Sensation and Perception Chapter 3 (4). 12/14/2015 Free Template from 2 Objectives Define sensation and perception (79) Explain transduction,

Sensation and Perception

Chapter 3 (4)

04/22/23 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 2

Objectives• Define sensation and perception (79)• Explain transduction, reduction, and coding in sensory processing. (80)• Describe absolute and difference thresholds. (81)• Explain the importance of sensory adaption. (80-83)• Describe the physical properties of light and light waves. (83)• Draw a diagram of the eye, label the major parts, and explain their functions.• Describe dark and light adaptation (87)• Describe the physical properties of sound and sound waves. (88)• Draw a diagram of the ear, label the major parts, and explain their functions (88-

89)Explain how people hear various pitches of sound and detect loudness levels (89-90)• Describe the sense of smell, including how it works and the effect of pheromones (91-

92)• Describe the sense of taste, including how it works and causes of “picky” eating (92-94)• List and describe the three body senses (94-96)• List and describe the skin sense and their function. Explain the role of endorphins (94-

95)• Explain how the vestibular sense and the kinesthetic sense provide information about

the body.• Differentiate perception from sensation, and explain illusions (97)• Explain how our sensory organs gather sensory information and covert it into signals the

brain can understand.• Describe light and how the eye structures work to enable us to see.• Describe and analyze how our other sense enable us to experience the world.• Synthesize what we do to pay attention to in our environment. • List the factors that influence how we interpret sensations.


• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIaMgD1VmmY&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv1uLfF35Uw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIaMgD1VmmY&feature=related



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv1uLfF35Uw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv1uLfF35Uw

EQ 3/4EQ 3/4How much do you know about the brain?

• What is the difference between sensation and perception?

• What is sensory processing disorder?

Before the Bell :• What is the

difference between sensation and perception?

• Discuss at your tables.

I. Understanding Sensation and PerceptionA. Stimulation of the Senses

1. Sensation - the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain) automatic

2. Perception – psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O6Cm0WxEZA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paoAeMMnSVg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O6Cm0WxEZA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paoAeMMnSVg&feature=related

3. Absolute Threshold

a. the weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed.

b. we only sense the sights, smells, touches, tastes and pressures

that we can perceive. c. AT has been est. for vision, hearing,

smell, taste, and touch. (but differ from person to person)

d. differences can stem from both psychological and biological factors


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPDTEuotHe0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG3KP6sfHkk&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPDTEuotHe0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG3KP6sfHkk&feature=related

• Essential Questions 3/6

• What color do you feel?• What is absolute

threshold?

.

Type 1 – Describe absolute threshold 2 minutes at least 8 lines. (think of the examples of AT in class on Monday.

Absolute Thresholds for Sensory Perception

Sense Stimulus Receptors Absolute Threshold

Vision Electromagnetic energy

Rods and cones in the retina

A candle flam viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night.

Hearing Sound waves Hair cells of the inner ear

A ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room.

Smell Chemical substances in the air

Receptor cells in the nose

About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house.

Taste Chemical substances in saliva

Taste buds on the tongue

About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water

Touch Pressure on the skin

Nerve endings in the skin

The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of less that half an inch. 04/22/23 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 8

Lab What color are you

feeling?


4. Difference Threshold

a. the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli

b. i.e. two dark blue paint chips


Quick Lab – Light/Dark Adaptation

Our eyes are designed to adapt to changing conditions in our environment Try this experiment to test your sensory adaption.

PROCEDURE1. While seated at your table, close or cover one eye with your

hand. Read, write, or study using your uncovered eye for about five minutes.

2. We’ll turn off the light. Uncover your eye, and look at your book and around the room.

3. With both eyes still uncovered we’ll turn the lights back on look around.

ANALYSIS1. Think about what happened when the light was turned off and

you uncovered your eye. What differences in visibility did you note in each eye?

2. How long did it take for the eye you had covered to adapt to the light? How long did it take for you uncovered eye to adapt.

3. Why did your eyes respond this way?04/22/23 11

B. Sensory Adaptation1. Defined – is the process by which we

become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli

2. walk into a dark theater/beach sounds)C. Signal-Detection Theory

1. a method of distinguishing sensory stimuli’s strengths but also such variable elements as the setting, your physical state, mood, and attitudes.

2. Also considers psychological factors like motivations, expectations, and learning3. We do not always passively receive

information – under certain psychological factors we make active decisions about what we perceive.


II. VisionA. Light

1. information from the eye considered the most important.

2. vision dominates our senses to the point we make our other senses conform to what we see – visual capture.

3. To understand vision we have to understand how light works:

a. it is electromagnetic energy described n wavelengths.

b. made of lengths visible and invisible to our eyes.


B. The Eye1. Light enters through the pupil 2. The light encounters the lens which

adjusts the distance of objects by changing its thickness. These changes project a clear image of the object onto the retina.

