Seminar Minor 2

8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2

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HOW A ROOF FORMS IF INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE, AESTHETICS AND FUNCTION

1 | D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , S P A B h o p a l

[Chapter 1.]

[INTRODUCTION]

1.1INTRODUCTIONA roofis the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its

contents from the effects ofweather. In this we will study about different roofing materials and

how these materials evolved with time .We will also study about various factors that influence

the roof forms.

1.2 AIM

The aim of this study is to first understand the roofs then evaluate different factors that influence

roof shapes.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

To study the factors which influence roof shapes which are:

Based on climate

Based on function

Based on aesthetics

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study will only include study on 3 factors ie climate, aesthetics and

functions.
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1.5 METHODOLOGY


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[Chapter 2.]

[ROOF]

2.1 PRINCIPLES

Provide roof forms which reflect the architectural style of the home ,responding toregional climatic conditions.

Create a space which fulfills the functional aspect.

Provide roof over hanging which create strong shadow line adding other elements ofaesthetics.

2.2 PARTS OF ROOF

SUPPORT

The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly

rigid material such as timber, and since the mid 19th century, cast iron or steel.

Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. The timber structure can fulfill an aesthetic

as well as practical function, when left exposed to view.

Stone lintels have been used to support roofs since prehistoric times, but cannot bridge large

distances. The stone arch came into extensive use in the ancient Roman period and in variant

forms could be used to span spaces up to 140 feet (43 m) across. Industrial Revolution and the

designing of such buildings as Paxton's Crystal Palace, completed 1851.

With continual improvements in steel girders, these became the major structural support for

large roofs, and eventually for ordinary houses as well. Another form ofgirder is the reinforced

concrete beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength

under tension.

Outer layer

This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In

simple vernacular architecture, roofing material is often vegetation, such as thatches, the most

durable being sea grass with a life of perhaps 40 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber


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In many Asian countries bamboo is used both for the supporting structure and the outer layer

where split bamboo stems are laid turned alternately and overlapped.

In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden shingles are used, while in some countries the

bark of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing.

The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition shingles which can last from a thin 20-

year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the

thickness and durability of the shingle.

Slate is an ideal, and durable material, while in the Swiss Alps roofs are made from huge slabs

of stone, several inches thick. The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate

roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer.

Asbestos, usually in bonded corrugated panels, has been used widely in the 20th century as an

inexpensive, non-flammable roofing material with excellent insulating properties.

In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked tiles have been the major form of roof. The

casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with brickworks.

Sheet metal in the form ofcopper and lead has also been used for many hundreds of years.

In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with zinc to improve its resistance to rust, became a

light-weight, easily-transported, waterproofing material. Its low cost and easy application made it

the most accessible commercial roofing, world wide.

2.3 MATERIALS EVOLUTION

There are different types of roof coverings, which include slate, metal, concrete tile, clay tile,

wood shingles, pvc etc.Man has utilized various natural resources, technological methods &

ways of applications throughout history to create the environmentally safe, effective roofing of

today. From wood, mud and straw, to tiling, shingles and beyond, the one thing most of us take

for granted has been a necessity a properly function roof for survival since the dawn of time.

Although most of the growth within the roofing industry has been within the last 200 years, the

complete history of roofing starts much earlier than that. The Greeks and Romans were the firstto experiment with differing roofing styles. The Romans introduced slating and tiling to Great

Britain as early as 100 BC. Thatch roofs were introduced and implemented around the year 735

AD and it wouldnt be for another 300 years until wooden shingles were first implemented as

well .It wasnt until the 12th century that the history of roofing was changed forever under King

John, when he issued a law in London that citizens had to replace their thatch and reed roof-
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coverings and replace them with clay tiles. This law was passed as a measure against spreading

fires and marked the beginning point for mass-produced, industrial roofing methods.

Dreadnought clay tiles began production in 1805 and industrial roofing at that time had little

insulation but a good slope for rainwater and other debris. One hundred year after that, concrete

tile roofing was first utilized.

While the history of roofing began to evolve, American roofing styles and all of those abroad

were still dependent upon the regional availability of materials. In the southern parts of the

United States, wood and metal were more widely used. In the Southwest, tile was a lot more

prevalent. The Midwest utilized mostly wood roof coverings. Even to this day, roofing styles are

still based around those of local materials, but a wider variety and more expansive materials are

now present in many markets throughout the world. Today, materials such as slate , and felt are

amongst the most common roofing materials.


