Sensako Research Report for wheat Produced for the Winter ... · Sensako Research Report for wheat Produced for the Winter Cereals Trust 2012-2013 . 2 Index Page number Breeding reports

1

Sensako Research Report for wheat

Produced for the Winter Cereals Trust

2012-2013

2

Index Page number Breeding reports for: 1. Irrigation Areas 3 2. Rain Fed Summer Rainfall Areas (dry land) 11 3. Rain Fed Western and Southern Cape Areas 19

3

1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTED WHEAT CULTIVARS FOR THE IRRIGATION AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA

1.1 Objective and aims of the Irrigation wheat R & D program:

To develop wheat cultivars adapted to the different growing conditions under which wheat is produced under irrigation in Southern Africa.

Aim Status Reference in report: Irrigation wheat

Raise yield significantly above those of existing varieties.

Achieved/conti-nuous

1.7; 1.8

Improve lodging tolerance under optimum water and fertilizer regimes

Achieved/conti -nuous

1.9

Adding value to the seed with disease resistance. Achieved/conti -nuous

1.10

Meeting the quality standards of the miller and baker. Achieved/conti -nuous

1.4.2; 1.11

- In addition to above-mentioned objectives, resources have also been implemented towards:

- Gaining access to technology and germplasm needed to ensure international

competitiveness – CIMMYT, Argentina, United Kingdom, France and Australia. - Sampling the production environment, using a well-developed site for running

nurseries, and off-site locations for trials. - Employing well trained breeders and technicians, ensuring continuity. - Facilities to protect parental plants and to speed up generation time. - A schematic presentation of the development program is attached (see figure 1). 1.2 The program reports to Stephan de Groot who is acting as breeder for the Irrigation

wheat program. Elaine van Eeden supports the program by running the crossing block and Marizanne Horn runs the Doubled Haploid program in support of the Irrigation wheat programme.

4

FIGURE 2: Schematic presentation of Sensako’s breeding programme.

WHEAT R & D PROGRAMME

Adapted lines from program

Germplasm Pool

Introductions

Australia Europe

North America South America

Middle East Japan

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5 Selection for quality

Doubled haploids

Elite 1

Elite 2

Elite 3

PT yr 1

PT yr 2

PT jr 3

QE

QE BSP

QE BSP

QE BSP QE FSP

QE = Quality evaluation BSP = Breeder seed production FSP = Foundation seed production

Registration

Commercial seed production


Phasing in

5

1.3 The necessary acreage for running all trials and breeding nurseries is rented from commercial farmers. This arrangement has made a significant difference to running expenses for the irrigation program. Trials were run at 15 major off-site locations including Makathini (Tr34), Marble Hall (Tr 35), Koedoeskop (Tr36), Palala (Tr39), Winterton (Tr 37), Orania (Tr47), Lichtenburg (Tr41), Hartsvallei (Tr42), Douglas (Tr45), Prieska (Tr46), and Villiers (Tr40). (Refer to Map1 for location and distribution)

1.4 PRODUCT LINE INCLUDES:-

1.4.1 Commercial cultivars

CULTIVAR RELEASE DATE PRODUCT STAGE

SST 822 1992 Decreasing

SST 876 1997 Limited

SST 806 2000 Limited/Increasing

CRN826 2002 Decreasing

SST 835 2003 Stable

SST 843 2004 Stable

SST 877 2007 Increasing




SST884 2008 Increasing



1.4.2 Pre-commercial cultivars


SST805 2010 Breeder seed




B-BPT09-01 (SST8135) 2013 Single rows



B-BPT08-12 (SST815) 2011 Withdrawn

C-BPT08-13 (SST816) 2011 Withdrawn

6

1.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE IRRIGATION WHEAT TESTING PROGRAM (see Map 1)

Number of trials per specific location (TR coincides with notation on map)

Stage Total Entries Reps TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

TR

Loca-tions

34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 45 46 47

Observation 2 19800 1 1

1

Moving means 1 1500 1 1

1

E2 trials 2 138 3

6

6

PT trials 10 44 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

7

Tr 43

Tr 44 Tr45

TR 37

TR 35

TR 34

TR 36 TR 39

TR 40

TR 41

TR 42

TR 45

TR 46

TR 47

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 26

8

1.6 SYMMETRY OF THE BREEDING PIPELINE FOR LINES ADVANCING TO NEXT CYCLE

2011

2012

F-generation Goal Families Lines

Families Lines

F1 50 500 1710 300 400

F2 100 1650 3000 100 143

F3 50 600 1200 700 2000

F4 500 305 1000 400 1092

F5 200 178 916 150 900

DH 100 210 451 400 631

Total 1000 3443 8277 2050 5166

Deviations from symmetry are mainly caused by a shift to backcross progenies and the application of the Double Haploid technique which tend to inflate observation and Moving means and Elite 2 numbers in trials.

