SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS

SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS

ISoSUD 2011

THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Hotel Bidakara Jakarta, Indonesia 21 July 2011

THEME Green Urban Development and Poverty Eradication:

Plans, Strategies and Practices

Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology Trisakti University

http://www.trisakti.ac.id/faltl

PROCEEDING THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (ISoSUD 2011) Green Urban Development and Poverty Eradication : Plans, Strategies And Practices Jakarta, 21 July 2011 ISBN : 978-979-99119-6-4 FALTL PRESS TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY

Jl. Kyai Tapa No. 1, Jakarta 11440

INDONESIA

Phone : 62-21-5663232 Ext 8765

Fax : 62-21-5602575

Website : www.trisakti.ac.id

1st Edision 2013 Copyright © 2013 FALTL Trisakti University all right reserved. Except as permitted under the Indonesian Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reported or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 i

PREFACE Urban development is aimed to improve the quality of life of human being – environmentally, culturally, economically, and socially sustainable. However, the anthropocentric ways on urban areas also cause crucial problems to the environment. These immerge in local and regional levels such as quality degradation of natural resources (water, land, and air); flood and water scarcity; unhealthy condition and poverty; lack of proper facilities of water, sanitation, and waste disposal; decrease of green open space; problems in land-use, and land-use change. On the above conditions is the global climate change that causes imbalance of ecosystem and vulnerability of urban. ISoSUD 2011 is the 2nd International Seminar following the success of the 1st ISoSUD 2008 which held by Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Trisakti University in Jakarta. The meetings provide a unique forum for the presentation and discussion of recent work on different aspects of sustainable urban development. The aim of the conference is to encourage and facilitate interdisciplinary communication between scientists, engineers, economists, professionals, and decision makers working in sustainable urban development. Emphasis will be given to those areas that will most benefit from the application of scientific methods for sustainable urban development, including the best practices around the world. Hopefully, by assessing progress and implementation gaps in sustainable urban development, a renewed political commitment for sustainable development would be secured and prepared for new and emerging challenges in our environment. The topics of the Seminar are: 1. Ecological Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation: flood risk management; recovery of damaged

areas; risk mitigation; learning from disasters; service sustainability. 2. Urban Adaptation on Global Climate Change: greenhouse gases issues; low carbon cities; urban

infrastructure preparedness of climate change impacts; implementation of strategies. 3. Urban Environmental Management: environmental modeling; environmental regulation and

policy; cleaner production; waste minimize and management; water recovery and management; water safety and sustainability plans, forest land and water conservation; ecological landscape planning; legal landscapes; landscape heritage protection and management; green urban infrastructure; land use planning; transportation planning and management; urban green, open space planning and design; eco-tourism; eco-city concepts; carrying capacity urban size; environmental indicators of sustainability; urban green business, coastal management.

4. Environmental Technology: energy efficiency; renewable energy technologies (bioenergy); energy management and policies; pollution control technologies (waste and waste water treatment and technology, air pollution control); eco-drain; indigenous technology.

5. Poverty Eradication: strategy to reduce urban poverty; housing and settlement; urban governance; indigenous wisdom; urban community empowerment.

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 ii

WELCOME ADDRESS Dear all participants, First of all, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all participants to the Second International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development or ISOSUD 2011. This seminar is held by the Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Trisakti University. The aim of this seminar is to encourage and facilitate interdisciplinary communication between scientists, engineers, economists, professionals, and decision makers working in sustainable urban development. Emphasis will be given to those areas that will most benefit from the application of scientific methods for sustainable urban development, including the best practices. Hopefully, by assessing progress and implementation gaps in sustainable urban development, a renewed political commitment for sustainable development would be secured and prepared for new and emerging challenges in our environment. We will listen and discuss with our keynote speakers: Dr. rer. nat. habil. Josef Winter from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany; Dr. Ing. Rolf Baur from TU Dresden, Germany; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Said from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; K. Surjit Singh from Institute for Spatial Planning and Environment Research (ISPER), India; Assoc. Prof. Victor R. Savage from National University of Singapore; and Maria R. Nindita Radyati, Ph.D. from Trisakti University. The presenters are coming from several academia such as ITB, UNDIP, ITS, UI, UNPAS, UPI-YAI, Gunadarma, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Indiana University, and Trisakti University; from institutions such as LIPI, BBTPPI, PLAN International Indonesia, and Green Building Council Indonesia. We are very grateful to Rector of Trisakti University; Dean of faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology; Head of Environmental Engineering Department, Head of Landscape Architecture Department; Head of Urban and Regional Planning Department; the member of Steering Committee, Peer Reviewer, and Organizing Committee that very supported and helpful within the preparations and organizing the seminar. Thank you for your participation and hope you enjoy the seminar. Jakarta, 21 July 2011 Chair of Organizing Committee Hernani Yulinawati, ST, MURP

