easily absorbed into the body. The toxic contents can interfere with the baby’s developmental

system and reproductive ability, thus, potentially affecting their cells growth and function (Cetta

et al., 2016). Due to the alarming cases of harsh chemical ingredients in baby’s daily care

products and the intriguing questions of herbal plants that can be used as an alternative to

synthetic products had led us to develop ‘myBaby Remedy Kit’ that consisted of sanitizer, baby

oil, head-to-toe wash, nappy balm and eczema cream that contained non-toxic antimicrobial

agent. Piper sarmentosum was chosen as the main ingredient for this product due to its dual

actions of antibacterial and antifungal activities. In addition, the plant can be easily grown in sub-

tropical and tropical region like Malaysia (Ugusman et al., 2012). The plant has previously been

documented as antiviral, antiprotozoal and antioxidant (Subramaniam et al., 2003; Sawangjaroen

et al., 2004; Hussain et al., 2012). Previous studies had also reported various chemical

constituents from the plant (Atiax et al., 2010; Diastutia & Desly, 2012). Besides, there are very

limited products based on the plant that are available in the market. In this study, Antimicrobial

Susceptibility Testing (AST) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests were carried

out to determine the inhibition growth of bacteria or fungi using specific antibiotics. Meanwhile,

phytochemical screening and toxicity analysis were also conducted. Therefore, the aim of this

study is to develop ‘myBaby Remedy Kit’, a complete set that is safe for babies and combating

any skin infections while maintaining a healthy skin.

Content

Fresh, pure Piper sarmentosum leaves were collected and thoroughly washed prior to dry then

grounded into powdered-form. The leaves extraction was performed based on Vijayakumar

(2012) with a slight modification using methanol solvent (Ayshwarya & Sudha Rameshwari,

2015). Meanwhile, the bacterial strains with their respective antibiotics used in this study were

Staphylococcus aureus (Gentamicin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Amikacin) and Candida

albicans (Streptomycin) which were obtained from stock culture from Microbiology Laboratory,

Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, UiTM, Puncak Alam campus. Findings showed

that the extract was able to inhibit the growth of the tested bacterial and fungal strains via AST

and MIC tests. The crude extract was also screened for the presence of phytochemical compounds

based on the technique by Banu and Cathrine (2015) that revealed glycoside, flavonoids,

terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolics. Meanwhile, metals are considered natural components in

soil whereby some of these elements are necessary for plant growth (Lasat, 2000). In this study,

metals in the leaves extract were digested using nitric acid (HNO3) and analyzed via Inductively

Coupled Plama-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) machine. The results revealed the presence of K

(3.227 ppm), Mg (2.306 ppm), Fe (0.9956 ppm), Al (0.7141 ppm), Pb (0.1499 ppm), Ca (0.3183

ppm), Zn (0.07027 ppm), As (0.04591 ppm), Cu (0.01975 ppm), Mn (0.01305 ppm) and Na

(0.00435 ppm), with r > 0.96. It can be concluded that the levels of metals fall in the permissible

range of the concentration limits as reported by FAO/WHO (1984) and WHO (2005).

The findings are essential in determining the chemical compositions of the herbal plants as to

ensure safe consumption.

After several tests had been carried out, the crude extract was then processed and developed

into sanitizer, baby oil, head-to-toe wash, nappy balm and eczema cream. Prior to handling

babies, notably newborns, it is vital to practice proper hand-washing to prevent transmission of

diseases as babies are at risk for infection. Hence, sanitizing is an additional step after hand-

washing to further eradicate any possible spreading of diseases. Then, the head-to-toe wash will

assists in cleansing and soothing baby’s skin and hair. After bathing, the baby oil can be applied

all over the body as the delicate formulation is great for massaging. Meanwhile, the nappy balm

is developed to create a protective barrier to the baby’s skin and is usually applied, preferably

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27


after bath, before putting on nappies to further prevent nappy rash. In addition, eczema cream is

also an essential product, especially among babies or children that has skin condition as the cream

will soothes and hydrates the infected area. Therefore, ‘myBaby Remedy Kit’ products are able

to moisture the skin, prevents any redness or skin irritation and suitable for babies.

Conclusion The ever growing concerns on the toxic contents in synthetic products had propelled scientists to

discover and initiate further research on herbal plants. Hence, this study will serve as a baseline

for future research in expanding additional tests to further proven the efficacy of the plant as well

as incorporating other potential herbal plants that can be applied as a safer and cheaper options

for the betterment of our communities.

References Atiax, E., Ahmad, F., Sirat, H., & Arbain, D. (2010). Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity screening of

Sumatran Kaduk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb). Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 10(10),

1-5.

Ayshwarya, M., & Sudha Rameshwari, K. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts of Brassica

Oleracea Var. Capitata Rubra. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 3, 10.

Banu, S. K. & Cathrine, L. (2015). General techniques involved in phytochemical analysis. International

Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 2(4), 25-32.

Cetta, F., Lambert, G. H. & Ros, S. P. (2016). Newborn chemical exposure from over-the-counter skin

care products. Clinical Pediatrics, 30(5), 286-289.

Diastutia, H., & Delsy, E. V. Y. (2012). Isolation and identification of antioxidant compounds leaf betel

seating (Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Ex Hunter). Jurnal Eksakta, 11(2).

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization) (1984). Contaminants. In

Codex Alimentarius, vol. XVII Edition 1. FAO/WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commision, Rome.

Hussain, K., Hashmi, F. K., Latif, A., Ismail, Z. & Sadikun, A. (2012). A review of the literature and latest

advances in research of Piper sarmentosum. Pharmaceutical Biology, 50(8), 1045-1052.

Lasat, M. M. (2000). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal

interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research,

2(5), 1-25.

Sawangjaroen, N., Sawangjaroen K., & Poonpanang, P. (2004). Effects of Piper longum fruit, Piper

sarmentosum root and Quercus infectoria nut gall on caecal amoebiasis in mice. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 91, 357-360.

Subramaniam, V., Adenan, M. I., Ahmad, A. R. & Sahdan, R. (2003). Natural antioxidants: Piper

sarmentosum (Kadok) and Morinda elliptica (Mengkudu). Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 9, 41-51.

Ugusman, A., Zakaria, Z., & Chua, K. (2012). Flavonoids of Piper sarmentosum and its cytoprotective

effects against oxidative stress. EXCLI Journal 11, 705-714.

Vijayakumar, A., Duraipandiyan, V., Jeyaraj, B., Agastian, P., Raj, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2012).

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Illicium griffithii Hook. F. & Thoms

extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2(3), 190-199.

WHO (World Health Organization). (2005). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials.

Revised version. Gen

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28


Chapter 8

“S-FARM” (SMART FARMING DESIGN):

Monitoring and Controlling System in Long-Distance

Land Moisture in Agricultural Farm Based on IOT

(Internet of Things) Through a Smartphone Android

to Realize Sovereignty for Indonesian Food

Singgih Bekti Worsito, Hernawan Prabowo, Linda Noviasari, Lina

Ambarwati, Lailaturrahmi Ramadhani & Muhamad Ali,M.T.


Abstract

Based on data from Agriculture Ministry of Republik Indonesia in 2013, that width of agricultural land in

indonesia is 56.5 million hectares. Plants can live with fertile, if water suplement is enough (besides

fertilizer, and fertilizing process). This enough water suplement is important for plants growth to moisten

the land. Methods used in system to monitor and control the land moisture in long-distance using IOT

(Internet of Things) is Analysis-Design-Development Implementation-Evaluation (ADDIE). The end of a

stage result is early products for the next stage (pargito , 2010: 46 ) .This study is done in Laboratory

Electronics and Communication in Yogyakarta State University and land farm in Demen,Yogyakarta .

Time needed in this research is three months, from August till October 2016. Expected outcomes of this

device is able to increase farmers’ welfare and creating sovereignty Indonesia food. The conclusion is that

designing and implementing of s-farm system (smart-farming) has already completed the whole criteria of

the test and have valid value .Testing unit sensors for temperature DHT 11 works well to measure room

temperature with the error is 0.19 °C and less than 2 °C that match with the data in sheet DHT 11 .Testing

unit of sensors SEN0114 succed because the range value obtained matches with the data SEN0114 sheet

sensors. The Kuator funds work well because it succed to respond as in limited value stated.

Keywords: information, land moisture, automatic, food, smartphone

Introduction Indonesia is one of the world's top countries in the field of agriculture. In 1984, our country got

award the "Food Self-Sufficiency" from FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of the United

Nations. Another resources that can be explored from Indonesia is the great number of natural

resources. Located right on the Equator, making this nation has a tropical climate. The large of

Agricultural land proves that Indonesia is an agricultural country that lay on the economic field

on it. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia states that

agricultural land in Indonesia is 56.5 million hectares.

Another fact is that Indonesia has declined the number of farmers each year. According to

Central Statistics Agency states that the number of people working in the agricultural sector has

declined from 39.22 million in 2013 to 38.97 million in 2014. The Central Statistics Agency said

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if there is the decline in the number of households farming (RTUP). This decline causes the

number of farmers is shrinking. Another fact is found that formal job has increased sharply. It

can be conclude if most of them have higher education levels and work in modern service sectors

such as finance, trade, business services, communications, and so on. While the majority of

informal workers struggling in the agricultural sector.

Content Smart Farm system consists of five sections such as input, process, output, power supply and IOT

system. The input section consists of various inputs that enter soil moisture levels and

temperature sensors.

Meanwhile the input the data input time sourced from the RTC. Block of process serves as

input and output processing. The processor used is Arduino Nano completed with ADC to

process inputs from the sensors, I/O to process input and output, the features SPI (SCL, SDA) to

communicate in taking time data, there is also an intelligent system of fuzzy logic, input / output

(I/O) to communicate with the output and a serial (Rx, Tx) to communicate with Bluetooth, WIFI

and GPRS modem and also to communicate with the IOT system. Output has function to provide

an indicator of condition of trash in the form of LCD. There is also a buzzer as indicator when

the watering process goes on. Bluetooth and GPRS modem are used as media communication

with the output. Data transmission medium used to bridge the tool to communicate with the user

(exchange data) that are controlled by smartphone or observation data on the smart bins. Block

IOT system is used to connect to the Internet until media transmission can be displayed as android

and controlled by Android. The devices needed are the Internet, Web server and Smartphones.

Block power supply serves to provide power throughout the system to work properly. Work

system is supported by fuzzy logic control on embedded systems in the Smart Farm.

The whole testing of system is done by comparing the output of watering gotten from

temperature sensor measurements and soil moisture sensors that are displayed on the LCD with

a simulation of MATLAB. The test results and analysis of the whole system can be seen in Table

1. The table compares the output value of automatic watering systems using MATLAB with the

output value displayed by the LCD. The data results shown in Table, show that the output value

of watering have small difference in ± 0.21 seconds with a percentage of 0.97%. Overall, this

automatic sprinkler system can be concluded if this system is feasible. The whole test results

show if the system works in accordance with the test parameters.

Fig. 1: Smart Farm APPS

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Table 1 The Testing Result

Conclusion

DHT11 temperature sensor unit testing works well for measuring room temperature with the error

value is 0.19 ° C and less than 2 ° C according to the datasheet DHT11. Testing of SEN0114

sensor unit can be conclude if this unit is good and successful because of the range of values

obtained in accordance with the sensor datasheet SEN0114. Relay and aquator works well

because it can provide appropriate responses to the limit values specified sensor. The results of

comparing using fuzzy method with stimulus MATLAB and Microsoft Visual Studio has a small

difference in ± 0.29 seconds with a percentage of 1.73%. Overall, the test has been running well,

because the data obtained has a small difference in ± 0.21 seconds with a percentage of 1.01%.

Results of transmitting data and the data acquisition on a smartphone can work properly.

References Fadhil, Muhammad. Dwi Argo, Bambang. Hendrawan, Yusuf.(2015). Rancang Bangun Prototype Alat

Penyiram Otomatis dengan Sistem Timer RTC DS1307 Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega16 pada

Tanaman Aeroponik. Malang : Keteknikan Pertanian - Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian - Universitas

Brawijaya.

Gani, Siti Hardianti dkk. (2014). Rancang Bangun Sistem Penyiraman Tanaman secara Otomatis

Menggunakan Soil Moisture Sensor SEN0057 Berbasis Mikrokontroler

Atmega328p.SumateraUtara:Untad.

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Isnainin, Rahmat dkk. (2012). Rancangan dan Uji Coba Otomatisasi Irigasi Curah. JawaBarat: Universitas

Agrikultur Bogor.

Kementan RI. (2013). Laporan Hasil Sensus Pertanian Indonesia. Kementerian Pertanian Republik

Indonesia,

Jakarta.BP3K Kec. Dukun, Kab. Gresik. 2013. Sistem Tanam Padi. Retrieved:

http://bppkecdukunkabgresik.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/sistem-tanam-padidengan-

menggunakan_3.html. Pada 17 Maret 2016.

Kementerian Pertanian.(2013). Statistik Lahan Pertanian Tahun 2008-2012. Pusat Data dan Sistem

Informasi Sekretariat Jendral Kementerian Pertanian. Jakarta Selatan.

Kementerian Pertanian.(2015). Rencana Strategi Pertanian 2015-2019. Biro Perencanaan Sekretariat

Jendral Kementerian Pertanian. Jakarta. International Invention & Innovative Competition (InIIC)

Series 1/2017

Nuryadi, Agus. (2015). Prototipe Penyiraman Tanaman Otomatis Tanaman Cabai Berbasis

Mikrokontroller ATMega16. Yogyakarta : UIN Sunan Kalijaga Press.

Pamungkas HY, Puspita E, Taufiqurrahman. (2010). Alat monitoring kelembapan tanah dalam pot berbasis

mikrokontroler ATmega168 dengan tampilan output pada situs jejaring sosial Twitter untuk

pembudidaya dan penjual tanaman hias Anthurium. J Teknik Elektro. 1(1): 1-5.

Setiawan A. (2010). Desain Alat Sistem Kontrol Suhu Dan Kelembaban Untuk Optimasi Proses

Pembuatan Tempe Pada Skala Industri Rumah Tangga. Surabaya (ID): ITS Press.

Silwanus Wakur, Jansen.(2015). Alat Penyiram Tanaman Otomatis Mengunakan Arduino Uno. Manado :

Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Politeknik Negeri Manado.

Stevanus, Setiadikurnia D.(2013). Alat Pengukur Kelembaban Tanah Berbasis Mikrokontroler

PIC16F84.Bandung:Universitas Kristen Maranatha.

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32


Chapter 9

Utilization of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) As

a Green Building and Renewable Energy

Pujianto, M. Pd., Fauziyyah Diyah Anggita Sari, Okta Lesagia, Ri zal

Justian Setiawan, Nurokhmah & Indra Dwi Suryanto


Abstract

Indonesia is a developing country that builds multi-storey buildings, especially in big cities such as Jakarta.

Department of Parks and Cemeteries of Jakarta noted, in 2013, green open space in Jakarta only 2718.33

hectares. Air pollution levels are very high because of large numbers of motor vehicles, industries, and the

lack of plants to absorb CO2 and produce O2. Needs of rising electricity will lead to the decreasing amount

of coal in Indonesia, but to renew it takes a long time, for the new energy sources need to be empowered.

Based on problems we need an innovation that can increase green open space, overcoming the problems

of sewage wastewater from buildings, especially gray water and capable of generating renewable energy.

Utilization of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) as A Green Building and Renewable Energy is an

engineering innovation greywater wastewater treatment system which is the waste of a building in the

development verticulture to improve environmental quality in urban areas and the development renewable

energy.

Keywords: Aloe Vera, Eco-friendly, Green Building, and Renewable Energy

Introduction

Indonesia is a developing country that builds multi-storey buildings, especially in big cities such

as Jakarta. Construction of multi-storey buildings aims to support a wide range of social,

economic, educational, business and others. The negative impact due to the rapid growth of

buildings in Jakarta make the burden of the city is getting heavier, global warming, reduced water

absorption area as well as the greening of air as a green open space and waste more.

Department of Parks and Cemeteries of Jakarta noted, in 2013, green open space in Jakarta

only 2718.33 hectares. This number is equivalent to 10 percent of the total area of Jakarta, which

is 66,233 hectares[1]. According to Director of the Institute for Water Literacy, Amrta Nila

Ardhianie, the amount of water being sucked out of the ground and the lack of water that is

absorbed into the ground due to lack of green open space in Jakarta will create a space below

ground level. The existence of empty space, plus a heavy load of high-rise buildings, mostly

offices, making land subsidence in Jakarta take place more quickly. Besides causing floods, it

will also cause the supply of ground water reserves in Jakarta diminishing [2].

Air pollution levels are very high because of the many motor vehicles, industries, and the lack

of plants to absorb CO2 and produce O2. Moreover, with many buildings are built, then the level

of water use in the city of Jakarta is increasing to support various activities in the building [3].

Incessant construction also makes the power consumption in Indonesia each year is getting

higher in line with the increase in national economic growth. Increased demand for electricity in

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the future is expected to grow an average of 6.5% per year until 2020. Indonesia's power

consumption is so large it will be a problem if the supply is not in line with the needs [4]. PT PLN

(Persero) recorded total national electricity consumption in the first half year 2013 reached 90.48

tera watthour (TWh), an increase of 7.2% compared to the same period in 2012 is 84.43 TWh[5].

Needs of rising electricity will lead to the decreasing amount of coal in Indonesia, but to renew

it takes a long time, for the new energy sources need to be empowered. The need for new energy

sources are being developed along with the development of biotechnology. Discovering for the

source of electrical energy is also focused derived from materials-organic materials that are

environmentally friendly, safe for humans, easily available, and can be renewed [6].

Based on problems above we need an innovation that can increase green open space,

overcoming the problems of sewage wastewater from buildings, especially gray water (the results

of the activity of cooking, washing clothes, bathroom besides faeces) and capable of generating

renewable energy.

Utilization of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) As a Green Building and Renewable

Energy is an engineering innovation greywater wastewater treatment system which is the waste

of a building in the development verticulture to improve environmental quality in urban areas.

The water treatment system using ATmega16-based automatic control box. Waste gray water

going through special filters to clean water which can then be used as irrigation in the engineering

development verticulture planted by anti-pollutant plants are Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis

miller) that could potentially produce electrical energy.

Experimental Methods

The mechanism of achieving this goal will be explained through the preparation, design,

manufacture, testing, and application of innovation will we submitted. Here is the explanations:

Preparation: In the preparatory step, we need to collect tools and materials to be used

Tools: Multimeter, LED Lamp, Knife, Scissors, Sieve, Straws, and Solder. This energy is

controlled by the control box which is an electronic control device that consists mikrokontroller.

