Seminar Report(3481)

7/31/2019 Seminar Report(3481)

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Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology 2010-11 Page 2

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following student of T.E. Computer, Vishwakarma Institute

of Information Technology, Pune

RAJA .R. JAINOSWAL

has successfully completed the Seminar and Technical Communication Report on

APPLICATIONS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING

in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of T.E. in Computer

Engineering in 2010-11 as prescribed by the University of Pune.

Guide Head of Department

Prof. A.V. Dhumane Prof. R. S. Prasad.

Principal

Dr. A. S. Tavildar.


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Department of Computer Engineering

Seminar Approval Sheet For T.E. Students

ROLL NO STUDENTS

3481 RAJA JAINOSWAL

Sr.

No.

Date Details Date Remarks By

Guide

Signature

of Guide

1 Initial Discussion of

Topic with Guide.

17/2/2011

2 Discussion of Zero

Draft.

Contents

AppropriateFormat

Presentation

18/2/2011

3 Final Approval of

Seminar Report by

Guide.

4/3/2011

4 Any other Comments


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ABSTRACT

Pervasive computing is a post-desktop model of human-computer interaction in

which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everyday objects

and activities. As opposed to the desktop paradigm, in which a single user consciously

engages a single device for a specialized purpose, someone "using" pervasive

computing engages many computational devices and systems simultaneously, in the

course of ordinary activities, and may not necessarily even be aware that they are

doing so, (orin other words it means availability and invisibility).

Pervasive computing environments involve the interaction, coordination, and

cooperation of numerous, casually accessible, and often invisible computing devices.

These devices will connect via wired and wireless links to one another as well as to the

global networking infrastructure to provide more relevant information and integrated

services.

At their core, all models of pervasive computing share a vision of small,

inexpensive, robust networked processing devices, distributed at all scales

throughout everyday life and generally turned to distinctly quotidian ends.

For example, a domestic pervasive computing environment might

interconnect lighting and environmental controls with personal biometric

monitors woven into clothing so that illumination and heating conditions in

a room might be modulated, continuously and imperceptibly. Another

common scenario posits refrigerators "aware" of their suitably-tagged

contents, able to both plan a variety of menus from the food actually onhand, and warn users of stale or spoiled food.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................6

2. WHAT IS PERVASIVE COMPUTING.................................................7

3. PERSPECTIVE OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING...............................9

3.1 User view.......................................................................................9

3.2 Technological view........................................................................9

4. APPLICATIONS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING............................10

4.1 Antilocking brake system..............................................................10

4.2Air Bag...........................................................................................11

4.3Comfortableness and Convinience.134.4Advanced Diagnostics System...13

4.5Advanced Parking System..13

4.6 Health care..14

4.7 Domicilary care...................................15

4.8 Environmental mornitoring.............................................................16

4.9Intelligent Transport System............................................................16

4.10Safety and Security........................................................................17

4.11 Technological measures.................................................................17

4.12 Environment...................................................................................18

4.13 Perfect Example of Smart home....................................................19

5. ADVANTAGES OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING.................................20

6. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................22

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1 - AIR BAG................................................................................................10

Fig 2 DOMICILARY CARE..........................................................................14

Fig 3 PERFECT EXAMPLE OF SMART HOME .........................................18


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1. INTRODUCTION

Pervasive computing environments involve the interaction, coordination,

and cooperation of numerous, casually accessible, and often invisible computing

devices. These devices will connect via wired and wireless links to one another as

well as to the global networking infrastructure to provide more relevant information

and integrated services. Existing approaches to building distributed applications,

including client/server computing, are ill suited to meet this challenge. They are

targeted at smaller and less dynamic computing environments and lack sufficient

facilities to manage changes in the network configurations. Networked computing

devices will proliferate in the users landscape, being embedded in objects ranging

from home appliances to clothing. Applications will have greater awareness of

context, and thus will be able to provide more intelligent services that reduce the

burden on users to direct and interact with applications. Many applications will

resemble agents that carry out tasks on behalf of users by exploiting the rich sets of

services available within computing environments.

Mobile computing and communication is one of the major parts of the pervasive

computing system. Here data and computing resources are

shared among the various devices. The coordination between these devices is

maintained through communication, which may be wired or wireless. With the advent

of Bluetooth and Ad hoc networking technologies the wireless communication has

overtaken the wired counter part.


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2. WHAT IS PERVASIVE COMPUTING?

Remote communicationprotocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args . . .

Fault toleranceACID, two-phase commit, nested transactions . .

High Availability Distributed systems Mobile computing Pervasive computingreplication, rollback recovery, . . .

