SENTENCE PATTERNS SIMPLE & COMPOUND 1. A simple sentence has only one verb and one idea: He is a shopkeeper. I like apples. Cats eat fish. The dogs barked last night. They gave me a watch. 2. We form a compound sentence by joining two simple sentences. 3. We use a semi-colon (;) or words like and, but, or, so and yet to join the two simple sentences: I searched everywhere; I did not find it. The car skidded and overturned. We waited for him, but he did not turn up. They are tired, so they sleep early. She is ill, yet she goes to school.

Read the sentences. Write Simple sentence or Compound sentence in the brackets. 1. The bell rang loudly. (______________________________) 2. The policemen caught the thieves. (_______________________________) 3. The room is dark, so he switches on the light. (_________________________________) 4. Ali sprained his ankle. (_________________________________) 5. They cut the grass and watered the plants. (_________________________________) 6. Dont hit the hive or the bees will sting you. (__________________________________)

7. We have prawns for lunch. (___________________________________) 8. She warned him but he did not listen to her. (_______________________________) 9. The farmer is very old, yet he still works on the farm. (________________________________) 10. They swim in the pool every day. (__________________________________)

ADJECTIVAL PHRASES + CLAUSES 1. Adjectival Phrases An adjectival phrase is used to describe (a) the subject of a sentence: The man in the blue shirt is my father. (b) the object of a sentence: The rich man lives in a bungalow with a big swimming pool.

2. Adjectival Clauses An adjectival clause tells us more about the noun, pronoun or noun phrase in the sentence. (a) Which and that are two relative pronouns used to introduce adjectival clauses: These are the stamps that he gave me. I saw an eel which was about two metres long. The car which is parked outside his house belongs to his brother. (b) "Who, whom, whose, when, where and why are also used to introduce adjectival clauses: The boy who caught the thief is my classmate. The girl whom we met just now is the Head Prefect of my school. The policeman is talking to the man whose son has been kidnapped. I can still remember the day when I first met you. He showed me the place where he had found the cat.

I know the reason why you were late for school this morning. (c) The relative pronoun may be left out of the clause. This is called a contact clause: The man (whom) I spoke to just now is my uncle. The book (which) you gave me is very interesting. She is the prettiest girl (that) I have ever seen.

(A) Rewrite these sentences using the adjectival phrases in the brackets. 1. The girl is waving to us. (in the red dress)

2. The policeman questioned the man. (with the moustache)

3. She was wearing a dress. (with long sleeves)

4. The book is mine. (with the torn cover)

5. The man is following us. (in the dark suit)

6. The big house belongs to a millionaire. (at the end of this road)

7. The teapot cant be used any longer. (with the broken handle)

8. The gentleman is a doctor. (with the black tie)

9. The lady is her mother. (beside her)

10. The painting is very beautiful. (on the wall)

(B) Join each pair of sentences using which, that, who, whom, whose, when, where or why. Leave out the words in italic. 1. The little girl is crying. Her doll was broken.

2. We know the reason. He went home early today.

3. That is the cat. It stole the fish and ate it.

4. Show me the place. The accident occurred there.

5. This is the most delicious cake. I have eaten.

6. Majid told us the reason. We should not disturb his father.

7. Please tell us the time. The concert will start then.

8. She has a brother. He is studying overseas.

9. Where is the book? I left it on the table.

10. My sister is working for Dr Abdullah. You met her at the party.

(C) Join each pair of sentences without using any relative pronouns. Leave out any unnecessary words. 1. The boy is in hospital. The dog bit him.

2. The boat capsized in a storm. He was sailing it.

3. Rashid took the spade. My father kept in his tool-shed.

4. Do you know the name of the street? We passed by it yesterday.

5. Mr John decided to buy the car. His whole family liked it.

6. The little boy is crying. You scolded him just now.

7. His brother is the one. They are searching for him.

8. The man is my father. You talked to him.

9. The nurses are very polite. They are from the General Hospital.

10. The wild boar is very fierce. The hunters trapped it in the jungle.

(D) For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. This is the book ___________________________

(A) that I bought yesterday. (C) who I bought yesterday. (B) when I bought yesterday. (D) why I bought yesterday.

