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October 2008
Sequestration Program OverviewNational Conference of State Legislatures
July 21,2009Sean Plasynski, PhD
Sequestration Technology Manager
Mostly CO2
CO2
Mostly H2
Mixed Gas Stream
and other gases
2
Outline of Presentation
• What is Sequestration
• How does it work
• Key Challenges
• Evidence of why it will work and those who are doing it commercially
• DOE Sequestration Program Addressing Challenges
– Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
• Pictures from sites – what does storing CO2 look like
• Summary
3
What is Carbon Capture and Sequestration?
Ocean
Capture and storage of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere
Terrestrial CaptureCO2 absorbed from air
Point Source Capture
• Power Plants
• Ethanol Plants
• Cement
• Steel
• Refineries
• Natural Gas Processing
Terrestrial StorageTrees, grasses, soils
Geologic Storage
• Saline formations
• Depleted oil/gas
• Unmineable coal
•Other: basalts, shalesSandstone
4
Carbon Storage – How does it work?Storage mechanisms vary by target class; generally multiple
processes which improve over time•Physical trapping
••Residual phase trappingResidual phase trapping
••Solution/Mineral Solution/Mineral TrappingTrapping
••Gas adsorptionGas adsorption••For organic minerals only (coals, For organic minerals only (coals, oil shales)oil shales)
1.0 MgCO3
0.2NaAlCO3(OH)2
Source: S Benson, LBNL
5Photo courtesy of www.bellona.org
6
Key Challenges to Carbon Capture and Storage
•Capture Technology– Existing Plants– New Plants (PC)– IGCC
•Cost of CCS
•Sufficient Storage Capacity
•Permanence
•Best Practices– Storage Site
Characterization– Monitoring/Verification– Modeling
•Regulatory Framework– Permitting– Treatment of CO2
•Legal Framework– Liability– Ownership
• pore space• CO2
•Infrastructure
•Human Capital
•Public Acceptance (NIMBY NUMBY)
Technical Issues Legal/Social Issues
7
Lines of Evidence Suggesting Geological Storage Will Be Secure
• Natural CO2 reservoirs• Oil and gas reservoirs• Natural gas storage• 70 CO2 EOR projects in U.S.• 50 acid gas injection sites in North America• Numerical simulation of geological systems• Current Large-Scale CO2 storage projects
““At least 99%+ retention is likely for well At least 99%+ retention is likely for well selected and managed storage sitesselected and managed storage sites””
Bullets Based on Rubin, CMU; Quote from IPCC Special Report on Carbon Capture & Storage
8
Large Geological Storage Projects UnderwayEach Stores > 1 Million Tonnes CO2/yr
Photos from Staoil Website
Sleipner Project- Norway • CO2 removed from natural gas produced
on production platform in North Sea• Injection into saline reservoir under sea• Started 1996
In Salah Gas Plant - Algeria• Injection into saline formation
downdip of gas reservoir• 3 wells• Started 2004
Weyburn – Saskatchewan• EOR project with 50 wells• Uses CO2 from coal gasification plant• Started 2000
9
DOE’s Carbon Sequestration Program GoalsDevelop Technology Options That...
• Deliver technologies & best practices that provide Carbon
Capture and Safe Storage (CCSS) with:
– 90% CO2 capture at source
– 99% storage permanence
– < 10% increase in COE
• Pre-combustion capture (IGCC)
– < 35% increase in COE
• Post-combustion capture
• Oxy-combustion
10
• Engage regional, state, and local governments• Determine regional sequestration benefits• Baseline region for sources and sinks • Establish monitoring and verification protocols• Address regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues• Validate sequestration technology and infrastructure
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
Developing the Infrastructure for Wide-Scale Deployment
• 7 Regional Partnerships• 43 States, 4 Canadian Provinces• 350+ distinct organizations
11
Regional Carbon Sequestration PartnershipsProgram Phases
CHARACTERIZATIONPHASE
Characterize all RCSP regions for carbon capture and storage opportunities
VALIDATION PHASE
Validate technologies through field testing at selected geologic and
terrestrial site locations
DEPLOYMENT PHASE
Complete large-volume deployment tests of sequestration technologiesthat will help enable future commercial-scale applications
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172003FISCAL YEAR
CHARACTERIZATIONPHASE
Characterize all RCSP regions for carbon capture and storage opportunities
VALIDATION PHASE
Validate technologies through field testing at selected geologic
and terrestrial site locations
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