3. The retina is the sensitive surface in the eye that acts like the film in a camera. Made of

neurons. (sensitive to light)4. Photoreceptors - neurons that are

sensitive to light the nerve carries the visual input to the brain.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15P8q35vNHw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15P8q35vNHw

5. The Blind Spota. When light hits the point where the

optic nerve leaves they eye, the eye register nothing because that area lacks photoreceptors

b. We all have one-let’s find it


http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chvision.html



6. Rods and Conesa. two kinds of photoreceptorsb. Rods – sensitive only to brightness

of light (allow us to see black and white)

c. cones - provide color vision


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWmc5pei7ow&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWmc5pei7ow&feature=related

C. Color Vision1. Color Wheel

a. Complementary – colors across from each other on the well. (mix c colors together they make gray – in light)

b. cones – different cones sensitive to different colors.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtgBHsSzCPE



Color and Taste Lab

• Bonus point opportunity• Create a meal or snacks for class

or for family• Use food coloring to make the

food very different in color.


2. Color Blindness a. People who cannot see the colors

of the visible spectrum b. malfunction or absence of cones c. Partial – fairly common (red/green

99% of people who are color blind are this kind); blue/yellow also exists

d. almost always inherited – 8% males, 1% females


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWyrp3hu4KE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWyrp3hu4KE

III. HearingA. Sound

1. Pitch – how high or low the sound is – depends on it s frequency, or the number of cycles per second. The more cycles per second the higher the pitch of its sound.

2. Human ear can hear sound waves vary from 20- 20,000 cycles per second.

3. animals can here well beyond that4. let’s try it


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G60hM1W_mk

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/scientists-identify-5-harshest-sounds-world-17447798?tab=9482931&section=1206835&playlist=1363742

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G60hM1W_mk





Common Decibel Readings

• Aircraft at take-off (180) • Fireworks (140) • Snowmobile (120) • Chain saw (110) • Amplified music (110) • Lawn mower (90) • Noisy office (90) • Vacuum cleaner (80) • City traffic (80) • Normal conversation (60) • Refrigerator humming (40) • Whisper (20) • Leaves rustling (10) • Calm breathing (10)• Noise levels of 130 decibels or over will be painful and is

very likely to cause immediate hearing damage.

http://www.abelard.org/hear/hear.php

http://www.abelard.org/hear/hear.php

2. Loudness –a. determined by the height or

amplitude of the sound waves. The higher the amplitude of the wave, the louder the sound.

b. Decibels- a unit dB zero is considered the threshold of hearing

c. It is a subjective term (unless measured by decibels)


IV. Other SensesA. Smell and Taste

1. Smell – a. helps you recall the most memoriesb. odors of substances are detected

by receptor neurons high in the nose. Receptor neurons react when

molecules of the substance in the form of a gas come into contact.

c. sense adapts quicklyd. one odor can mask another


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvgAbFEmPAU&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvgAbFEmPAU&feature=related

2. Taste – a. four qualities -sweet, sour,

salty and bitter b. some argue a fifth – umami

( Japanese meaty or savory)c. depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as taste.

(apples)d. most resilient sense – rare for

people to lose altogether


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSHGucgnvLU



Types of Tasters

• Super Tasters – ¼ population – more fungiform papillae, thinner, more likely in women (detect poison)• Medium Tasters – ½ population (most people here)• Non-Tasters – ¼ population – Taste really sweet, rich, lots of fat – as a result they eat more and are chubbier. (Survive Famines)


Types of Tasters

• Women are more likely to be super tasters.• Taste receptors reproduce themselves so if you burn your tongue they come back. Age though causes number of taste buds to decrease.• Alcoholics tend to be non-tasters. Alcohol and tobacco kills taste buds permanently and prematurely.Sensitivity to taste changes with age. The number of taste buds deteriorates as we get older


Taste

• Flavor is the result of sensory interaction – smell, texture, temperature, appearance & taste combine to form flavor. • Close your eyes, hold your nose shut and try to distinguish between different foods. Taste stays the same but flavor changes with how a food looks or what temperature it is served at.• Your sight and especially smell have an effect on what you experience as flavor.


Taste Lab

• Before the bell: Type 1 answer one of the following questions:

• 1. How do we smell?• 2. What is the relationship

between taste and smell?


Taste

• • Taste is bottom-up processing while flavor is top-down processing because it involves the brain making a decision based on sight & smell as well as taste.


B. Skin Sensesvitally important to us 1. Pressure – hair roots have receptors

around the roots.a. Fingertips, lips, nose, cheeks

more sensitiveb. Rapidly adapts

2. Temperature a. is relative b. receptors just beneath skin


3. Pain a. prostaglandins help body

transmit pain messagesb. Gate theory – suggest only a

certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time – flood the switchboard

c. phantom pain – pain appears to involve activation of nerves in the stump along with activation of neural circuits that have memories connected with the limb.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUQMVDR-SqE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUQMVDR-SqE

C. Body Senses – 1. Vestibular Sense

a. tells you whether you are upright without having to lookb. sensory organs in years monitor your body’s motion and position in relation to

gravity. c. allows you to keep your balance, tells you if upside down, lets you know you’re falling.