1.7 ANALYSES OF YIELD PERFORMANCE (KG/HA) OF EXPERIMENTAL AND PRE-COMMERCIAL LINES IN PERFORMANCE TESTING (PT) TRIAL

2010 2011 2012

Trial average 8.52 7.94 8.71

5 Best lines 8.76 8.45 8.85

Mean: Comm. Checks 8.56 8.15 8.67

Progress: Percent 2.30 3.50 2.03

From the above table it is evident that there is still an increase in yield improvement although the increment increase is slowing down. This is mainly due to substantial yield increases made during cultivar development during preceding years, especially during the years from 2003-2006.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 26

9

1.8 STATISTICAL PARAMETERS ON THE PT TRIAL ANALYSES ARE SUMMARIZED BELOW:-

Experiment Trial Mean (ton/ha) CV (%)

Marble Hall A-BPT-2012 8.52 7.94

Koedoeskop A-BPT-2012 7.34 7.89

Palala A-BPT-2012 8.20 7.14

Orania A-BPT-2012 9.48 5.46

Winterton A-BPT-2012 8.28 7.26

Lichtenburg A-BPT-2012 9.34 5.10

Prieska A-BPT-2012 9.43 7.07

Hartsvallei A-BPT-2012 10.24 5.67

Douglas A-BPT-2012 10.09 12.08

Villiers A-BPT-2012 6.20 7.82

The high CV value ascertained at Douglas was due to the presence of a high concentration of nematodes in the soil. Other than Douglas no other problems were experienced at the remaining 9 localities.

1.9 CULTIVAR X LOCATION INTERACTION

The 2012 season was for most of the year very favorable for wheat development under all the irrigation regions. The average cooler temperature experienced during flowering and grain filling, helped in achieving the yields experienced. Temperature during grain filling has a big influence on the yield. Because of the cooler temperature during grain filling, the wheat plants were put under no stress to hasten its physiological maturation phase. When comparing 2012 with the 2011 season, there was a substantial change in average yield. This change could be attributed to a number of factors, from climate to diseases conductivity.

1.10 DISEASE RESISTANCE

Resistance breeding for Fusarium head blight (FHB) is progressing exceptionally well and all advanced material derived from the Sumai#3/2*CRN826 and Sumai#3/2*SST876 population is in the process of being tested over a wide array of environments. From the initial 46 lines carrying one or all of the Sumai QTLs, 12 are now in the advanced breeding trial; one step closer to becoming a released cultivar. From this initial population, a line which could be used as a FHB resistance donor, were identified. AFUS11-11 is a line which carries all three QTLs of Sumai and also shows good agronomical characteristics. Although this line’s phenotype is not the regular phenotype the South African wheat industry is use to, it has a lot of potential to be used as recurrent crossing parent in a FHB breeding programme. A Sumai#3/2*CRN826//SST875 DH population also were planted in the field where selections were made on agronomical basis. These selected lines were screened for the Sumai#3 QTLs and 5 were found having both good agronomy and all three

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 26

10

Sumai#3 QTLs. These lines are now in the first phase for yield evaluation and also are incorporated in a MAS breeding scheme. Artificial inoculation of pure and segregating material to stem, leaf and yellow rust had been successfully carried out at Makhathini flats Research Station and Sensako at Napier.

1.11 QUALITY

Of the waxy programme advancements are still slow due to the difficulty of carrying the genes that code for the waxy proteins over to South African wheat lines. The donor parent is badly adapted to South African conditions and no agronomical superior lines could until now be selected. But with the waxy genes being amplified using known primers, MAS could help to facilitate developing superior SA adaptive wheat lines carrying the waxy characteristics. These markers were also found to be well correlated with the rheological waxy characteristics, making these markers even more feasible in use in a MAS breeding scheme.