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE i

WELCOME ADDRESS ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

PROGRAM vii

COMMITTEE viii

RECTOR REMARKS x

PLENARY SESSION I

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Said UTM – MAL

Green Infrastructure in Cities and Towns in Southeast Asian Countries: Quest for Research PS1-1

Assoc. Prof. Victor R. Savage NUS – SIN

The Climate Change Dilemma in Urban Southeast Asia: Adaptive and Mitigation Challenges PS1-16

Maria R. Nindita Radyati, Ph.D. Universitas Trisakti – INA

Local Wisdom on Sustainability Development: Women’s Role through Arisan PS1-29

PLENARY SESSION II

K. Surjit Singh ISPER – IND

Assessing Place of Water in Sustainable Human Settlement Planning: A Case Study of Planned State Capital, Chandigarh

PS2-1

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. J. Winter Karlsruher Ins.fur Technologie-GER

Wastewater Treatment – Domestic Sewage Treatment by Combined Mechanical, Chemical and Biological Processes to Reduce Pollution of the Aquatic Environment

PS2-14

Dr. Ing. Rolf Baur TU Dresden – GER

Water, Climate and Urban Realm PS2-25

CLASS SESSION 1: Ecological Disaster Mitigation & Adaptation

Noni HD Siallangan UNDIP – INA

Adaptation of Coastal Society to face Climate Change in Semarang S1-1

Zainulsyah, Senoadi, A.C.Arya Universitas Trisakti – INA

Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Ozone-Depleting by Using Hydrocarbon as Environmental Friendly Refrigerant

S1-8

Buddin A. Hakim UNDIP – INA

Identification of Abrasion Area and Prevention System in Coastal Semarang City S1-15

CLASS SESSION 2: Urban Environmental Management

Daniel useng, Totok, Mahmud, Salengke Unhas – INA

Urban Sprawl on Jeneberang Delta of Makassar: A Remote Sensing and GIS Perspective S2-1

Heri Suprapto Gunadarma – INA

Identification Resource and Necessity of Raw Water in Depok City S2-8

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 iv

Trihono Kadri, Endah K Universitas Trisakti – INA

Sedimentation Problem in West Tarum Canal West Java, Indonesia S2-15

Jaap C Levara Universitas Trisakti – INA

The Strategy of Developing the Port of Tg Priok as an Interface for Province of West Java and Jakarta

S2-20

CLASS SESSION 3: Environmental Management and Technology

Dwipayanti NMU, Purnama IGH, Kusuma Jaya IM, Mahardika, PYA Universitas Udayana – INA

The Sustainability of Community Based Solid Waste Management/MRF in Denpasar S3-1

Mega Mutiara Sari UNDIP – INA

Planning of Integrated Solid Waste Management System in Tourist Resort Area (Case Study : Marina Coastal Area, Semarang)

S3-11

Hartuti Purnaweni UNDIP – INA

Tofu Waste Community Based Management in Kelurahan Jomblang, Semarang City S3-21

Warmadewanthi, Welly H., Intan Puteri Perdani, Adys H. Purneweni ITS – INA

Management of Medical Waste: On Site Handling and Disposal in Surabaya City (Case Study: Eastern and Western District)

S3-27

CLASS SESSION 4: Poverty Eradication

Dyah M., Iwan S., C. Taslim, Anna LIPI and Bappeda Jabar – INA

Poverty Alleviation Concept Based on Water Supply (Case Study: Bandung Basin-West Java, Indonesia)

S4-1

Sri Astuti Indriyati UPI – INA

Struggling for Sustainable Living: The Case Studies of the Residents Living in High-Density Housings

S4-10

Margareta M. Sintorini Universitas Trisakti – INA

Sanitation and Water Services Factors Influencing Diarrhea Susceptibility's Status in Bekasi District S4-23