Complete large-volume development tests of sequestration technologiesthat will help enable future commercial scale applications-
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172003FISCAL YEAR
Scale of 100 to 10,000 Tons CO2
Scale of 1,000,000 Tons CO2
$16 M DOE +$ 5 M CS
$120 M DOE + $43 M CS
~$500 million DOE - over $200 million cost share
12
North American CO2 Storage Potential (Giga Tons)
140140Oil and Gas Fields
180160Unmineable Coal Seams
12,6003300Saline Formations
HighLowSink Type
Available for download at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasII/atlasII.pdf
U.S. Emissions ~ 6 GT CO2/yr all sources
Hundreds of Years of Storage Potential
National Atlas Highlights (Atlas II) Adequate Storage Projected
Saline Formations
Oil and Gas Fields Unmineable Coal Seams
Conservative Resource
Assessment
Emissions ~ 3.8 GT CO2/yr point sources
13
Data current as of April 2009
RCSP Phase II: ValidationSmall-Scale Geologic Field Tests
BSCSPBSCSP
WESTCARBWESTCARB
SWPSWP
PCORPCOR
MGSCMGSC MRCSPMRCSP
SECARBSECARB
1
11
13
19
20
21
22
23
16
8
10
9
18
173
62
15
7
14
Injection Complete
Injection Ongoing
2009 Injection
2010 Injection (Project moved to Phase III)
5
Sacramento Valley, Colorado Plateau
Saline WESTCARB
Paradox Basin, Aneth Field, Permian Basin, San Juan Basin
Oil-bearing
Coal seam
SWP
Gulf Coast, Mississippi Salt Basin, Central Appalachian, Black Warrior Basin
Oil-bearing
Saline
Coal seam
SECARB
Keg River, Duperow, Williston Basin
Oil-bearing
Coal seam
PCOR
Cincinnati Arch, Michigan Basin, Appalachian Basin
Saline MRCSP
Illinois BasinOil-bearing
Saline Coal seam
MGSC
Columbia BasinSaline Big Sky
Geologic Province
Formation Type
RCSP
1
32 5
6
7
8 109
11
13
14
1615
1817
19 20
21
22 23
12
12
4
4
Saline formations (3,000 to 60,000 tons)
Depleted oil fields (50 to 500,000 tons)
Coal Seams (200 - 30,000 tons)
Basalt formation(1,000 tons)
14
Development Phase (III) Goals• Assess
– Injectivity and Capacity– Storage Permanence – Areal Extent of Plume and Leakage
Pathways
• Develop– Risk Assessment Strategies– Best Practices for Industry
• Engage in Public Outreach and Education
• Support Regulatory Development
15
8
7
31
2
4
6
5
9
Partnership Geologic Province Type
Big Sky Triassic Nugget Sandstone / Moxa Arch Saline
MGSC Deep Mt. Simon Sandstone SalineMRCSP Shallow Mt. Simon Sandstone Saline
PCORWilliston Basin Carbonates Oil Bearing
Devonian Age Carbonate Rock Saline
SECARB Lower Tuscaloosa Formation Massive Sand Unit Saline
SWP Regional Jurassic & Older Formations Saline
WESTCARB Central Valley Saline
2009 Injection Scheduled2010 Injection Scheduled2011 Injection Scheduled
1
2
3
4
7
8
6
9
5
RCSP Phase III: DevelopmentLarge-Volume Geologic Field Tests
Nine large-volume testsInjections initiated 2009 – 2011
Injection Well Drilled
Injection Started
Core Sampling Taken
16
Lessons Learned CapturedCCS Best Practice Manuals
• Phase II– Monitoring Verification and
Accounting (Issued - Feb 2009)– Site characterization (2010)– Simulation and Risk Assessment
(2010)– Well construction and closure (2010)– Regulatory Compliance (2010)– Public Education (2009)
– Terrestrial Practices (2010)
• Phase III Updates– Updates 2016-17
• Final Guidelines (2020)
BEST PRACTICES for:
First Edition
17
Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) Enhanced Coalbed Methane Test
Drilling CBM wells in central Illinois
Injection Well with Monitoring Equipment at MGSC ECBM Test Site
18
Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Michigan Basin Saline Test
Photo taken of drilling work at Charlton FieldThis picture shows the well actively engaged in injectionMichigan Basin Test Site
19
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Saline Reservoir Field Test – Mississippi
Salt Basin
SECARB-Plant Daniel Site Prep, Pipe Delivery, Drill Rig Setup
More than 30 participants gathered for an Open House at the SECARB Plant Daniel Saline Aquifer Field Test to witness CO2 injection operations first-hand on October 15, 2008
Source: SECARB Partnership Monthly Update – November 2008
20
Summary
• CCS has the potential to offset hundreds of years of CO2 emissions in the United States
• Value added sinks (EOR/ECBM) hold significant potential to help develop infrastructure for CCS
• Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships are proving CCS throughout most of North America
• Lessons learned from small and large scale field projects will help commercial deployment of CCS technologies
21
Visit Office of Fossil Energy & NETL Websites
http://fossil.energy.gov/ http://www.netl.doe.gov