Sensory Process and Perception

8/16/2019 Sensory Process and Perception

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SENSORY PROCESS

AND PERCEPTIONPresenter :Dr.Girish Kumar

C/P:Ms.Neethi


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SENSATIONDEFINITION: The subjective experience

resulting from stimulation of one of the senseorgans

The po!er of perceiving through the senses

"ental process #such as seeing $ hearing orsmelling% &ue to imme&iate bo&il' stimulation


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SENSO.6 S6STE"

+-ANNE)7In this process ph'sical energ' is converte&

into sensation

7STE2S IN(O)(ED IN T-IS +-ANNE) A.E: T.ANSD4+TION

.E+E2TO. 2OTENTIA)S

/ENE.ATO. 2OTENTIA)S

NE.(E I"24)SES

AFFE.ENT +ODE


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.E+E2TO.: Each sensor' s'stem is a 8in& ofchannel$ consisting of a sensitive element$nerve 9bres lea&ing from this receptor to thebrain or spinal cor&

T.ANSD4+TION The process of convertingph'sical energ' into nervous s'stem activit' iscalle& trans&uction It occurs at the receptor

.E+E2TO. 2OTENTIA): During this receptorcells convert ph'sical energ' into an electricalvoltage or potential calle& receptor potential


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/ENE.ATO. 2OTENTIA): It is the receptorpotential !hich triggers nerve impulses

AFFE.ENT +ODES : The ph'sical energ' ischange& into a co&e ma&e up of a pattern ofnerve 9rings The 9ring patterns thatcorrespon& to events in the environment are8no! as aerent co&es


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T-E (IS4A) S6STE".ODS:.eceptor cells in the retina responsible

for night vision an& perception of brightness

+ONES : .eceptor cells in the retina responsiblefor colour vision

DA.; ADA2TATION:Increase& sensitivit' of ro&s

an& cones in &ar8ness

Eg


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Visual pathway


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AFTE. I"A/E : Sense experience that occursafter a visual stimulus has been remove&

+O)O4. (ISION:-4ES : The aspect of colour that correspon&s

to names such as re& $ green $blue

ADDITI(E +O)O4. "I=IN/ < The process of

mixing lights of &ierent !avelengths tocreate ne! huesEg< re& an& green lightscombine to give 'ello! colour


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+O"2)E"ENTA.6 +O)O4.S: T!o hues$ farapart on the spectrum$ that !hen a&&e&together in e>ual intensities pro&uce a neutralgra' rather than a thir& hue

Eg: .e& an& blue7green as are blue an& 'ello!


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Theories of colour mixingS4?T.A+TI(E +O)O4. "I=IN/ :The process of

mixing pigments$ each of !hich absorbs some!avelengths of light an& re@ects others

T.I+-O"ATI+ T-EO.6: Theor' of colour visionthat all colour perception &erives from &ierentcolours receptors in the retina

O22ONENT 2.O+ESS T-EO.6: Theor' of colourvision that hol&s that three sets of colourreceptors respon& in an either or fashion to&etermine the colour 'ou experience


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+O)O4. ?)INDNESS: It is cause& b' changes inthe genes that control re&$ green an& bluepigments in the cones The colour blin& person

either lac8s cones or cones &o not function .e& green colour blin&ness is a recessive sex7

lin8e& trait The re&7green colour blin& in&ivi&ualsees both re& an& green as the same colour

+O)O4. 0EA;NESS: 2artial colour blin&ness$Bmale population are re&7green colour7blin&

The test for colour blin&ness is IS-I-A.A+-A.T


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-EA.IN/ T-E 2-6SI+A) STI"4)4S FO. -EA.IN/:

0hen an object vibrates$ the molecules of air

aroun& it are pushe& together an& put un&erpositive pressureinturn $the' push against themolecules transmit the pressure toneighbouring molecules

The alteration in the air pressure moving inall &irections from the source are calle& soun&!aves$ such soun& !aves are the ph'sicalstimuli for hearing