Rini Umiyati UNDIP – INA

Community Forest Management as a Community Rural Poverty Alleviation Efforts in Banjarnegara S4-27

CLASS SESSION 5: Urban Environmental Management Mufty R.Firmansyah, Petrus. Natalivan ITB – INA

Instruments for Provision of Private Green Open Space (Case Study: City of Bandung) S5-1

Dwi Dinariana UPI – INA

Green Open Space Needs and Functions as a Recharge Area in Each Area of DKI Jakarta S5-9

Yendo Afgani, M. Jusan, I. Said UTM – MAL Sustainable Contents of Kayik as a Public Space S5-16

CLASS SESSION 6 : Environmental Management and Technology

Vidya Fauzianti, Yodi D. Ika Putri Green Building Council - INA

Promotion and Implementation of Cleaner Production through Green Building: Case study Greenship Rating Tools

S6-1

Wahyu Triwahyudi Indiana University – USA

Forward Osmosis: “A Sustainable Desalination Technology” S6-10

Hilarion Widyatmoko Universitas Trisakti – INA

Metal Fractionation in Soils: A Comparative Assessment of Six Sequential Extraction Schemes S6-17

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 v

POSTER PRESENTATION Ikha Rasti Julia Sari, Nani Hari Hastuti UNDIP – INA Research and Development of BBTPPI, Semarang – INA

Utilization The Result Of Biogas Purification as a Form of Improved Welfare Tofu Industry And Application of Environmental Friendly Technology

PT-1

Gabriela Nindrasari, Irene Meitiniarti, Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana – INA

Biopore Absorbing Hole as a Water Conserving Method PT-8

Aviasti Universitas Islam Bandung – INA

Strategies of Manage Conflict For Social Conflict Solution in Housing Development Activity PT-13

Siti Sujatini Universitas Persada Indonesia – INA

Sustainable Settlement in Terms of Hydrology Aspect PT-22

Alina Cynthia Dewi Institut Teknologi Bandung – INA

Solar Module Design Based on Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell PT-31

Eko Adhy Setiawan Universitas Trisakti – INA

Meaning of Plants In Landscape Simbolism of Surakarta Hadiningrat Palace Into Green Urban Development

PT-36

Ida A. S. Danur Universitas Trisakti – INA

Implementation of Indigenous Wisdom In Managing The Social Forest of Desa Adat Tenganan Pegringsingan, Bali

PT-40

Rustam Hakim Manan, Quintarina Uniaty Universitas Trisakti – INA

Bangka Belitung Eco Park: a New Landscape In Ex-Mining Development PT-43

Silia Yuslim Universitas Trisakti – INA

The Concept of Sustainable Green Open Space To Support The Development of The City PT-50

Nur Intan Mangunsong Universitas Trisakti – INA

Effect on The Concept of Green Infrastructure Surface Flow Green Open Spaces Water Availability of Land in Jakarta

PT-55

Yanny Handayani, Melati Ferianita Fachrul, Widyo Astono, Agustini Lemigas and Universitas Trisakti – INA

Fate of Hydrocarbon Concentration in Water At Donan River, Cilacap – Central Java PT-61

Ariani Dwi Astuti, Nusa Idaman Said, Tody Ferdica1 BPPT and Universitas Trisakti – INA

Pretreatment of Raw Water Using Combination of Biofilter And Ultrafiltration To Remove Ammoniac, Nitrite, And Nitrate With Detention Time Variation

PT-68

Ramadhani Yanidar, Winarni, Fitri Rahayu Universitas Trisakti – INA

Cost Optimization of Water Distribution Main Pipe Based On The Length of Pipe and The Number House Connections

PT-74

Diana Hendrawan Universitas Trisakti – INA

Application of Constructed Wetland In Urban Areas (Application Sub-Surface Flow System Pilot Scale In Jakarta)

PT-81

Dwi Indrawati Universitas Trisakti – INA

Environmental Analysis In Determining Urban Solid Waste Treatment System (Study Area: West Jakarta)

PT-89

Yendo Afgani, M. Jusan, I. Said UTM – MAL

The Old House Design As Physical Attribute of Culture as Making Place’s Agent of Kayik PT-95

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 vi

Arwindrasti B. K. Universitas Trisakti – INA

The Basic Thought For Development And Control of The Green Line In The Watershed Cisadane Tangerang District In Banten Province

