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www.viti.com.au
September 2016
Evaluating native insectary plants to boost beneficial arthropod populations in vineyards (Initial PhD findings)Presented by Mary Retallack
Findings of two studies in Australian vineyards
1. Which native insectary plants enhance biological control of vineyard pests throughout the year?
Ladybird beetle
Epiphyas postvittanaLight Brown Apple Moth (LBAM)
Greg
Bak
er
2. Which species of Tortricidae (pest leafrollers) are present in grapevine canopies?
Acropolitis rudisanaMerophyas divulsana
Lucerne Leafroller
$76 M
$63 M
$52 M
$18 M
$14 M
$12 M
$9 M
$6 M
Powdery Mildew
Downy Mildew
Botrytis and other bunch rots
Light Brown Apple Moth
Root-Knot and other …
Viruses
Birds
Trunk diseases
Mean Economic Impact $M/annum (Australian Vineyards)
The problemKey vineyard pests and diseases
Source: Scholefield, P.B. and Morison, J. (2010). "Assessment of Economic Cost of Endemic Pest and Diseases on the Australian Grape and Wine Industry." GWRDC, Adelaide.
LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male)
Gre
g Ba
ker
LBAM larvae
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
LBAM webbing
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
Botrytis
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
Mealybugs
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
$70M
Other key pests Vine moth
Oechalia schellenbergi (Predatory Shield Bug) consuming a leafroller larvae
Arkys sp. (Triangular Spider) eating a western flower thrips
The solutionBeneficial predators can provide natural biological control for free!
The solutionNative insectary plants enhance natural biological control
FoodNectar =
Carbohydrates and energy
Pollen =Protein to produce more eggs > ladybird beetles,
lacewings
Shelter
Alternative prey
Study 1
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September 2016
Slide 7 Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Vacuum sampler (STIHL Petrol Blower with tube attached to the air intake)
Slide 8
Modified insect collecting net
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)
Slide 10
Modified beat net
Pitfall trap(charged with propylene glycol)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
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September 2016
Bursaria spinosaEach collection comprised 5 shakes of foliage x 5 sub-samples into insect collecting net (modified) = 1 sample, repeated 10 times per collection date.
Leptospermum continentale (Prickly tea-tree)Each collection comprised 5 shakes of foliage x 5 sub-samples into insect collecting net (modified) = 1 sample, repeated 10 times per collection date.
Austrodanthonia sp (Wallaby Grass)10 x pitfall traps emptied fortnightly.
Vitis vinifera (Shiraz and Chardonnay)Each collection comprised 5 taps of the cordon x 5 sub-samples to collect arthropods in a beat net (modified), process repeated 10 times for each sampling date.
Processing1,400 containers collected and processed, comprising 140 samples (10 sub-samples ea)
27,470 arthropod specimens were collected and preserved in 95% ethanol
681 individual arthropod reference specimens stored in the Waite Insect and Nematode Collection (WINC)
Black field earwigPraying mantis
Hover flyRobber fly Parasitic wasp
Red and blue beetle