Several of the components such as the following: ATMega 16, LCD 16 X 2, The temperature

sensor, pH and Do

Material: Aloe vera (more or less 2 kg), Boxes (two pieces), Connecting cable (length: 1 m),

Cable clamp (20 pieces), Zinc plates (10 pieces), Copper plates (10 pieces), Tenol, and Box

Acrylic (A4 size; 2mm).

Design: The design tools that will be created can be seen as in Fig 1.

Making Process: Preparing the equipments, preparing the materials, assembling, packaging,

testing (in this step, efficiency will be tested) & implementing (the product is packed and ready

to be sold to the public).

Fig 1. Side and Front Side Design

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Content

Green Building and Energy is an engineering innovation Graywater wastewater treatment system

which is the disposal of waste and develop verticulture storey building in the form of Aloe Vera

(Aloe berbandensis miller) to improve the quality of the environment in urban areas and the

development of renewable energy. The working system of Green Building and Energy are as

follows:

1. Aloe vera are blended to become smaller particles. Aloe vera juice can replace the

electrolytes in battery that contain high electrolytes.Put aloe vera juice in a box. This

aims to make packaging process effectively so that the output process more effective.

2. Put each negative and positive electrodes in each box. As well as dry elements (batteries)

consists of a carbon rod as anode (positive electrode) and an electrolyte wrapping zinc

as a cathode (negative electrode), and ammonium chloride (9NH4ClO) solution as an

electrolyte. In the first study, the electrodes which were used were plates of zinc (Zn) as

the negative electrode and the rod of carbon (graphite) as the positive electrode. Plate

zinc (Zn) as a cathode (negative electrode), plates of copper (Cu) as the anode (positive

electrode), and aloe vera juice as an electrolyte.

3. The process of assembling cells in series and parallel to each line box

4. Testing of Aloe Vera energy in the box. On this research performed on each battery cell

to be coupled in series. Because based on literature review, the amount of replacement

resistance which arranged in series is the sum of each conductive resistance.

On the series resistance, the amount of current through each resistance was equivalent. Then

the circuit tested for arranged in parallel. Because based on litarature review, the amount of

replacement resistance which arranged in parallel is the sum of each conductive resistance.

On the parallel resistance, the amount of voltage which arranged in parallel is the sum of each

conductive resistance So, on the Aloe Vera’s packaging was used a series and parallel

assembling.

Based o, we can conclude that average voltage Aloe berbandensis miller’s produced each row

was 11.175 Volt. One box Aloe berbandensis miller’s battery produce 22,356 Volt voltage.

Based on experiments have done and electrical voltage’s theory, on the parallel assembling,

electrical voltage was equivalent. The experiment result using parallel electrical assembling

obtained 17.65 Volt voltage per row, so that a box of Aloe berbandensis miller’s battery with

parallel assembling was 70.6

Ordinary battery which is commonly used on the wall clock has 1.5 V voltage. After we

obtained a result that each box voltage from Aloe berbandensis miller’s battery was above 6 Volt,

so with a box Aloe berbandensis miller’s battery can turn on a wall clock. Aloe berbandensis

miller battery can be rechargeable so that the battery more efficient. As well as Aloe berbandensis

miller’s battery experiment on LED. Aloe berbandensis miller’s battery can turn on a wall clock

and LED.

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Fig 2. Aloe barbandesis miller’s Prototype

The workings of Aloe berbandensis miller equivalent with the workings of battery. Aloe

berbandensis miller’s battery is a electrical chemistry process. Where at the time of charging,

electrical energy converted into chemical and the time of discharge, the chemical energy

converted into electrical energy.

The series assembling experiment result of Aloe berbandensis miller’s voltage, where in a

box, there is 4 row that each row contained 4 box. Then stuffed with Aloe Vera in an equivalent

volume, 29 mL, so that giving an equivalent result for each box. And this Aloe Vera used for

conductor’s mediation on Aloe berbandensis miller.

Because based on Volta series, K-Ba-Ca-Na-Mg-(H2O)-Zn-Cr-Fe-Cd-Co-Ni-Sn-Pb-(H)-Cu-

Hg-Ag-Pt-Au. Increasingly left the location of a metal on Volta series, the smaller the potential

contacts. So then placed Zinc (Zn) as a cathode (negative electrode) and copper (Cu) as a anode

(positive electrode) with an equivalent size of the cross-sectional area, 20 cm2, and an equivalent

cable loops.

This matter also aims that there is an equivalent result on each cell. Next on each box arranged

as series, because on series resistance the current through each resistance was equivalent.

Green Building and Energy technology is one types of renewable energy source that can be

applied at house in general. This product have several advantages, they are:

i) Environmentally Friendly

Improving the quality of the environment in urban areas and the development of

renewable energy and energy-based plants that develop verticulture of Aloe vera (Aloe

barbadensis miller) for horticultural aloe vera plant is absorbing pollutants and contain

high electrolyte, so its application of Green Building and energy system in can support

the air quality, and it will also be harvested for energy and as a source of energy.

ii) Do not need a wide and large place

Verticulture is a system of agricultural cultivation is carried out through vertically or

multi storey, both indoors and outdoors. Agricultural cultivation system vertically is a

concept of reforestation which is suitable for urban areas and limited land.

iii) The energy generated is efficient

Verticulture uses anti-pollutant plants namely aloe (Aloe barbandesis miller) can reduce

air pollution, has a high electrolyte, easy and can be harvested and then used as a source

of renewable energy to be made in small particles. In addition, the aloe vera plant is a

plant that can live anywhere that the treatment of the aloe vera plant itself does not require

special treatment. Mineral content has the potential to be used as an electrolyte solution

that is used to conduct electricity. This plant has a great opportunity to build green

building environmentally friendly, effective, and efficient,

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Conclusion

Green Building and Energy is an engineering innovation Graywater wastewater treatment system

which is the disposal of waste and develop verticulture storey building in the form of Aloe Vera

(Aloe berbandensis miller) to improve the quality of the environment in urban areas and the

development of renewable energy.

This product have several advantages, they are: Environmentally Friendly, Do not need a wide

and large place, and The energy generated is efficient.

References Hartawan, Tony. (2013). Ruang Terbuka Hijau 10 Persen dari Luas Jakarta.

https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2013/11/03/214526814/ruang-terbuka-hijau-10-persen-dari-luas-

jakarta. Accessed on Thursday, 15 December 2016.

Hutasoit. (2012). Hidrogeologi Cekungan Jakarta Untuk Pengembangan Resapan Buatan. Bandung:

Geology Technique Departement ITB Bandung.

Sapariah, Stepfamily. (2013). Air Polutan. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM). (2013). Pemanfaatan Energi Surya di Indonesia. Ditjen LPE-

ESDM.

Wicaksono, Ronnie. (2013). Garmin Mapsource. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM). (2014). Energi. Ditjen LPE-ESDM.

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37


Chapter 10

Design and Fabrication of Coordinate Measuring

Machine Jig for Metrology Laboratory

Norasikin Binti Hussin & Nor Izlan Bin Zulkhiflee

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus

Permatang Pauh

Abstract

Each jig has its own design and function in order to meet the process requirement. In general, the functions

of jig are to guide the cutting tool and hold the workpiece during machining or when making measurement.

This project is to design and fabricated a jig for Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) at UiTM

Cawangan Pulau Pinang. CMM is a measuring device to provide precise measurement. CMM need a jig

to hold and place the workpiece because the measuring probe will touch the surface of workpiece when

checking measurement. The Undergraduate and Diploma student of Mechanical Engineering at UiTM

Cawangan Pulau Pinang use CMM for their final year project and conduct to the laboratory work. The

CMM in Metrology laboratory is not equipped with the necessary jig and therefore it is difficult for students

to do making measurement. Previously, students used a box as a jig in order to hold and place the

workpiece. The purpose of this project is to design a jig for CMM in order to assist the mechanical students

in checking measurement properly and accurately. There are many types of jig available in the

manufacturing field and the development of a new jig design is needed for CMM at UiTM Cawangan

Pulau Pinang. The design of CMM jig is more focused on the multi-geometrical shapes. On the other hand,

this design can improve the ability and application of the CMM for UiTM students.

Introduction

Jigs and fixtures are manufacturing tools that are commonly used in mass production. Jig is a

device which guides the tool, while fixtures is a device that securely holds the job in position

during machining operations (Okpala and C, 2015). The definition of ‘jigs’ and ‘fixtures’ are

often confused with each other, however the application of both jigs and fixtures is to hold,

support, and locate the workpiece (P.N. Roa, 2009).

Description of Problem

Coordinate measuring machines (CMM) are widely used in industry and metrology laboratory in

order to obtain accuracy and precision measurement. CMM is a mechanical device in three-

dimensional inspection of geometrical shape which involves movement of measuring probe in

contact with the workpiece. The CMM have four main components such as main structure,

probing system, control or computing system, and measuring software. The function of

measuring probe to determine coordinates of points on workpiece surface (Mian, 2014). Previous

researcher (A. Weckenmann et al, 2004), suggested that the CMM probe is one of the most

important elements of dimensional measuring instrument and responsible for the coordinate

measurement accuracy.

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One of the issues of the CMM in metrology laboratory is measuring probe. The movement of

measuring probe is in x-y-z coordinates and move up and down along the workpiece surface.

However the limitation of vertical distance between the measuring probe and granite surface is

40mm. Thus, any workpiece with thickness of more than 40mm is acceptable to make inspection

and measurement. However, any workpiece with thickness of less than 40mm, a vice is required

to hold the workpiece. Currently, there is no specific devices to hold the workpiece and to ensure

workpiece thus not move during measurement process. This might lead to the inaccuracy during

measurement. Figure 1 show the measuring probe when in contact with the specimen and box

as a vice and plastisin as workpiece holder. In order to solve the problem, the design and

fabrication of CMM jig is needed for the metrological laboratory.

Fig. 1 Measuring probe contact the workpiece

Project Steps

Project scheduling is needed planning a proper design and fabrication of a CMM jig. A

Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) also known as Activity on Node (AON) Diagramming

Method is used in order to illustrate the project steps and scheduling. According to previous

researcher (Ammer, 1984), precedence diagram is a graphic illustration similar to a network plan

showing all the tasks necessary for assembly. Table 1 show a task description and precedence

for design and fabrication of CMM jig. Figure 2 is a precedence diagram for CMM jig.

Table 1: Task Description and Precedence of Project Steps

Task Task Description Precedence (s)

A Cutting four unit of stands with diameter

90x1.5x1.0mm

B

B Center mark for hole on stand C

C Drilling process with diameter 8.5mm and 5.0mm D

D Tapping process with M10x1.5 K

E Cutting a base with 230x230mm F

F Center mark for hole on base G

G Drilling process with diameter 8.5mm H

H Tapping process with M10x1.5 and M6x1.0 I

I Slot milling with tool bit 12mm J

J Counterbore hole with M12 K

K Finishing and polishing L

L Assemble stand and base end

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Fig. 2 Activity on node in illustrate a project steps

Design of CMM Jig

The design of jigs is dependent on several factors to achieve their purpose and functions.

However previous researcher (Bhattacharyya and Poo, 1987) stated the general factors to be

considered when designing a fixture are shape, material, type of machine tools, ergonomics,

safety and economic considerations. Mostly jig was designed to hold devices and as a tool-

guiding in machining process. In this project, the purpose of design and fabrication of jig is to

hold the workpiece during measurement by CMM. To achieve the objectives, the design of CMM

jig consists of three stages such as design, fabrication and testing.

In initial stage, the programming software of SolidWorks Ver.2016 is suitable for design of

jig because it was user friendly and available in UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang. Fig. 3(a) and

Fig. 3 (b) show the completely assembled jig drawing by SolidWorks Ver.2016. The

conventional milling machine is used in fabrication of CMM jig because of the frame or main

body is aluminium square plate. Also, slot milling is needed in the frame. Figure 4 is a completed

CMM jig by fabrication of milling machine. The experiment by straightness measurement on

workpiece by CMM has been done to ensure the jig was appropriate for used in metrology

laboratory.

Fig. 3 (a) Top view of assembled jig Fig. 3 (b) Front view of assembled jig

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Fig. 4 Fabricated jigs

Conclusion

This paper illustrates the design and fabrication of a jig for CMM in metrology laboratory at

UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang. The fabrication of CMM jig is purposely for academic in

teaching and learning. As a result, the CMM jig is suitable and acceptable in order to be for in

measurement and inspection of cylindrical and square workpiece.

References A. Weckenmann, T. Estler, G. Peggs, D. McMurtry. (2004). Probing Systems in Dimensional Metrology.

CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 53 (2), 657–684.

Ammer, E. D. and H.-J. Bullinger (1984), Computer-Aided Depicting of Precedence Diagrams - A step

Towards Efficient Planning in Assembly, 8 (3/4),165–169.

Bhattacharyya, N., Poo, A.N. (1987). Applying Ai In Jigs And Fixtures, 3(2), 195-200, Pergamon Journal

Ltd.

Mian, S. H. (2014). New Developments In Coordinate Measuring Machines For Manufacturing Industries,

101.

Okpala, C.C., C, E.O. (2015). The Design and Need for Jigs and Fixtures in Manufacturing, 3(4), 213–

219.

P N Roa. (2009). Manufacturing Technology - Metal Cutting And Machine Tools . Vol 2. Mc Graw Hill.

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41


Chapter 11

Nanosunblock

Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin bin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Nurain binti Adam, Nur

Nadia Dzulkifli & Tengku Shafazila binti Tengku Shaharudin

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan

Abstract

Sunblock contain organic active ingredients such as a cinnamic acid, may possess safety problem to human

health and the environment. Thus, the encapsulation of the cinnamic acid into the zinc-aluminium layered

double hydroxide was studied. The FTIR spectrum shows low intensity of the nitrate ion peak in 0.2 M

layered double hydroxide-cinnamic acid (LDH-CA) and presence of C=O group, C-O group as well as OH

group in the pure cinnamic acid . Meanwhile, the PXRD shows the increasing in basal spacing that

indicates the intercalation process was successful.

Introduction

Sunblock has been used for a long time. These sunblock contains active organic ingredients, such

as cinnamic acid (CA), that able to reflect sun radiation from reaching to the human skin.

However, these active organic ingredients are become alarming questions when used high

concentrations. Cinnamic acid (CA) will lose its function as the potential sunscreen when its

penetrate into the skin (Sun et. al, 2008), which than cause health problems toward the user and

cinnamic acid derivatives are potential to cause allergic contact dermatitis towards human

(Cheung, et. al, 2003). In addition, CA also able to enter water surface due to release from

recreational activities, such as swimming and bathing since they applied sunscreen on their skin

to prevent tanning and sunburn (Poiger et.al, 2004).

This worrisome problem have cause the idea forming a new type of sunblock. Thus, layered

double hydroxide, or LDH was used to minimize or diminished the consequences of the organic

sunblock agent, which are cinnamic acid. LDH are also known as hydrotalcite like compound,

class of host layered solid that known to have a generall formula of [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]x+An-

x/z mH2O, which M2+ and M3+ are divalent and trivalent cation with charge 2+ and 3+

respectively, m is the number of the interlayer water and x is the layer charged density of the

LDH (Xia et. al, 2008). The uniqueness of the LDH features not only cause it to encapsulate the

cinnamic acid through electrostatic bonding between the negative charge of the organic agent

and the host itself, but also able to act as barrier between the skin and the organic active

molecules(He et. al , 2004).

In this work, we were experimented the intercalation of the cinnamic acid which are a type of

guest anion into the zinc-aluminium layered double hydroxide through co-precipitation or direct

method reaction.

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Methodology

Synthesis of Zinc-Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide-Cinnamic Acid

The 0.01 M of Zn(NO3)2.6H2O and 0.025 M of Al(NO3)3.9H2O were mixed well in 250 ml

Erlenmeyer flask together with 250 ml of deionized water under the presence of nitrogen gas.

Then, 0.2 M of cinnamic acid was added dropwise into the mixed solution and the pH was

adjusted up to 7+ 0.5 by using 2 M of NaOH solution. Then, the solution was placed in oil

bathshaker for 18 hours at 70˚C (50rpm). Next, the solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes

(180rpm) and dried in vacuum oven for 70˚C for 2 days. The sample was kept for further

characterization method.

Characterization of the Zic-Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide-Cinnamic Acid

The sample was analyze for FT-IR Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR)

to determine the functional groups that present in the sample by using Perkin Elmer GX

spectrophotometry in range between 4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1. The Powder X-Ray Diffracton

Analyser (PXRD) was used to calculate the basal spacing of the nanocomposites sample after the

intercalation process takes place. The nanocompoites sample were characterized by using Rigaku

model Ultima IV powder diffractometer with filterd Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 Ǻ) at 40 kV and

20 mA, 2 degreemin-1.

Results and Discussions

FT-IR Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy (FT-IR ATR)

Fig. 1 FTIR spectra for Pure CA, 0.2 M LDH-CA and LDH Host

Table 1: Explaination of the FTIR spectra for Pure CA, 0.2 M LDH-CA and LDH Host

Sample Wavenumber (cm-1) Functional Group

Pure CA 3200-2600

1676.54

1629.88

1285.41

945.37

OH stretch dimer

C=O group

C=C stretch

C-O group

OH out of plane bonding

0.2M LDH-CA 3345.10

977.05

1533.15

1637.86

1251.44

OH group

OH out of plane bonding

C=C stretch

C=O group

C-O group

LDH-Host 3427

1352

OH group

NO group

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The functional groups of the three sample, pure CA, 0.2 M LDH-CA and LDH host were

shown as in Figure 1 and Table 1. The three spectra were compared to each other in order to

determine the successfulness of the intercalation process of the CA into LDH host. As we can

observed, in LDH host, there are a nitrate peak which are at 33.45.10 cm-1. However, when

intercalation occur, the intensity of the nitrate peak was diminished and the present of cinnamic

peak. As we observed, there are slightly difference in values when compare the pure CA with 0.2

M LDH-CA. The value of C=O, C-O and C=C groups in 0.2M LDH-CA were 1533.15 cm-1,

1251.44 cm-1 and 1533.15 cm-1. While the C=O, C-O and C=C groups in pure CA were 1676.54

cm-1, 1288.41 cm-1 and 1629.88 cm-1. This happen due to the electrostatic interaction between

the positively charged layered host and the negatively charged organic anion.

Powder X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (PXRD)

Fig 2 PXRD pattern for 0.2 M LDH-CA and LDH host.

Table 2: Explainations on the PXRD pattern for 0.2 M LDH-CA and LDH host.