Remote information accessdist. file systems, dist. databases, caching, . . .

Distributed securityencryption, mutual authentication.

Mobile networkingMobile IP, ad hoc networks, wireless TCP fixes, . . .

Mobile information accessdisconnected operation, weak consistency, . . .

Adaptive applicationsproxies, transcoding, agility, . . .

Energy-aware systemsgoal-directed adaptation, disk spin-down, . . .

Location sensitivityGPS, WaveLan triangulation, context-awareness, . .

Smart spaces

Invisibility

Localized scalability

Uneven conditioning

Pervasive computing is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous (another name for

the movement is ubiquitous computing), connected computing devices in the

environment, a trend being brought about by a convergence of advanced electronic -

and particularly, wireless technologies and the Internet. Pervasive computing devices

are not personal computers as we tend to think of them, but very tiny - even invisible -

devices, either mobile or embedded in almost any type of object imaginable, including

cars, tools, appliances, clothing and various consumer goods - all communicating

through increasingly interconnected networks. According to Dan Russell, director of

the User Sciences and Experience Group at IBM's Almaden Research Center, by 2010

computing will have become so naturalized within the environment that people will


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not even realize that they are using computers. Russell and other researchers expect

that in the futuresmartdevices all around us will maintain current information about

their locations, the contexts in which they are being used, and relevant data about the

users.

Imagine a world filled with all sorts of electronic devices traditional desktop

computers, wireless laptops, small PDAS, smart cell phones, tiny wristwatch pagers,

clever little coffee pots. Imagine all these devices talking easily to one another to bring

you the news you need when you need it, regardless of where you are. You have just

imagined the future of Pervasive Computing .


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4.Applications for pervasive computing

Pervasive computing could have a range of applications, many of which may not

yet have been identified. Applications in healthcare, home care, transport andenvironmental monitoring are among the most frequently cited, as discussed below.

Research is taking place in industry and academia, often collaboratively, and some

government activities are underway

4.1 ANTILOCKING BRAKE SYSTEM

Stopping a car in a hurry on a slippery road can be very challenging. Anti-lock braking

systems (ABS) take a lot of the challenge out of this sometimes nerve-wracking event.

In fact, on slippery surfaces, even professional drivers can't stop as quickly without

ABS as an average driver can with ABS.

There are four main components to an ABS system:

Speed sensors

Pump

Valves

Controller

1.Speed Sensors

The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to

lock up. The speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the

differential, provide this information.

2.Valves

There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some

systems, the valve has three positions:

In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right

through to the brake.


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In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder.

This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal

harder.

In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.

3.Pump

Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to

put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure

in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up.

4.Controller

The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the

valves.

4.2 AIR BAG

Fig 1

THREE PARTS:

BAG

SENSOR

INFLATION SYSTEM


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When a car is speeding along at 50 Km per hour it has a tendency ('Inertia') to keep

moving at the same speed and in the same direction unless some force acts on it. The

car accelerates its occupants to its own speed so that they seem to be moving as asingle unit. The inertia of the occupants is, however, independent of the inertia of the

car. If the car were to crash into a tree, the force of the tree would bring the car to an

abrupt halt. The speed of the occupants, however, would remain the same because of

their independent inertia and they would bang into the steering wheel, the dashboard

or the windshield. The force exerted by the steering wheel or the windshield would

then bring the occupants to a stop but may in the process cause injury to vulnerable

body parts such as the head and the face. Car manufacturers use 2 different restraint

systems to help stop the occupants while doing as little damage to him or her as

possible. The oldest and till now the most trusted device for restraining the passengers

has been the seatbelt that spreads this stopping force across sturdier parts of the body

over a longer period of time to minimize damage. The air bag is the second and a more

recently developed system that is used to supplement the slowing down by the seat

belt by deploying a rapidly inflating cushion in the space between the passenger and

the steering wheel or dash board to prevent crash injuries. The Air Bag typically

consists of the following 3 parts:

The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering

wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door.

The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. Inflation happens when there is

a collision force equal to running into a brick wall at 10 to 15 miles per hour (16 to 24

km per hour). Sensors detect the crash using a mechanical switch that closes when a

mass shifts and an electrical contact is made. Electronic sensors use a tiny

accelerometer that has been etched on a silicon chip.

The air bag's inflation system uses the rapid pulse of hot nitrogen gas from the

chemical reaction of sodium azide (nan3) and potassium nitrate (kno3) to inflate the

bag.


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4.3 COMFORTABLENESS AND CONVINIENCE

1. To make people feel better when they are driving.

2. Navigational system which can provide the real time location information of the car.3. Digital music opens a new door to the car entertainment

4.4 ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM

Samples the system from different parts of the whole car. When abnormal signals are

detected , the diagnostic computer will notify the driver and stores the status.