Observed arthropods > 285 taxa (77 predator taxa, 52 predator taxa found in vineyards)
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September 2016
Wolf spider
Orb-weaving spider
Jumping spider
Bird-dropping spider
Flower or crab spider
Triangular spider
16 Spider functional groups:Family Araneidae: Orb weaving and bird-dropping spidersFamily Deinopidae: Net-casting spidersFamily Desidae: Lace web or house spidersFamily Dysderidae: Woodlouse (slater) hunters Family Gnaphosidae: Ground spiderFamily Linyphiidae: Money spidersFamily Lycosidae: Wolf spidersFamily Oxyopidae: Lynx spidersFamily Philodromidae: Running crab spidersFamily Pholcidae: Cellar SpidersFamily Salticidae: Jumping spidersFamily Sparassidae: Huntsman spidersFamily Tetragnathidae: Long jawed spidersFamily Theridiidae: Comb-footed and red back spidersFamily Thomisidae: Flower or crab spidersFamily Zodariidae: Ant spiders
Araneidae
Sedentary or ambush
Active predators
Cermatulus nasalisGlossy Shield Bug
Oechalia schellenbergiPredatory Shield Bug
Coccinella transversalisTransverse Ladybird beetle
Harmonia conformisCommon spotted Ladybird beetle
Gminatus australisOrange Assassin Bug
Gminatus australisOrange Assassin Bug
Coranus sp(Brown assassin bug) Coranus granosus
Peirates spBlack Ground Assassin Bug
Nabidae: Damsel bug
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September 2016
Mallada signataGreen Lacewing
Micromus tasmaniaeBrown Lacewing larvae
Micromus tasmaniaeBrown Lacewing larvae
Mallada signataGreen Lacewing larvae (’junk bug’)
http://www.goodbugs.org.au/Good%20bugs/lacewing-brown.html
Observations
Vegetation flowering times?Insectary plantings versus grapevines
Grapevine Phenology
(including *modifiedE-L system)
Full
Dor
man
cy
Vin
es d
orm
ant
/ bu
d sw
ell (
budb
urst
of
som
e ea
rly
vari
etie
s)
Bud
sw
ell a
nd
budb
urst
/ fl
ower
de
velo
pmen
t
Str
ong
peri
od o
f ve
geta
tive
grow
th
Flow
erin
g an
d fr
uit
set
/be
rrie
s pe
a si
ze
Bun
ch c
losu
re /
sh
oot
leng
th s
et
Ver
aiso
n
Gra
pe m
atur
atio
n /
ca
nes
ligni
fy
Gra
pe m
atur
ity
Gra
pe m
atur
ity o
f lat
e ri
peni
ng v
arie
ties
/ea
rly
vine
dor
man
cy
Leaf
fall
Vin
es e
nter
ing
dorm
ancy
July 2014 August 2014 September
2013October
2013November
2013December
2013January
2014February
2014March 2014 April 2014 May
2014June 2014
Grapevine
Chardonnay EL1 EL4 EL12 EL15 EL16 EL17 EL18
EL21 EL25 EL27 EL31 EL32 EL33 EL37
EL37 EL38 EL41 EL47
EL1
Shiraz EL1 EL4 EL12 EL15 EL16 EL17 EL25 EL27 EL29 EL31 EL32 EL35 EL36
EL36 EL38 EL38 EL41 EL47
EL1
Insectary plants
Christmas bush Flowering period
Prickly tea-tree Flowering period
Wallaby grass
Flowering period
*Modified from Eichhorn and Lorenz (1977) and referred to as the Modified ‘E-L’ system.
Peak predator activity?
Predatory arthropod
Full D
orm
ancy
Vine
s do
rman
t /
bud
swel
l (bu
dbur
st
of s
ome
early
varie
ties)
Bud
swel
l and
budb
urst
/ flo
wer
de
velo
pmen
t
Stro
ng p
erio
d of
ve
geta
tive
grow
th
Flow
erin
g an
d fru
it se
t /
berri
es p
ea s
ize
Bunc
h cl
osur
e /
shoo
t len
gth
set
Vera
ison
Grap
e m
atur
atio
n /
cane
s lig
nify
Grap
e m
atur
ity
Grap
e m
atur
ity o
f lat
e rip
enin
g va
rietie
s /
early
vine
dor
man
cy
Leaf
fall
Vine
s en
terin
g do
rman
cy
July 2014
August 2014
September 2013
October 2013
November 2013
December 2013
January 2014
February 2014