Sample 2θ/Degree Basal Spacing(Ǻ)

LDH Host 9.8 0.902

0.2M LDH-CA 5

9.8

1.765

0.902

The difference in basal spacing of the LDH host and 0.2 M LDH-CA were observed in Figure

2 and Table 2. The basal spacing were increases from 0.902 Ǻ to 1.765 Ǻ indicates that the

cinnamic acid anions were able to replace the nitrate ions which act as the counter anion that

present in between the layered structure. Besides that, increases in basal spacing happen due to

the presence of the guest anions that have larger size compare to the counter anions which are

the nitrate ions. Presence of low intensity nitrate peak in 0.2 M LDH-CA can be deduce as the

intercalation process was incompleted. Furthermore, the presence of small peaks in 0.2 M LDH-

CA are due to the contamination of the carbonate anions, that came from the carbon dioxide.

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Conclusion The intercalation of the cinnamic acid into the zinc-aluminium layered double hydroxide were

successfully achieved. The FTIR spectra in 0.2 M of LDH-CA show the presence of C=O, C-O

and OH groups at 1533.15 cm-1, 1251.44 cm-1 and 1533.15 cm-1. Meanwhile in PXRD, the

increases of basal spacing were observed from 0.902 Ǻ to 1.765 Ǻ . Further characterization

method such as CHNS analyser, TGA/DSC and FESEM will be used to characterized the sample

and strengthen the FTIR and PXRD results.

References Cheung, C., Hotchkiss, S. A. M., & Pease, C. K. S. (2003). Cinnamic compound metabolism in human

skin and the role metabolism may play in determining relative sensitisation potency. Journal of

Dermatoligical Science, 1, 9–19.

He, Q., Yin, S., & Sato, T. (2004). Synthesis and photochemical properties of zinc – aluminum layered

double hydroxide / organic UV ray absorbing molecule / silica nanocomposites. Journal of Physics and

Chemistry of Solids, 65, 395–402.

Poiger, T., Buser, H., Balmer, M. E., Bergqvist, P., & Markus, D. M. (2004). Occurrence of UV filter

compounds from sunscreens in surface waters : regional mass balance in two Swiss lakes. Journal of

Chemosphere, 55, 951–963.

Sun, W., He, Q., Lu, L., & Liu, H. (2008). Synthesis and properties of layered double hydroxides

intercalated with cinnamic acid series organic UV ray absorbents. Journal of Material Science and

Physic, 107(3), 261–265.

Xia, S. J., Ni, Z. M., Xu, Q., Hu, B. X., & Hu, J. (2008). Layered double hydroxides as supports for

intercalation and sustained release of antihypertensive drugs. Journal of Solid State Chemistry,

181(10), 2610–2619.

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Chapter 12

STUPA: Students, Teachers, and Parents Application

to Monitor Student Attendance in Formal School

Agus Triyanto, M. Pd., Galuh Candrasari, Intan Lisnawati, Nur Yono, Nana

Indri Kurniastuti & Anjasmoro Adi Nugroho


Abstract

The behavior of skipping is behavior that should be dealt with as it can have an effect

on academic, behavior that deviates from the rules of the school as well as moral students. Research

shows that more than 50 percent of students dared skipping, one of their reasons to skip is their parents do

not know. Students who do not follow the rise of the learning activities in the classroom, led us to conduct

a project associated with it. The goal of this project is to create an application that

directly provide notification to parents of students going to her son's presence in the learning activities in

the classroom, so the expected decline rate of truant students. The first step we use is a documentary

study followed by analyzing the student's level of tendency of skipping. Then, by using an Integrated

Development Environment (IDE), Eclipse, we created an Android-based application. The working

system of this application is the teacher checking attendance that the results can be directly connected

to students’ parents, so parents get to know her son was present in the learning activities in the classroom

or not. The results of this project is the STUPA: Student, Teacher, and Parents Application, where parents

can monitor the presence of their son based on the information inputted by the teacher concerned. So it is

expected to decline by skipping behavior of students.

Introduction

Student spend their time in school 7 hours in average (Junior High School in Daerah Istimewa

Yogyakarta), it menas that their parents do not monitor their activity in this time or during the

school time. By this case, student may can skip the class caused by many reasons. The reasons

can be caused by self-factor (such as bored), family factor, and school factor. While doing

skipping, they may gaming in the playstation center or in internet café, hanging out, or gathered

with friends who skipped the class.

Skipping the class behavior is a behavior that must be addressed because it can affect the

academic, behavior that deviates from the school rules and moral students (Feny and Denok,

2013). So, skipping the class should be a prior case to be solved. In this study, we ask parents to

participate to solve skipping the class problem by monitoring their son presence in classroom.

Then, by applying some features, in this study we use Android, MySQL, and PHP, we make an

application to solve skipping classroom problem. Android is a platform which easy to get and

use, while MySQL also easy to get, and PHP is widely-used open source general-purpose

scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into

HTML. So, by combining those three components we make an application which will be easy to

use and work efficiently. This application also will be easy to get, because almost everybody has

mobile phone which can be used to download application such this.

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We named that application as STUPA: Student, Teacher, and Parents Application to Monitor

Student Presence in Formal School. By using this application, parents can monitor their son join

the class or not. Then, by applying this application both operated by teacher and parents, skipping

behavior can be reduced.

Content

In this part, we will review about definition of instruments which is used in the making of the

application. There are definition of application, Android, MySQL, and PHP.

a. Application: Application is a collection of program commands created to perform certain

jobs (Hendrayudi, 2008). By using application, jobs can be solved fast and efficient, so

application has main function to solve job easily and efficiently.

b. Android : Android OS is a Linux-based platform for mobile phones. Android was

released under the Apache v2 open source license. Android was developed by Google

and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a coalition of hardware, software and

telecommunications companies. The Android operating system is completely open

source. That means anybody—even Android competitors—can choose to download,

install, modify, and distribute its source code for free. Then, more people have access to

the power of mobile technology than ever before.

c. MySQL: MySQL is the world's most popular open source database. With its proven

performance, reliability and ease-of-use, MySQL has become the leading database

choice for web-based applications, used by high profile web properties including

Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Yahoo! and many more.Oracle drives MySQL innovation,

delivering new capabilities to power next generation web, cloud, mobile and embedded

applications.

d. PHP: PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open

source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development

and can be embedded into HTML. PHP is mainly focused on server-side scripting, so

you can do anything any other CGI program can do, such as collect form data, generate

dynamic page content, or send and receive cookies. But PHP can do much more. PHP

can be used on all major operating systems, including Linux, many Unix variants

(including HP-UX, Solaris and OpenBSD), Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, RISC OS,

and probably others. PHP has also support for most of the web servers today. This

includes Apache, IIS, and many others. And this includes any web server that can utilize

the FastCGI PHP binary, like lighttpd and nginx. PHP works as either a module, or as a

CGI processor. PHP also easy to get and learned to make a scripting language.

Operation System

The operation system of STUPA is both teacher and parents download the application, then in

the home screen there are will be the name of student its self and the notification if their son join

the class or not. Not only that, in this application also will showed subjects for a week, extra

curricular that will be held in that week or next week, even for the next month. Instantly, STUPA

will cover all activities that will the students join for, so parents can monitor easily about their

son activities during school time.

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47


Conclusion Based on explanation above, STUPA made of the combination work of Android, MySQL, and

PHP. Then it can be concluded that by using STUPA, parents can keep an eye on his son does

the following learning activities in class or not. So, STUPA application will be very helpful to

help parents to monitor their son. Not only that, this application also can reduce the skipping

behavior level. If students have no skipping behavior, then learning objectives will be carried out

well.

References A, Doni Koesoema. (2007). Pendidikan Karakter. Jakarta: PT Grasindo.

Burningham, Sarah O’Leary. (2008). How to Raise Your Parents: A Teen Girl’s Survival Guide. San

Fransisco: Chronicle Books.

Damayanti, F. A. & Setiawati, D. (2013). The Study of Bad Behaviour of Skipping The Class Private School

at Surabaya. Jurnal BK UNESA Volume 03 Nomer 01 Tahun 2013, 454-461.

Franklin, C., Harris, M. B., & Allen-Meares, P. (2013). The School Services Sourcebook, Second Edition:

A Guide for School Based Professionals. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hendrayudi. (2009). VB 2008 untuk Berbagai Keperluan Programming. Jakarta: PT Elex Media

Komputindo. https://www.android.com/everyone/enabling-opportunity/ ,

https://www.mysql.com/about/ , https://www.searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/definition/Android

, http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatis.php

Marshall, S. M. & Hornak, A. M. (2008). A Day in the Life of College Student Leader: Case Studies for

Undergraduate Leaders. Virginia: Stylus.

Saintilus, Sara. (2011). Better Than Skipping Class. Miami: Edifying Publishers.

https://www.android.com/everyone/enabling-opportunity/

https://www.mysql.com/about/

https://www.searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/definition/Android

http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatis.php

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Chapter 13

BAPENO: Banana Peels Noodle a Nutritious Healthy

Food

Lilis Sugiarto, M. Si, Muhammad Ghani Fadhlurrahman, Dwi Nailul Izzah,

Intan Lisnawati, Rini Winarti & Fitri Febriani


Abstract

Banana peels is a waste material of bananaswhich pretty much amount, i.e. 1/3 of the fruit of the banana

that has not been peeled. According to data of Badan Pusat Statistik, the volume of banana production

continues to increase, the latest data (2015) shows that the productivity increase20.60%. The increasing

number of banana production is necessarily directly proportional to the resulting waste of banana peels.

So far untapped banana peels are real, just dumped as waste or organic food as livestock such as cows,

buffaloes and goats. Waste banana peels contain high nutrients mainly on vitamins and vast grounds so

that it can be utilized as raw food.It contains carbohydrates, fats, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron,

vitamin B and C, also water. These nutritional elements can be used as an energy source and antibodies

for human body.Today, the society's lifestyle changes affect patterns of its consumption. The community

tend to pick foods that are practical at the same time the glut. By conducting the study literature and

analyzing the content of banana peels, we created noodles with the composition of banana peels, so the

benefits of banana peels can be accommodated well through this noodles. Additionally, this noodles does

not contain any preservatives and dangerous chemicals because we use natural ingredients only. By this

noodles, then waste banana peels can be utilized optimally, sonutrients inside banana peels can be

accommodated well.

Keywords: Banana Peels, Noodle, Nutrition

Introduction

Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) is a Horticultura plant that has the potential a large amount

production because the production of banana can still delivered without depend on seasonal.

Banana fruit is highly favored from various society because a lot of nutrition is in there which

are vitamin, sugar, water, protein, fat, fiber, and store enough energy. Recent years, banana peels

never used wisely. Based on literature and observation, banana peels just became a waste and

animal feeds. By this case, we have an idea to process banana peels into some kind of food, so

the nutritious content can be carried well. As long as we know, processing banana peels into

noodle has not been made. So, in this study, we will make a noodle which is make from banana

peels that still contain much nutritition and make it easy to consume.

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Content

In this section will be reviewed the definition of banana peel, flour, and noodle.

Banana Peel

Banana peel is the peel of banana fruit. As one of the popular fruit in the world with a

consumption reached 145 million tonnes per year (2011), by this case, bananas produce large

amounts of waste. It is a waste material (banana fruit waste) which is quite many in number.

Banana skin generally untapped, just dumped as waste or used as organic fodder like goats, cows,

and buffalo. The number of banana peel which pretty much will have a favorable selling points

when it could be utilized as an ingredient raw food. The amount of banana peels quiet large

enough, approximately 1/3 of bananas which have not been peeled. Nutritional element content

of banana peels enough complete, such as carbohydrates, fats, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron,

vitamin B, C and water. The nutritional elements which can be used as a source energy and

antibodies for human body.

Flour

Flour is solid particles fine grain-shaped even very subtle depending on the its use. Flour is

usually use for industrial raw material, the purposes of research, as well as used in household

needs, for example making cakes and breads. Flour made from various types of materials

vegetable, i.e. from the nation's grain, tubers, roots, tubers, or vegetables have substances flour

or starch or starch. Then, The Culinary Institute of America (2011) said that flour is a cold solid

fat and a very cold liquid are the basic components of most rubbed dough products. So, flour is

the composition of the basic products the bakery and pastry. Most large flour comes from

vegetable materials, e.g. tubers and seeds. In the dough, flour was cast to form the texture, give

it a taste, other ingredients bind and distribute it evenly.

Noodle

Noodles are a basic staple of Asian and European cuisines. Chinese noodles may be boiled in

soups, stir-fried as chow foon, or deep fried into crunchy strips for chow mein and other dishes.

Result and Discussion

This is the process to make banana peels into flour:

1. Banana peel waste is still fresh in the wash and then cut into small pieces with a size of

0.5 x 1 cm.

2. Soak the banana peel in sodium thiosulfate solution to prevent browning, then after it is

drained.

3. Dry the banana skin pieces. If drying with sunlight takes days. But if drying using a dryer

it only takes no more than 2 hours to dry 100kg fresh banana peel at .

4. After dry banana peel or moisture content of approximately 14 %, milled banana peel

with crusher or flour mill.

5. The resulting flour is then sieved to separate the coarse part and the fine part.

6. Banana flour escaped from the sieve then pack in plastic bag for easy use when needed.

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Fig 1.

The process to noodle from flavor which are done by mixing between 20% banana peel flour

and 80% wheat flour. This is because the resulting banana flour has a gluten content (chewy

nature) is less than the wheat flour. So, if banana flour is used as raw material will produce

noodles that are too soft, so cannot be consumed. Because it will be destroyed during the cooking

process.

The process of making noodle is the same as noodle making in general. Only on the

manufacture of noodles with a mixture of banana peel flour is using water solvent at pH between

6-9, this is due to water absorption increases with the increase of pH. As the absorption increases,

the hydration ability of the flour mixture to water increases and the gluten fibers can be attracted

well.

Other ingredients needed in the manufacture of such noodles are salt and eggs. Salt serves to

flavor, strengthen the texture of the noodles, increases the flexibility and elasticity of the noodles

and to bind water. Salt may also inhibit the activity of protease and amylase enzymes so that the

paste is not sticky and does not expand excessively.

Egg white produces a thin layer on the surface of noodles that are useful for noodles do not absorb

excessive oil when fried. While the yolk produces excellent lecithin acts as an emulsifier so that

the hydration of flour takes place very well. Use when needed.

Innovation

BAPENO made of banana peels and our innovation for the noodle itself is we give Seblak an

Indonesia traditional food in the noodle as the flavor. Seblak is traditional food from Bandung,

West Java which has a spicy taste.

Conclusion

Banana peels are very potential to be developed due to the production of bananas that much so

the waste of its peels are also widely and easily obtained. The content of the nutrients that are

still contained in the banana peels can be channelled into food through processing into noodle by

reason of processing more efficient and attractive in the eyes of the community. In addition, in

BAPENO, there is no added harmful chemicals, so it is only content the nutritious one. So,

processing banana peels into noodle, in this case is BAPENO, is very potential to be developed

into a food product that can improve the economic value of banana peels.

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References Alderson, Erin. (2014). The Homemade Flour Cookbook: The Home Cook’s Guide to Milling Nutritious

Flours and Creating Delicious Recipes with Every Grain, Legume, Nut, and Seed from A-Z. Beverly:

Fair Winds Press.

Astawan, Made. (2008). Membuat Mid dan Bihun. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.

Green, Aliza. (2012). Making Artisan Pasta: How to Make a World of Handmade Noodles, Stuffed Pasta,

Dumplings, and More. _: _.

Kementerian Pertanian, Direktorat Jenderal Holtikultura. (2015). Statistik Produksi Holtikultura Tahun

2014. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Holtikultura, Kementerian Pertanian.

Matz, S. A. (1991). Chemistry and Technology of Cereals as Food and Feed. New York: Van Nostrand

Reinhold.

Seftian (Ed.). (2012). Pembuatan Etanol Dari Kulit Pisang Menggunakan Metode Hidrolisis Enzimatik

Dan Fermentasi. Jurnal Teknik Kimia Universitas Sriwijaya, Volume 18, Nomor 1, Tahun 2012.

Suryana, Dayat. (2013). Membuat Tepung: Resep Membuat Tepung. _: _.

Tarigan, M. A. (2012). Ekstraksi Pektin Dari Kulit Buah Pisang Raja (Musa Sapientum). Jurnal Teknik

Kimia Universitas Sumatera Utara, Volume 1, Nomor 2, Tahun 2012.

Vinsensia (Ed.). (2013). Pemanfaatan Tepung Umbi Gadung (Dioscorea Hispida Dennst) dan Tepung

Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) sebagai Bahan Substitusi dalam Pembuatan Mie Basah, Mie Kering,

dan Mie Instan. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia dan Industri, 2 (2). pp. 246-256 Tahun 2013.

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Chapter 14

The Design and Development of Mobile Application in

Enhancing English Language Competency: A

Prototype

Shahrul Ridzuan Bin Arshad, Ima Shanaz Wahidi & Mazura Mastura

Muhammad

Department of Modern Languages, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Business Management

& Social Sciences, Quest International University, Perak

Abstract

At present, local graduates are experiencing difficulties in securing a better profession upon graduation

due to the fact that present prospective employers are seeking for the excellent candidates that possess both

elements of theoretical and practical skills at workplace. One of the critical reasons is the mastery of

English language specifically communicative skills among the graduates. Graduates to date have minimal

and insignificant mastery of English language skills specifically communication skills at workplace. A

research conducted by Gurvinder and Sharan (2008) highlighted seven primary employability factors

specifically English language proficiency and literacy skills, ICT skills, problem solving and adaptability

skills, human skills, personal organization and time management skills, leadership skills, and also

communication skills. Therefore, graduates must be well equipped with survival skills at workplace

environment in an attempt to compete in delivering their best performance at workplace. A prototype of

mobile application for English language descriptors was designed and developed to identify and further

benchmark the graduate’s competency of English language needed at workplace. The purpose of this

research was to design and develop an online assessment of English language skills for graduates to self-

evaluate themselves prior applying a job. Recommendations and future impacts are put forth at the end of

this report.

Keywords: descriptors, mobile application, English language skills, productive skills, receptive skills.

Introduction

Thus far, graduates are facing difficulties in getting and securing a better job upon graduation

due to the fact that prospective employers are seeking for the excellent candidates that possess

both theoretical and practical skills at workplace. Research conducted by Gurvinder and Sharan

(2008) highlighted seven primary employability factors specifically English language

proficiency and literacy skills, ICT skills, problem solving and adaptability skills, human skills,

personal organization and time management skills, leadership skills, and also communication

skills. Hence, graduates must be able to equip and prepare themselves with survival skills at

workplace environment in an attempt to compete in delivering the best performance for their KPI

every year.