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2s'cholog' 155 *C

The Structure

of the Au&itor' S'stem


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As the ossicles move the stapes presses on amembrane calle& the oval !in&o! !hen changesin air pressure creates !aves in the cochlear

@ui& The !aves in cochlea reach the organ of corti

The pressure !aves in the cochlear canalspro&uces ben&ing movements of hair cells organ

of corti0hen these cells are bent$ receptor potentials

are intiate&$b' !hich nerve impulse aregenerate&

A &i


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2s'cholog' 155 *

Au&itor'2ath!a'


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The nerve impulse generate& in cochleatravel into the brain through au&itor'path!a'

T-EO.IES OF -EA.IN/ :

2)A+E T-EO.6: the pitch of a soun& is&etermine& b' the location of greatest

vibration of the basilar membraneF.E4EN+6 T-EO.6 OF -EA.IN/: The pitch

is &etermine& b' the fre>uenc' !ith !hichhair cells in cochlea 9re


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(O))E6 T-EO.6: The receptors in the ear 9re in se>uence$ !ith onegroup respon&ing then a secon& $then a thir& an& so on so completepattern of 9ring correspon&s to the fre>uenc' of the soun& !ave

T-E.E A.E T-.EE T62ES OF DEAFNESS:

+OND4+TI(E DEAFNESS : It occurs !hen ear&rums or ossicles are&amage& or immobilie& b' a &isease or injur' It can be overcomeb' hearing ai&

NE.(E DEAFNESS : It is a hearing loss resulting from &amage to thehair cells or au&itor' nerve hearing ai&s are no use in this case

STI"4)ATION DEAFNESS: It occurs !hen ver' lou& soun&s &amagehair cells in the cochlea It occurs if !e !or8 in a nois' environmentor enjo' lou& music $sno!mobling$ hunting The hair cells are ver'fragile an& easil' &amage&


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S"E))Sense of smell is activate& b' a complex protein

pro&uce& in nasal glan& As !e breathe $ a 9ne mist ofthis protein calle& o&orant bin&ing protein

The protein bin&s !ith airborne molecules !hich thenactivate the receptors for sense$ locate& high in eachnasal cavit' in a patch of tissue calle& olfactor'epithelium

Olfactor' epithelium contains numerous nerve cells$these are the onl' nerve cell to replace

The axons from nerve cells carr' messages &irectl' tot!o olfactor' bulbs in the brain These 9bres &o not

pass through thalamus$ the' carr' &irectl' to cortex


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Anthon' /reene ,,

Nasal Anatomy


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Anthon' /reene ,1

Earl' Olfactor'

2ath!a'


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TASTE The receptor cells for the sense of taste lie

insi&e the taste bu&$ most of !hich are foun&on the tip$ si&es an& bac8 of tongue The tastebu&s are containe& in the tongue papillae$each taste bu&s contains cluster of hair cells

The chemical interaction bH! foo& an& tastecells causes a&jacent neurons to 9re$ sen&inga nerve impulse to brain

Four basic sensations< s!eet$salt$sour an&bitter


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(ESTI?4)A. SENSES The vestibular senses monitor e>uilibrium an& a!areness ofbo&' position an& movement

?ir&s an& 9sh rel' on them to tell them !hich !a' is up an& in!hich &irection the' are hea&e& !hen the' cannot see !ell

SE"I+I.+4)A. +ANA)S: Structures in the inner ear sensitiveto bo&' rotation

(ESTI?4)A. SA+: Sac in the inner ear that are responsible forsensing gravitation$for!ar&$bac8!ar& an& vertical movement

4T.I+)E: Organ in the inner ear that provi&es informationabout horiontal movement of the bo&'

SA++4)E:2rovi&es information about vertical movement of thebo&' an& gravitation


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2s'cholog' 155 ,

The (estibular S'stem

-ea& Angle)inearAcceleration

-ea& .otation


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"OTION SI+;NESSSENSO.6 +ONF)I+T T-EO.6: Accor&ing to this

theor' $&iiness an& nausea occur !hensensations from the vestibular s'stem fail to

match information receive& from the e'es an&bo&'


