Sensation and Perception by Delorso

8/12/2019 Sensation and Perception by Delorso

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Why study Sensation?


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Why study Perception?


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SENSAI!NSensory receptors in the sense organs are acti"atedoutside sti$uli to %eco$e neural signals in the %rai


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Do th

#hat


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Di'erencehreshold


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E(a$ple


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)onstant*


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A%solute

hreshold


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E(a$ple


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+a%ituation

endency%rain to sattending

constant,unchangiinor$ati


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Sensory Adaptation

endency o sensory receptor cells to %eco$eresponsi"e to a sti$ulus that is unchanging.


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Microsaccades or SaccadicMovement

)onstant $o"e$ent o the eyes that &eeps it r

to #hat they see.


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Seeing

Brightness, )olor, Saturation

A$plitude o #a"es ho# high or lo#the #a"e actually is.

!r +ue deter$inedthe length o the #a"

Purity o the colpeople percei"e


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Blind Spot

A -hole in the retina

the place #here allthe a(ons o thoseganglion cells lea"ethe retina to %eco$ethe optic ner"e.

here are no rods orcones here.


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Dar& Adaptation/

When the eyes reco"ers itsa%ility to see #hen going ro$ a%rightly lit state to a dar& state.

0ight Adaptation/

he reco"ery o the sensiti"ity to "isual slight ater e(posure

2ods

and )ones


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Perceptiono)olor/ heories o )olor Vi

richro$atic heory/

hree types o cones/ red con%lue cones, and green cones, or each o the pri$ary colorslight.

+er$ann +el$hot3


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Ateri$age/

I$ages occur #hen a "isuapersists or a %rie ti$e e"eoriginal sti$ulus is re$o"ed

Ed#ald +ering


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!pponent4Process heory/

here are our pri$ary colors/yello#, and %lue. hey are arrpairs, red #ith green and %lueI one $e$%er is strongly sti$other one is inhi%ited and can#or&ing.


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)olor B0indness

5onochro$e, Dichro$atic, ritanopia

No cones or ha"e cones%ut not #or&ing at all. Allshades o grays.

2ed4green color de6ciecone does not #or&ingDeuteranopia is lac& oand Protanopia is lac&

Blue4yello# cde6ciency.


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+earing

Pitch, Volu$e i$%re

ho# high or lo#the sound is.

+o# sot or loudsound is.

2ichness in theco$ple(ity.


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heories o Pitch

Place heory/

he pitch o a person hdepends on #here the

that are sti$ulated arethe organ o )orti.


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8re9uency heory/

Pitch is related to ho# the %asilar $e$%rane

"i%rates.


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Volley Principle/

8or pitches ro$ a%out :;:;;; +3, group o auditory


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!lactory Sense

!r !laction 4 he a%ility to s$ell odors


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Olfactory receptor Cell

4 ha"e a%out a hal do3do3en little -hairs called

Olfactory Bulb

4 areas in the %rain locatedthe rontal lo%es that recei"e ro$ the olactory receptor ce


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ustation

he sensation o taste.aste Buds4 )o$$on na$e orthe taste receptorcells.

Papillae

--%u$p

see on aste %locatedpapillae


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8i"e Basic astes


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So$esthetic Senses

S&in Senses

4 +a"ing to do #ithtouch, pressure,

te$perature, andpain.

@inesthetic Sense

4 +a"ing to do #iththe location o %odyparts in relation toeach other.

Vesti%ula

4 +a"ing $o"e$eparts.


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Sensory 2eceptors in the s&in

Pacinian )orpuscles %eneath the s&in and responses to

Free Nerve Endings %eneath the upper$ost layer o the srespond to changes in te$perature, pressure and pain.


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PAIN

Visceral Pain4 pressure and pain in the organs.

So$atic Pain pain sensations in the s&in,$uscles, tendon, and >oints.