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One of the critical reasons is the mastery of English language specifically communicative

skills among the graduates. The purpose of this research is to design and develop an online

assessment of English language skills for graduates to self-evaluate themselves on English

language skills prior applying for any job. A prototype of online English language test was

designed and developed to identify and further benchmark the graduate’s competency and

performance of various soft skills. This will enable the prospective employers to filter the

screening process effectively. Thus, this research is expected to highlight the features of the

prototype in measuring graduates’ competencies prior graduation. Field of research covers

aspects of employability, English language proficiency, educational technology, graduates, and

workplace.

Problem Statement

The issue of poor command of English language among graduates to date has been prominent

due to the fact that graduates are unable to communicate effectively using English language at

workplace. According to the statistics by the National Graduate Employability Blueprint (2012-

2017), prominent elements identified by employers are poor command of English (55.8%), poor

character, attitude or personality (37.4%), asking for unrealistic salary/benefits (33%), mismatch

of skills (30.2%), choosy in job/company (27.7%), no demonstrated ability to solve problems

(25.9%) and skill knowledge not in-depth enough (23.8%).

Background of Study

This prototype was developed using GoogleForms as an online testing platform and also

AppsMachine for android based application development. As such, GoogleForms provides a

simple interface for testing development specifically scoring, and statistical analysis. In fact, the

test is also accessible online ubiquitously. Student must register google account in order to

participate.

Therefore, a research to address this issue is instrumental to conduct. With the advent of online

testing technology, it provides many benefits for students as well as the teachers in conducting

an assessment. The online environment has also brought forth the use of computer-assisted

testing in which with the help of computer, students can perform better than the conventional test

which lacks of several components underlying. In fact, parents can also view and monitor their

children’s performances online. This is an added value which is not achievable in the

conventional method.

Purpose, Objective & Significance of Study The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of online prototype of English

Language Skills Descriptor among the university undergraduates. At the end of the discussion,

this research reports solution and recommendation for online and mobile application

development.

The objectives are; (1) identify student’s problematic language component(s) of English

language, (2) investigate the effectiveness of online version of English language descriptors, and

(3) recommend future impact of online language test needed for graduating students.

Insights on the students’ performance on the language descriptors can be discussed further by

analysing their performance in both online and conventional mode of testing. The output will

assist the test developer to develop more effective, reliable and practical online test which is valid

and measure what it is supposed to measure. A good test must satisfy three conditions. It must

be valid, reliable and practical, (Gomez A. et. al., 1991). Therefore, this is instrumental to conduct

a research to investigate and further address this situation.

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Research Design

This research employed quantitative research design where a set of questionnaire adapted from

Educational Testing Service (English Language Competency Descriptors) was used to

investigate student’s problematic language components of using English language.

Employability Skills

Gurvinder Kaur Gurcharan Singh and Sharan Kaur Garib Singh (2008) highlighted the

importance of employability skills possessed by graduates from higher education institutions

which are required by employers in Malaysia.

Mohamad Sattar Rasul et. al. (2010) in his research “Development of Employability Skills

Assessment Tool for Manufacturing Industry” claimed that interpersonal skills have the highest

score. The research objective was to develop an assessment tool to measure and assess individual

level of employability skills specifically basic skills, thinking skills, resources management

skills, informational skills, system and technology skills, and also personal quality skills.

Latisha Asmaak Shafie and Surina Nayan (2010) stated that elements namely personal

attributes, teamwork, self-management, communication, learning, initiative and enterprise,

technology, planning and organizing, and also problem solving were the most important elements

perceived by male and female students.

Saemah Rahman et. al. (2011) in their research “Generic Skills among Technical Students in

Malaysia” pointed that student’s generic skills are at moderately high. Their findings highlighted

that generic skills are basic skills, teamwork skills, thinking skills, entrepreneurship skills,

leadership skills, and lifelong learning skills, based from Malaysia Qualification Framework

(2005).

Methodology

This quantitative research design employed a set of questionnaire to elicit the data from

respondents. SPSS version 16 was used to analyse the data and findings from the questionnaire.

Respondents were asked to respond to the questionnaire given to them.

Factors of Low English Language Competency

Thongma Souriyavongsa et. al. (2013) in their research outlined several reasons of the poor

competency of English language among the students specifically family background, lack of

English background knowledge, English language teachers are not well trained, lack of

confidence, English is not important, conventional method of teaching English language,

curriculum of English language, not interested to read English texts, less exposure of English

language, poor grammar usage, English is difficult to learn, limited time to learn English, no

motivation to learn English, no speaking practice with English native speakers, classroom, and

financial problem.

Munir Shuib (2009) in his research entitled Grammatical Awareness Among Primary School

English Language Teachers examined the English language teachers’ nature and level of

grammatical awareness and found out that findings of the study shed light on an important facet

of primary school English language teachers’ metalinguistic awareness in Malaysia, thus to

inform the improvement of teacher education in the country.

Arsad et. al. (2014) in their research entitled Students’ English language proficiency and its

impact on the overall student’s academic performance found out that English Language courses

have no direct or little effects on the overall academic performance.

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BA Hamzah (2014) in his posting reported that English proficiency in Malaysia has reached

a critical level that it can undermine the well-being and international prestige of this country in

the absence of genuine efforts to curb its decline. English skills are needed to conduct diplomacy

and commercial relations. Due to this reason, many graduates from public universities could not

secure their job in the private sector. Other factor is the location gap between rural and urban.

Hence, evidently English language provides wider access both local and international

marketability and employability of graduates.

Information Communication Technology in English Language

English language is a tool to acquire knowledge since most of the knowledge is written in English

and plays a vital role in this world, especially in education sector. The emergence of Information

and Communication Technology (ICT) in education has transformed and revolutionised the

education system extensively from the conventional method of teaching to the highly-status and

up-to-date community in Malaysia. With the advent of computer technology that comes with the

great features namely web-based technology which derived from Computer Assisted Language

Learning (CALL), multiple tasks such as testing can be done via online platform. The initiation

of multimedia and information and communication technology (ICT) has brought a radical

change in how information can be presented and communicated, and more importantly, in the

capability of the learner to record, access and retrieve it (Norizan Abdul Razak et. al., 2007)

Towndrow P.A. and Vallance M. (2002) pointed out that the role of technology in shaping

educational policy is increasing in the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web as well. Up

to date, educationalists or the academicians have been trying to turn the computer into a tool as

a platform for testing purposes.

Conclusion

The upcoming years unquestionably will bring many changes and also improvements in language

testing to replace the computer assisted and web-based language testing with the new advent

which yet cannot be predicted.

References Arsad et. al. 2014. International Journal of English Language Education ISSN 2325-0887 2013, Vol. 1,

No. 1. entitled Students’ English language proficiency and its impact on the overall student’s academic

performance. Retrieved from

http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijele/article/viewFile/3100/2631

BA Hamzah. (2014, January 7). English Proficiency in Malaysia: Time for Urgent Action. (Blog Post).

Retrieved from https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/english-proficiency-in-malaysia-time-

for-urgent-action/

Munir Shuib et. al. (2009). Grammatical Awareness Among Primary School English Language Teachers .

GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies 35 Volume 9(1) 2009 ISSN: 1675-8021. Retrieved from

http://www.ukm.my/ppbl/Gema/paper3_full.pdf

Alderson, C. (2000). Assessing Reading. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council

on Measurement in Education. (1985). Standards for educational and psychological testing.

Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

American Psychological Association. (1986). Guidelines for computer-based tests and interpretations.

Washington, DC: Author.

Alderson, C. (Organizer). (2001, March). Learning-centred assessment using information technology.

Symposium conducted at the 23rd Annual Language Testing Reserach Colloquium, St. Louis, MO.

Alderson, J. C., Clapham, C., & Wall, D. (1995). Language test construction and Evaluation New York:

Cambridge University Press.

http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijele/article/viewFile/3100/2631

https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/english-proficiency-in-malaysia-time-for-urgent-action/

https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/english-proficiency-in-malaysia-time-for-urgent-action/

http://www.ukm.my/ppbl/Gema/paper3_full.pdf

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Barry, M., & Run-yan, C. 1. (1995). A review of distance-learning studies inthe U.S. military. American

Journal of Distance Education, 9(3), 37-47.

Belmore, S. M. (1985). Reading computer-presented text. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23(1), 12-

14.

Hanafi Atan et. al. 2006. Reka bentuk Pembangunan, Pengunaan dan Penilaian Teknologi Instruksional. A

Proposal on the implementation of Bluetooth in Online Examinations in Universities. Mohamed Ariff

Ameedeen, Noorhuzaimi @

Hughes A. 2000. Testing for Language Teacher. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Muhammad Kamarul Kabilan, Norizan Abdul Razak, Mohamed Amin Embi. 2006. Online Teaching and

Learning in ELT. Pulau Pinang: USM Press.

Norizan Abdul Razak. 1995. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.

Norizan Abdul Razak. 2006. Developing an Exit Test (Malaysian English Competency Test –MECT) for

University Undergraduates. Ms. 179-185. Prosiding Seminar IRPA

RMK-8 Kategori EAR 2006 Jilid 1 Terbitan Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan UKM.

Norizan Abdul Razak, Hazita Azman, Mohd Sallehhudin Abdul Aziz, Wong Fook Fei & Azizah Yaacob.

2006. The Quality and Marketability Value of Local Graduates: Perspectives from the Malaysian

Employers. Conference Proceedings. The Annual SEAAIR Conference. Transforming Higher

Aducation for the Knowledge Society. pp.292 –299

Shahrul Ridzuan Arshad, Norizan Abdul Razak. 2007. E-MECT: A Model of Online Language Testing.

Proceeding of E-Community Research Center National Seminar on Bridging Digital Divide. Berjaya

Times Square Hotel: Kuala Lumpur.

Roever C. 2001. Web-based Language Testing. Language Learning & Technology. May 2001, Vol. 5,

Num. 2. (http://llt.msu.edu/vol5num2/roever/default.html) (2 January 2008)

Supyan Hussin. 2004. Web-Based Language Learning Materials: A Challenge. Internet Journal of e-

Language Learning & Teaching, 1(1), January 2004, 31-42. (http://www.eltrec.ukm.my/iJeLLT) (2

January 2008)

http://llt.msu.edu/vol5num2/roever/default.html

http://www.eltrec.ukm.my/iJeLLT

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Chapter 15

FLOAT eVILLA

Hassnah Wee, Syazwani Binti Mohamad, Normaizatul Akma Binti Md

Ghani, Fatimah Binti Jinal, & Nor Asmalina Mohd Anuar

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Abstract

Environment plays a significant role in creating reading mood among people. Environment can either

facilitate or inhibit certain behaviors, cognitive processes, and mood as well as ability to enjoy social

occasions, a greater sense of community and enhanced openness and talkativeness. However, in Malaysia,

reading habit is not comprehensively practiced among Malaysian. Reading culture is one of the elements

that need to be strategically enhanced to produce an educated and knowledgeable society in the future

specifically in meeting the National Transformation 2050 strategic objective. Float eVilla is a smart

floating library equip with digital technology that will excite its patron to a new reading experience. The

Float eVilla build to create excitement in reading habit among Malaysian and instill reading culture while

having leisure activities. It is designed based on the green technology concept where it uses natural

ventilation with minimum electricity usage. The strategic location of the library is on the lake where the

breeze able to come in through the windows. The Float eVilla environmental friendly library concept,

which equip with digital technology reading material and 4-Dimensional story telling experience will be

the 1st ecotainment-digital library in Malaysia. The Float eVilla ecotainment-digital library will be the

new attraction to local and international tourists to spend leisure activities with family and friends. The

National Blue Ocean Strategy approach is the key implementation initiative in building the Float eVilla.

This unique ecotainment-digital library will have a good commercial value as it portrays a new concept of

learning, reading and leisure center for tourist and community.

Introduction

Reading becomes a very significant tool to enrich and widen people’s knowledge and

perspective. Knowledge can be obtained by practicing reading culture. However, environment

can either facilitate or inhibit certain behaviors, cognitive processes, and mood as well as

developing the ability to enjoy social occasions, a greater sense of community, enhanced

openness and talkativeness (Billington, 2015). Malaysia faced with challenges to increase

reading habit among its nation because this habit is not comprehensively practiced among

Malaysian (National Library, 2015). Reading culture is one of the elements that need to be

strategically enhanced to produce an educated and knowledgeable society in the future in order

to develop the Smart Communities in 2050 (National Transformation 2050). By introducing

Float eVilla to the public, it can offers excitement in reading and creates a good experience of

reading environment to them. Reading will become interesting and attractive with this unique

ecotainment-digital library (ecological-entertainment-digital) that build based on green

innovation. Green innovations are expected not only to address environmental problems (e.g.

reduction of pollution and waste) but to result also in economic advantages for the innovator,

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58


such as operational efficiencies through resource reductions and competitive advantages through

marketable green products and services (Dangelico, 2016; Dangelico, et al., 2013).

Content

Background of the Float eVilla

Float eVilla is a smart floating library equip with digital technology that will excite its patron

to a new reading experience. The Float eVilla build to create excitement in reading habit among

Malaysian and instill reading culture while having leisure activities.

Usefulness

The Float eVilla, an environmental friendly library concept, which equip with digital

technology reading material and 4-Dimensional story telling experience will be able to be a

turning point in encouraging reading culture among the community and tourist. It will attract the

younger generation like Gen-Z and Gen-Alpha interest in reading due to their exposure in the

current digital economy era nation. It is open for public and functions to encourage people to

experience the best reading environment. The new concept of library will ensures positive

impacts on society reading habit as it portrays a unique multi-dimensional experience of learning

activities with leisure, entertainment, and digital reading technology.

Project Features

The concept of Float eVilla is based on Minimalist Zen Deco. It focuses on how to look

natural, beautiful and simple as well as it creates a link between the library and the nature. Most

of the build will be based on the green innovation features that will reduce the carbon foot-print

to ensure environmental sustainability.

Exterior Design Concept

The Float eVilla impacts the surrounding in a most minimal style, but at the same time offers

flexibility and out of the box reading experience. The Float eVilla is also designed to provide

maximum of visual connection with surrounding landscape.

Interior Design Concept

The Float eVilla is divided by three spaces comprises the area for kids and adults, while mini

café designed for leisure activities. It has direct access to the terrace around the library perimeter,

making the library very open and blend with the nature. It is also designed based on the green

technology where it uses natural ventilation with minimum electricity usage.

Project Novelty

The Float eVilla environmental friendly library concept, which equip with digital technology

reading material and 4-Dimensional story telling experience will be the 1st ecotainment-digital

(ecological-entertainment-digital) library in Malaysia. The Float eVilla ecotainment-digital

library will be the new attraction to local and international tourists to spend leisure activities with

family and friends. The National Blue Ocean Strategy approach is the key implementation

initiative in building the Float eVilla.

Project Commercialization Potential

This unique ecotainment-digital library will have a good commercial value as it portrays a

new concept of learning, reading and leisure center for tourist and community destination

attraction. Based on the National Blue Ocean Strategy (NBOS) approach in the development of

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the Float eVilla project, the cost will be minimized with the involvement of both public and

private institution to ensure rapid execution and inclusivity of community participation, which

will enhance any destination having the Float eVilla as a new attraction.

Conclusion

The Float eVilla will bring Malaysia to a new height in the digital economy era with this type of

ecotainment-digital library. The Float eVilla will be able to become a new destination attraction

to local community and tourists. The building concept is based on green innovation, creating a

more environmental-friendly surrounding, a mix of leisure and digital entertainment featuring

new reading experience to the younger generation like Gen-Z and Aplha whom are more incline

using intrend digital applications. The application of National Blue Ocean Strategy approach in

the development of Float eVilla will ensure it rapid execution, inclusivity and minimal costs.

This project is inline with Malaysia transformation strategy towards creating a sustainable,

harmonious and prosperous Smart Communities 2050.

References Billington, J. (2015). Reading between the Lines: the Benefits of Reading for Pleasure. Quick Reads,

University of Liverpool.

Dangelico, R.M. (2016). Green product innovation: Where we are and where we are going. Business

Strategy and the Environment, 25, 560–576.

Dangelico, R.M., Pontrandolfo, P., & Pujari, D. (2013). Developing sustainable new products in the textile

and upholstered furniture industries: role of external integrativecapabilities. Journal of Product

Innovation Management, 30, 642–658.

Malaysia (2017). National Transformation 2050. Retrieved from http://www.mytn50.com

National Library Country Report. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.pnm.gov.my

White Paper. (2015). Designing Books for Tomorrow’s Reader: How Millenials Consume Contents.

Retrieved from https://publishingperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/White-Paper-How-

Millennials-Consume-Content.pdf

http://www.mytn50.com/

http://www.pnm.gov.my/

https://publishingperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/White-Paper-How-Millennials-Consume-Content.pdf

https://publishingperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/White-Paper-How-Millennials-Consume-Content.pdf

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Chapter 16

Turmeric Asam Paste (Packaging)

Massyittah Binti Omar, Siti Nor Fadillah Binti Ahmad Shariff, Zuratulraha Binti

Jaafar, Siti Nurhanifah Binti Sulong & Hayati Adilin Binti Mohd Abd

Majid

Taylor's University

Abstract

Kunyit Asam paste is a new invention of food product which is contrasting from the market offer todays.

The combination of the main ingredients of Kunyit Asam paste such as fresh turmeric, tamarind skin

(Asam keeping), salt and guar gum makes this product differently unique from others. Curcumin is a bright

yellow chemical produced by turmeric plant (Duke, 2004). Curcumin is the main active ingredient in

turmeric. The yellow color from this product is come from the original fresh turmeric itself. This will make

the Kunyit asam paste able to give tremendous natural color and nutrition t to the food at the end cooking

process. Asam keping will react as natural preservative and prolong the shelf life of Kunyit Asam paste

and also value added flavor to the product. Meanwhile, Guar gum is used as a thickening agent to thicken

the paste and give stabilizing the product. There is another potentially useful local herb to be highlighted

as a source of food in local area. Opportunities in busting and promoting local product will assist the

economic factors. This can also increase the income of local farmers and the production can be increased.

Therefore, turning turmeric into paste will diversify its usage and utilization.