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[Chapter 3.]

[MATERIAL]

3.1 OVERALL STUDY OF MATERIAL FROM HISTORY TO PRESENT SCENARIO

There is a wide choice of materials used to roof a house, ranging from thatch - dried grass, to

slate - pieces of stone. Modern products like plastic, fiberglass and concrete are available, and

some innovative, energy-efficient homes are being roofed with sod. New products are being

developed to overcome the shortcomings of older roofing materials, meet the demands of

modern building techniques.

When man started learning about shelter he started with leaves, but as time passed thatched roofs

were used and still in some parts of worlds thatched roof is used.ThenBrushstructures are built

entirely from plant parts and are generally found in tropical and sub-tropical areas, such

asrainforests, where very large leaves can be used in the building. Thatching is the craft of

building a roofwith dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge , rushes and heather, layering

the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and

has been used in both tropical and temperate climates.

Then mud and clay begin to be used..then wood was also used to make churched in past bu

durability was the problem with most of these materials .Then emphasis was made on developing

material which are more durable .Then bricks and sand were extensively used as building

material .Many historical monuments are built in bricks and stone and marble is used usually

used for its finishing.

Then aluminium and steel came into existence and replaced the traditional building materials.

Metalis used as structural framework for larger buildings such asskyscrapers, or as an external

surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steelis a metalalloywhose

major component isiron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is

strong, flexible, and if refined well and/ortreatedlasts a long time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches


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3.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpg

Above is the picture of sata centre designed by Grank O gary.

The lower density and better corrosion resistance ofaluminium alloys and tin sometimes

overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted tospecific uses or specialty items today.

Concrete also became an important building material. For a concrete construction of any size, as

concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars

3.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg

Above is the picture of falkrik wheel design in concrete.

Then glass came into existence.Glassmakingis considered an art form as well as an industrial

process or material. The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the

modern culture. Glass "curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it

can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a " space frame". These uses though requiresome sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would

require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpg


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3.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg

British Museum Great Court used glass as a roofing material to cover large span.

The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups the world over. It has been

revived as a major construction technique with the development oftensile architecture and

synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes,

and supported by a system of steel cables.

Then tensile architecture came into existence.It helped cover large spans easily by using

membrane as roofing material.

3.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg

Above is the picture of olymic stadium. This included large sweeping canopies ofacrylic

glass stabilized by steel cables that were used for the first time in a large scale. Common
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg


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materials for doubly curved fabric structures are PTFE-coated fibreglass and PVC-

coated polyester. These are woven materials with different strengths in different directions.The warp fibres (those fibres which are originally straightequivalent to the starting fibres on aloom) can carry greater load than the weft or fill fibres, which are woven between the warp

fibres.

Building with fabric enables the creation of structures with stunning architectural profiles.

Architectural membranes boast unique light transmitting properties that enable an open airy

feeling of outdoor ambiance indoors, filling commercial developments, large sporting complexes

and industrial facilities with diffused natural daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes

form distinctive and dramatic illuminated structures that enhance the aesthetics.

The advantages oftensile architecture are:

Providing protection from the harsh elements

Delivering an immediate and affordable solution

Accessory items can be added no different to conventional buildings options.

Protecting your facility and prolong the life

Superior fabric membranes

Providing shelter in all weather conditions all year round.

Creating an outdoor effect in an indoor setting with a fun, bright and airy recreational

atmosphere

Environmental sustainability

As the technology never take a pause better versions of technology are always seen. Today

science has provided us DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE which helps us design typical shapes with

great ease. Digital architecture usescomputer

modeling,programming,simulationandimagingto create bothvirtualforms and physical

structures.Architecturecreated digitally might not involve the use of actual materials (brick,

stone, glass, steel, wood).[2]

It relies on "sets of numbers stored inelectromagneticformat" used

to create representations and simulations that correspond to material performance and tomapout

built artifacts.
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3.5http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242

When man started building he never thought that such complex shapes can ever be built. But we

have seen the change. The supporting structure of roof have not only modified but also got

thinner and smaller. From large to sections to membrane and trusses . Probably that day is not far

when we see supporting structures as thin as a needle.
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242


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[Chapter 4.]