March 2014
April 2014
May 2014
June 2014
Damsel bugTransverse Ladybird
BeetleCommon spotted ladybird
CarabidaeRed and blue beetle
Green LacewingBrown Lacewing
Predatory Shield BugGlossy Shield Bug bug
European earwigSpiders
Predatory arthropod
Full D
orm
ancy
Vine
s do
rman
t /
bud
swel
l (bu
dbur
st
of s
ome
early
varie
ties)
Bud
swel
l and
budb
urst
/ flo
wer
de
velo
pmen
t
Stro
ng p
erio
d of
ve
geta
tive
grow
th
Flow
erin
g an
d fru
it se
t /
berri
es p
ea s
ize
Bunc
h cl
osur
e /
shoo
t len
gth
set
Vera
ison
Grap
e m
atur
atio
n /
cane
s lig
nify
Grap
e m
atur
ity
Grap
e m
atur
ity o
f lat
e rip
enin
g va
rietie
s /
early
vine
dor
man
cy
Leaf
fall
Vine
s en
terin
g do
rman
cy
July 2014
August 2014
September 2013
October 2013
November 2013
December 2013
January 2014
February 2014
March 2014
April 2014
May 2014
June 2014
Damsel bugTransverse Ladybird
BeetleCommon spotted ladybirdCarabidae (ground beetle)
Red and blue beetleGreen LacewingBrown Lacewing
Predatory Shield BugGlossy Shield Bug bug
EarwigsSpiders
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September 2016
Presence of Araneae by vegetation type and potential significance as a vineyard predator
Family #Abundance (1 = highest 15 = lowest)
Presence of Araneae by vegetation type(high = >100, med = 50 to 100, low = 10 to 50, very low = <10)
Significance as a vineyard
predatorSedentary or active
Nocturnal or diurnal
Potential vineyard predator
rating (1= high, 2 = med, 3 = low)
Overall rating
(1= high, 2 = med, 3 = low)
Christmas Bush
Prickly Tea-tree
Wallaby Grass Chardonnay Shiraz
Lycosidae(Wolf spider) 605 1 Very low Low High Low N/A
Lycosidae are robust and agile
hunters with excellent eyesight.
Active Nocturnal 1 1
Araneidae(Orb weaving) 341 2 Low Medium Very
low High Low
Orb webs (dense centre) are used to
capture flying prey.
Sedentary Diurnal 1 1
Tetragnathidae (Long jawed
spiders)304 3 Low Medium N/A Medium Low
Small orb webs (open centre) are used to
capture flying prey.
Sedentary Diurnal 1 1
Salticidae(Jumping spiders)
289 4 Medium Low Very low Low Low
Jumping spiders have excellent
eyesight and are generally
diurnal, active hunters
Active Diurnal 1 1
Thomisidae (Flower or crab
spiders)207 5 Medium Low Very
low Very low Very low Ambush predators Active Diurnal 2 2
Gnaphosidae(Ground spiders)
56 6 Very low Low Very low Low Very low Ground based
predators Active Nocturnal 3 3
Sparassidae (Huntsman
spiders)50 7 Very low Low N/A Very low Very low Hunting
predators Active Nocturnal 2 3
Family #Abundance (1 =
highest 15 = lowest)
Presence of Araneae by vegetation type(high = >100, medium = 50 to 100, low = 10 to 50, very low = <10)
Significance as a vineyard predator
Christmas Bush Prickly Tea-tree
Wallaby Grass Chardonnay Shiraz
Forficula auricularia(European earwig) 1269 1 Very low Low High High Very low
Predator of vineyard pests but also a pest
at vintage
Micromus tasmaniae(Brown Lacewing) 957 2 Medium High Medium Medium High Known predator of
key vineyard pests
Coccinellatransversalis
(Transverse Ladybird Beetle)
857 3 Very low Low N/A Very low High Known predator of key vineyard pests
Cermatulus nasalis(Glossy Shield Bug) 147 4 Very low Very low Low Very low Low Known predator of
key vineyard pests
Carabidae 129 5 Very low Low Low Very low Very low Predator and seed eater.