Keywords: turmeric; guar gum; curcumin

Introduction

The innovation of this Kunyit asam paste mixing the blended fresh turmeric extract, asam keping,

salt & guar gum. Curcuma longa, or Turmeric is a native Indian spices Traditionally, Asian

country such as India, Indonesia, and China and Malaysia has been used turmeric as a spice in

daily food preparation and also for medicinal agent. Turmeric has also been widely used in

powder or paste form. Turmeric has been used for many conditions in traditional medicine in

Malaysia. Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by turmeric plant. Curcumin is the

main active ingredient in turmeric. It has powerful anti-inflammatory effects and is a very strong

antioxidant. Malaysia is the one of the country that used turmeric daily such as for coloring agent

and to enriching their cooking such as “Masak lemak cili padi”. Asam keping or asam gelugor

tree is normally found in peninsular Malaysia. After a certain process it can be used in daily

Cooking. The fruit is rich with vitamin C and contains citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and

ascorbic acid, flavonoids and hydroxycitric acid or HCA. The acids found in asam keping have

ability to naturally preserve and maintain the food texture for certain period. Other than that,

asam keping also have a good health benefit. There was a researcher who made a study of the

benefit of asam keping and found the ability of HCA to suppress appetite and to break down fat

in body. With these two benefits, asam keping can help to lose human body weight. HCA can

prevent glucose and starchy foods to be converted to fat. It also can control serotonin production

in brain, which has function to control appetite. Besides, guar gum that has been used for this

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product can used for treating diarrhea, obesity, reducing cholesterol and for preventing hardening

of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Particularly, this product is invented to help consumer especially

busy working people and catering business. At the same time this product can help to preserve

and prolong the shelf life of the food ingredients and end food

Content

Fatan Hamamah (2003) wrote about the potential of plants as medicines function the Malay

community in Malaysia has been using ingredients from the mountain of spices and forest as a

technique method of health care and healing to some kind of disease. Aisha and Aziz (1995) also

showed that the influence of local herbs and a culture of mutual influence with Malay food and

medicine.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80 percent of the

world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal

medicine is a major component in all indigenous peoples’ traditional medicine and a common

element in Ayurveda, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental, and Native American

Indian medicine. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74

percent are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses

as plant remedy. Major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research

on plant materials gathered from the rain forests and other places for their potential medicinal

value (British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996).

Herbal Medicine sometimes referred to as Herbalism or Botanical Medicine, is the use of

herbs for their therapeutic or medicinal value. An herb is a plant or plant part valued for its

medicinal, aromatic or savory qualities. Herb plants produce and contain a variety of chemical

substances that act upon the body (BHMA, 1983).

From this product, it produces a ready to use food product. Nowadays, a lot of consumers are

conscious of being healthy. People start to consume nutritious and natural food product. Besides

that, the most important thing is the taste should be delicious. Thus, this “kunyit asam paste” has

given a new range in giving people additional value added to improve healthiness in their life.

This product has more opportunity for commercialize food among the food service industry to

increase the country profit economy. Potential for commercialization This product has a market

potential because the ingredients used have offer an excellent of the uniqueness of “Kunyit Asam

paste”. Besides that, it has and added value and preference toward the attractiveness of the

original color, taste and nutritional features. This product can widely commercialize within

potential target market such as for busy working mother, hotels and small or big food catering

businesses.

There is another potentially useful local herb to be highlighted as a source of food in local area.

Opportunities in busting and promoting local product will assist the economic factors. This can

also increase the income of local farmers and the production can be increased. Therefore, turning

turmeric into paste will diversify its usage and utilization.

Originality and Novelty

1. Ready to use product and using healthy and nutritional ingredients

2. Using natural ingredients

3. Promoting local products

Turmeric

Turmeric is an ancient root used for its healing properties for centuries. Turmeric comes from the

rhizome (rootstock) of the Curcuma longa plant (Duke, 2004). Traditionally used in Chinese and

Indian folk medicine, turmeric benefits are amazing and able to treat a wide range of illnesses.

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The powerful anti-inflammatory and antiseptic qualities of turmeric have made it a precious

commodity for ages (Casella & Berger, 2001). Turmeric has been widely used in powder or paste

form. Turmeric also has been used for many conditions in traditional medicine in Malaysia.

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by turmeric plant (Duke, 2004). Curcumin is the

main active ingredient in turmeric. It has powerful anti-inflammatory effects and is a very strong

antioxidant (Casella & Berger, 2001). Turning turmeric into drinks can be made from fresh or

dried turmeric; generally by pouring boiling water over the parts of the plants and let them steep

for a few minutes. After collecting fresh turmeric, clean the turmeric, gathered, dried and

powdered for a various usages.

The use of turmeric in a lot of varieties way not only provides a healthy food to the consumers

but significantly will enhance its usage. Turmeric focuses in all age group of consumer and also

aimed for small and medium industry. Turmeric is very popular in Indian and Chinese herb logy

and is one good example from many valuable sources of nutrition that being fully used by the

general population (Hoffmann, 1990).

Problem Statement

Researchers aimed to provides the information about the turmeric because it considered as local

product so that it will increase the consumption and significantly will enhance its usage.

In other countries, there are various products pharmaceutical produced from turmeric. It is

processed in various forms of supplementation and dietary supplements such as tablets drops of

liquid and powdered tea bags. One of the many herbal supplements available in the market is

herbal tea. It is said; contain the active ingredient store variety of diseases such as edema, gout,

kidney stones, bladder and kidney inflammation (Health Notes, 2004). Turmeric is very popular

in Chinese herb logy and is one good example from many valuable sources of nutrition that being

overlooked or are considered waste by the general population.

Research Objectives

1. To promote the usage of turmeric in food production.

2. To provide information regarding turmeric that is able to be commercialized in the

market.

Material

a. Turmeric Plant

Fresh young turmeric plant, planted and pick at Kuala Selangor, Selangor, local produce

collected. It was keep fresh in temperature (4-6°C) until further analysis process.

b. Process of preparing turmeric paste

Preparaing a raw materials fresh local turmeric, dried tamarind (asam keeping) and guar

gum as a binding agent.

Uniqueness of Turmeric

The project is to promote the local produce and turned it as a convenience and user friendly to

consumers. From this product, it produces a ready to use food product. Nowadays, a lot of

consumers are conscious of being healthy. People start to consume nutritious and natural food

product. Besides that, the most important thing is the taste should be delicious. Thus, this “kunyit

asam paste” has given a new range in giving people additional value added to improve healthiness

in their life. This product has more opportunity for commercialize food among the food service

industry to increase the country profit economy.

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Commercialization of Turmeric

There is another potentially useful local herb to be highlighted as a source of food in

pharmaceutical sector. Opportunities in food technology will assist to avoid wastage of corn

tassel. This can also increase the income of local farmers and the production can be increased.

Laboratory analysis reveals high amounts of silicon, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and

phosphorus minerals in corn silk. It is also an excellent source of B vitamins. Along with

chlorophyll, resin and a fixed oil, maizenic acid is the active principle in corn silk. Therefore,

turning turmeric paste will diversify its usage and utilization. This product has a market potential

because the ingredients used have offer an excellent of the uniqueness of “Kunyit Asam paste”.

Besides that, it has and added value and preference toward the attractiveness of the original color,

taste and nutritional features. This product can widely commercialize within potential target

market such as for busy working mother, hotels and small or big food catering businesses. There

is another potentially useful local herb to be highlighted as a source of food in local area.

Opportunities in busting and promoting local product will assist the economic factors. This can

also increase the income of local farmers and the production can be increased. Therefore, turning

turmeric into paste will diversify its usage and utilization.

Conclusion

Based on this study, it can be proved that the corn silk contains high nutritional value and should

not be taken lightly. Therefore, it is hoped that ongoing studies can be conducted on the potential

of corn silk as one of the ingredients in the food industry such as the production of herbal tea. In

addition, for further study in order to examine and detect the proposed main content of corn silk

especially flavonoids and detect compounds active ingredient(maizenic acid) naturally found in

corn silk and its ability scientifically (Newal et al., 1993). In addition, it is recommended that the

research and development of products from corn silk can be extended, for example in the

manufacture of biscuits because the fiber content is able to be a substitute natural fiber.

References British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. (1996). Verbascum. British Herbal Medicine Association, Bournemouth.

Duckworth, R. B. (1996). Fruit & Vegetable. Pergamom Press, Headington Hill Hall. Oxford, England,

254.

Fatan Hamamah, 2003. Artikel Kesihatan Potensi Tumbuh-Tumbuhan Sebagai Fungsi Ubat-Ubatan, Vol

1, Bahagian Antropologi Dan Sosiologi, USM.

Hoffmann, D. (1990). The New Holistic Herbal, Second Edition. Element, Shaftesbury.

Karel, M. (1980). New Methods of Dehydration and Drying of Food. Warszawa: WNT.

Lindsey Goodwin. (2000). Tisane / Herbal Infusion Basics, What are Herbal Teas / Tisanes / Herbal

Infusions?

Macrea, R., Robinson, R. K. & Sadler, M. J. (1993). Encyclopedia of Food Science Technology. Academic

Press, 7, 4521-4526.

Maksimovic, Z. A. & Kovacevic, N. (2005). Polyphenols Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Maydis

Stigma Extract. Bioresource Technology, 96, 873-877.

Mohd Idris Zainal. (1982). Tanaman Bijirin. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Newal, C. A., Anderson, L. A. & Phillipson, J. D., (1996). Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Health-Care

Professionals: 90. Pharmaceutical Press, London.

Norman C. S. (2002). Encyclopedia of Healing Remedies. Element Books Inc.

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Chapter 17

Prototype of Self-Aid Arm Rehabilitation

Ahmad Najmie Bin Rusli, Muhamad Zaini Bin Mohamed Zain, Muhamad

Afiq Hakim Bin Muhamad Affandi, Ariff Hamiz Ar-Rasyid Bin Rusli &

Nurul Nadiah Binti Rasdi

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pasir Gudang Campus

Abstract

Stroke patients may experience weakness or stiffness in some of the muscles on some part of the body such

as the arm. This can then lead to problems with movement and balance that will hinder their daily routine.

Although going for physiotherapy can help the stroke patients, it may be a daunting and demotivating task

to some. As such, Self-Aid Arm Rehabilitation (SAAR) is designed to help them to have the free will to

decide on their own when to do the exercise. Having free will make them more motivated and boost their

confidence to get better. Stroke patients may experience weakness or stiffness in some of the muscles on

some part of the body such as the arm. The prototype is designed to help them to have more motivated and

boost their confidence to get better.

Introduction

In Malaysia, stroke was the second leading cause of death according to the Malaysian National

Burden of Diseases Study and study on vital registry system in 2000. According to the latest

WHO data published in May 2014, stroke deaths in Malaysia reached 15,497 or 12.19% of total

deaths. Stroke is patients may experience weakness or stiffness in some of the muscles on some

part of the body. Consequently, stroke patients will encounter difficulty in their daily life such as

movement and balance. In order to solve the problems, they will go to rehabilation centre to do

physiotheraphy to get better. Rehabilitation is the action of restoring someone to health or normal

life through training or therapy and physiotherapy means the treatment that is done by physical

methods. When the stroke patients go to the rehabilitation to do physiotherapy, it will also involve

physiotherapist. Having a stroke can also affect people emotionally. It will make them depressed

to see other people. As such, to solve the problem stroke patients can do the rehabilation

themselves at home. The Prototype of Self-Aid Arm Rehabilation (SAAR) is designed to help

the patients to be more motivated to get better. Besides, it will also boost their confidence level.

Literature Review

Rehabilititation is one of the method recovering process. Rehabilitation includes a range of

services including speech, physical, occupational and recreational therapies and group activities.

According to Noriyuki H. (2014), positive effects in activity are involved in the recovery of hand

movements via rehabilitation. However, the training activities was conducted manually. To

innovate the traning session, there were required study on reflective sensor attached to biceps

muscle. Based on Amane K. (2014), the muscle sensor can detect myoelectric potentials which

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are filtered and processed as three volts pulse signals. Hyonyoung H. (2013) has made a study

regarding to muscle contraction sensing system that provides motion information of body.

Experiment results the feasibility and performance levels of the developed sensing system when

sensing muscle contractions. That means sensing method is attractive in the field of exoskeleton

robots or human-augmentation systems. Based on literature review above, the combination of

muscle sensor on biceps muscle would be advantage to boost recovery of arm impaired. Then,

the mechanical prototype which included muscle sensor is capable to assist physiotherapy

process. The method of designing prototype based on philosophy proposed by Andy (2002). An

identification of user interface issues and their translation into design factors was considered to

design the mechanical parts and components.

Methodology

There were a few stages that considered in these design and fabrication of Self-Aid Arm

Rehabilitation (SAAR). As a pilot study and analysis, right side arm is being considered. Material

for mechanical parts is 3mm thickness arylic. To operate the prototype, digital servo motor

controlled by Arduino has been used.

The methodology of used in this project as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Flowchart to innovate the SAAR

Components and Specifications

There were few components used for this project. The materials was selected based on its

capabilities and lightweight. It is important to ensure the weight is reasonable. Final weight for

this prototype is only 200 grams and portable to bring and uses anywhere.Table 1 shown the

specification of SAAR.

Problem statement

and case study

Objective

Literature reviews

Prototype design

Design analysis

Prototype

fabrication

3D drawing (Solidworks)

for mechanical part,

electronic connection and

Arduino system codes. Stress and strain test

for mechanical parts

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Table 1: Components and Specifications

Components Specification

Electronic Arduino Uno

Servo motor RDS3115 Metal Gear 180 Degree

Frame Arylic 3 mm, 150 mm x 2 parts

Arm clamp Fabric x 2 parts

Prototype Design and Analysis

Design and analysis is in line process. Each design required to analysis in term of stress and

strain test. Since this is pilot study, the analysis has being done by using CFD method. Solidworks

software had been used for design and analysis purposes. However, the Arduino code inclusive

uploading code to the system provided by its own software. Fig 2 (a), (b) and Fig 3 shows the

design and analysis made in Solidworks software.

Design of SAAR

Fig 2 (a): Main Frame Fig 2 (b): Opposite side

Strength Analysis

Static analysis for stress shows the high pressure occurs at join, 3 x 10-7Nm-2. Since these

values to small we can conclude that the design has being passed for it purpose which able to

withstand up to 15 kg of wight.

Program Codes

The program code for this project was using Arduino Software. Fig. 4 shows the code

uploaded to to operate the prototype.

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Fig 3 SAAR designed stress analysis Fig 4 SAAR program codes

Conclusion The purpose of these project achieve the objective. Result from simulation and tested shows it

capable to lift up to 15 kg of weight. The muscle sensor attached at biceps was able to motivate

arm impaired people especially stroke patient. The advantage of using these prototype is required

minimal assistance from physiotherapist and portable.

Acknowledgement

Prior completed this project, we would like to express deepest appreciation to all those who

involved either direct or indirect. A special gratitude to our supervisors Ahmad Najmie Rusli

and Nurul Nadiah Nadiah Rasdi whose contribution in stimulating ideas, suggestions and

encouragement, helped us to coordinate our project.

References

Andy, S., Lynne, D. (2002). Prototype evaluation and redesign: structuring the design space through

contextual techniques. Interacting with Computers Vo 14(6), pp 821–843

Amane, K., Osamu, N., Morio, T., Toshiyuki, S. (2014). The Muscle Sensor for on-site neuroscience

lectures to pave the way for a better understanding of brain–machine-interface research. Neuroscience

Research Vol 78, pp 95–99.

Cheah, W. K., Hor, C. P., Zariah, A. A., Irene, L. (2016). A Review of Stroke Research in Malaysia from

2000 – 2014. Med J Malaysia Vol 71, Supplement 1 Jun 2016.

Hyonyoung, H., Jung, K. (2013). Active muscle stiffness sensor based on piezoelectric resonance for

muscle contraction estimation. Sensors and Actuators A Vol 194, pp 212– 219.

Noriyuki, H. (2014). Effects of rehabilitative training on recovery of hand motor function: A review of

animal studies. Neuroscience Research Vol 78, pp 9–15.

Yusoff, A. F., Mustafa, A. N., Kaur, G. K., et al. (2004). Malaysian burden of disease and injury study.

Health prioritization: burden of disease approach. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Public Health, Ministry

of Health, Malaysia.

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Chapter 18

Dual Folding Chair

Muhammad Ariffudin Abdul Wahab, Fadhleen Munirah Arif , Saida

Farhanah Sarkam, Noor Affeeda Ramli & Noor Junaini Arwin Yaacob

Faculty of Business Management, UiTM Pahang, Raub Campus,

27600 Raub, Pahang, Malaysia.

Abstract

Left-handed person…sometimes it is a blessed but sometimes it can be a dilemma. No worries, the Dual-

Folding Chair was created with two sides folding table to provide comfort in writing to students especially

for left-handed user. This Dual-Folding Chair comes with the two-side folding table that only can be pull

one table at a time. The highlight of this product is not only for the left- handed person yet it is also can be

used by right-handed person. With this chair, it will be more comfortable and convenience for the users to

use when writing. The idea came to innovate this special chair due an observation been done by us when

looking at difficulty faced by left-handed students when using existing flip chair that been designed to suit

for right- handed user. We make this product as our responsibility to provide an equality and diversity plus

comfortability to students in the classroom. Our target market is to everyone especially left-handed users.

Since we only sell it in a bulk, we focus on selling this product to school, universities, and consultant and

training companies. As we have two side folding table which is it can be used for right and left handed

user, we promised that buyers money is worth every penny. Using iron hollow, plywood, and rubber we

promised as this product will give comfortable feelings to our buyers.

Introduction

One out of two people person in this world is left-handed (leftyfretz.com, 2017). Being the

minority, left-handed person sometimes are abandoned or being left out of having the same

facilities as their right-handed person. One of the facilities that they needed most is the folding

chair as they have to sit and write on this chair in the class or seminar room. Most of the folding

chair is designed for right-handed person as the table is on the right side. None is designed with

the left side table for the left-handed seaters.

As a way of promoting equality in using facilities for study, Dual-Folding Chair was invented.

This special chair is created with two sided folding table to provide comfortness to users,

especially left-handed students. The folding table can be pulled one side at a time. For example,

if left-handed person want to use the table, they can just pull the table on the left side and the

right-handed person can pull the right side table. Using this chair, students will become more

comfortable to write on the table, and motivate left-handed students to come to the class. It is

hoped that this product can help to make sure all Malaysian are being treated equally and diversity

is being respected in the classroom. Left-handed is not a disability but the uniqueness that gifted

to a few selected people.

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The main problem faced by left-handed students

Left-handed students faced difficulty when writing in class because the chairs only have one side

table which is customized for right-handed students (Alaina, 2013). The chair producers might

not interested to manufacture the left sided table as the market for this product is not as huge as

the existing folding chair with righ side table. So, the authors generate the problem to an idea and

come out with this Dual-Folding Chair, which has both sides of tables that might benefited both

left-handed and right-handed students. This product is suitable for today’s era where people

wants multi-functions product to ease their life and can be used by everyone. Buikt with high

quality material and bright colours, this product will attract consumers.