PT-99

Hinijati Widjaja Universitas Trisakti – INA

Analysis of Pedestrian Paths In The Town of Tangerang To The Development of Sustainable Urban Landscape

PT-105

LIST OF PRESENTERS

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 vii

PROGRAM

TIME PROGRAM

08:00-08:50 Registration 08:50-09:15 Opening Ceremony

1. Welcome Address: OC Chairperson: Hernani Yulinawati, ST, MURP 2. Opening Speech: Rector Trisakti University: Prof. Dr. Thoby Mutis

09:15-10:30

Plenary Session 1 Moderator : Harry Hardjakusumah PhD 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Said 2. Assoc. Prof. Victor R. Savage 3. Maria R. Nindita Radyati, Ph.D.

10:30-10:45 Coffee Break 10:45-12:00

Plenary Session 2 Moderator : Dr. Melati Ferianita Fachrul 1. K. Surjit Singh 2. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Josef Winter 3. Dr. Ing. Rolf Baur

12:00-13:00 Lunch & Poster Presentations 13:00-15.00 SESSION 1:

Subadra Room SESSION 2:

Binakarna Auditorium SESSION 3: Utari Room

Sub Theme: Ecological Disaster

Mitigation & Adaptation

Sub Theme: Urban Environmental

Management

Sub Theme: Environmental

Technology 15:00-15:15 Coffee Break 15:15-16:30

SESSION 4:

Subadra Room SESSION 5:

Binakarna Auditorium SESSION 6: Utari Room

Sub Theme: Poverty Eradication

Sub Theme: Urban Environmental

Management

Sub Theme: Environmental

Technology 16:30-17:00 VENUE: Binakarna Auditorium

1. Seminar Summary: Ariani Dwi Astuti, ST, MT 2. Closing Remark:

Dean Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology: Ir. Ida Bagus Rabindra, MSP

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 viii

COMMITTEE THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (ISoSUD 2011) Faculty Of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology

Trisakti University

I. Steering Committee (SC) Chairman : Ir. Ida Bagus Rabindra, MSP Members : Prof. Dr. Ir. Soepangat Soemarto, MSc Prof. Dr. Ir. Soekisno Hadikoemoro Prof. Dr. Wahyudi Wisaksono Prof. Dr. Ir. Zoer’aini Djamal Irwan, MS Ir. Aidid A. Gafar, MT Ir. Silia Yuslim, MT Ir. Winarni, MSc Ir. Hinijati Widjaja, MSi Drs. Muhammad Lindu, MT Ir. Qurrotu Aini Besila, MT Ariani Dwi Astuti, ST., MT Ir. Benny B. Suharto, Msi

II. Organizing Committee (OC) Chairman : Hernani Yulinawati, ST, MURP Treasure : Dr. Ir. Dwi Indrawati, MS Farida Kufan, SE Secretariat Coordinator : Dr. Ir. Endrawati Fatimah, MPSt Sponsorship : Pramiati Purwaningrum, ST., MT Public Relation : Hasiyani H. Wahyono, SE., MM Members : Riyadi Semito, SE Wawa Rukanda Indra Suhara Technical Reviewer (Support Scientific Reviewer) Coordinator : Dr. Melati Ferianita Fachrul, MS Members : Ir. Amir Susanto, SKM Dr. Ir. Ratnaningsih, MT Dr. Ir. Jusna M. Amin Dr. Ir. Titien Suryanti, MS Ir. Jaap C. Levara, MSc Program Coordinator : Ir. Rahel Situmorang, MPlan Members : Ir. Ramadhani Yanidar, MT Dr. rer.nat. H. Widyatmoko Dr. Ir. Arwindrasti Bandjar K., MS Kristian Heri Prasetyo, A.Md

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 ix

Proceeding &Documentation Coordinator : Rositayanti Hadisubroto, ST., MT Members : Dr. MM. Sintorini, M.Kes : Heru Aryono Irmawati, SE Didin Irsudin, A.Md Rahmandani Logistic& Accomodation Coordinator : Ir. Bambang Iswanto, MS Members : Drs. Budi Rahayu Kosasih, MS Ir. Untung Mardikarno, M.Sn Ir. Endro Suswantoro, MT Sutiman, S.Pd Supardi Muhklis Jumroni Uum Sumarna Tarjo Ateng Muhidin Subur Subagyo