1.12 SUMMARY OF EXPENSES INCURRED

IB Actual Actual Application

2012/2013 013/2014 2013/2014

1 Laboratory costs (SAGL) 360,000 360,000 360,000

2 Employment costs (permanent) 1,816,421 1,919,716 767,886

3 Employment costs (Temp) 402,110 427,511 171,004

4 Travel and accommodation cost 183,236 237,967 95,187

5 Transport 405,146 491,523 196,609

6 General Research costs 519,050 543,609 217,444

7 Administration & Support 575,723 539,601 215,840

8 Research Station cost 859,248 882,761 353,104

9 Technological Tools/depreciation 448,532 455,390 182,156

10 Trial expenses 507,340 542,586 217,034

TOTAL 6,076,805 6,400,664 2,776,265

(40% of total running costs- excluding 1.) A detailed expense report is available on request.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 26

11

2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTED WHEAT CULTIVARS FOR THE SUMMER RAINFALL DRYLAND AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA

2.1 Objective and aims of the Dry Land Winter wheat R & D program: To develop wheat cultivars adapted to the varying and unpredictable dryland conditions under which wheat is produced in the Free State Province of South Africa.

Aim Status Reference in report:

Raise yield significantly above those of existing varieties.

Partly achieved

2.7

Improve adaptation to dry and warm conditions prior to harvest

Partly achieved

2.7; 2.8

Improve quality and uniformity of quality to meet the specifications set by the millers and bakers; with particular reference to HFN

Achieved 2.4.2; 2.10;

Add value to the grain by improved resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust and aphid resistance, and sprouting resistance

Achieved 2.9

In addition to above-mentioned objectives, resources have also been implemented towards:

- Developing a breeding programme sampling the winter dryland production area, as

well as different off-site stations where trials and nurseries are run. - Gaining access to germplasm to make continuous genetic improvement –

introgression of high yield component material from CIMMYT and ICARDA and other sources.

- Developing a parent development programme based on backcross technology to stack desirable traits.

- Ensuring continuity in terms of breeders and technical support. - Gaining access to facilities and developing technology to speed up development

time, and shorten generation time. - A schematic presentation to illustrate the different actions in the present day winter

wheat breeding R&D programme, and the sequences there-off are attached as per Figure. 2

- Working towards implementing a complete DH breeding system, replacing the conventional segregating population breeding system.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 26

12

FIGURE 2: Schematic presentation of Sensako’s breeding programme.


Adapted lines from program

Germplasm Pool

Introductions

Australia Europe

North America South America

Middle East Japan

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5 Selection for quality

Doubled haploids

Elite 1

Elite 2

Elite 3

PT yr 1

PT yr 2

PT jr 3

QE

QE BSP

QE BSP

QE BSP QE FSP

QE = Quality evaluation BSP = Breeder seed production FSP = Foundation seed production

Registration



Phasing in

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 26

13

2.2 The program is run by Mr. Roean Wessels and Ms. Elaine van Eeden. The program is supported by Dr. Francois Koekemoer as Lead: Wheat R&D. Marizanne Horn runs the Doubled Haploid program in support of the Winter wheat programme.

2.3 The number of locations and trials planted increased in the previous seasons to evaluate GXE more accurately, however due to lower than normal soil water capacity, threatening droughts and decreased commercial productions the number of trials for the 2012 production season was reduced. Apart from the Bethlehem station, trials were run at Bultfontein, Wesselsbron, Kroonstad, Virginia, Clocolan, Reitz and Fouriesburg. (Refer to Map 2 for location and distribution.) These sites allow for combination of sites to analyze trials into macro regions of the Western-, Central- and Eastern Free State.

2.4 Product Lines

2.4.1 Commercial Cultivars


SST 399 2000 Phased out

SST 356 2005 Commercialized







2.4.2 Pre-Commercial Cultivars


SST 398 2009 Basic seed

SST 316 2011 Basis seed

SST 317 2011 Basic seed

SST 3137 2013 Breeder seed


- Newly released cultivars SST 3137 and SST 3138 promise the producer higher yield

potential in especially the Eastern Free State, but is also well adapted for production in all the summer rainfall dryland regions with the benefit of excellent pre-harvest sprouting résistance.

- The longer growth period of these cultivars lends itself to earlier planting dates. Both cultivars present with good milling and baking quality as well as very good yellow and leaf rust resistance combined with resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (biotype 2).