2. Kinesthesis a. is the sense that information people about the position and motion of the bodiesb. part of everything we do – walk through room without bumping, fine motor skills,

exercise


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEbILhUc1Pc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEbILhUc1Pc

Essential Question 3/13:What are the Rules

of perceptual organization?• What recommendations would

you make if we did the taste/vision lab again? You must give at least three.


V. PerceptionA. Rules of Perceptual Organization

1. Perception is all the way we organize and make sense of all or impressions.

2. Gestalt psychologist applied the principle ”The whole is more than the sum of its parts” to the study of perception.

3. They noted many different ways in which people make sense of sensory information called: Rules of Perceptual Organization


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spju-mc9DOI&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxKcpfFvuf8&tracker=False&NR=1

a. Closure1. tendency to perceive a complete or

whole figure even when there are gaps in what your sense tell you.


b. Figure-ground perception 1. image below is one of

psychologists’ favorite illustration demonstrating figure- ground relationships.

2. perception of figures against a background

3. Experience everyday (look out the window)


http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/brain-games/

c. Other Rules of Organization1. Proximity - Look at the figure below

Do you see six lines or three sets of two?

*If you said three pairs of lines you were influenced by proximity, or nearness of the

lines.

There is no reason to perceive them in pairs since all of the lines are the same in every together respect.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av5Ap3nxToM

c. Other Rules of Organization2. Similarity - Look at the figure below

Do you see this figure as a six by six grid or as three columns of x’s and three columns of o’s?

If you said three columns then you were grouping the columns according to the

law of similarity, which says people think of similar objects as belonging together.


XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

OOOOOO

OOOOOO

OOOOOO

c. Other Rules of Organization3. Continuity - Look at the figure

below

Which way does your eye follow the dots, up or down?

If you said up You’re following the rule of continuity. People usually prefer to see smooth, continuous patters not disrupted ones.


c. Other Rules of Organization4. Common Fate- have you ever

noticed how when you see things moving together, you perceive them as belonging together? i.e. a group of people running in the same direction. You assume they are a part of the same group or they are running to the same place.


EQs 3/14• What are

monocular and binocular cues

Before the bell:Type 1 Describe what

you see in this picture. Minimum of three sentences. Do not discuss with anyone.

http://www.msf-usa.org/motion.html

V. PerceptionB. Movement 1. Perception of Movement

a. To sense movement, humans need to see an object change its position relative to another object.

*Next time your in a car or a bus that is stopped at a traffic light, pay attention to

what happens when the vehicle in the next lane begins to move forward. Do you think at first it’s your car, not the other one that is moving?

b. static – standing still, our world is not. Everything around us is moving.


V. PerceptionB. Movement 1. Stroboscopic Motion – the illusion of movement is produced by showing the rapid progression of images or objects that are not moving at all. (i.e. book you flip through) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVwmtwZLG88&feature=fvsr


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH97UerMW6I

V. PerceptionC. Depth Perception

1. Monocular Cues for Depth* Monocular cues – need only one eye

to be perceived. *artist use monocular cues to create

an illusion of depth. These cues create the illusion of three dimensions, or depth on two-dimensional or flat surfaces.

* Monocular cues cause certain objects in a piece of art to appear more distant.


Two objects that are exactly the same size if placed apart will seem different sizes – perspective –tendency to see parallel lines coming closer together as they move away form us.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgkzNaCSOYA


1. Monocular Cues for Depth.


A. Perspective - Two objects that are exactly the same size if placed apart will seem different sizes – perspective –tendency to see parallel lines coming closer together as they move away form us.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0ljaQp27TI




B. Overlap - is the perception of one object as being in front of another.




C. Shadows and highlights -




D. Texture gradient – surface quality and appearance of an object gradient is a progressive change




E. Parallax – to change in the position of heavenly body due to the Earth’s orbit. Complex because it involves not a stationary picture but the image of something as the view moves. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoGfhxFujt4


1. Binocular Cues for Depth*requires both eyes a. Retinal Disparity – slight

difference in an object based on the angle the eye views it.

b. Convergence - associated with feelings of tension in the eye muscle. The closer we feel our eyes moving toward each other, the nearer the object they are looking at is, the more tension we feel in our eyes.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VGVwOmn6bk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHQ_M6XnZXk

Before the Bell:Get out your notes!


V. PerceptionD. Perceptual Constancies

1. Size Constancy – is the tendency to perceive an object as being of one size no matter how far away the object is. (experience teaches us perspective)

2. Color Constancy – tendency to perceive objects as keeping their color even though different light might change the appearance of their color.

3. Shape Constancy – the knowledge that an item has only one shape no matter what angle you view it from.

4. Brightness Constancy – tendency to perceive an object as being equally bright even when the intensity of the light around it changes.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCV2Ba5wrcs


V. PerceptionE. Visual Illusions



Print Slide

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6Ua5d3wlA0&feature=fvw

• Summarizing video

Before the Bell:Type 1 Which perceptual concept that we have reviewed is the most interesting to you and why?


Objectives 3/21Which perceptual concept that we have reviewed is the most interesting to you and why?Describe various types of constancy.

Documents

Sensation and Perception Chapter 3 (4). 12/14/2015 Free Template from 2 Objectives Define sensation and perception (79) Explain transduction,