2. The man ______________ has been caught by the police. (A) which robbed you (B) whose robbed you (C) that robbed you (D) who robbed you 3. Encik Halim, ______________, has invited us to dinner. (A) that you met at my house (C) which you met at my house (B) whom you met at my house (D) where you met at my house

4. Can you remember the day ___________________? (A) where you first came here (C) when you first came here (B) that you first came here (D) which you first came here

5. That was the boy ________________________________ (A) which I was telling you about (C) why I was telling you about (B) when I was telling you about (D) I was telling you about

6. Did she tell you the reason ____________________________ (A) that she did not come yesterday (C) when she did not come yesterday (B) which she did not come yesterday (D) why she did not come yesterday 7. I showed them the place _______________________________ (A) where my grandparents lived (C) when my grandparents lived (B) which my grandparents lived (D) that my grandparents lived

8. That is the girl ________________________________________

(A) which mother is sick (C) whose mother is sick (B) that mother is sick (D) who mother is sick

9. He is the kindest man __________________________________ (A) that I have ever met (C) whose I have ever met (B) which I have ever met (D) I have ever met 10. Those are the books ______________________________ (A) who he sent me (C) whom he sent me (B) that he sent me (D) whose he sent me

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. Jamal _____________ to bed at ten oclock every night. (A) go (B) goes (C) went (D) is going

2. He ___________ not like rambutans. (A) does (B) do (C) did (D) is

3. Fadhil ____________ to play in the rain. (A) like (B) liking (C) likes (D) liked

4. There _____________ seven days in a week. (A) is (B) was (C) were (D) are

5. Nazliah ____________ a pink dress. (A) has (B) have (C) does (D) is

6. I ____________ my teeth every day. (A) brush (B) brushed (C) brushes (D) am brushing

7. _________ you visit your grandparents every week? (A) Does (B) Do (C) Is (D) Did 8 Abdullah and Fadilah ___________ to the same school. (A) goes (B) go (C) is going (D) going

9. She ____________ some money now. (A) want (B) wants (C) wanted (D) wanting

10. Kamaluddin ____________ television every night. (A) watch (B) watches (C) watched (D) watching

SIMPLE PAST TENSE For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. __________ they make a lot of noise last night? (A) Do (B) Does (C) Were (D) Did

2. Sabariah ____________ her hair this morning. (A) combs (B) comb (C) combed (D) combing

3. ____________ the letters in the letter-box? (A) Was (B) Were (C) Is (D) Did

4. He ____________ his car last week. (A) sells (B) sold (C) sell (D) selling

5. We ____________ at her party last night. (A) were (B) was (C) is (D) are

6. Abdul Fatah ___________ swimming with his friend last weekend. (A) go (B) gone (C) went (D) goes

7. ____________ the lady buy anything from you? (A) Do (B) Did (C) Was (D) Were

8. ___________ the piano in the school hall? (A) Did (B) Does (C) Was (D) Were

9. The boys liked to eat sweet things when they ___________ young. (A) are (B) is (C) was (D) were

10. I ____________ in Penang for five days. (A) is (B) are (C) was (D) were

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (a) This tense is used to show future action. (b) Shall is used for I and we. Will is used for other pronouns and subjects: I shall leave in the morning. He will see her next week.

2. Going To Form This tense is used (a) to show a future action which we have already decided to do: I am going to see that film. She is going to make a dress. (b) to show that something is certain to happen: It is going to rain. The bell is going to ring.

Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the Simple Future Tense of the verb in brackets. 1. We ________________________(wake) up early tomorrow. 2. I ________________________(bring) the book tomorrow. 3. She ______________________(pay) them next week. 4. They _______________________(stay) at home next Sunday. 5. You ______________________(sew) this dress next Thursday. 6. He ______________________(work) in the garden tomorrow.

7. They _____________________(play) football tomorrow evening. 8. I _____________________(lock) the door tonight. 9. Encik Mustapha ________________________(visit) Cameron Highlands during the holidays. 10. Haji Majid __________________________(call) you tonight.

Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the Going To form of the word in brackets. 1. I ______________________________(write) a letter tomorrow. 2. We _______________________________(wash) the car this evening. 3. They _______________________________(buy) a hat tomorrow. 4. He ______________________________(clean) his bicycle tomorrow. 5. I _________________________________(bring) the bag tomorrow. 6. Fatimah ____________________________(see) a doctor tomorrow. 7. We __________________________________(meet) her there tomorrow. 8. You __________________________________(show) me your book tomorrow. 9. Mother _______________________________(bake) some cookies next week. 10. She _____________________________(sew) a dress for me when she is free.

Exercise 4 For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. My uncle _________________ forty next week. (A) has been (B) will be (C) shall be (D) have been 2. The men __________________ the roof tomorrow.

(A) are going to repair (C) was going to repair (B) am going to repair (D) is going to repair 3. I _________________ there in time for the meeting. (A) were going to be (C) shall be (B) am being (D) has been 4. Somebody ______________ you when you arrive there. (A) having met (C) been meeting (B) shall meet (D) will meet 5. My grandmother __________________ a sweater for me. (A) am to knit (C) have been knitting (B) are knitting (D) is going to knit 6. You ___________________ a thick coat if you are going to a cold place. (A) needs (B) will need (C) needed (D) shall need 7. I think I __________________. Please help me. (A) have painted (C) is going to faint (B) am going to faint (D) were going to faint 8. Look out! The cat ________________ the fish. (A) are going to steal (C) is going to steal (B) has to steal (D) had to steal 9. I have drawn a picture. I _____________________ it up. (A) is going to hang (C) are going to hang (B) were going to hang (D) am going to hang 10. She says that she ______________ to us. (A) have written (C) shall be written(B) will write .(D) am to write

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with am, is or are. 1. He ______ doing his homework. 2. We ________ learning English. 3. I _______ baking a cake. 4. They _______ singing a song. 5. The children ______ playing outside the house. 6. The ducks ______ swimming in the pond. 7. Siti and Ani _______ watching television. 8. Mother ________ cooking in the kitchen. 9. Mazlan ______ reading a book. 10. The cat ______ sleeping under the bed.

Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with has or have. 1. Fatimah ________ two sisters. 2. Birds ___________ wings. 3. I __________ a bicycle. 4. She __________ a doll. 5. The boys ___________ some money. 6. Farhani ________ big eyes. 7. We __________ seven apples. 8. They _________ nine ballons. 9. The cat _______ a long tail. 10. An ant _________ six legs.

Exercise 4 For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. Sanjay _______________ football with his friends every evening. (A) play (B) played (C) plays (D) is playing

2. Sabariah and her sister _____________ to drink coffee. (A) is liking (B) likes (C) do like (D) like

3. He __________ the bell every day. (A) ring (B) rings (C) rang (D) does rings

4. The box _________ heavy. (A) is (B) am (C) are (D) were

5. I ___________ there last night. (A) is (B) was (C) are (D) were

6. We _____________ that girl. (A) know (B) are knowing (C) knows (D) does know

7. You _________ not allowed to go there. (A) is (B) am (C) was (D) are

8. Azizah and Latifah ____________ good friends. (A) is (B) am (C) are (D) was

9. Tigers _____________ in the jungle. (A) lives (B) live (C) lived (D) is living

10. Puan Zalifah ______________ us English.

(A) teaching (B) are teaching (C) teach (D) teaches GERUNDS + INFINITIVES 1. The to-infinitive is used (a) to show purpose: He came to help us. (b) after verbs, nouns, pronouns or adjectives: She wants us to go there. They were glad to see us. He bought a book to read.