ISoSUD 2011 SECRETARIAT

Ms. Hernani Yulinawati (0816 842 152) Ms. Endrawati Fatimah (0813 1123 3276)

Mr. Wawa Rukanda (0818 124 363)

Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology (FALTL) Trisakti University

Building K, 7th Floor, Campus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No. 1, Grogol, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Tel: 62-21-566 3232 ext 8767

Fax: 62-21- 560 2575

E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] Website: http://www.trisakti.ac.id/faltl/ ; http://isosud2011.wordpress.com/

ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011 PT-61

FATE OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION IN WATER DONAN RIVER, CILACAP – CENTRAL JAVA

Yanny Handayani1, Melati Ferianita Fachrul2, Widyo Astono2, Agustini1

1.Research & Development of Oil and Gas Technology “LEMIGAS”

2.Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Trisakti University

[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

River Donan located in Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province is an aquatic ecosystem where it was influenced by tidal currents. Along the river occupy by few types of industries which are potentially as sources of water pollutant. The aims of study were : to measure concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in the waters, to determine the TPH concentration for each sampling point and to examine the relationship among TPH and physical and chemical parameters of water quality. During in May and June 2010, water samples were collected from 7 (seven) points from up stream to down stream using water sampler. A laboratory study was conducted to examine of petroleum hydrocarbons from water sample collected from River Donan. Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in water is analyzed by spectrophotometer Infra Red with Concave 1/72 method. The results of analysis showed that in May 2010 when water level is high, the highest TPH concentration of 0.52 mg/l, and the lowest TPH concentration of 0.024 mg/l. In June 2010 during low water level, the highest TPH concentrations were 0.29 mg/l and the lowest concentration of TPH in water is 0.1 mg l. The presence of THP in the waters of the River Donan estimated was come from industrial waste which discharged to water body along the river banks. However the fate of TPH concentrations in the waters still comply to the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality and Water Pollution Control, based on Class II water quality criteria. Even though the TPH concentration in water is small, it will be able to change the value of water quality. Therefore the presence of THP in the waters of Donan River should be monitored regularly. Keywords: Climate Change, Coastal Society, Semarang 1. Introduction River Donan located in Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province, the length of the river approximately 16 km, width 150 to 500 m and the depth between 2.5 m to 19 m, an aquatic ecosystem is influenced by tidal currents occur two times a day (semidiurnal tides). Around the river there are several industrial activities, so there is a conflict of interest one of them is water, where river water by surrounding communities used as a fisheries.

Picture 1. Sampling Points Location of River Donan

mailto:[email protected]

PT-62 ISoSUD 2011, The 2nd International Seminar On Sustainable Urban Development 2011, Jakarta 21 July 2011

One of the major industries are oil refineries located in the east Donan River that does not rule out the possibility that the results of these activities affect the water quality of waters in the waters of the Donan River. According to Cahyani (2001) a declined of the water quality of Donan River due to the sewage effluent from oil refinery activities, The value of oil levels in the waters were still allowed for fishing activities yet is 0.48 mg / l. Based on the results of monitoring Donan River of year 2002 - 2006 by Cilacap Refinery and PPPTMGB "LEMIGAS", it was showed that the parameters of Oil and Grease had highest concentration in 2005 that was equal to 108.7 mg/l and gradually decreased 0.75 mg/l in 2006. Presumably, due to the high concentration was found in dense activity or industry such as refinery, oil ports and public port. Therefore, the oil spill in waters derived not only from the refinery, but also from ships passing which is have activities of shipping crude oil and that has been processed. Basically, crude oil contains many kinds of compounds of hydrocarbons and highly variable. To detect the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water, one of manner is analysing the total of hydrocarbons by TPH parameter. When the oil spill in the waters, it will be occured some processes such as physical, chemical and biological. These processes include: the spread, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, dissolution, sedimentation, oxidation, and biodegradation 2. Method 2.1 Time and Research Location

The research was conducted in River Donan waters, Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province along 10 km. Water sampling was conducted on May - June 2010 with composite manner at 7 sampling points in the river (Picture 1.) and 3 points in the Holding Basin effluent which is located in the area of Cilacap refinery, Central Java.