Chrysopidae: Malladasignata
(Green Lacewing) 124 6 Medium Very low Very low Very low Very low Known predator of
key vineyard pests
Coccinellidae (small Ladybird Beetle) 111 7 Low N/A N/A Medium Very low General predator
Dicranolaius bellulus(Red and Blue Beetle) 102 8 Low Low N/A Very low Very low Known predator of
key vineyard pests
Oechalia schellenbergi(Predatory Shield Bug) 67 9 Low Low N/A N/A Very low Known predator of
key vineyard pests
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
05/10/13 05/11/13 05/12/13 05/01/14 05/02/14 05/03/14 05/04/14 05/05/14 05/06/14 05/07/14 05/08/14
Aver
age
num
ber o
f spe
cim
ens
colle
cted
Date
Average abundance of Salticidae (Jumping Spiders) on key vegetation types in season 2013/14
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Leptospermum continentale (Prickly tea-tree)
Chardonnay
Shiraz
Jumping spider
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
05/10/13 05/11/13 05/12/13 05/01/14 05/02/14 05/03/14 05/04/14 05/05/14 05/06/14 05/07/14 05/08/14
Num
ber o
f spe
cim
ens
colle
cted
Date
Number of Salticidae (Jumping Spiders) collected on Bursaria spinosa and adjacent Chardonnay in season 2013/14
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Chardonnay
Jumping spider
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly Tea Tree)
Chardonnay Shiraz Shiraz
Belair NP Beaumonts Road, Balhannah
Adelaide Hills Vineyard (Lenswood) Barossa Vineyard A
Barossa Vineyard B
# of
spe
cim
ens
Number of Pentatomidae (shield bugs) collected on each vegetation type in season 2013/14
Pentatomidae: Oechalia schellenbergi (Predatory Shield Bug)
Pentatomidae: Cermatulus nasalis (Glossy Shield Bug)
68%
96% 98% 95%
32%
4% 2% 5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas bush)
n=294
Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly tea-tree)n=109
Austrodanthonia (Wallaby grass)
n=196
Vitis vinifera (Grapevine)
n=482
% s
peci
men
s
% Brown and Green Lacewings collected from each vegetation type in season 2013/14
Micromus tasmaniae (Brown Lacewing) Mallada signata (Green Lacewing)
Brown Lacewing
Green Lacewing
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September 2016
68%
96% 98% 95%
32%
4% 2% 5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas bush)
n=294
Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly tea-tree)n=109
Austrodanthonia (Wallaby grass)
n=196
Vitis vinifera (Grapevine)
n=482
% s
peci
men
s
% Brown and Green Lacewings collected from each vegetation type in season 2013/14
Micromus tasmaniae (Brown Lacewing) Mallada signata (Green Lacewing)
Green Lacewing
Brown Lacewing68%
96% 98% 95%
32%
4% 2% 5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas bush)
n=294
Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly tea-tree)n=109
Austrodanthonia (Wallaby grass)
n=196
Vitis vinifera (Grapevine)
n=482
% s
peci
men
s
% Brown and Green Lacewings collected from each vegetation type in season 2013/14
Micromus tasmaniae (Brown Lacewing) Mallada signata (Green Lacewing)
n=94 n=24
1 145
6
111
693
24 8 1860
18 11 140
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly Tea Tree)
Chardonnay Shiraz Shiraz
Belair NP Beaumonts Road, Balhannah
Adelaide Hills Vineyard (Lenswood) Barossa Vineyard A
Barossa Vineyard B
# of
spe
cim
ens
Number of Coccinellidae (Ladybird Beetles) collected on each vegetation type in season 2013/14
Coccinellidae: Coccinella transversalis (Transverse Ladybird Beetle)
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae: Harmonia conformis (Common spotted ladybird)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush) ! Only vegetation type where orange assassin
bugs found (most abundant assassin bug species).
! Excellent host for a range of spiders (including active hunting predators Salticidae ‘Jumping’ and ambush hunters Thomisidae ‘Flower’ spiders).
! Excellent host for Brown and Green Lacewings.
! Good host for shield bugs (Predatory Shield Bugs in particular).
! Good host for Common Spotted Ladybird Bugs and Damsel Bugs.
! No Grapevine Moth observed.! Very few LBAM observed (n=2 instars total).