2. The Gerund is used (a) as a noun or the subject of a sentence: Smoking is bad for the health. (b) after a preposition or a verb: They were scolded for making so much noise. I like eating crabs.

For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. He is __________________ the essay by tonight. (A) to finished (B) finish (C) to be finished (D) to finish 2. Many people are fond of _______________________ (A) travel (B) travelling (C) travelled (D) to travel 3. We caught him ___________________ through the key-hole. (A) peeping (B) to peep (C) peeps (D) peeped

4. He forgot ____________________ the letter on his way home. (A) posting (B) posts (C) to post (D) posted 5. He opened the dictionary _____________________ the meaning of the word. (A) be found (B) to find (C) finding (D) find 6. __________________ is a good form of exercise. (A) Swimming (B) Swim (C) To swim (D) Swims 7. My parents always encourage me ____________________ hard. (A) study (B) studies (C) studying (D) to study 8. She is ______________ here at eight oclock tomorrow morning. (A) being (B) be (C) to be (D) been ARTICLES Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. Do not write anything if it is not needed. 1. Bangkok is ________ capital of __________ Thailand. 2. Where is _________ Odeon Cinema? 3. Encik Ahmad has _____ big garden. There are many flowers in _______ garden. 4. We have ___________ dinner at seven oclock every day. 5. Suzila was absent from school because she had _____________ chicken-pox. 6. She is drinking ______ glass of ___________ milk. 7. There is ___________ coffee in __________ pot. 8. _________ girls in our school like to play __________ netball.

PREPOSITIONS Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the brackets. 1. We will meet you _______ ten oclock tomorrow. (in, on, at) 2. She was in a hurry to get to school _______ time. (at, on, by) 3. My father backed the car slowly _________________ the garage. (by, for, out of) 4. Are you going __________ the market? (for, to, in) 5. He told me that he will be back ___________ lunch. (before, on, at) 6. The man jumped ___________ the river to save the boy. (in, into, for) 7. The bell rang ________ noon. (in, on, at) 8. The old lady climbed ________ the stairs very slowly. (down, into, out of) 9. The children should be in bed ________ the time we return home. (at, by, in) 10. She has invited me to her house ___________ seven oclock this evening for dinner. (on, at, by)

Exercise 2 Underline the correct answer in the brackets. 1. Ali and Ani arrived at my house (by, on, in) foot. 2. Mr Manjit went to Japan (in, on, by) plane. 3. The old man is as wise (like, as, by) an owl. 4. Zamariah does not want to go (by, with, as) us to the cinema. 5. We shall travel to Bangkok (by, as, on) train. 6. This painting was drawn (like, by, as) a very famous artist. 7. I feel (as, like, by) going for a walk. 8. The boys are playing (with, by, on) Muzaffar.

9. Julia just got a job (as, like, on) a clerk in my company. 10. Yesterday, Hanisah came to school (on, by, in) his fathers car.

Exercise3 Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions. 1. Kamariah looks _____ her father. 2. My sister is as timid _____ a mouse. 3. We can go to Indonesia _____ sea. 4. He used to go fishing ______ Mamat. 5. Abu is walking ________ his grandfather. 6. We travel in the jungle _____ foot. 7. I like to read story-books written _______ Enid Blyton. 8. She made me work _______ a slave the whole morning. 9. I saw Mariah _____ your car this morning. 10. Stop talking _____ my father; youre my brother!