4.5 ADVANCED PARKING SYSTEMS(APS)

Advanced Parking Systems obtain information about available parking spaces,

process it and then present it to drivers by means of variable message signs (VMS).

APS is used in two ways: to guide drivers in congested areas to the nearest parking

facility with empty parking spaces and to guide drivers within parking facilities to

empty spaces. Although the former function is more common, guidance systems

within parking lots are becoming more common. This growing number of guidance

systems addresses drivers' need for more information about the position and number of

the spaces that are actually available within a parking structure. These systems reduce

time and fuel otherwise wasted while searching for empty spaces and helps the car

park operate more efficiently.

The need for APS is most prominent in highly dense areas, where the search for

parking facilities congests and interrupts traffic flows. While European cities haveshown the most interest in APS, having implemented it since the late 1970s,

American cities have only begun testing APS in the past decade. See our

Telecommunications Diagram on Parking Management for more information.

Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems, or Car Park Guidance Systems

systems are based primarily on the use of message signs to give drivers information

regarding parking availability. The systems combine traffic monitoring,


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communication, processing and variable-message sign technologies to provide the

service. PGI systems are designed to aid the in the search for vacant parking spaces by

directing drivers to car parks where occupancy levels are low.

The availability of parking spaces in each facility is obtained from sensors that

count the number of cars entering and exiting or, in other cases, by comparing the

tickets issued at machines or cash registers to the capacity of the facility. This

information is sent to a central or main computer that processes it, determining the

locations of available parking. Availability is generally expressed in terms of "full" or

"empty," but in some cases the actual number of spaces is given.

A problem with showing actual numbers is that when the number is small, drivers

tend not to enter because they think that all of the spaces will be taken by cars already

in the facility. This would not actually happen because the availability takes into

account cars that have already entered the facility. The systems include VMS that

show parking availability and nearest parking facilities. In some cases static signs

guide drivers to the facilities. Other means of providing availability information are

via roadside radio terminals, where small static VMS show the frequency at which it is

being broadcast; by phone, where automated answering machines can give information

on congestion and parking availability; via the Internet, where one of the main services

is to provide information and parking reservations; and via in-vehicle navigation

systems.

4.6 HEALTHCARE:

Pervasive computing offers opportunities for future healthcare provision in the UK,

both for treating and managing disease, and for patient administration. For instance,

remote sensors and monitoring technology might allow the continuous capture and

analysis of patients physiological data. Medical staff could be

immediately alerted to any detected irregularities. Data collection on this scale could

also provide for more accurate pattern/trend analysis of long-term conditions such as

heart disease, diabetes and epilepsy. Wearable sensors may offer greater patient

mobility and freedom within hospitals and save both time and money by


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reducing the need for repeated and intrusive testing.Hospital administration could also

be transformed. Patients might be tagged with wristbands containing digital

photographs and medical notes. These wristbands would allow patients to be traced

more effectively through hospital administration systems, reducing the

risk of misidentification and treatment errors.

4.7 DOMICILARY CARE:

Fig 2

Over the next 20 years there will be a rise in the proportion of people over 65 years

old in most developed countries. In the UK the over-65s will increase from 20%

to 40% of the total population by 2025. These people may increasingly require care

from a diminishing working population. PCS may help address the consequences of

this imbalance. Improved methods for monitoring health and wellbeing could allow

people to live longer in their own homes. Sensors embedded in items of clothing, for

example, might allow constant monitoring of heart rates, body-mass index, blood

pressure and other physiological variables. Further sensors embedded throughout the


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effective targeted marketing. However, because data mining activities can detect

unknown relationships in data, some argue that there is the potential to violate

existing legislation. There is debate over how privacy can be protected while still

realising the benefits of pervasive computing, and whether new legislation will be

required.

4.10 SAFETY AND SECURITY:

Pervasive computing also gives rise to debate over safety. Integrated transport

systems could involve road vehicles having actuating devices that intervene in the

driving process, possibly responding to hazards more quickly than humans. For

example the new Mercedes S-Class features an active braking system that can detect

rapidly slowing vehicles in front, activating the brakes without driver intervention.

While this may help avoid accidents, there are also potential risks, for example if the

security of the vehicle's controlling software is breached. Similar concerns exist over

prospective PCS applications in domiciliary care. Breaches of security could expose

vulnerable individuals to malicious acts within their own homes for example the

withholding or over-prescribing of medications.