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2s'cholog' 155 1

The (estibular S'stem

The Otolith Organs


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S;IN SENSES"EISSNE. +O.24S)E:S8in receptor sensitive

to pressure

2A+INIAN +O.24S)E:Sensitive to pressuresbH! internal organs

.4FFINI ENDIN/: .esponsive to !armth

;.A4SE ?4)?:.espnsive to col&ness

F.EE NE.(E ENDIN/S: Serves as a receptorsfor pain$ pressure an& temperature


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2A.ADO=I+A) -EAT:Simultaneous stimulationof !arm an& col&receptors that isexperience& as hot


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2AIN/ATE +ONT.O) T-EO.6 OF 2AIN:"E)JA+;7*KA neurological gate in the spinal cor& controls the

transmission of pain impulses to the brain If the gate

is open$ !e experience more pain than !e &o !hen itis close&

The &etermination of !hether the gate is close& or

open &epen&s on a complex competition bH! &ierentt'pes of nerve 9bres

There are large 9bres in the sensor' nerves that!hen stimulate&$ ten& to close the gate an& preventpain impulses from reaching the brain but small 9bres

open the gate


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T0O ;INDS OF 2AIN#"E)JA+; AND DENNIS%

*%2ain carrie& b' large nerve 9bres is sharp$bright$ fast an& seems to come from speci9cbo&' areas This is the bo&'Gs !arning s'stem

,%2ain carrie& b' small nerve 9bres is slo!er$nagging$ aching$ !i&esprea& an& ver'

unpleasent It gets !orse if the pain stimulusis repeate& This is the bo&'Gs remin&ings'stem


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SENSO.6 ADA2TATION:A &ecline in thenumber of nerve impulses generate& b'sensor' receptors expose& to an unchanging

stimulus

SE)E+TI(E ATTENTION: (oluntaril' focusingon a selecte& portion of sensor' input $mostli8el' b' rerouting messages !ithin brain

SENSO.6 /ATIN/: Alteration of incomingsensor' messages in the spinal cor&$ beforethe' reach the brain


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E=A"2)ESDentists are experimenting !ith &evices that

electricall' stimulate the 9ring of large nerve

9bres$ bloc8 the action of small 9bres an& so

close the gate on pain2)A+E?O:A pharmacologicall' inactive substance

that a person is tol& !ill have a &esire& eect

Sugar pills are commonl' use&

There is lin8 bH! placebo an& opiate brains'stem$ release of en8ephalins an& en&orphins$

the' have similar to action of morphine


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2E.+E2TIONDEFINITION: The process of creating

meaningful patterns from ra! sensor'information

It refers to the !a' the !orl& loo8s$soun&s$feels$tastes or smells It can be&e9ne& !hatever is experience& b' a person


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2E.+E2T4A) 2.O+ESS:FO."

2E.+E2TION The most fun&amental process in form perception

is the recognition of a 9gure on a groun& Thepictures$!or&s$an& melo&' are perceive& as the

9gure$ !hile the !all$ page an& chor&s are thegroun& The abilit' to &istinguish an object from itsgeneral bac8groun& is basic to all form perception

+ONTO4.: These are forme& !henever a mar8e&

&ierence occurs in the brightness or colour of thebac8groun& These give shape to the objects in ourvisual !orl& because the' mar8 one object o fromanother


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/ESTA)T )A0S OF 2E.+E2T4A)

O./ANIJATION2.O=I"IT6: The la! of proximit' sa's that objects !hich are close

together in space or time ten& to be perceive& as belonging togetheror forming an organise& group

SI"I)A.IT6: Objects that are of a similar colour$ sie$ or shape are

usuall' percieve& as part of a pattern T-E )A0 OF /OOD FI/4.E: There is a ten&enc' to organie things

to ma8e a balance& or s'mmetrical 9gure that inclu&es all the parts

+ONTIN4ATION: The ten&enc' to perceive a line that starts in one!a' as continuing in the same !a'Eg:A line that starts out as acurve is seen as continuing on a smoothl' curve& course