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PAIN

ate4)ontrol heory/

When receptors sensiti"e to painare sti$ulated, a neurotrans$ittercalled su%stance P is released into

the spinal cord, acti"ating otherpain receptors %y opening -gatesin the spinal colu$n and sendingthe $essage to the %rain.


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@inesthetic Senses

Proprioceptors special receptors that tell you a%out $o"e$ent or the $uscles stretching or contracting


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Vesti%ular Senses

Vesti%ular !rgans/

Otolith Organs tiny sacs outhe cochlea. he head $o"es acause the uid to "i%rate, tellinthat heshe is $o"ing or#ard, side#ays, up, or do#n.

Semicircular Canals three circular tu%es that are also 6llethat #ill sti$ulate hairli&e recerotated.


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5otion Sic&ness

he tendency to get nauseated #hen in a $o"in"ehicle, especially one #ith an irregular $o"e$e


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Sensory )onict heory/

An e(planation o $otion sic&ness in#hich the inor$ation ro$ the eyesconicts #ith the inor$ation ro$ the"esti%ular senses, resulting indi33iness, nausea, and other physicaldisco$ort.


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PE2)EPI!N5ethod %y #hich the %rain ta&es all the sensations e(perience at any gi"en $o$ent and allo# the$ tointerpreted in so$e $eaningul ashion.


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Perceptual )onstancy

Si3e, Shape, Brightness

endency to interpret ano%>ect as al#ays %eing thesa$e actual si3e, regardlesso the distance.

Shape o an o%>ect asconstant, e"en #hen changes on the retina

Percei"e an apparent %rigo%>ect as the sa$e e"en #conditions change.


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estalt Principle o Perception

8igure4ground 2elationships

4 tendency to percei"e things or 6gures as e(isting o%ac&ground.


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2e"ersi%le 8igure


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Pro(i$ity or Nearness


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Si$ilarity


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)losure


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)ontinuity


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)o$$on 2egion


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Depth Perception

A%ility to percei"e the #orld in three di$ension.

5onocular )ues

!r pictorial depth

cues are cues orpercei"ing depth%ased on one eyeonly.

Binocular )u

)ues or per

depth %ased%oth eyes.

l )


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5onocular )ues

0inear Perspecti"e

2 l ti Si


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2elati"e Si3e

! l i t iti


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!"erlap or interposition

A i l < t h i = P ti


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Aerial


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e(ture radient

5otion Paralla(


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5otion Paralla(

Acco$$odation


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Acco$$odation

Also called -$uscular cue. As a $onocular cue, the

%rain1s use o inor$ation a%out the changing thic&o the lens o the eye in response to loo&ing at o%>ethat are close or ar a#ay.

Binocular )ues


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Binocular )ues

he rotation o the t#o eyes in their soc&ets to ocus single o%>ect.

+old your 6nger up in ront o your nose, and then $oa#ay and %ac& again.

)on"ergence

Binocular Disparity


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Binocular Disparity

A scienti6c #ay o saying that %ecause the eyes are a

inches apart, they don1t see e(actly the sa$e i$ag


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he +er$ann rid


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he +er$ann rid

he +er$ann rid


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2esponses o neurons in the pri$ary "isual corte( t

respond %est to %ars o light o a speci6c orientatio

he +er$ann rid

5Cller40yer illusion


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5oon Illusion


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5oon Illusion

5otion Illusion


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5otion Illusion


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!ther actors that inuence Perception


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!ther actors that inuence Perception

Perceptual set or perceptual e(pectancy

4 people1s tendency to percei"e things a certain #ay %ectheir pre"ious e(periences or e(pectations inuence the

-#hat you see depends on#hat you e(pect to see.


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Slideshare acti"ity

op4do#n Processing


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p g

he use o pree(isting &no#ledge to organi3e indi"idu

eatures into a uni6ed #hole.

Botto$4up Processing


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p g

he analysis o s$aller eatures and %uilding up to

co$plete perception.


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Any 9uestions?

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Sensation and Perception by Delorso