The sampling points were determined by considering: 1. Research point is considered to represent the condition of River Donan overall 2. The depth and width of River Donan 3. River flow velocity

Laboratory analysis for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in the Laboratory of spectro scopically, Group of Analytical and Applied Chemistry Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology "LEMIGAS", Jakarta

2.2 The Parameter of Sampling

The primary data were conducted by two ways, insitu and exsitu. Insitu data are temperature, flow rate, current, depth, pH, salinity, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The exsitu data is TPH was in the laboratory. Futhermore, secondary data were collected from some in line agencies.

2.3 Method of Water Sampling

Water sampling was conducted at 7 sampling point observations based on depth and width, that it is considered to represent specified location. Sampling was done in 3 sides, right side, middle, and left of riverbank by composite way accordance with (SNI 03-7016-2004).

Analysis Method of TPH in water is Concawe 1/72 [26] using IR Spectrophotometer at λ 3200-2700 nm. Methods Concawe 1 / 72 is used to determine the content of mineral oil or petroleum mineral oil in water which has the smallest concentration 0.1 mg / l, samples of water used is generally derived from petroleum industry activity areas.


Picture 2. Position of Sampling Points 2.4 Calculation Method

There are several assumptions that need to be emphasized in the calculation of oil contamination (TPH) in waters, among others:

a. Dispersion Process

Oil dispersion process on the surface waters is highly dependent on viscosity, the influence of tides, waves, and wind. According to field data dispersion process is considered complete dispersion and dilution has occurred.

The distance of oil distribution is analogous based formulations according to Thomann and Mueller (1987) can be calculated using the following formula:

Lm = 2,6 x U HB2

With: Lm = distance distribution U = average flow velocity B = Average width of river H = Average depth of river

b. Dilution process

The oil concentration in River Donan has been diluted as naturally starting from point 1 up to point7. The most significant to measure the oil concentration in water by TPH is conducted with detected the dispersion and dilution processes in waters

3. Result and Disccusions 3.1 Characteristics of the River Donan

To obtain an overview of the hydrology of the River Donan pattern, it was done either through direct measurement of the field and indirect from related sources. The depth, width, flow velocity and the cross-sectional area and discharge was measured from each segment of the observation point (Table 2) The depth of the river varies both transversely and longitudinally. The lowest is 2.2.m at a depth of point 3 (before the refinery outlet), this is due to the silting of sedimentation is influenced by tidal currents that drive the accumulation of sediment, while the highest depth is 10 m at Point 7 (port area) that the flow from the downstream direction / sea. The velocity value was measured during the study ranged from 0.25 to 0.3 m / sec in May due to tidal currents influenced while in June ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 m / sec.


Table 2. Physical Characteristics of Donan River

Point

Depth Width Sectional Area

Flow Velocity (m/sec)

Discharge (Q) m3/Second

H (m) L (m) A (m2) May June May June

1 4.3 375 1575 0.26 0.14 336.8 180.13

2 5.1 420 2142 0.32 0.11 669.5 225.12

3 2.2 420 924 0.28 0.14 712.8 356.40

4 7.2 330 2376 0.3 0.14 1032.8 481.97

5 2.9 290 841 0.28 0.17 1086.7 659.78

6 3.1 500 1567 0.25 0.17 1189.4 808.79

7 10.2 840 5124 0.3 0.17 1462.2 828.58

In general, river discharge is smaller than the discharge caused by tidal influences. In May, the lowest debit was 336.8 m3/s and in June was 180.13m3/s, which is the river water discharge itself. Meanwhile, the highest discharge in May was 1462.2 m3/s and in June was 828.58 m3/s, both of them occured in point 7 due to in this point no additional discharge from the sea. According to research of Soedradjad (2003), Donan River waters is an estuary ecosystem which is a segment of beach (third order streams) or the lowest part of the estuary is directly related to the open sea in Indian Ocean. The water movement in this region is strongly influenced by tidal currents which is a semi-diurnal type, that is every 6 hours changed between ebb and tide, where is an ebb tidal propagation from the Indian Ocean.

