PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of speech are used to produce sentences.

Parts of speech :

1. Noun

2. Verb

3. Adjective

4. Adverb

5. Preposition

6. Conjunction

7. Interjection

8. Article

Noun

Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or

action.

Types of nouns :

1. Common and Proper Nouns

Common nouns describe a class of entities (such as city, planet, or

person). Proper nouns are nouns representing unique entities (such as

Jakarta, Earth, or James).

2. Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Concrete nouns refer to physical entites that can br observed by at least

one of the sense (for instance, avocado, table). Abstract nouns refer to

abstract objects, ideas, or concepts (such as justice or hatred).

3. Count and Mass Nouns

Count nouns are common nouns that can take a plural, can combine with

numerals or quantifiers, and can take an indefinite article (for example,

book, bed). Mass nouns can’t take plural or combine with number words

or quantifiers (for example, sugar, salt)

4. Animate and Inanimate Nouns

Animate nouns are nouns which refer to people, animals, and living being.

Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.

Verb

Verb is the part of speech that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a

state of being.

Types of Verbs :

1. Auxiliary

Auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic

information about the main or full verb following it.

2. Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

Intransitive verb does not take an object. Transitive verb is a verb that

requires both a direct subject and one or more objects.

3. Irregular and Regular Verbs

Irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of

conjugation in the languages in which they occur. Regular verb is any verb

whose conjugation follows the typical grammatical inflections of the

language it belongs to.

4. Modal Verb

Modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality

(such as can, must, may)

5. Linking verb

A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies

or describes the subject

Adjective

Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun.

Adjective order:

1. Article or pronoun used as adjective

2. Intensifier

3. Qality

4. Size

5. Age

6. Color

7. Participle

8. Proper adjective

9. Noun used asadjective

10. Headnoun

Adjective forms:

1. Positive (for example : big)

2. Comparative (for example : bigger)

3. Superlative (for example : biggest)

Adverb

Adverb is the part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or

other adverb.

Types of adverbs:

1. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner provide information on how someone does something

(For example : Jini dances gracefully.).

2. Adverb of time

Adverbs of time prodide information on when something happens (For

example : We will get the jacket next week.).

3. Adverb of place

Adverbs of place prvide information on where something happens. (For

example : My book is in my bag)

4. Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency provide information on how often something

happens. (For example : They usually go to school at 6.30 am)

5. Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of

something is done (For example : He likes playing football a lot.).

6. Adverbs of comment

Adverbs of comment provide a comment or opinion about a situation (For

example : Fortunately, they were enough seats for the concert. )

Preposition

A preposition is a parts of speech that shows the relationship between a noun or

pronoun and other words in a sentence. For example : The dog sleeps on the sofa.

Conjunction

Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses

together.

Types of conjunctions :

1. Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join two or more items of

equal syntatic importance.

For : indicates reason or purpose

And : used to connect words, phrases, or clauses

Nor : presents an alternate negative idea

But : indicates a contrast or exception

Or : presents opinions, alternates, or subtitutes for ideas of equal

importance

Yet : connects idea that follow logically and are contrary

So : show the consequences of related ideas

2. Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to

coordinate two items. For examples :

Both… and…

Either… or…

Neither… nor…

Not… but…

Not only… but also…

Not… nor…

Whether… or…

3. Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions or subordiators are conjunctions that introduce

a dependent clause.

Subordinate clause connector

Subordinate adjective clause connector Subordinate noun clause connector

Who Who When Whether

Whom Whoever Where If

Which What Why That

That Whatever How

Subordinate Adverb Clause Connectors

Time Cause Condition Contrast Manner Place

After

As

As long as

As soon as

Before

By the time

Once

Since

Until

When

Whenever

While

As

Because

In as much as

Now that

Since

If

In case

Provided

Providing

Unless

Whether

Although

Though

Eventhough

While

Whereas

As

In that

Where

Wherever

Interjection

An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. Usually, we

follow an interjection with an exclamation mark.

Article

An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference

being made by the noun.

Parts of speech Function Example

Noun As a subject

As a direct object

As an indirect object

As a subjective

complement

As an object of

preposition

My little brother wants to

be a pilot.

I bought a second-hand

bag yesterday.

Uncle John will give me

some money next

summer.

David is a doctor.

I couldn’t escape the lure

of the beach.

Verb As the predicator I bought a second-hand bag

yesterday.

Adjective Modifying a noun or a pronoun This handsome boy is my

classmate.

.

Adverb

Modifying a verb

Modifying an adjective

Modifying an adverb

Modifying the whole

sentence

I warned her but she

completely ignored me.

It is physically and

mentally demanding.

She can speak Spanish

very fluently.

Usually , my host-dad is a

laid-back-man.

preposition shows a relationship between

a noun (or pronoun) and other

words in a sentence

Up

Over

Against

By

for

conjunction joins words, phrases, and

clauses

and

but

interjection expresses emotion ah

whoops

ouch

article identifies and specifies a noun A

An

the

SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND OBJECT

Subject

Subject is the part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about. The

subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing.

Predicate

Predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the

subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. The

predicate usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being.