Product Description

Core benefit

The Dual-Folding Chair was created for left-handed consumers especially students. It is a

good product that give a few benefits to the users.

1. Educate people to accept equality and diversity

This product will give a fair treatment especially to the students. The difference between

left-handed and right-handed should be equality and diversity in the classroom which is

we should not make a different between the left-handed and right-handed students.

2. Provide comfortable to left-handed students

If we have this Dual-Folding Chair, it will give comfort feelings to left-handed students

because the usual chair are giving the priority to the right-handed students.

3. Provide the same facilities for right and left handed students

We created this Dual-Folding Chair to make sure that right and left-handed students is

giving the same facilities. So they will get equal treatment especially when learning.

The authors named the product as Dual-Folding Chair because it has two side folding table that

being combined with one chair. The slogan for Dual-Folding Chair is “See the World with

Chair”. This Dual-Folding Chair has two side tables. If the left-handed students want to use the

table, they can pull the table at the left side and it is vice versa for right-handed students. The

product features are as follows:

Material used to make our product

• Iron Hollow (1inch x 1 inch)

• Rubber closer (1inch x 1 inch)

• Plywood

32.5 cm

29 cm

31 cm

18 cm

50 cm

29 cm

50 cm 34 cm

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Commercialization Potential

Target market

The target market is everyone especially left-handed students. Since the selling strategy is to

sell the products in bulk, the products will be sold to schools, colleges, universities, and

consultant companies whom providing chairs for seminars or events. The two sides folding table

feature which can be used for right and left handed person makes the customer’s money worth

for every single cents they paid. The materials used are iron hollow, plywood and rubber which

create comfortable feelings to the buyers. This product will be upgraded time after time in

accordance to customers’ feedback as for their satisfaction.

Cost and market price

The product cost is RM150.

i. Iron Hollow = RM80

ii. Plywood = RM50

iii. Rubber = RM20

Total = RM150

Our market price is RM190 but we only sell it in a bulk.

Selling strategy

The selling strategy for dual folding chair is we make a lot of promotion and well-targeted

campaigns/sponsorship which have greatly help to attract customer. Dual folding chair is a single

product on the market. We use this opportunity to share it in social media such as Facebook,

Instagram, television, and magazine to spread the benefit of dual folding chair.

Further Research

In future, we would like to ensure that Dual Folding Chair become more unique and attractive by

focusing on its materials. We might change the materials of the product, for example the wooden

seat could be changed with plastic material so that the product will be lighter and portable.

Conclusion

We are contended to innovate Dual Folding Chair in order to ease our potential customers lives

especially the left-handed students. We hope that our product will reduce the number of truancy

in school or colleges as the left-handed students will feel comfortable to attend classes as their

right-handed friends. In a broader view, this product is hoped to promote the equality for righ

and left handed person to enjoy the same facilities in their institutions. We hope that by

introducing this product, it could ease everyone and we would like to create a long-term

relationship with the customer for a better improvement in the future.

References Alaina. (2015, February 18). Problems of a Left-Handed College Student. Retrieved from

http://www.collegefashion.net/college-life/problems-of-a-left-handed-college-student/ leftyfretz.com

(2017).

How Many people Are Left-Handed. Retrieved from http://leftyfretz.com/how-many-people-are-left-

handed/

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Chapter 19

3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03)

Abdul Aziz Masnan, Nur Anis Afiqah Zainal Abidin, Farah Faseiha Osman,

Saida Farhanah Sarkam & Noor Junaini Arwin Yaacob

Faculty of Business Management, UiTM Pahang, Raub Campus,

27600 Raub, Pahang, Malaysia.

Abstract

Flats, apartments and condominiums are using elevator as their main transport equipment that efficiently

moves people or goods. The breakdown of elevators will be the major problems to the residents where it

will be gives difficulty for them to transport goods. Therefore by having 3-wheeled trolley (TR-03) will

help the residents in reducing the energy used in transporting the loads when using the stairs. The speciality

of this product it is easy to be pull through the stairs and it can be fold. This idea have been developed due

to some complaints that been made from the residents when the elevator was breakdown. By using 3-

Wheeled trolley (TR-03) it will reduce the possibility of having back pain during carrying the loads using

the stairs, it is portable, light in weight and also user friendly. Our target market for this product is citizen

who live in flat or apartment housing area. For those who are having this 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) will

satisfy with the outcome because it is very helpful not only during the breakdown of the elevator but also

can be used at the uneven place. Our innovation product will guarantee in making the customers feel worth

buying it.

Introduction

Our team focuses on the problems that suffered by the apartment residents and provide solutions

for them. Breakdown of the elevator will lead the residents to load their stuffs using stairs. This

problem will normally create health problem to them. According to Dr Christopher Mahar (2014)

said that twisting or lifting a heavy load the wrong way can cause strain the muscles and

ligaments in back which can cause acute back pain.

Based on that findings, we have decided to create a product that can reduce the burden of the

residents during load the heavy stuffs using stair. The product we proudly produced is called as

3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03). And this product have its own slogan “Easy Climbing Stairs”

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Product Description

Table 1: Product Description

Name of Product 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03)

Benefits Light in weight

Reduce the backpain during loading stuff using stairs

Portable

User friendly

Used Items Metal bucket trolley

Handle trolley

3 Wheel Bracket

2” Swivel Wheel

1” Swivel Wheel

Fig 1. List and Measurement Detail

Commercialization Potential

We confidently expect that 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) can be broadly commercialized. There

are many ways to promote and spread the news about this product. One of the best and efficient

way is by doing the online marketing. This can be achieved by creating an online website,

Facebook page, Twitter and Instagram. Online marketing has become main sources for today’s

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successful entrepreneurship. The target market for 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) is mainly focused

on residents that. This is because of the attractiveness and uniqueness of this product that will

surely be a catching eye for those in interest.

Online Marketing

Nowdays in order to maintain the good relationship and ensure the customers are happy so

the seller must have a very effective and efficient business. So in order to achieve that they can

have a good teamwork in organizing the business. They must keep track all the business

transaction and be able to respond to all enquiry in a very limited time. By having social

interactive site will help them in solving the problem. Facebook, Instagram and twitter might

help the us in promoting the product.This will encourage the potential customer to read our post

and will likely attract them to buy the product. This method has been widely used by the local

businesses.

Direct Selling

Even we are focusing in online marketing but still direct selling has its own advantages. By

using direct selling, we can have two-way communication by explaining to the customers the

advantages of our product. This type of communication is considered as the most effective

because it doesn’t have to go through a communication medium which sometimes will likely to

deliver the wrong messages.

Further Research

In future, we would like to ensure that 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) become more unique and

attractive by focusing on its materials. We might change the body of the 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-

03) by having it as PVC and to make sure it is water resistance so we can come out with a lid. So

by having a lid so that the stuff that being carry will not drop off from the trolley. Moreover, we

can customized 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) with more attractive colours which will attract the

housewives to buy our product.

Conclusion

We are contended to innovate 3-Wheeled Trolley (TR-03) in order to ease our potential customers

lives especially the apartment residents. We hope that our product will reduce the number of

person that having the back pain because of loading the heavy stuffs. We hope that by introducing

this product, it could ease everyone and we would like to create a long-term relationship with the

customer for a better improvement in the future.

References Morton P.D & Calister R. (2009), Influence of posture and body type on the experience of exercise –

related transient abdominal pain.

What is Back Pain, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculosketal and Skin Disease (Nov 2014)

Newstraits Time (2014), residents all for lift attendants, Retrieved from

http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/residents-all-lift-attendants.

HealthDay News (2012), Back pain theraphy yields early benefits, Retrieved from

https://consumer.healthday.com/bone-and-joint-information-4/backache-news-53/back-pain-therapy-

often-yields-early-benefits-study-664611.html

http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/residents-all-lift-attendants

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Chapter 20

Low Back Pain Help Tool using Web-Based

Application

Nur Amalina Alleyesa, Liyana Shuiba, Nur Baiti ‘Afini Binti Normadhi a,

Ghulam Mujtabaa & Leena Loh Poh Chenb

aDepartment of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology,

University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia bPusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai,59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory

of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Low Back Pain Help Tool is a web-based application that helps low back pain patients to diagnose their

intensity of pain and do some recommended exercises to reduce their pain. The purpose of this study is to

develop a system that will enable low back pain patients to know their intensity of pain that is time-saving

and cost-saving. The conceptual and technical design of the conventional expert system was reviewed and

the architecture of knowledge engineering for developing them was redefined and analysed. The system

architecture and components of this system was based on the proposed architecture of low back pain help

tool system that intended to enhance the existing tools used to diagnose low back pain problems. The

waterfall model methodology is used to ensure the system design meets its goals. This model emphasizes

on knowledge acquisition process that enables the effective way in gathering precise information from

expert to promote intelligent diagnosis.

Keyword: Low back pain, physiotherapy, diagnosis, help tool

Introduction

Physiotherapy or physical therapy is one of the most commonly used treatment in low back pain.

It is defined from rehabilitation aspect as the treatment of physical disabilities by massage and

electrotherapy exercise (Mayo Clinic, 2015). It helps restore movement and function when

someone is affected by injury, illness or disability. Physiotherapy is described as a branch of

rehabilitative health that uses specially designed exercise and equipment to help patients to

improve their physical abilities (Knight and Reginald Q, 2015). It is available for patients of any

age, from infants – born with a musculoskeletal birth defect, to adults – suffering from sciatica

or the after effects of injury or surgery and last but not least, to the elderly – post-stroke patient.

It helps to improve a range of conditions associated with different systems of the body.

Physiotherapy can be categorized into few parts of the body which are head, neck, back, shoulder,

knees and patellofemoral pain

Literature Review

Low Back Pain Problem

Low back pain is one of the critical pain nowadays, as the single leading cause of disability

worldwide, according to the Global Burden of Disease 2010 that estimates low back pain is the

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75


first rank in Australasia, including Australia and New Zealand, compared to ranked sixth in the

world (ACA, 2015). The alternative names (non-specific) for low back pain is backache, lumbar

pain and chronic low back pain (Sheth, 2011). Low back pain is one of the most common reasons

for people absence from work or go to the doctor. It really shows that low back pain is common

but the most cases are not caused by a serious problem. Approximately 80% of all Americans

will have low back pain in their lives at least once. Men and women are equally affected by low

back pain, which can range in intensity from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp sensation

that leaves the person incapacitated. Pain can begin abruptly as a result of an accident or by lifting

something heavy, or it can develop over time due to age-related changes of the spine. Even

though low back pain can affect people of any age, it is significantly common among adults aged

between 35 to 55 years. Typically, younger individuals aged from 30 to 60 years old are more

likely to experience low back pain from the disc space itself (e.g. lumbar disc herniation or

degenerative disc disease), while older adults aged over 60 years old are more likely to suffer

from pain related to joint degeneration (e.g. osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis). Sedentary lifestyles

also can set the stage for low back pain, especially when a weekday routine of getting too little

exercise is punctuated by the strenuous weekend workout. Low back pain is not usually serious

although it may be painful and uncomfortable.

Acute pain and chronic pain are the two common types of low back pain. Acute pain is defined

as severe but lasting a short period of time, usually less than 6 weeks (Knight, 2015). Acute pain

may be caused by falling or lifting something heavy. The chronic pain lasts for more than 3

months and is much less common than acute pain. Most low back pain is acute, or short term,

and lasts a few days to a few weeks. It tends to resolve on its own with self-care and there is no

residual loss of function. The majority of acute low back pain is mechanical in nature, meaning

that there is a disruption in the way the components of the back (the spine, muscle, intervertebral

discs, and nerves) fit together and move (NIH, 2014). A complete medical history and physical

exam can usually identify any serious conditions that may be causing the pain. Along with a

thorough back examination, neurologic tests are conducted to determine the cause of pain and

appropriate treatment. The cause of chronic low back pain is often difficult to be determined even

after a thorough examination (NIH, 2014). While imaging tests such as x-ray, MRI (Magnetic

Resonance Imaging) and ultrasound are not warranted in most cases.

There are many causes and factors that are highly with the risk of developing low back pain.

Some regular everyday activities or poor posture can be the result of low back pain such as

standing or bending down for long periods, bending awkwardly and sitting in a hunched position

for long periods (e.g. when driving) (Medical News Today, 2015). Most low back pain goes away

on its own, though it may take a while. Taking over-the-counter pain and resting can help to

reduce the pain, but staying in bed is not recommended. The treatments available for low back

pain vary depending on how long patient have had the pain, how severe it is, and the individual

need and preferences. Those categories are medications, education, physical therapy or exercise

and surgery. The McKenzie Method paradigm of care is one of low back pain treatment that is

distinct from all other forms of care in that each patient’s treatment is individualized and

determined by their presentation and exam findings that are elicited by this unique assessment

process (Donelson and Ronald, 2015). Physiotherapy exercises can help to manage pain and

improve the strength and flexibility, and promote proper positioning and posture.

There also few treatments that are not recommended by The National Institute for Health and

Care Excellence (NICE) for low back pain healing without identified cause because of lack of

evidence about their effectiveness in treating non-specific low back pain. These include low-

level laser therapy, interferential therapy (IFT), therapeutic ultrasound, transcutaneous electrical

nerve stimulation (TENS), lumbar support, traction, and injections.

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Nevertheless, a number of alternative treatments may ease symptoms of low back pain (with

doctor consultation). They are chiropractic care, acupuncture, massage, and yoga. Acupuncture

is moderately effective for chronic low back pain that involves the insertion of thin needles into

precise points throughout the body. While yoga involves practicing specific posture or poses,

breathing exercises and relaxation technique to stretch and strengthen the muscles and improve

posture.

Exercise Therapy Treatment

Exercise therapy is a management strategy that is widely used in low back pain. Several

conservative therapies have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic low back

pain, including different forms of exercise and spinal manipulative therapy. The efficacy of less

time-consuming and less costly self-care interventions, for example, home exercise, remains

inconclusive in chronic low back pain (G. Bronfort et al., 2011). It encompasses a heterogeneous

group of interventions ranging from general physical fitness or aerobic exercise, to muscle

strengthening, various types of flexibility and stretching exercise (Hayde et al., 2005). Many

nonsurgical interventions have been shown to make a small, but positive, impact on patients with

chronic low back pain. Exercises focused on the low back and abdominal musculature, and the

program was individualized in terms of intensity according to the patients’ ability. It is more

effective than usual care by the general practitioner and just as effective as conventional

physiotherapy.

Exercises may be helpful for patients with chronic low back pain to increase the return to

normal daily activities and work (Maurits et al., 2000). Evidence from randomized controlled

trials demonstrates that exercise therapy is effective at reducing pain and functional limitations

in the treatment of chronic low back pain. It also suggests exercise therapy as effective as either

no treatment or other conservative treatments for acute low back pain. Exercise therapy that

consists of individually designed programs, including stretching or strengthening, and is

delivered with supervision may improve pain and function in chronic nonspecific low back pain.

Strategies should be used to encourage adherence (Hayden et al.,2005).

Low Back Pain Help Tool

Fig. 1 Low Back Pain Tool System Architecture

Admin

User

Diagnosis

Exercise

Database

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Admin module: This module receives admin’s information that will give privilege to admin to

manage the data either to add, edit or delete. Admin also can view and print the information in

the system.

User module: This module receives information about user’s profile and will allow users to go

through the diagnosis test.

Diagnosis module: This module helps patients to identify their level of pain based on daily

activities, with specific condition specified by Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The obtained

results will show the percentage of intensity of pain with the recommended and prescribed

exercises.

Exercises module: This module matches patient with suitable exercises listed by expert,

according to their level of pain.

Database module: The database module consists of user database and system database. The user

database includes user’s profile and diagnosis record. The system database contains glossary of

low back pain analysis of diagnosis and exercises information.

Fig. 2 Low Back Pain Tool home page

Evaluation

In this study, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used to evaluate the usability of the study.

Based on TAM, the system is evaluated according to several categories including Perceived of

Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and User Satisfaction. The objective of this evaluation is to

investigate the user acceptance of Low Back Pain Diagnosis Help Tool and to measure the system

performance. From the perspective of TAM, high level of user satisfaction toward Low Back

Pain Help Tool system is a priority to the acceptance of a computer or technology system.

From this evaluation, 124 respondent has been participated in this evaluation. There is only

12.2% respondents refer to any web page for low back pain treatment. While the other 87.8% are

not. This is because they choose to go along with the pain without any treatment or check-up and

do not come to the hospital for treatment because of time constraint and high cost of treatment.

The findings show that people really need the alternative way of treatment which is affordable

and no time limit.

Conclusion

Low back pain patients always having problem to spend time and money for the treatment, as it

may affect their intensity of pain and may become worsen. Therefore, it is crucial for low back

pain patient to be able doing suitable exercises that matches their level of pain after the diagnosis

session. By doing the exercise therapy, they may reduce their pain and it will help low back pain

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patients to endure the pain. In future, more detailed diagnosis tests and the involvement of expert

online consultation can be integrated to improve the efficiency of diagnosis test and will help

patients in more effective way.

References ACA (American Chiropractic Association). (2015). Back Pain Facts and Statistics. Retrieved From

http://www.acatoday.org/level2_css.cfm?T1ID=13&T2ID=68

Donelson and Ronald. (2015). Benefits of the McKenzie Method. Guiding patients in self-care. Retrieved

From http://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/back-pain/benefits-mckenzie-method

Frost and Alan. (2015). Knowledge Management Systems. Retrieved From http://www.knowledge-

management-tools.net/knowledge-management-systems.html

Gert B et al., (2011) The Spine Journal 11 585-598

Gordon & Serena. (2014). Low Back Pain Leading Cause of Disability : Study.

Hayde, Jill, Tulder, Maurits W., Malmivaara, Antti, and Koes, Bart W. (2005). Exercise therapy for

treatment of non-specific low back pain.

Kenny and Tim. (2013). Nonspecific Lower Back Pain in Adults. Retrieved From

http://patient.info/health/nonspecific-lower-back-pain-in-adults

Knight and Reginald Q. (2015). Back Pain Center: Upper, Mid Back, Low and Lower Back. Retrieved

From: http://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/back-pain

Mayo Clinic. (2015). Treatments and Drugs. Retrieved From http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/back-pain/basics/treatment/con-20020797

Medical News Today. (2015). Back Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Retrieved From:

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172943.php

NIH (National Institute of Health). (National Institute of Health.) (2014). Handout on Health : Back Pain.

In N. I. o. A. a.

M. A.S NIH (National Institute of Health). (2014). Diseases: Low Back Pain (pp. 4). Maryland: NIH

Publications.

Reid and Marylou. (2004). An Assessment of Health Needs of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients from

General Practice. 9(3), 451-462.