3.2 Determination of TPH Concentration In Water Sample

Determination of oil content in water samples carried out according to the Concawe 1/72 method. In determination, required extraction stage which serves to solubilize hydrocarbon or oil in water samples using an organic solvent is carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride will dissolve hydrocarbons in water samples because it has the same properties of non polar, in contrast with water are polar. Infrared spectrophotometer is using to detect functional groups of compounds, and mixture analysis (Giwangkara, 2006). Uptake was calculated based on the content of hydrocarbons in hexadecane standard compounds. The extract was added florisil to remove the content of the compound rather petroleum hydrocarbons or vegetable oils. Extraction results were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer at wave number 3200-2700 cm-1. Functional group such as CH, OH, C = O, and C = N absorbs the infrared region. Examples of the difference infrared absorption wave number is CH alkane is in the range of wave number 2850-2960 cm-1, C - H alkene in 3010-3095, CH alkyne at 3300 cm-1, and aromatic CH is at 3030 cm-1 . IR spectro can be used for quantitative analysis, but it is usually to qualitative analysis. IR spektro generally used to identify the functional group in a compound, especially organic compounds. Each absorption at certain wavelengths illustrates the existence of a specific functional group (Giwangkara, 2006). The results of one Donan River water samples showed in the infrared spectrum below. (picture 4). The result peaks indicate the presence of CH3 and CH2 absorption at wave number 2960 cm-1 for the CH3 group and 2923 cm-1 for the CH2 group. These peaks indicate the presence of alkane CH. It shows that in the waters of the River Donan contained petroleum hydrocarbon compounds.

3.3 The Concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water TPH parameter is an important parameter to predict water pollution. Based on laboratory analyse, the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon concentrations in water samples is showed in Table 3.


The high concentration occured in point 3 in both May and June due to the accumulation of TPH, cause by impact activities of port loading and unloading of cement industry and the activities of the oil industry which dispose of liquid waste Donan River waters.

Picture 4. Infrared Spectrum of The Hydrocarbon Groups of Water Samples with The Solvent Carbon Tetrachloride

Table 3. The concentration of TPH in Water

Point May

(mg/l) Water

level (m) June

(mg/l) Water

level (m) 1 0.28 1.1 0.20 1.2 2 0.38 1.5 0.19 0.9 3 0.52 1.6 0.29 0.8 4 0.039 1.7 0.10 0.8 5 0.024 1.6 0.15 0.8 6 0.10 1.5 0.12 0.9 7 0.36 1.3 0.13 1.0

Picture. 5. The concentration of TPH in Water Picture. 6. The Flows of TPH Transportation in Water

Flow velocity values measured during the study ranged from 0.25 to 0.3 m/sec in May due to tidal currents influenced while in June ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 m / sec.


3.4 The Distribution of TPH in Water Based on calculations by Thomann and Mueller (1987) formula, in May, showed the high water level occured from point 1 to point 7 where the TPH can spread along 212.9 km. However, when calculated at point 4 in which the input of waste from the refinery is at this point the outcome of the current environment of low water level in June 2010 if calculated from point 1 to point 7 TPH can spread as far as 16.05 km. However, when calculated at point 4 in which the input of waste from the refinery is at this point the TPH spread as far as 5.5 km, and when measured from point 4 - point 3 - point 2 - point 1, then the TPH can spread as far as 17.8 km.

3.5 The thickness of TPH layers in Water Surface

Result analysis from discharge of sewage effluent out of the outlet from refinery in 2 Holding Basin obtained average flow is about 3737.80 m3/hr = 1.04 m3/second as waste water effluent. A theoretical calculation of the average effluent from point 1 to point 7, the concentration of TPH in May of 0.243 mg / l and 0.169 mg / l in June. Average TPH concentration in Holding Basin is 0.5715 mg /l x 1000 = 572 mg/m3. Then the waste loading is 594.88 mg / sec = 5,95.10-4 kg / sec. Donan River Area of 3.6093 million m2. By ignoring factors that will influence the pattern of oil spread across the surface waters such as no a yawning and drowning or no oil change / persistent. if TPH loading is discharged through the waste, will cover the entire surface water with a thickness is 1,917.10-8 μm-thick layer of oil (in seconds).

3.6 Relationship between Temperature and TPH in Water.

Effect of water temperature in the presence of TPH can showed in Picture 7 and 8 below.

Regarding to temperature condition, in May, showed that the highest value is 31.8 occured when the water table is high (1.6 m) located at point 2 (cement industry). Meanwhile the lowest temperature is 31 occured when the high water level in point 7 (port area).