4.11 TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES:

It is argued that privacy, safety and security can be better protected if appropriate

procedures and protocols are integrated into PCS at the design level rather than

implemented retrospectively. Three measures are frequently cited as vital in

establishing robust security measures:

the volume of transmitted data should be kept to a minimum;

data that require transmission should be encrypted and sent anonymously (without

reference to the owner);

security should be treated as an ongoing and integral element of PCS.


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These principles are accepted by many centres of PCS research and development.

However, consumer groups such as the NCC say that developers need to give more

consideration to privacy issues. The NNC argues that in the case of RFID,

privacy issues were considered only late in development and have still not been fully

addressed.

4.12 ENVIRONMENT:

While the consumption of natural resources might be reduced through the

miniaturisation of PCS devices, any gains are likely to be offset by technological

proliferation. This may be compounded by problems of treating microelectronic waste

embedded in other objects and has implications for recycling because of the possibility

of such waste contaminating recycling channels. While some of these issues are likely

to be covered by the transposition into UK law of the EC Directive on Waste

Electrical and Electronic Equipment, further action (including further regulation) may

be required

4.13 A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF A SMART HOME


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(Fig 3)

The Bill Gates home is a perfect example of a home where ground breaking

technologies have been applied to make the home more livable. It could serve as an

epitome of the application of pervasive

computing. A hundred microcomputers and the software that controls them have been

embedded inthe home and it makes you experience the home without paying any

attention to the technology at its

heart.

It provides an intelligent environment around with features like :

1. It allows you to listen to your choice of music when you enter the room.

2. The lights goes on when you enter the room , its brightness adjusted to suit the

weather outside.

3.High resolution displays present electronic versions of your favourite art on the walls

of the room.

4. The room by itself adjusts to the temperature according to the time of the day.

5. The home is also equipped with energy saving instruments.


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ADVANTAGES

1) INVISIBLE:

"Smart" environments will be embedded with computing technologies that will be

mostly out-of-sight. Architecture will gain many more capabilities - with less visual

clutter.

2) SOCIALIZATION:

Interactions with architecture will be more social in nature. "Smart" buildings will

illicit a more social response from occupants as computers user interfaces embed

themselves within architecture. (1)

3) DECISION-MAKING:

"Smart" environments will help occupants to make better choices as they go about

their everyday lives. At key moments within architectural experiences, a good

architectural design will make "smart" environments helpful. Such architecture will be

more proactive than passive.

4) EMERGENT BEHAVIOR:

Buildings are now becoming more and more kinetic in form and function. Their

movements and constructed designs come together dynamically to yield behaviors that

make them more adaptive. Buildings will learn how to learn - in order to run

efficiently and aesthetically.

5) INFORMATION PROCESSING:

Since architecture will be gaining a type of "nervous system", information processing

will be gaining a whole new meaning. Architecture will go from crunching data to

making sense of data; therefore, eliminating our need to constantly input adjustments.

6) ENHANCING EXPERIENCE:

As computers ubiquitously embed themselves in our environments, sensors and

actuators will create "smart" environments where architectural space will be goal-


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oriented. Therefore, more occupant needs will be better met.

7) CONVERGENCE:

Much of our environment will be supplemented with interconnected digital

technologies. Such interconnectivity will allow for a new type of "sharing" that will

serve to eliminate many mundane tasks. Also, fewer errors will occur as systems pull

data from shared digital locations (instead of having numerous copies to keep up-to-

date).


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CONCLUSION:

There is a wide range of potential benefits for government, service providers and

consumers as computing technologies become more pervasive.

There is debate over how to address concerns over privacy, security, safety and

sustainability while still realising the benefits of pervasive computing.

Such concerns may need to be addressed by means of voluntary guidelines,

legislative measures, physical design, or a combination of these.

Many say there is a need for greater public debate on the implications of pervasive

computing.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Apart from my efforts, the success of the seminar presentation depends largely on

the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express

my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of

this seminar presentation.

I would like to show my appreciation to my seminar guide Prof. A.V.DHUMANE,

our Head of Department Prof. Mr. R. S. Prasad and our Principal Dr. A. S. Tavildar

whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled

me to develop an understanding of the topic. I cant say thank you enough for their

tremendous support and help. I am very grateful for all their support.


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Vi h k I i f I f i T h l 2010 11 P 24

REFERENCES

http://www.research.ibm.com/PIMA/Documents/Mobicom2000.pdf

Wikipedia -Mark Weiser, Ubiquitous Computing, HCI, AI

Video-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngKSirE7zJA
http://www.research.ibm.com/PIMA/Documents/Mobicom2000.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngKSirE7zJAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngKSirE7zJAhttp://www.research.ibm.com/PIMA/Documents/Mobicom2000.pdf