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 26

14

Map 2. Map of central part of South Africa. The different macro winter wheat production regions in the

Free State are highlighted in different colours. The cream colour presents the Western Free State, the green colour presents the Central Free State and the brown colour the Eastern Free State. The locations where trials were planted are depicted as BU-Bultfontein, WE-Wesselsbron, KR-Kroonstad, VI-Virginia, CL-Clocolan, BH-Bethlehem and RE- Reitz.

CL

BH

RE VI

KR

BU

WE WE KR

VI RE

FB

CL

BU

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 26

15

2.5 Description of the conventional winter wheat testing program (See Map 2)

Stage Total

Locations Entries Reps

Number of trials per specific location for 2012 (Location number coincides with notation on

map)

BU RTZ VI CL FB BH

Moving Means

1 75 1 - - - - - 1

Doubled Haploid plots

(advanced) 1 426 1 - - - - - 1

Doubled Haploids (F1)

1 742 1 - - - - - 1

Introductions 1 122 1 - - - - - 1

Elite II 6 28 3 1 1 - 1 1 2

Performance trials

8 25 3 1 1 1 1 1 3

BU-Bultfontein; WE-Wesselsbron; KR-Kroonstad; VI-Virginia; WI-Winburg; EX-Excelsior; CL-Clocolan; PS-Petrus Steyn; RE-Reitz; BH-Bethlehem.

2.6 Symmetry of the Breeding pipeline for lines advancing to the next cycle.

GOAL 2012 2013

LINES FAMILIES LINES FAMILIES LINES

DH 1000 33 742 29 1495

DH Advanced 500 19 426 12 352

F1 200 - - - -

F2 1200 302 1916 - -

F3 3000 247 1518 656 1483

F4 1500 187 836 128 1562

F5 500 40 112 170 1030

F6 200 94 2446 24 104

Total 8100 922 7296 1019 6026

- With the implementation of the doubled haploid (DH) breeding programme in the

current and previous season, a degree of distortion in the symmetry of the programme can be observed.

- From 2009-2010 the segregating population was increased significantly following a strategy to increase the diversity of the programme and decreasing the chance of a line escaping the breeder’s eye for selection.

- With the incorporation of DH lines, no F1 families have been included. The inclusion of the dh-lines aim to speed up the successful release of improved cultivars by reducing time spend on segregating populations.

- The years of 2011 and 2012 provided for challenging seasons, allowing stringent selection for drought and stress tolerance.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 26

16

- Overall strict selection ensured for a decrease in the families of the segregating material and only lines with outstanding agronomical traits were selected to continue in successive populations.

2.7 Analysis of yield performance (Average of all trials)

EASTERN FS

WESTERN FS

Free State

WPT* 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012

Trial mean 1.67 2.81 1.32 3.86 1.6 2.99

Av. First year Lines 1.74 2.78 1.39 3.76 1.6 2.82

11 Commercial checks 1.72 2.60 1.36 3.94 1.56 2.95

Progress (percent) 1.2 6.92 2.2 -4.57 2.56 4.6

Selection pressure for quality and agronomic traits in the previous seasons and in early generations were beneficial to the performance trials and can be seen in the yield increase for the Eastern Free State region and Free State overall. The 2012 season was a very challenging year for the production of winter wheat, however the localities that allowed for trials to be planted resulted in very good trials with averages coinciding with long term average trial means. Overall progress for the whole dryland region can be seen in how the top breeding lines outperformed the commercial cultivars. The recent release of higher yielding cultivars that served as commercial checks in trials accompanied by the large environmental effect contributed to the poor progress in yield increase in the Western Free state. SST 387 as commercial check with an average yield of above 5tons per hectare made it very difficult for first year lines to out perform the commercial checks. Stringent selection for quality within the PT lines resulted in a loss of higher yielding lines which will be evaluated in a high yield trial.

2.8 Trial Accuracy

Locality Trial mean CV - 2011 CV - 2012

Bultfontein 3.86 3.65 % 7.02 %

Wesselsbron Not planted - drought - 8.24 %

Kroonstad Not planted - drought - 3.29 %

Virginia Not harvested -drought - 6.04 %

Clocolan 1.69 6.22 % 8.09 %

Fouriesburg 3.64 3.44 %

Reitz 3.37 4.01 % 5.25 %

BHM-1 2.18 5.83 % 15.03 %

BHM-2 3.18 3.46 % 5.07 %

For the 2012 season, technical management of trials was very good with the coefficients of variation (CV) varying from site to site. Most of the variation measured within trials could be attributed due to differences between cultivars tested and a couple of environmental problems. The higher CV obtained at Clocolan is explained by bird damage and drought. In the months preceding planting good rainfall figures were recorded for all dryland wheat producing regions. No follow up rains resulted in poor secondary root development

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 17 of 26

17

especially in the Central Free State region resulting in the Virginia trial not being harvested. Bird damage also accompanied the drought. No rain occurred during spring and plants were growing only on depleted soil moisture. The overall below average rainfall is reflected in yields lower than the long-term average.