Furthermore, in June, when the water level is low (0.8 m) the highest temperature is 30.8°C at point 5, and the lowest temperature is 29.6 °C. It show, when the high temperature will decrease the concentration of TPH in the water, due to the high intensity light which at the time of measurement in the daytime under conditions of high temperatures will cause of evaporation or evaporation of fractions that have a boiling range below 30oC. Fraction of gas will terevaporasi having boiling ranges below 30oC the bond C1 - C6 examples include methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H4), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10), pentane (C5H12) between 1-2 days (Oil and Gas , 2005, Dinata, 2008).

Picture 7. Relationship between Temperature and TPH in in May 2010

Picture 8. Relationship between Temperature and TPH in June 2010

3.7 Relationship between TPH and Chemical Parameters in Water

3.7.1 The degree of acidity (pH) Changes of pH value can be affected to photosynthetic activity, temperature, presence of anions and cations. Effluent released by the oil processing industry often leads to a decrease in pH that is fatal to aquatic organisms. In general, the death of aquatic organisms caused by low pH values than the total deaths caused by the high pH value (Romimohtarto, 2007). Tolerance limits of aquatic


organisms to varying pH values, for example the life of fish and other aquatic organisms are advised to normal pH values ranging from 6.5 to 8.5.

3.7.2 Salinity

Salinity and pH highly play a role in the process of biodegradation in the waters. Salinity conditions could limit the rate of biodegradation. Therefore, coastal areas like the River Donan biodegradable limited, especially with the TPH concentrations in the waters of the River Donan. Sediment deposition will be faster when positioned around the estuary with high salinity.

3.7.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen in water will decrease due to the increasing of temperature and salinity, the amount of oxygen in water will vary according to the variation of the parameters which have mentioned above. And this occurs in River Donan, where the daily tide of type double have enough dissolved oxygen in water. Due to the presence of hydrocarbons will affect to the DO condition in the River Donan, cause by the higher concentration of hydrocarbons in the water will effect to less oxygen content and reduces the penetration of light (Mukhtasor, 2008).

4. Conclusions The TPH concentrations in River Donan in May and June showed evenly values in all of sampling point locations. Except, the highest concentration is in point 3 that had influenced semi-diurnal tidal currents. 1. The main factors that affect to TPH consentration is uneven topography and semi-diurnal tidal currents that

occur every 6 hours, it will be occured TPH concentration still in the River Donan. 2. The accumulation of petroleum pollution will be affected to aquatic ecosystems and biotic components. 3. According to the criteria of Class II water quality class Gornment Regulation Nr. 82 of 2001, parameter oil

and grease are below to the quality standard of 1 ml/g, especially the quality standard for waters in the River Donan should be reviewed because of the condition of semi-diurnal waters.

References [1] Giwangkara S. EG. 2006. Aplikasi Logika Syaraf Fuzzy Pada Analisis Sidik Jari Minyak Bumi

Menggunakan Spektrofotometer Infra Merah Transformasi Fourier (FT.IR), Sekolah Tinggi Energi dan Mineral, Cepu - Jawa Tengah..

[2] Hendrawan, D dan Fachrul, M.F. 2009. Pengelolaan Kualitas Lingkungan. Trisakti, Jakarta.. [3] Mukhtasor, 2007. Änalisis pencemaran Laut Akibat Tumpahan minyak di Laut”. [4] Romimohtarto, K. 2007. Kualitas Air Dalam Budidaya laut. Lembaga Oseanologi. LIPI [5] Soedradjad. 2003. Fungsi Model Hidrodinamika Estuaria dalam Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove. [6] Thomann and Mueller. 1987. Principles of Surface Water Quality Modeling And Control. Manhattan

College. [7] Weiman W. 1998. Analysis of Petroleum Hydocabons in Environmental Media”. Association of

American Railroads BP Oil Company. [8] Wang Z. 2007. Oil Spill Environmental Forensics Fingerprinting and Source Identification. Canada. [9] U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. “Recommendation For Sampling And Preservation of

Samples, Arranged According To Measurement”.( In Methods for Chemical analysis of Water and Wastes), EPA-600/4-79-020 U.S. E.P.A, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

[10] Understanding The Mechanism of Dispersion Through Oil Droplet Size Measurements at Sea. From. ASTM Standards and Engineering Digital Library SEDL/STP/STP1252-EB/STP15395s

[11] http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/STP/PAGES/STP153952s

http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/STP/PAGES/STP153952s

Fate of HydrocarbonConcentration in Water At Donan

River, Cilacap – Central Javaby Melati Ferianita Fachrul

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