Object

Nouns may also function as objects in sentences. Objects receive the action and

usually follow the verb. So, object is a noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives

the action of a transitive verb.

PHRASE, CLAUSE, AND SENTENCE

Phrase

A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a

sentence.

Types of phrases :

1. Prepositional phrase

Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and

ends with a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase. For example : in love, over the

rainbow, etc.

2. Noun phrase

Noun phrase takes a noun as its head. For example : the black cat, the

thick book, etc.

3. Verb phrase

Verb phrase takes a verb as its head. For example : jump up, jump down,

etc.

4. Adjectival phrase

Adjectival phrase takes an adjective as its head. For example : full of toys,

fraught with guilt, etc.

5. Adverbial phrase

Adverbial phrase takes an adverb as its head. For example : very

gracefully.

Clause

Clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. A main clause is an

independent clause that has both a subject and a verb and expresses a complete

thoght. A main clause is not introduced by a subordinate clause connector and can

stand alone as a sentence by itself. Subordinate clause is a dependent clause that

has both a subject and a verb and is introduced by a subordinate clause connector.

A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and can not stand alone

as a sentence by itself.

There are three main types of dependent clauses :

1. Noun clauses

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in

another clause or phrase. Noun clause begins with what, when, where,

who, whom, which, whose, that, whether, or sometime if.

2. Adjetive clauses

An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an

adjective in another clause or phrase. Adjective clause begins with a

relatife pronoun such as who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a

relative adverb such as where or when.

3. Adverb clauses

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb

in another clause or phrase. Adverb clause begins with an adverbial

subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so, that, etc.

Sentence

A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses and

expresesses a complete thoght.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

Sentences can be classified based on the number and types of finite clauses :

1. Simple sentence

2. Compound sentence

3. Complex sentence

4. Compound complex sentence

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one main clause and no

subordinate clause. So, a simple sentence contains one subject and predicate. But,

a simple sentence may contain a compound subject and predicate to express

complex ideas while maintaining a single main clause.

Using correct simple sentence :

1. A simple sentence is a sentence with one clause

2. A simple sentence must have both a subject and a verb

3. A simple sentence may not be introduced by a subordinate adverb clause

connector

Examples :

Seeing a beautiful scenery, she decided to paint it anyway.

My cousin and I saw a bank robbery last night. (compound

subject)

One day I left my car at home and went by train to my campus

(compound predicate)

Compound sentence

A compound sentence is composed at least two independent or main clause.

The clauses may be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma

and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction. It is possible to

uise adverb transitions in compound sentence. It is important to note that adverb

transition are not conjunctions, so either a semi-colon or a coordinate conjunction

with a comma is needed.

Transition expressions

Therefore

For instance

In addition

Nevertheless

Interestingly

As a result

In conclusion

Moreover

Nonetheless

Thus

In summary

Furthermore

However

Consequently

In fact

In contrast

Fortunately

For example

Indeed

On the other

hand

Suprisingly

Using correct compound sentence :

1. A compound sentence is a sentence with more than one clause.

2. The main clauses in a compound sentence may be joined with either a

semicolon or a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) and a comma

3. An adverb transition can be used in a compound sentence, but either a

semicolon or a coordinate conjunction and a comma is still needed

Examples :

Anna tried to make him laugh, but the baby got scared.

Mike forgot to do his homework; it was something that she had never done

before.

Jack studies hard; as a result, he gets high grade.

Jack studies hard, so, as a result, he gets high grade.

Complex sentence

A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more

dependent/subordinate clauses.

Using correct complex sentence :

1. A complex sentence is a sentence with one main clause and one or more

subordinate clause

2. Noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses are subordinate

clauses

3. When a subject comes before an adjective clause, you should not add an

extra subject after the adjective clause

4. When a noun clause is used as a subject, you should not add an extra

subject after the noun clause

Example :

The teacher whose advice I remember to this day was my ninth grade

teacher.

Compound complex sentence

A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least

one of which has at least one dependent clause.

Example :

The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could

check the contents.

Sentences can also be classified based on their purposes :

1. Declarative sentence

A declarative sentence or a declaration commonly makes a statement. For

example : I am going to school.

2. Interrogative sentence

An interrogative sentence or a question is commonly used to request

information. For example : Where are you going to school?

3. Exclamatory sentence

An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic

form of statement expressing sudden and strong feeling. For example :

What a bad day this is!

4. Imperative sentence

An imperative sentence or command is a sentence that gives advice or

instructions or that express a request or a command or tells someone to do

something. For example: Clean your bedroom after you get up in the

morning!

Reference

Harris, Michael, et. al. 2007. New Opportunities Education for Life Upper

Intermediate. Pearson Education Limited: Harlow

Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 1 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA:

Jakarta

Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 2 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA:

Jakarta

Phillips, Deborah. 2006. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test.

Pearson Education: New York

Supriyanto, Bambang. 2008. Academic Writing English for Academic Purposes

for University Undergraduates. Penerbit ITB: Bandung

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www.esl.about.com

www.learnenglish.de

www.google.com

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www.usingenglish.com

www.writingcenter.uottawa.ca