[FACTORS INFLUENCING ROOF FORM]

There are various factors that influence roof forms. The main important factors are as

follows:

Climate

Aesthetics

Function

Climate plays an important role in determining roof forms as different roof forms are used

for different kind of climate. Sloping roofs are used in hilly or rainy areas whereas flat roof

could be used in hot areas. Roof form vary with variation in climate.

In similar way aesthetics also influence roof shapes .If we are designing a building with

aesthetics then we will try and put new innovation in roof forms.

For example below is the picture of a building which has been designed aestheticallyresulting in a different roof form. So in this way aesthetics influences the roof from.

4.1http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/
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Another important factor the influences the roof form is the function. Depending upon the

purpose for which the building is used its roof forms is determined. For example while

building indoor stadiums long span roof are build in order to fulfill the functions of roof. Had

there been a building with different function we could have used a different roof form.

4.2http://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.html

Above is the picture of Indira Gandhi Indoor stadium, the roof is designed to cover the long span

and also to fulfill the function for which it is built.

So in this way roof form is influenced by function.
http://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.html


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[Chapter 5.]

[INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON ROOF SHAPE]

5.1 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Technological advancements in the field of roofs has helps architects and construction

companies to give more comfort to the inhabitants of a house .A fine example of this is cool

roofs. Earlier in hot regions overhanging roofs were used to provide shade and thus lower the

building temperature, but today coolf roofs are widely used to lower the building temperature.

Cool roofs is a roofing systems that can deliver highsolar reflectanceand highthermal emittance

are called cool roofs. Cool roofs fall into one of three categories: inherently cool, green planted

roofs or coated with a cool material.

Inherently cool roofs: Roof membranes made of white or light colored material are

inherently reflective and achieve some of the highest reflectance and emittance

measurements of which roofing materials are capable. A roof made of thermoplastic white

vinyl, for example, can reflect 80% or more of the sun's rays and emit at least 70% of the

solar radiation that the building absorbs. An asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% ofsolar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to the building interior and greater demand

for air conditioninga strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid.[5]

Green planted roofs: A green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with

vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. A green roof

typically consists of many layers, including an insulation layer; a waterproof membrane,

often vinyl; a drainage layer, usually made of lightweight gravel, clay, or plastic; a geotextile

or filter mat that allows water to soak through but prevents erosion of fine soil particles.

Coated roofs: One way to make an existing or new roof reflective is by applying a

specifically designed white roof coatings (not simply white paint) on the roof's surface. The

coating must be Energy Star rated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo


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5.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpg

5.2 CASE STUDY 1

THE DRUK PADMA KARPO SCHOOL, LEH

The Druk Padma Karpo School near Leh is a Buddhist school under the patronage of the DalaiLama, and founded by His Holiness the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa in 1992.

Designed by international architects Arup Associates, the school building combines the best of

traditional Ladakhi architecture with cutting-edge engineering excellence to act as a model for

appropriate, cost effective and sustainable development.

5.2 http://ncict.net/Images/Examples/image023.gif

LOCATION ORIENTATION AND CLIMATE

The Druk School is located at Shey, about 15 kms to the south-east of Leh.

The classrooms are oriented 30 degrees east of south to utilise the morning sun for

natural lighting and space-heating.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpg


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The residential blocks are oriented in the east-west axis with the living quarters facing south to

facilitate solar heat gain. Circulation areas are placed on the colder north side.

The natural slope of the site provides for universal access.

NATURAL FEATURES The natural soil condition aids water from melting snow or rain to seep into the ground

thus recharging the ground water.

The negligible amount of hard paving in the site ensures that almost all snow or rain

falling on it is recharged into the ground.

Willow trees found on the site are pruned to maximise heat and light gain in the winters.

The waste wood is then used as fuel for the bukharas for space heating purposes.


ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized

to the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the

same time adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of

heat.

The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm

thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the

building from the cold and windy conditions outside.


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The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light

inside. These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable

wooden shades.

Roofs are insulated with a 50 mm thick layer of grass topped with a 300 mm thick layer of mud and clay.Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows.

High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide ventilation required in

the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and also with such

openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind

drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside.

The abundant sunlight available has been used to maximise natural light in the academic section.