Sheth and Kevin. (2011). Low back pain - Chronic. Retrieved From

http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/low-back-pain-chronic

Tulder, Maurits W van, Malmivaara, Antti, Ismail, Rosmin, & Koes, Bart. (2000). Exercise Therapy for

Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review Within the Framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back

Review Group. 25(21), 2784-2796.

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Chapter 21

Clitoria Ternaeta sp. Extract as an Alternative to

Produce Inks for Whiteboard Marker Pens

Muhammad Azrie bin M Raymi, Muhamad Amir Firdaus bin Ismail, Aina Zafirah binti

Azhar, Nur Najwa binti Md Amin & Nur Adira binti Mohamad Azlan

Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Sabak Bernam

Abstract

Whiteboard marker pen is synonym to teacher when it comes to teaching and learning session in the class

as it is one of the compulsory tools for them. Inks for whiteboard marker pens are usually made of chemical

substances and is sold at a higher price. Hence, as an innovative society we have thought of better ways to

improvise the quality of our product like whiteboard marker pens. So, our innovation is mainly aimed to

create an alternative way of producing ink for whiteboard marker pens by using method of extracting

plants. This method also helps reduce the cost of manufacturing for industry as well as providing products

naturally from plants and environmentally friendly. In addition, this product will not be harmful to users

as it contains lack of chemicals. The materials we use for extraction are only from floras and herbs. The

plants are Clitoria Ternaeta sp. or commonly known as Asian pigeon wings and some herbs like Pandanus

amaryllifolius sp. and Jasminum sambac sp. for fragrance. For purpose of extracting the dyes, we mostly

use parts of plants such as leaves, flower, and fruit to produce colour extract. For example, Clitoria

Ternaeta’s flowers will be extracted using soxhlet extractor to extract blue colours for conventional dyes.

Ethanol, glass wools and still bar are needed for the extraction process. The dyes extracted from the flowers

will then be distilled to separate ethanol from the mixture through distillation process. Finally, the extracted

dyes are mixed with extracted fragrance for odor, a very minimum amount of alcohol and oils and are

processed. As a result, we will produce such real inks for whiteboard marker pens like the one which has

been commercialized in market nowadays but more natural and non-toxic. In a nutshell, this alternative

way is one of the ways to help just not your teachers and friends to save up money, but the whole society

that applies whiteboard marker pens in their daily lives.

Keywords: clitoria ternaeta sp., soxhlet extractor, marker pen

Introduction

Usually when it comes teaching and learning session, teachers will definitely search for theirs

teaching tools. So, whiteboard marker pen is one of the best choices as it is a practical tool for

them. It means that, whiteboard marker pens are indeed the most needed tools, and teachers have

to buy them every single time they run out of inks. But the problem is how much will it costs, if

all money that we have, we spend only for buying whiteboard marker pens with inks of low

quality and contain chemical substances that may be harmful to users especially kids.

Hence, as innovators, we do think that the best solution is to replace the inks with something

more environmentally-friendly and made naturally from plants. Plus, they could reduce the cost

of manufacturing for industry. Our team has made some brainstorming for ideas and researchers

on this project, and we proudly found that the inks could be replaced with extract of plant.

On top of that, we have chosen the significant one for the extraction, and it would be great if

it is an extraction of Clitoria Ternaeta sp. flowers. The flowers are extracted using soxhlet

extractor. By processing ethanol and the flowers as the sample, we can produce a mixture of

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ethanol and blue colors extract for the inks. Next, we separated the ethanol and the blue extract

through distillation process. The dyes extract is the additive and is mixed with a very minimum

amount of alcohol and vegetable oils to produce the whole inks.

Fig 1. Flowers and a seedpod

Fig 2. Clitoria Ternaeta sp. Extract

Fig 3. Producing of SABER arker (Vegetable oil + Alcohol + Clitoria Ternaeta sp. Extract )

Conclusion Table 1:

Type of Products (Markers) Marker X SABER Marker

Ingredients In The Inks

Too much of chemical

substances.

Some of them are harmful to

skin and respiration.

Only use alcohol with low toxicity.

Use vegetable oils that is non-toxic

to environment and biodegradable

Cost of Manufacturing the

Inks

High cost is needed for

variety of chemicals.

Available cost for manufacturing.

Use extraction process for dyes and

pigments.

Safety for health/

Environmentally-Friendly

Obviously, NOT.

Unsafely for kids

especially.

Definitely, YES.

It is environmentally-friendly and

safety concerned.

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References

Clitoria Ternaeta. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Clitoria+ternatea

Dry-erase markers. Retrieved March 28, 2017 from https://www.reference.com/science/ingredients-

dry-erase-markers-bca76d260ce79048

Percentage of Ingredients in Marker Pens. Retrieved March 28, 2017 from

https://www.google.com/search?q=percentage+of+ingredients+in+marker+pens&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-

8&client=firefox-b

Chemical composition-Pen Ink. Retrieved March 27, 2017 from

http://www.healthyschools.org/documents/Markers-2011.pdf

How markers are made?. Retrieved March 27, 2017 from

https://www.reference.com/science/ingredients-dry-erase-markers-bca76d260ce79048

Marker Pen. Retrieved March 23, 2017 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_pen

Soxhlet Extractor. Retrieved March 22, 2017 from https://www.slideshare.net/AbarnaAbi1/soxhlet-

apparatus



https://www.google.com/search?q=percentage+of+ingredients+in+marker+pens&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b

https://www.google.com/search?q=percentage+of+ingredients+in+marker+pens&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b

http://www.healthyschools.org/documents/Markers-2011.pdf


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_pen

https://www.slideshare.net/AbarnaAbi1/soxhlet-apparatus

https://www.slideshare.net/AbarnaAbi1/soxhlet-apparatus

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Chapter 22

A Potential of Thiosemicarbazones as Corrosion

Inhibitors for Industrial Cleaning Process

Nur Nadia Dzulkifli, Nur Nadira Hazani, Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali,

Jamil Mohamad Sapari & Fasihah Esa

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan

Abstract

The new thiosemicarbazones derivatives, 2-acetylpyridine 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazones (L1) and

4-chlorobenzaldehyde 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazones (L2) were successfully synthesised by condensation

method. The structures of ligands were confirmed by elemental analysis (CHNS), FT-IR, and UV-Vis.

The elemental analysis of compounds show results were in a good agreement with theoretical values. The

FT-IR showed the presence of functional groups as presented in the proposed structures. The UV-Vis

analysis showed n→π* and π→π* transitions. The confirmed compounds were determined its ability to

inhibit corrosion toward mild steel in 1M HCl. The inhibition ability was evaluated by weight loss method

in three different concentrations of inhibitors. The experimental results indicated that the inhibition

efficiency increased as the inhibitor concentration increased. Furthermore, L1 showed better inhibition

efficiency than L2 because L2 contains chloro substituent which is indirectly involved in the corrosion

process.

Introduction

Thiosemicarbazones (TSC) are basically Schiff bases which formed by the reaction of an

aldehyde or a ketone with a thiosemicarbazide under special conditions. Schiff base which also

called as an imine or azomethine as shown in Fig. 1 is a nitrogen analogue in which the carbonyl

group (C=O) of an aldehyde or ketone is replaced by an imine or azomethine group and one water

molecules will be eliminated (Silva et al., 2011; Rezaeivala & Keypour, 2014). The general

reaction of Schiff bases are as shown in Fig. 2. In industrial sector, the metallic corrosion causes

the financial loses which come from the industrial process itself such as acid pickling, industrial

chemical cleaning, oil refinery equipment cleaning descaling of steel and oil well acidification

(Muralisankar et al., 2017; Saha et al., 2015). Hence, to overcome this problem, by introducing

the corrosion inhibitor is one of the way to protect or slow down the corrosion process in low

concentration of inhibitor and in aggressive environment. The inhibitors are act by surface

adsorption process that forms protective film on metal surface and offers a barrier of corrosive

attack on metal (Daoud et al., 2015). TSC is selected to be a corrosion inhibitor due to the

presence of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms as well as aromatic rings in their structures which

have ability to be good corrosion inhibitive in an acid media (Xu et al., 2014).

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Fig. 1 General structure of a Schiff base.

Fig. 2 Reaction of Schiff bases.

Content

A) Materials and Measurements

Solvents and reagents were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification.

Elemental analysis, CHNS were performed with Elemental Analyzer Model Flash EA1180.

Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded as mid-IR on FT-IR Attenuated Total

Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) Perkin- Elmer spectrophotometer in the frequency range 4000 - 650

cm-1 at room temperature. UV-Vis spectra were measured by PG instrument T80/T80+

spectrophotometer using DMSO as solvent in the region 250 - 600 cm-1.

B) Methodology

i) Synthesis of 2-acetylpyridine 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (L1)

An ethanolic solution of 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (0.60 g, 1 mmol) and ethanolic

solution of 2-acetylpyridine (0.61 g, 1 mmol) were mixed together, then followed by

addition of a few drops of glacial acetic acid with constant stirring at reflux temperature

for 2 hours. Then, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered and kept at room

temperature to obtain a single crystal. The crystals formed were washed with cold ethanol

and dry over anhydrous silica gel.

ii) Synthesis of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (L2)

The L2 was synthesised through a similar procedure to L1 with appropriate aldehyde, 4-

chlorobenzaldehyde.

iii) Corrosion Inhibition Study

The aggressive solution of 1 M of an analytical grade of 37 % HCl was prepared by

dilution with distilled water and the concentration of the inhibitors 1, 2, and 3 mM were

prepared by dilution with prepared HCl. The determination of weight loss of coupon mild

steel was tested duplicate for 24 hours at 40 °C and average mass was calculated.

C) Results and Discussions

i) Physico-chemical Analysis

The ligand, L1 and L2 sucessfully synthesised. The CHNS data for both ligands were in

a good aggrement with the theoretical values. The data results are shown in Table 1.

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Table 1 Physico data

Compounds Colour Melting point (°C) Composition (%)

C H N S

L1 Light Yellow 127-130 50.12

(54.05)

7.41

(6.31)

28.10

(25.23)

14.67

(14.42)

L2 Colourless 201-203 49.10

(51.76)

5.02

(5.49)

18.36

(16.47)

13.33

(12.55)

( ) = calculated

ii) Infrared Spectroscopy

The ligands exist in solid state which are in thione form because there is no bands around

2500 – 2600 cm-1 which display S-H vibration (Hosseini-Yazdi et al., 2016). The ligands

are confirmed to be in thione form as the presence of υ(C=S) stretching band in both ligands

at wavenumber 1084 cm-1. The results for IR data are shown in Table 2. The stretching bands

of specific functional groups in the spectra of both ligands are shown in Fig. 2 (a) and Fig.

2(b).

Table 2 Important IR data

Compounds υ(N-H) υ(C-H) υ(C=N) υ(C=N)

(pyridine)

υ(C-

Cl)

υ(N-

N)

υ(C-

N)

υ(C=S)

L1 3349,3210 2980,2930 1527 1580 - 1297 1221 1084

L2 3364,3147 2977 1538 - 820 1293 1245 1084

Fig. 2 (a) IR spectrum of the ligand L1 Fig. 2 (b) IR spectrum of the ligand L2

iii) Electronic Spectra

The UV-Vis spectra of L1 and L2 were recorded in the range 250-600 nm (c = 10-5 M) as

shown in Figure 3(a) and 3(b) respectively. Both ligand have two absorption bands which

are n→π* and π→ π*, but only showed one absorption peak since it is exected to overlap

each other. The transition presented in the spectra of L1 and L2 which are at wavelength

320 nm. The absorption peak refer to the transitions in the azomethine unit and aromatic

ring.

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Fig. 3 (a) Electronic spectrum of the ligand L1 Fig. 3 (b) Electronic spectrum of the ligand L2

iv) Corrosion Inhibition Study

The results for corrosion inhibition study are tabulated in Table 4. As a general trend,

the inhibitor efficiency is directly propotional to inhibitor concentration increment (Emir

& Keles, 2015). L1 at 3mM of inhibitor concentration shows a good inhibition efficiency

towards mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid as compared to the L2. This is because of

chloro substituent attached to the L2, it caused the ligand less efficient to inhibit

corrosion and becomes an acid inhibitor which indirectly involved in the corrosion

process.

Table 4 Corrosion Inhibition data

Inhibitor Concentration Weight loss, ∆W

(g)

Corrosion rate, g cm-

1 h-1

Inhibitor efficiency, ηw

(%)

Blank 1 M 0.1963 1.636 x 10-3 -

L1 1mM 0.0221 1.842 x 10-4 88.74

2mM 0.0217 1.808 x 10-4 88.94

3mM 0.0175 1.458 x 10-4 91.09

L2 1mM 0.0548 4.566 x 10-4 52.72

2mM 0.0419 3.492 x 10-4 63.85

3mM 0.0304 2.533 x 10-4 73.57

Conclusion

Schiff base ligand derived from 2-acetylpyridine and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, L1 and L2

respectively have been successfully synthesized through condensation process. The proposed

structures for both compounds were proved by CHNS Analyzer, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

The outcomes of this experiment where the L1 shows good inhibitive properties for mild steel

corrosion and the inhibitor efficiency increase as the inhibitor concentration increase.

References

Daoud, D., Douadi, T., Hamani, H., Chafaa, S., & Al-noaimi, M. (2015). Corrosion inhibition of mild steel

by two new S-heterocyclic compounds in 1 M HCl : Experimental and computational study. Corrosion

Science, 94, 21–37.

Emir, D. M., & Keles, M. (2015). A comparative study of the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in

HCl solution by an imine compound and its cobalt complex. Corrosion Science 101, 19–31.

Hosseini-Yazdi, S. A., Hosseinpour, S., Khandar, A. A., & White, J. (2016). Synthesis, characterization,

and X-ray crystal structures of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with two bis(thiosemicarbazone)

ligands and investigation of their electrochemical behavior. Transition Metal Chemistry, 41(1), 65–75.

Muralisankar, M., Sreedharan, R., & Sujith, S. (2017). (PITSc) as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in

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HCl. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 695, 171–182.

Rezaeivala, M., & Keypour, H. (2014). Schiff-base and non-Schiff base macrocyclic ligands and

complexes incorporating the pyridine moiety-the first 50 years. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 280,

203–253.

Saha, S. K., Ghosh, P., Hens, A., Murmu, N. C., & Banerjee, P. (2015). Density functional theory and

molecular dynamics simulation study on corrosion inhibition performance of mild steel by mercapto-

quinoline Schiff base corrosion inhibitor. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures,

66, 332–341.

Silva, C. M., da Silva, D. L., Modolo, L. V., Alves, R. B., de Resende, M. A., Martins, C. V. B., & de

Fátima, Â. (2011). Schiff bases: A short review of their antimicrobial activities. Journal of Advanced

Research, 2(1), 1–8.

Xu, B., Yang, W., Liu, Y., Yin, X., Gong, W., & Chen, Y. (2014). Experimental and theoretical evaluation

of two pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compounds as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in

hydrochloric acid solution. Corrosion Science, 78, 260–268.

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Chapter 23

Corrosion Inhibition on a Mild Steel by

Dithiocarbamate Complexes in an Acidic Solution

Nor Farah Hida Othman, Nabilah Syakirah Zolkifli, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli, Muhammad

Faiz Latif & Ahmad Husaini Mohamed

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan

Abstract Over the years, dithiocarbamates (DTCs) benefits have been applied in biochemistry, organic and

inorganic chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal industries. Other than that, researchers had found that

DTCs not only can act as an anti-cancer, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant agents but DTCs also can be used in

the alcoholism treatment. DTCs are special ligand because it owned multidentate ligand characteristic and

it capable to stabilize transition metals with various oxidation states. In this research, mixed-ligand

complexes of Ni(II) N-butylmethyldithiocarbamate (C1) and Ni(II) N-ethylbenzyldithiocarbamate were

synthesised by using in situ and characterised by infrared (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis)

spectroscopy melting point measurement. Based on the FT-IR results showed that there were the presence

of functional groups as presented in the proposed structures. Through UV-Vis analysis showed there were

existence of electronic transitions in the complexes which were n→π* , π →π* and d-d transitions. There

is a direct relationship between the concentration of complexes as an inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency.

Weight loss experiments are carried out on a mild steel in 1 M HCl solution at room temperature and the

same trend of inhibition is produced. The inhibition ability was evaluated by weight loss method in three

different concentrations. The experimental results indicated that the inhibition efficiency increased as the

inhibitor concentration increased.

Introduction

Among the metal, mild steel basically is the cheapest steel that can be found in almost metal

production. It is because many of its advantages other than low cost such as very hard metal but

yet weldable and very long lasting product. However, this mild steel not have much resistance to

corrosion. On the other side, DTCs compounds as shown in Fig. 1 had been studied due to their

benefits not only in industrial but also in biological, agricultural and chemical purpose (Mamba

et al., 2010). In this research, DTCs had found to have special properties as corrosion inhibitor

because DTCs is easy to form self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on the metal surface. Other

than that, DTCs also had been considered as an environmental friendly because it is a

biocompatible compound (Alshamaileh et al., 2014). In this paper, the Ni(II) N-

butylmethyldithiocarbamate and Ni(II) N-ethylbenzyldithiocarbamate complexes that have been

synthesised was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M

HCl using weight loss techniques.

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Fig. 1 Structure of dithiocarbamate

Experimental:

1. Synthesis of Ni(II) N-butylmethyldithiocarbamate (C1)

An ethanolic solution of N-butylmethylamine (0.003 mol) was stirred for 30 minutes at 4 ⁰C

before an ethanolic solution of carbon disulfide (0.003 mol) was added. After one hour of

stirring, dropwise of ammonia was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred continuously.

Then, drop by drop nickel(II) nitrate solution (0.0015 mol) was added to the mixture. Thus, after

two hours of continuous stirring, the mixture was filtered and was washed by using cold hexane.

The product was dried for a night and the mixture was kept at room temperature to obtain a single

crystal. This method was repeated for the synthesised of Ni(II) N-ethylbenzyldithiocarbamate

(C2).

2. Corrosion inhibition study

1 M of solution of 37% HCl was prepared by dilution with distilled water and the concentration

of the inhibitors, 0.1M, 0.01M and 0.001M were prepared by dilution with prepared HCl. The

weight loss determination of coupon mild steel was tested duplicate for 24 hours at 60⁰C and the

average mass was calculated.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis of complexes, C1 and C2

Both compounds were successfully prepared by using in-situ method. This method

involves the reaction between Ni(II) nitrate (Ni(NO3)2), amines derivatives and carbon

disulfide at 277K in ethanol. The general reaction scheme of complexes preparation was

shown in Fig. 2. Both compounds formed as solid powder and green in colour.