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Leptospermum continentale (Prickly Tea-tree) ! Excellent host of a range of spiders (including
active hunting predators Salticidae ‘jumping’some Lycosidae ‘Wolf’ spiders, and ambush hunters Thomisidae ‘flower’ spiders).
! Excellent host for Brown Lacewings and good host for Green Lacewings.
! Good host for shield bugs (Predatory Shield Bugs in particular).
! Good host for Common Spotted Ladybird Bugs and Damsel Bugs.
! No Grapevine Moth observed.! Low number of Elephant Weevil observed
(n=11 at one site, on one date = average 1 per sample).
! Very few LBAM observed (n=6 instars total).Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly Tea-tree)Slide 42
Wallaby grassOther considerationsAustrodanthonia sp (Wallaby grass) ! Three species of assassin bug
predominantly found in Wallaby Grass (Coranus granosus, brown assassin bug, black ground assassin bug).
! Excellent host of Lycosidae ‘Wolf’ spiders, earwigs, brown lacewings and glossy shield bugs.
! No LBAM or Grapevine Moth observed.
! Lepidoptera: Agrotis sp (Army and Herringbone Cutworms) (n=230) were found early in the season at a single site (may present an issue if planting young vines).
Wolf spider
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September 2016
Biodiversity (species richness)! 287 taxa (all) including predators, known pests, alternative
prey, detritivores etc.! 77 predator taxa found
! 52 predator taxa found in vineyards (room to improve?)! 53 predator taxa found in Bursaria spinosa! 52 predator taxa found in Leptospermum continentale! 29 predator taxa found in Wallaby Grass= overlap between vegetation types and capacity to control different pest life stages (=diversity is important).
! 14 Tortricidae (leafrollers) found on native plants versus5,189 predators found on native plants
! = 0.27% leafrollers= 370 predators for every leafroller instar.
Study 2
3 x Tortricidae species have been collected in vineyard mid rows previously
Study 2Confirming the presence of key leafroller species in grapevine canopies
? species
Tortricidae(leafroller)?
Epiphyas postvittana(Light Brown Apple Moth)
Merophyas divulsana(Lucerne Leaf Roller)
Acropolitis rudisana
LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male)
Greg
Bak
er
Question: Are Acropolitis rudisana and Merophyas divulsana(Lucerne Leaf Roller) also present in grapevine canopies?
Slide 47
LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male)
Greg
Bak
er
Epiphyas postvittana Acropolitis rudisana Merophyas divulsana
BLAST search results
311 bp
CCCGTTACTTCAGTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGTATAGTAGGAACATCCCTAAGATTATTAATTCGAGCAGAATTAGGAAACCCTGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACTATTGTCACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTGCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGTATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTCTTCCCCCTTCAATTATACTTTTAATTTCAAGTAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGA
Sanger sequencing results (n=407)
96.1%
3.7% 0.2%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Epiphyas postvittana (n=391)
Acropolitis rudisana (n=15)
Merophyas divulsana (n=1)
Tortricidae (leafroller) samples collected from grapevine canopies in season 2014/15 and 2015/16 (n=407)
Study 2Confirming the presence of leafroller species in grapevine canopies
First time Acropolitis and Merophyas have been described in vineyard canopies
Light Brown Apple Moth
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September 2016
Significance of these studies
1. Identified native insectary plants that can provide the provisioning requirements of key predators.
2. Determined which Tortricidae (leaf roller species) are present in grapevine canopies for the first time.
Acknowledgements
Scholarships:! Australian Postgraduate Award (APA), !C. J. Everard Supplementary Scholarship! Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) Scholarship! SARDI Science Bursary
Project funding: ! Adelaide Hills Wine Region Postgraduate Biodiversity Study Grant! Australian Grape and Wine Authority (AGWA)
Supervisors: ! Principal Supervisor: Prof. Michael A. Keller (Adelaide University)! Independent Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Duncan Mackay (Flinders University)! External Advisor: Dr Linda Thomson (Melbourne University)