Light from the windows and skylights eradicate the need for artificial lighting. The windows are shaded

in the summers so as to allow light in but keep the heat away.All blocks are well-separated so that there isno mutual shading.


5.3 CASE STUDY 2: CHICAGO CITY HALL

One of the most impressive green roofs in the country is the one on top of City Hall in Chicago.Part of the impressiveness comes from the fact that the building is over 100 years old and was

not designed specifically to allow for the additional weight of a green roof. Many buildings can

only sustain a minimal depth of green roof substrate but somehow the building in Chicago

managed a full garden. The building is large, covering one city block so there was a lot of roof


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area, over 20,000 square feet in fact, to work with. There are over 20,000 plants installed and 150

plants species. Most of the plants are native and what would be found in in local prairies.

Among some of the species included are asters, milkweed, coneflower, sedges, sunflower,

clover, grasses and even vines, shrubs and two trees.

5.5 http://www.metrofieldguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Chicagos-Green-Roof-300x131.jpg

The roof was installed in 2000 and was initially designed as a demonstration and test garden withthe goal of studying the affect on the urban heat island. Cooling is done in many ways, the first

of which is the reflective property of the plants. In addition the plants help cool the air by

evapotranspiration, which happens when the plants release moisture from their leaves. In

addition to cooling, the plants serve to filter pollutants from the air and greatly reduce the strain

on the stormwater system by holding the water on the roof. During a rainfall of 1 the roof can

store 75% of that water.

5.6 https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0506/5aee7ca3d0e2e/5aee7cb2d15bd.jpg

In addition to all of these benefits, the roof has been successful as habitat despite not being a

design focus. There are beehives on the roof, but other bees have been observed in great numbers

leading to a belief they were nesting in the porous soils. There have also been many bird species


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observed such as the regular sparrows and juncos, but also a much longer list including wrens,

thrushes, warbler, thrasher, chickadee and flycatcher.

5.4 MATERIALS: slate, clay tiles, concrete tiles, green roofs, solar reflective roofs.


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[Chapter 6.]

[INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION ON ROOF SHAPE]

6.1 HOW IT EVOLVED

Function has largely influenced roof shapes. In past when flat roofs were used to cover large

span in public building with columns supporting the roof from inside. But in 21 century the

scenario has completely changed..

The scenario has changed so much that these days retractable roofs are used in stadiums in

comparison to roofless stadiums in ancient times. As the Romans built many stadiums and overlarge spans the but there wasnt any provision to provide shape to the spectators. But now the

technology is so advanced that the spectators could enjoy the game even if there is rain tand

game wont stop and the roof will close and thus game could be continued.

Below is the picture of circus maximus in rome.the stadium does not have any roof. Situated in

the valley between theAventineandPalatinehills, it was the first and largest stadium inancient

Romeand its laterEmpire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width,

and could accommodate about 150,000 spectators.

6.1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Circus_Max_1978_2.jpg/350px-Circus_Max_1978_2.jpg

A retractable roofis akinetic architecturalelement used in many sports venues, in which a roof

made of a suitable material can readily be mechanically deployed from some retracted or open

position into a closed or extended position that completely covers the field of play and spectator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill


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areas. They are generally used in locales where inclement weather, extreme heat, or extreme cold

are prevalent during the respective sports seasons, in order to allow for playing of traditionally

outdoor sports in more favorable conditions, as well as the comfort of spectators watching games

played in such weather.To understand retractable roof better we will go through one case study

of this type of roof.

6.2 CASE STUDY 1

CASE STUDY: MILLENIUM DOME

6.2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Millennium_Dome_1.jpg/248px-Millennium_Dome_1.jpg

The Millennium Dome, colloquially referred to simply as The Dome, is the original name of a

largedome-shaped building, originally used to house the Millennium Experience, a majorexhibition celebrating the beginning of thethird millennium. Located on theGreenwich

PeninsulainSouth East London

The building structure was engineered byBuro Happold, and the entire roof structure weighs

less than the air contained within the building. Although referred to as adomeit is not strictly one

as it is not self-supporting, but is a mast-supported, dome-shaped cable network

The canopy is made ofPTFE-coatedglass fibrefabric, a durable and weather-resistant plastic,

and is 52 m high in the middle - one metre for each week of the year. Its symmetry is interruptedby a hole through which a ventilation shaft from theBlackwall Tunnelrises.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome


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6.3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UK_Londen_Millenium_Dome_20040921_30701.JPG/256px-

UK_Londen_Millenium_Dome_20040921_30701.JPG

It the largest membrane structure in the world, with a diameter of 365m and a height of 50m.