)A0 OF +)OS4.E: .efers to perceptual processes that organise theperceive& !orl& b' 9lling in gaps in stimulation

+ONTI/4IT6:It is responsible for the perception that one thing hascause& other


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(IS4A) DE2T-

2E.+E2TION"ONO+4)A. +4ES FO. DE2T- 2E.+E2TION: These cues that can operate !hen onl' one e'e is loo8ing These cues are the can use& b' painters to give us a 1Dexperience from a @at painting

)INEA. 2E.S2E+TI(E: The &istances separating the imagesof far objects appear to be smaller

+)EA.NESS: If !e can see the &etails $ !e perceive

an object as relativel' close< if !e can see onl' its outline$

!e perceive it as relativel' far a!a' INTE.2OSITION: 0hen one object is completel' visible !hileanother is partl' covere& b' it$ the 9rst object is perceive& asnearer


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/.ADIENT OF TE=T4.E: The regions closestto the observer have a coarse texture an&man' &etails


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?INO+4)A. +4ES FO. DE2T-

2E.+E2TION The most important binocular cue comes from the fact that t!o

e'es $the retina$ receive slightl' &ierent vie!s of the !orl& it is8no!n as retinal &isparit' It is the images falling on the retinas of thet!o e'es

2E.+E2T4A) 2.O+ESS<+ONSTAN+6: It refers to ten&enc' to perceive objects as relativel'

stable an& unchanging &espite changing sensor' information

SIJE: 2erception of an object as the same sie regar&less of &istancefrom !hich it is vie!e&

Shape: Ten&enc' to see an object as the same shape no matter angle

it is vie!e&?rightness: 2erception of brightness as the same$ even though the

amount of light reaching the retina changes

+olour :Inclination to perceive familiar objects as retaining their colour&espite changes in sensor' information


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2E.+E2TION OF

"O(E"ENT The perception of movement is a complicate&process involving both visual messages from theretina an& messages from the muscles aroun& the

e'es as the' follo! the object.EA) "O(E"ENT: It refers to the ph'sical

&isplacement of an object from one position toanother The perception of real movement &epen&sonl' in part on the movement of images across the

retina of the e'eA22A.ENT "OTION: "ovement perceive& in the

absence of ph'sical movement of an image acrossthe retina


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A4TO;INETI+ EFFE+T: 2erception that a stationar'object is actuall' moving If a person stares at or9xates on$ a small stationar' spot of light in a

completel' &ar8 room$ the spot !ill eventuall'appear to move

ST.O?OS+O2I+ "OTION: Apparent movement thatresults from @ashing a series of still pictures in rapi&succession$ as in a motion pictureEg


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"oon illusion


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"4))E. )6E. I))4SION


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AristotleGs illusion


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2E.+E2T4A) )EA.IN/Eleaner /ibson has &e9ne& as an increase inthe abilit' to extract information from theenvironment as a result of experience or

practice !ith the stimulation coming from it


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SENSO.6 ADA2TATION:A &ecline in thenumber of nerve impulses generate& b'sensor' receptors expose& to an unchanging

stimulusSE)E+TI(E ATTENTION: (oluntaril' focusing

on a selecte& portion of sensor' input $mostli8el' b' rerouting messages !ithin brain

SENSO.6 /ATIN/: Alteration of incomingsensor' messages in the spinal cor&$ beforethe' reach the brain


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E=T.ASENSO.6

2E.+E2TIONIt is &e9ne& as a response to an un8no!n eventnot presente& to an' 8no!n sense

Extra po!er of perception$ one be'on& those

8no!n to the normal perception2A.A2S6+O)O/6: It is the stu&' ES2 an& other psi

phenomena or events that seem to &ef' accepte&scienti9c la!s These are

*%+)AI.(O6AN+E: The abilit' to percieve eventsor gain information in !a's that appearunaecte& b' &istance or normal ph'sicalbarriers


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Sensory Process and Perception