Better performing trials were located either on water table soils or received rain at the critical stages of plant development. This was the case with the Bethlehem and Reitz localities. The good performance of these trials can also be attributed to above average rainfall earlier in the season that restored the soil water reservoir. The Kroonstad trial was not planted due to drought

Selections were made on yield performance and agronomical and quality characteristics. The performance trials (PT’s) of 2013 contain 6 second year lines selected from the 9 first year lines from the 2012 season. From the 10 second year lines in 2012, 1 was selected to go on as a third year line in 2013.

In the previous season of 2012 Sensako’s cultivars performed very well in the Cultivar National trials. The newly released SST 316 and SST 317 ranked in first place together with other cultivars in the Eastern and Wester production regions respectively. The cultivar SST 387 performed exceptionally well, dominating in most of the production regions and ultimately reaching a yield in excess of 5 tons per hectare. In the Western Free State SST 317 with its excellent quality and disease resistance outperformed SST 387, making it Sensako’s flag ship cultivar.

In the Central Free State SST 347 out performed all other cultivars for both the early and late plantings. The good Russian wheat aphid résistance of SST 398 combined with its high yield makes it a cultivar worth noting in the Central Free State.

All Sensako’s cultivars including newly released cultivars are performing exceptionally well and will be a huge asset for the farmer.

2.9 Disease Resistance - Only cultivars with effective resistance are released from Sensako’s breeding

programme. - Newly released cultivar SST 387 is highly resistant to yellow rust and moderately

resistant to stem rust with good resistance against the Russian wheat aphid. - SST 347 is moderate susceptible to the prevalent yellow rust pathotypes and

moderate susceptible to stem rust and resistant to leaf rust and also resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. SST 356 has resistance for both 6E16 and 6E22 pathotypes of stripe rust and is also resistant to stem rust and leaf rust as well as for Russian wheat aphid.

- Backcross progenies have been created to include more than one resistance gene for aphid resistance in a family background for selection. At present all lines from F4 and F5 populations and onwards are resistant to Duraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) and are currently being screened for resistance to the new bio-type.

- As mentioned earlier SST 316 and SST 317 as well as newly released cultivars SST 3137 and SST 3138 are resistant to RWA SA2

- Resistance genes to stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust have been introduced from several sources to strengthen and broaden the resistance level of genotypes in the program. Early selection in segregating material at on –site and off-site nurseries for

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 18 of 26

18

rust résistance ensures that only resistant material will proceed to be released as cultivars

Germplasm for resistance breeding are constantly been identified in SENSAKO owned germplasm, public germplasm and international nurseries.

2.10 Quality Selection for quality receives highest priority in the breeding program. Parent stocks with excellent milling and baking characteristics have been developed from donors meeting the specifications of world quality acceptance All lines that underwent testing were advanced through a milling test on the Quadromat mill for early generation material. All selected lines were analyzed with regard to protein, falling number, hardness, extraction and mixograph. In addition to former-mentioned:- - Progeny from crosses made to improve quality characteristics in Free State Winter

wheat have been progressed to the Doubled Haploid programme to speed up the development phases.

- Protein, flour extract, flour colour, mixograph and falling number analyses were done on 1954 samples.

Complete milling and baking tests were done by SAGL on 4 lines, with future analysis to be carried out on 6 first year lines for 2013.

2.11 Summary of Expenses Incurred

WB Actual Actual Application

2012/2013 2013/2014 2013/2014

1 Quality testing 230,000 230,000 230,000




5 Transport 378,345 477,103 190,841





10 Trial expenses 122,034 296,446 118,579

o Total 5,096,156 5,476,676 2,328,671

Application - (40% of total running costs- excluding 1.) A detailed expense report is available on request.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 19 of 26

19

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTED WHEAT CULTIVARS FOR THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CAPE DRYLAND PRODUCTION AREAS 3.1 Objective and aims of the Cape Spring Wheat R & D program:

To develop wheat cultivars adapted to the Mediterranean growing conditions of the Western and Southern Cape.