Exercise 4 For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. My father is as rich _________ yours. (A) like (B) as (C) by (D) on

2. The men are dancing __________ their wives. (A) with (B) on (C) in (D) as

3. My mother usually goes to the market ___________ bus. (A) like (B) in (C) by (D) on

4. I am reading a book ____________ Ahmad Amri. (A) by (B) on (C) in (D) as

5. The victims of the accident were taken to hospital _______ a van. (A) by (B) as (C) on (D) in

6. Zuraidah is not a teacher but she behaves ______________ one. (A) as (B) like (C) in (D) by

7. The old man is playing chess _____________ his grandson. (A) as (B) with (C) on (D) in

8. Atan came to my house __________ a bicycle. (A) on (B) by (C) in (D) as

9. Misbun works ____________ an office boy in our school. (A) like (B) by (C) as (D) on

10. Hafizah is watching the show ____________ her sister. (A) as (B) on (C) with (D) by

COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Exercise 4 For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. Pour __________________ oil into the pan. (A) a little (B) a few (C) a (D) an 2. We saw ____________________ girls at the bus-stop. (A) a little (B) a (C) much (D) many 3. Mariam said ___________________ paintings were still wet. (A) a little (B) much (C) a few (D) a 4. There is ____________________ coffee in the jug. (A) a few (B) a little (C) a (D) many 5. I saw _____________ owl last night. (A) a (B) an (C) many (D) a few 6. ________________ girls were absent yesterday. (A) A little (B) A few (C) Much (D) A 7. He drank only __________________ water. (A) a few (B) much (C) many (D) a little 8. _______________ insects do not fly. (A) Much (B) A little (C) An (D) A few 9. ______________ of the food has gone bad. (A) A few (B) Many (C) Much (D) Each 10. Please give me __________ bowl of soup. (A) an (B) a (C) much (D) a little

NOUN FORMS: POSSESSIVES 1. The possessive form is used to show that something belongs to someone. 2. We use an apostrophe + s with a singular noun: the mans car the babys rattle Minahs handkerchief 3. With a plural noun which ends in s, we form the possessive by adding just an apostrophe (): the girls umbrellas the boys marbles the monkeys tails 4. With irregular plural nouns that do not end with s, we use the apostrophe + s (s): the mens shoes the childrens toys the womens baskets

(B) Write out each of these sentences, adding s or () to the correct nouns. 1. Where is the man hat? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. The naughty boy is pulling the cat tail. ________________________________________________________________ 3. The bulls horns are sharp. _________________________________________________________________

4. Those are the ladies watches. ________________________________________________________________ 5. Hamid mother is not feeling well. _________________________________________________________________ 6. Her cousins house is by the sea. __________________________________________________________________ 7. The teacher is talking to Kamal parents. ________________________________________________________________ 8. Is this Aminah blouse? _____________________________________________________________________ 9. His daughter friends are in the house. ____________________________________________________________________ 10. The gardeners tools are under the tree. ____________________________________________________________________

(D) For each question, choose the best answer from the options A to D. 1. ______________ son is helping him in the shop. (A) Encik Mansor (B) Encik Mansors (C) Encik Mansors (D) Encik Mansors 2. The _______________ knapsacks are heavy. (A) boy (B) boys (C) boyss (D) boys 3. The _______________ families came to visit them in the hospital. (A) patients (B) patients (C) patients (D) patient 4. The children are playing with _______________ dolls. (A) Elsie (B) Elsies (C) Elsies (D) Elsies 5. We are putting some seashells into _______________ pail. (A) Salmah (B) Salmahs (C) Salmahs (D) Salmahs

6. The ______________ slippers are wet and dirty. (A) housewives (B) housewife (C) housewives (D) housewives 7. Let me show you my _________________ stamp collection. (A) brothers (B) brother (C) brothers (D) brotherss 8. The _______________ rifle is not loaded. (A) hunter (B) hunters (C) hunters (D) hunterss 9. The _______________ dog won first prize in the competition. (A) girls (B) girlss (C) girl (D) girls 10. The policemen are checking the ________________ licences. (A) motorists (B) motorist (C) motorists (D) motorists