Fig. 2 The general reaction scheme of complexes preparation

Infrared spectroscopy

The important stretching bands of complexes C1 and C2 are shown as Fig. 3(a) and Fig.

3(b).The presence of ν(C N) and ν(C S) were used in order to verify the structures

of dithiocarbamate compounds. Both synthesised complexes showed vibrations of ν(C

N) which is called as a “thioureide band” and ν(C S) in the range of 1508-1518 cm-1

and 948-967 cm-1 respectively. The stretching bands of ν(C N) show partial double

bond character due to the electron delocalization within ditiocarbamate (Awang et al.,

2011).

H2N S-

S

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Fig. 3(a) IR spectrum of complex C1 Fig. 3(b) IR spectrum of complex C2

Electronic spectra

The UV-Vis spectra of C1 and C2 were recorded in the range of 200 to 900 nm and the results

are showed as in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b), respectively. Dithiocarbamates usually show two

absorption peaks in the UV indicated to the n→π* and π →π* transitions (Mamba et al., 2010).

The electronic spectra for both complexes showed a strong absorption peak which are represent

for n→π* and π →π* transitions.Since the metal that have used for both complexes is a transition

metal it give a reason why in the electronic spectra showed a weak absorption peak above 400

nm. These peak assigned for d-d transition.

Fig. 4(a) Electronic spectrum of Complex C1 Fig. 4(b) Electronic spectrum of Complex C2

Corrosion Inhibition Study

The results of the weight loss of mild steels are shown in Table 1 and it is proved that C1 and C2

have the ability to inhibit corrosion due to different weight loss after the mild steel have been

immersed in 1 M HCl for 24 hours. Table 1

Corrosion inhibition data

Inhibitor Concentration,

M

Weight loss,

ΔW (g)

Corrosion rate,

g cm-1 h-1

Inhibitor efficiency, ŋw (%)

Blank 1.000 0.1630 1.6970 x 10-3 -

C1 0.100 0.1142 9.1506 x 10-4 46.0

0.010 0.1254 1.0048 x 10-3 40.7

0.001 0.1345 1.4010 x 10-3 17.4

C2 0.100 0.1143 9.1586 x 10-4 46.0

0.010 0.1188 9.5190 x 10-4 43.9

0.001 0.1378 1.1040 x 10-3 34.9

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From Table 2, it shown that the inhibitors efficiency increased as the concentration of inhibitors

increased. This also proved that C2 is more efficient as an anti-corrosion agent than C1 due to

C2 has more percentage of inhibitor efficiency. For C1 and C2, the inhibitors efficiency

percentages are same for concentration of 0.1 M because of similar weight loss on both mild

steels. However, for 0.01 M and 0.001 M concentration, C1 has lower efficiency than C2 with

40.7% and 43.9% and 17.4% and 34.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

As a conlusion, Ni(II) N-butylmethyldithiocarbamate (C1) and Ni(II) N-

ethylbenzyldithiocarbamate(C2) have been successfully synthesised through condensation

process. Both proposed structures were proved by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Beside that,

the complexes shows good inhibitive properties on mild steel corrosion and the inhibitors

efficiency increased as the inhibitors concentration increased.

References Alshamaileh, E., Kailani, M. H., Arar, S., & Al-Rawajfeh, A. E. (2014). Corrosion inhibition of aluminium

by cyclohexylamine dithiocarbamate in acidic solution. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Chemia.

Awang, N., Baba, I., & Yamin, B. M. (2011). Synthesis , Characterization and Crystal Structure of

Triphenyltin ( IV ) N -alkyl- N -cyclohexyldithiocarbamate Compounds, 12(5), 630–635.

Mamba, S. M., Mishra, A. K., Mamba, B. B., Njobeh, P. B., Dutton, M. F., & Fosso-kankeu, E. (2010).

Spectrochimica Acta Part A : Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Spectral , thermal and in vitro

antimicrobial studies of cyclohexylamine- N -dithiocarbamate transition metal complexes, 77, 579–

587.

Nabipour, H., Ghammamy, S., Ashuri, S., & Aghbolagh, S. (2010). Synthesis of a New Dithiocarbamate

Compound and Study of Its Biological Properties. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 75–80.

Ali, I., Wani, W. A., Saleem, K., & Hseih, M. F. (2013). Design and synthesis of thalidomide based

dithiocarbamate Cu(II), Ni(II) and Ru(III) complexes as anticancer agents. Polyhedron, 56, 134–143.

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Chapter 24

Magnetic Absorbent Magic

Noor Azland Jainudin Ahmad Fadzil Jobli, Ahmad Zaidi Hampden, Nurul Najihah

Mad Rosni, Yaziz Kasim

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Samarahan 2, Sarawak

Abstract

Sarawak has a lot of city view river that could attract visitors and bring attention to the town.

Beautification of the sides of the river and maintaining cleanliness of the environment are vital and need

serious attention. However uncontrolled oil waste dumping from oil facilities and automobile leakage has

already harmed many rivers. We neglect our rivers until they demand attention and the role in keeping

our rivers alive seems to have already been forgotten. Therefore, one potential solution to this problem is

to produce a recycle and environmentally-safe product to absorb oil waste. The proposed product

“Magnetic Absorbent Magic” is a prototype designed. The characteristic of the prototype is that the

composite material will be wrapped and tied to a floating object. It will be based on the ability of the

composite material to absorb oil waste, while floating at the surface of the river. The composite material

mostly consists of human hair and a portion of tyerelene fiber. The portion of the tyerelene fiber in lock

of hair can cause a magnetic couple effect that can highly improve the absorption performance. The

uniqueness of the prototype is that it can be commercialized in small or big market and has a high value

to generate income in the future. By using mostly recycle material, it is considered as a low cost and

effective product, easy to handle, as a side income to barbers and provide opportunity to manufacturers

to produce a better product using the proposed prototype.

Introduction

Oil spillage is one of the unsettled problems that growing in line with industrial development.

These oil spills compromise environmental quality, placing human and animal health at risk,

polluting water sources and destroying various natural resources and green environment (Preston,

et al., 2013; Ifelebuegu, et al., 2015). Extensive work has been conducted to address this issue in

terms of identifying the possible solution to manage oil spill in river and environment (García-

Olivares, et. al., 2017; Garcia-Garido, et. al., 2016; Pisano, et. al., 2016). However most of them

did not come out with a simple and cost effective solution. As a possible solution this project

evaluate the performance of human hair as the highly oil absorbent recycle material (Jadhav , et.

al., 2011) and find ways to enhance its ability to improve absorbent performance, and finally

come out with a new method to produce a recycle and environmentally-safe product to absorb

oil waste.

Method

The product “Magnetic Absorbent Magic” is a prototype design which utilizes the ability of the

composite material to absorb oil waste, while floating at the surface of the river. The material

used were consists of human hair and Tyerelene fiber which can be easily found in the market.

A laboratory experimental works were conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed

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prototype. The composition of the product was based on the percentage, % of tyrelene fiber in

total volume of hair, while the concept of the composite material can be explained in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 Preparation of the composite material “Magnetic Absorbent Magic”

Results and Discussion

In order to analyze the performance of the proposed prototype, the percentage of absorption for

different composition were analyzed based on increasing % of tyerelene fiber, as shown in Table

1. Table 1

Tyerelene

Fiber (%)

Mass of Waste Oil

Retained (g)

Percentage of

Absorbent

Increased (%)

0 119.8 0

5 129.8 8.35

10 153.7 27.71

20 151.5 26.46

30 157.2 31.22

40 156.6 30.71

50 158.7 31.55

The tabulated data then presented in Figure 2 and it shows that the effectiveness of the

composite material started at the composition of 10 % tyerelene fiber, where the absorbent

performance is increased by 27.71%. The differences of absorption performance (10% to 50%

of tyerelene material) were not so obvious since all the materials show variation of results

between 26% to 31%. Then it can be deduce that the composite material (90% Hair; 10%

Tyerelene Fiber) is the best optimum composition which can provide the best absorption

performance.

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Fig. 2 Increasing Percentage (%) of Absorbent Performance based on different

Tyerelene Fiber composition

Conclusion

From the results, although the absorption performance of hair (100% hair) is lower then tyerelene

fiber (100% tyerelene fiber), the absorption performance of hair might be increased by 25% under

new composition (90% Hair and 10% Tyerelene Fiber). Meanwhile the increased portion of

tyerelene fiber (from 10% to 50% ) does not affect the absorption performance at all. Such

observation could explain that the absorption performance of hair is influenced by small portion

of tyerelene fiber in lock of hair that can cause magnetic couple effect that can highly increase

the effective absorption surface area.

References Garcia-Garido, V.J., Ramos, A., Mancho, A.M., Coca, J., & Wiggins, S. (2016). A dynamical systems

perspective for a real-time response to a marine oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 112 (2016) 201–

210.

García-Olivares, A., Aguero, A., Haupt, B.J., Marcos, M.J., Villar, M.V., & Pablos, V.J.L. (2017). A

system of containment to prevent oil spills from sunken tankers. Science of the Total Environment

593–594 (2017) 242–252.

Ifelebuegu, A.O., Nguyen T.V.A., Ikwut, I.P., & Momoh, Z. (2015). Liquid-phase sorption characteristics

of human hair as a natural oil spill sorbent. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3 (2015)

938–943.

Jadhav, A. S., Naniwadekar, M.Y., Shinde, N. H., & Anekar, S. V. (2011). Study of Adsorbtion of Oil

From Oily Water Using Human Hair. Retrived from http://www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijeat.

Pisano, A., Dominicis, M.D., Biamino, W., Bignami, F., Gherardi, S., Colao, F., Coppini, G., Marullo, S.,

Sprovieri, M., Trivero, P., Zambianchi, E., & Santoleri. R. (2016). An oceanographic survey for oil

spill monitoring and model forecasting validation using remote sensing and in situ data in the

Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 133,

November 2016, Pages 132–145.

Preston, L., & Kais, K. (2013). The Golden Fleece: Innovative Ways to Clean Up Oil. Retrived from

http://journals.sfu.ca/jsst

0

8.35

27.71 26.46

31.22 30.71 31.55

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Increasing composition of Tyerelene Fiber (%)

% Absorbent Increased

http://www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijeat

http://journals.sfu.ca/jsst

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94


Chapter 25

Magical Canting

Rohani binti Osman, Alia Najiha binti Jusoh & Nurzahirah binti Zuhairi

SM Imtiaz YT Kuala Terengganu

Abstract

In traditional canting processes, the wax has to be melted on a stove, then the molten wax will

be poured into the canting tool, and the canting tool will be used to draw sketches on the cloth.

The traditional method is complicated and required skills for preparation of canting processes.

‘Magical Canting’ is a tool that is equipped with a heating element to melt the wax directly inside

the canting tool and will make the canting process easier especially to the beginner. This

innovaton is carried out by three students from SM Imtiaz YT Kuala Terengganu and divided by

two main task. The first task is research on the mechanical design and mechanism of ‘Magical

Canting’. The second task is about the heating element and analysis on the wax and this research

is focus on the second task. Research on the heating element is about the type of heating element,

type of power source and the material for the heating element. For analysis on the wax, the scope

is on the physical properties, melting point and the flow of the molten In traditional canting

processes, the wax has to be melted on a stove, then the molten wax will be poured into the

canting tool, and the canting tool will be used to draw sketches on the cloth. The traditional

method is complicated and required skills for preparation of canting processes. ‘Magical Canting’

is a tool that is equipped with a heating element to melt the wax directly inside the canting tool

and will make the canting process easier especially to the beginner. This innovaton is carried out

by three students from SM Imtiaz YT Kuala Terengganu and divided by two main task. The first

task is research on the mechanical design and mechanism of ‘Magical Canting’. The second task

is about the heating element and analysis on the wax and this research is focus on the second

task. Research on the heating element is about the type of heating element, type of power source

and the material for the heating element. For analysis on the wax, the scope is on the physical

properties, melting point and the flow of the molten wax.

Introduction

Batik is one of the most famous handicrafts in Malaysia. Originated from Indonesia, since the

15th century, people have found the traditional method of batik making. In the past, Malays use

potatoes as a tool for stamping but with a progressing development. It has been improvised to

the current model, which is made of steel, which is steel. Batik was first introduced to our

country, especially in Kelantan since 1910. Batik is derived from the Javanese word 'tick' which

means “dripping” or “writes the points”. In Malaysia, the most abundant plant in batik industry

is in Kelantan and Terengganu.

"Motif” is the decorative patterns used in the process of batik painting. Batik is produced in

two main forms, which are Motif Organic and Geometric Motif. Organic motifs characterized

nature as clouds, plants, flowers, and animals. There are two types of batik which are “Block

Batik” and “Canting Batik”.

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The process of making Block Batik started with white cloth that will be applied with batik

patterns using pattern blocks. Pattern blocks are made of wood or metal. This process in repeated

with a certain order until it is complete, depend on the size of the cloth. It which the block was

first dipped into the dye before stamped on the cloth. Block batik is suitable for mass production

which the process is simpler and shorter. The product is also identical for each product although

different operators make the batik.

Unlike block batik that use pattern block to make the design, canting batik use a tool called

canting tools. The canting tool will be filled with melted wax and used to sketch on the cloth to

form the design. After sketching work done, the cloth will be colored to suit the design using

paint brushes, and the affected parts of the wax will act as the stronghold. The wax will be melted

and leave white spot.

The canting tool consisting of the handle for the operator to hold the tool, the container to

store the melt wax, and the tip that is the place for the molten wax to flow out to the cloth. The

handle is made of wood so it will not be affected to the heat of the molten wax. There is a few

shape of the container as the canting tool is called by the shape of the container such as ‘sampan’

or canoe shape and ‘sepatu’ or shoe shape. The tip has different size such as XS, S, and M.

Content The research shows that the batik artisan who used the “Magical Canting” produced faster work

in outlining the design with wax compared to the use of traditional canting. Based on the

observation, during the 30 minute of waxing the design, the batik artisan needed to change the

wax for 23.8 times in order to maintain the temperature of the wax. The use of “Magical Canting”

only changed the wax once and it took just 2 minutes to refill the wax into the cup. The traditional

canting took about 23.81 minutes in waxing the outline and changing the wax. While “Magical

Canting” took 28 minutes out of 30 minutes in outlining the design.

The research also shows that the cost of preparation with “Magical Canting” is 93.4% less

than the traditional canting. Not only cost is cheaper, the “Magical Canting” is also portable, easy

to use in any place and conditions by just using three items compared to the traditional apparatus

with six items to be carried.

Through the observation checklist, the use of traditional method of canting produced the fume

of the wax. The mixture of paraffin and rosin will produce fume during the melting process

through the melting pot. This is because the melting pot is a pot that has to be opened on the top

and the mixture of the wax must be in large quantity. Traditionally the wax has to be heated all

the time in order to maintain at an appropriate temperature. The researcher has recorded that very

hot wax will produce smoke and hard smell of fume. This gives rise to the inhalation of the

hazardous smoke of fume from the melting wax.

By using the “Magical Canting”, the smoke and fume still occur but at the very minimum

during the wax melting process. The research confirms that by controlling the heat adjuster

attached at the body of the “Magical Canting”, the fume and smoke from the melting wax is

reduced.

The researcher also recorded that the Batik Artisan blew into the spout of the traditional

canting many times in order to stabilize the temperature of the wax before applying onto the

fabric. This was to avoid blob of the wax and would deteriorate the design if it was directly

applied. The use of “Magical Canting” on the other hand, showed that the Batik Artisan was free

from blowing into the spout. The blob of the hot wax was also avoided and the fluent flow of the

hot wax flew constantly. An expert in batik design who evaluated the quality of outlining work

done by the Batik Artisan in term of its finest and cleanliness confirm that there is no different

quality of wax work between the use of traditional canting and “Magical Canting”.

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Conclusion

This product is indeed bringing benefits to all. The use of the “Magical Canting” will also enable

new entrepreneur to invest in batik industry in Malaysia as the process of canting is minimized.

In fact, we believe that this product can contribute to the productivity of batik industry in

Malaysia as the process of canting is minimized. Our “Magical Canting” will not only cater the

needs of batik manufacturers but we can anticipate an encouraging demand from any person who

has the passion to do batik painting as it simple, handy and user-friendly.

References http://krjogja.com/read/189148/widyarsana-garjita-perakit-canting-elektrik-pertama-di-purworejo.kr

http://faktafaktaunik8.blogspot.com/2012/01/mengenal-canting.html

http://wongtrusmi.blogspot.com/2010/02/canting-pena-batik-tulis.html

http://worththelackofsleep.blogspot.com/2013/06/mengenal-berbagai-macam-canting-untuk.html

http://goresancanting.blogspot.com/2015/03/mengenal-canting-kegunaan-dan-jenis.html

http://krjogja.com/read/189148/widyarsana-garjita-perakit-canting-elektrik-pertama-di-purworejo.kr

http://faktafaktaunik8.blogspot.com/2012/01/mengenal-canting.html

http://wongtrusmi.blogspot.com/2010/02/canting-pena-batik-tulis.html

http://worththelackofsleep.blogspot.com/2013/06/mengenal-berbagai-macam-canting-untuk.html

http://goresancanting.blogspot.com/2015/03/mengenal-canting-kegunaan-dan-jenis.html

Creative Innovation without Boundaries is a compilation book to specially present

selected essays of creative and innovative products that have entered

International Invention & Innovative Competition (InIIC) Series 1/2017 organised

by MNNF Network, on 6 May 2017 at Kuala Lumpur.

The organiser has called the participants to submit their essay in order to

document their creative and innovative products in this book. The contribution of

essays from the participants is highly appreciated. This documentation with

images and illustrations is significantly important in aiding readers to understand

how their creative & innovative products have been developed.

This book is practical for everyone in several ways. It is handy to review the work

of other participants. It will also be beneficial as a reference to sparkle ideas in

order to becomemore creative and innovative in designing new products.

Nur Fadhlina Zainal Abedin is a lecturer in Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi

MARA (UiTM), Negeri Sembilan Branch. Currently, she is doing her PhD in Business Management

(Economics) at UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor. Her research interests include economic growth, online

teaching & learning and learning assessment mostly from nine national and internal grants. In 2012,she was awarded as the Most Active Researcher by her institution. She has published almost 20

papers in journals, proceedings and chapter in books. She is also active as a committee member and

a reviewer for several conferences and an editor to Journal of Advance Education (JAE), Social

Science and Humanities Academic Journal (SSHAJ) and Innovative Scientific Journal (ISJ).

Documents

Series 1 CREATIVE INNOVATION WITHOUT BOUNDARIES