In addition to above-mentioned objectives, resources have also been implemented towards:

- Gaining access to technology and germplasm ensuring international

competitiveness– CIMMYT, ICARDA. - Sampling the production environment with research farms in the production area,

that is at Malmesbury in the Swartland and Napier in the Rûens. The evaluation, and nurseries program is also supported by several off-site locations.

- Developing a parent development programme based on backcross technology to stack desirable traits.

- Ensuring continuity and employing well trained breeders and technicians. - A double haploid breeding facility to speed up generation time. - A schematic presentation of the development programme is attached (see figure 3)

Aim Status Reference in report:

Spring wheat

Raise yield at a constant and significant rate to that above existing varieties.

Achieved 3.6

Improve adaptation and stability of performance

Achieved 3.8

Adding value to the seed with disease resistance, at a level to resist the development of epidemic disease occurrences, with specific emphases on stem rust resistance

Achieved; and on-going

3.9

Meeting the quality standards of the miller and baker.

Achieved 3.3.2; 3.10

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 20 of 26

20

Figure 3


__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 21 of 26

21

The programme is managed by Mr. Driecus Lesch. The program ties with the SENSAKO Wheat R&D team and is supported by the pathology, trait integration and quality teams stationed at Bethlehem and the US as well as Cengen. Marizanne Horn runs the Doubled Haploid and MAS program in support of the Spring wheat programme.

3.2 All research activities are operated from Napier R&D farm, with all support facilities located at this site. Selection for the Western Cape (Swartland) is done on land rented on the farm Welbedacht just outside Moorreesburg. Nurseries were also run off-site at the Riversdal, Napier, Roodebloem, Klipheuwel and Moorreesburg sites, with disease nurseries at Makatini-flats. Trials were run at 12 off-site localities (see map 3 for location of localities).

3.3 Product lines include:

3.3.1 Commercial Cultivars







SST 88 1998 Stable


SST 015 2001 Stable

SST 027 2002 Stable

SST 047 2005 Stable

SST 056 2005 Phased in

SST 087 2008 Phasing in

3.3.2 Pre Commercial Cultivars


SST 035 2004 Terminated

SST 026 2005 Terminated

SST 064 2006 Terminated – Yield drag

SST 067 2006 Terminated – Disease

SST 077 2007 Terminated – Yield drag

SST 087 2008 Foudation seed


SST 008 2010 Terminated Replaced by SST 017




KPT11-21 Provisional release Breeder seed

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 22 of 26

22

3.4 Description of the Cape Wheat testing Program (See map 3)

Stage Total Loc.

Entries Reps

Number of trials per specific location ( Localities coincides with notation on map - Rûens)

R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 R 6 R 7

Observation 3 1372 1 1 1

1

PT 5 25 3 1 2

1 1

1

Elite 3 25 3 3 14

3

Cultivar Demo's

9 9 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

Stage Total Loc.

Entries Reps

Number of trials per specific location ( Localities coincides with notation on map -

Swartland)

S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8

Observation 3 635 1 1 1 1

PT 5 25 3 1 1 1 1 1

Elite 3 25 3 3 14 3

Cultivar Demo's

9 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 23 of 26

23

R 2

R 1

R 4

R 3

R 5 R 6

R 7

S 2

S 1

S 5

S 7

S 6

S 3

MAP 3

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 26

24

3.5 Symmetry of the breeding pipeline for lines advancing to the next cycle+

F-GENERATION INBRED SELECTIONS / LINES

GOAL 2009 2010 2011 2012

F1 500 1433 2477 643 466

F2 2500 2627 4443 3120 3225

F3 8500 6708 5838 9533 6816

F4 4500 2205 3173 4065 4207

F5 2250 849 1145 1488 2184

F6 750 574 682 825 1032

DH 1000 763 1030 739 843

TOTAL 20000 15159 18746 20413 18773

Introductions 855 1924 907 839

Field phenotyping from 2004 has allowed for strict screening ensuring that we now advance with more resistant material also for recurrent selection and recombination, this trend has followed through to the 2009 numbers. From 2010 number of selected lines increased. 3.6 Detailed analysis of yield performance of experimental and pre-commercial lines

3.7 Trial Accuracy

Locality Trial mean CV

Porterville 5.45 4.91

Piketberg 4.56 6.29

Moorreesburg 4.84 4.87

Malmesbury 4.17 6.65

Klipheuwel 6.55 7.09

Roodebloem 5.00 8.15

Napier 4.92 4.33

Swellendam 4.48 7.95

Riversdal 5.99 5.59

Albertinia 5.59 5.86

The level of the Coefficient of Variance for all trials was very good and al trials were within our goal of less than 15 percent. The lowest CV for the combined analyses for

Swartland Rûens

2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012

Trial average 4.07 4.46 4.08 5.11 2.98 3.39 5.52 5.20

5 Best lines 4.43 4.56 4.32 5.41 3.27 3.46 5.85 5.49

New Elite lines 4.18 4.81 4.30 5.34 3.10 3.60 5.91 5.42

Mean: Comm. Checks 4.01 4.25 4.13 5.01 2.84 3.33 5.51 5.19

Progress (%) 10.5 7.3 4.6 8.1 15.1 3.9 6.2 5.8

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 26

25

all trials were 4.33 % at a yield level of 4.92 ton/ha and R-squared = 0.95 and the highest CV for all the trials were 8.15 % with a yield of 5.00ton/ha.

3.8 Cultivar x Location interaction Significant progress has been made with selection for more consistent yields and better adaptation to different environmental conditions in the Mediterranean as seen in the number of final and provisional releases the last three years. Adaptation and consistency statistics confirmed the trends of the previous seasons. Large differences for consistency of performance were measured. The interaction for components for all localities was significant, indicating substantial interaction. The new cultivars SST056, SST 087 were the best performers in the Swartland. These cultivars performed significantly better than other cultivars included in the trials. In the Southern Cape SST 015 and the new cultivars SST087, SST 056 were the best performers. These cultivars statistically outperformed all other cultivars in the trails Varieties with medium to medium-short growth period proved to be high and stable yielding cultivars that made a contribution to the profit margins of the producers. In 2012 the Swartland area had a good season. The Southern Cape also had a good season with rain towards the end of the season.

3.9 Disease Resistance Disease resistance breeding for the foliar diseases receive high priority, and constant improvement has been achieved through the past twenty years – by adding new major genes, and accumulating minor genes. The broadening of the resistance blocks has been a long term strategy for SENSAKO. It is still difficult to select resistance for all the diseases into one genotype, but new lines in the pipeline have resistance against leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, Septoria and eyespot. The lines SST 017, SST 0127 and SST 0137 again scored MR to stem and leaf rust and R / MR to stripe rust. Resistances to above-mentioned diseases add value to the seed of new cultivars, and contribute significantly to reduce input costs for wheat production in the area. Herewith follows a summary of the levels of disease resistance for the latest Cape Spring wheat varieties:

Cultivar Stem Rust Leaf Rust Stripe Rust

SST 88 S S MR

SST 015 S MS R

SST 027 MS MS R

SST 047 R R R

SST 056 MS MR MR

SST 087 S R R

SST 096 MR MR MR

SST 017 MR MR R

SST 0127 MR MR R

SST 0137 MR MR MR

R = Resistant MR = Medium resistant MS = Medium susceptible S = Susceptible

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 26 of 26

26

3.10 Quality

Selection for quality receives highest priority in the breeding program. Parent stocks with excellent milling and baking characteristics have been developed from donors meeting the specifications of world quality acceptance. All lines in test were advanced through a milling test on the Quadromat mill and smaller mills (Cemotec and Cyclotec) for early generation material. All selected lines were analyzed with regard to protein, falling number, hardness, extraction and mixograph. Advancements in this regard can be seen in the quality of the new provisional releases (Table 3.3.2 and attached quality data) in relation to Kariega.

3.11 Summary of expenses incurred

WB Actual Actual Application

2012/2013 2013/2014 2013/2014

1 Quality testing 230,000 230,000 230,000




5 Transport 378,345 477,103 190,841





10 Trial expenses 122,034 296,446 118,579

Total

5,096,156

5,476,676

2,328,671

Application - (40% of total running costs- excluding 1.) A detailed expense report is available on request

Documents

Sensako Research Report for wheat Produced for the Winter ... · Sensako Research Report for wheat Produced for the Winter Cereals Trust 2012-2013 . 2 Index Page number Breeding reports