The innovatory structural concept for the roof of the Millennium Dome is seemingly simple.

Arranged radially over the surface are 72 tensioned steel stringer cables in pairs of 32mm

diameter steel spiral strand

The stringers are supported at a radial spacing between 25 and 30m by an arrangement of upper

hanger and lower tie-down cables set out around the twelve 100-metre-high primary steelwork

masts. Circumferential cables keep the stringers on their radial lines.

The tensioned cables are straight, and the fabric is basically flat. They both carry the loads by

deflection accompanied by an increase of tension.

6.4 http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/Images/UK/LHR/GB-MillenniumDome-002.jpg


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6.3 CASE STUDY 2

CENTRE COURT

6.5http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_2009.JPG/220px-

Centre_Court_Wimbledon_2009.JPG

Centre Court is the main court at the Wimbledon Championship, the 3rd annual Grand Slam

event of the tennis calendar. It is situated adjacent to Aorangi Terrace and is home to the All

England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Its only regular use is for the two weeks a year that the

Championships take place, but it is arguably the most famous tennis venue in the world. Centre

Court has a premier box that the Royal Family uses, as well as other distinguished guests, and is

also known by its postcode SW19.

A retractable roof was installed in 2009, enabling play to continue during rain. Centre Court willalso host the tennis competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics along with No. 1 Court and No. 2

Court.

After many years of debate by players, fans, media and officials that often occurred during rain

delays, the All England Club finally decided to build a retractable rooffor the stadium and

building work began with the removal of the existing roof at the end of the 2006

championships.The roof was closed for the first time during a competitive Championships match

at about 4:40 pm on Monday 29 June 2009, during the fourth round Ladies Singles

match between Amlie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina.

The first full match to be played with theroof closed was a men's singles fourth round match between British player Andy Murray and

Switzerland's Stanislas Wawrinka. Play on centre court had never gone past 9.17 pm, but with

the roof closed and the floodlights on, the match was able to be completed after darkat

10.38 pm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SW19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Court_(Wimbledon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SW19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_court


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ABOUT RETRACTABLE ROOF

The retractable roofthat has been operational since 2009 takes up to 10 minutes to close, during

which time play will be suspended. A further delay will occur whilst the air management systemrecreates an outdoor atmosphere.

The roof was closed for the first time during a competitive Championships match at about

4:40 pm on Monday 29 June 2009, during the fourth round Ladies Singles

match between Amlie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina. The roof was mobilised by SCX Special

Projects Ltd, who also undertake all the planned preventative maintenance to ensure it continues

to operate efficiently.

6.6http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpg

6.4 MATERIALS: solar reflective roofs, ptfe, pvc , cables, metal, tempered glass,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roof


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[Chapter 7.]

[INFLUENCE OF AESTHETICS ON ROOF FORM]

7.1 INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONs

The rood aesthetics are influenced by thoughts of an individual, the reasons behing this maybe

personal beliefs or religious beliefs.

The roof style varies from religion to religion. In mosques we usually see dome or tombs with

chimney and minarets on four sides unlike in churches where tented roofs are built.

Below is an example of tented roof used in a church in Moscow.

7.1http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpg

Below is the picture of minarets used with sub dome in a mosque in Malasia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpg


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7.2http://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.html

7.2 CASE STUDY 1

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in the Australian city

ofSydney. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jrn Utzon, finally opening in

1973 after a long gestation starting with his competition-winning design in 1957. Utzon received

the Pritzker Prize, architecture's highest honour, in 2003.

The Sydney Opera House is a modern expressionist design, with a series of large precast

concrete "shells", each composed of sections of a sphere of 75.2 metre (246 ft 8 in)

radius, forming the roofs of the structure, set on a monumental podium.

The building covers 1.8 hectares (4.5 acres) of land and is 183 metres (605 ft) long and 120

metres (388 ft) wide at its widest point. It is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25

metres below sea level.

7.3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Sails.jpg
http://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-shell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-shell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.html


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Although the roof structures of the Sydney Opera House are commonly referred to as "shells" (as

they are in this article), they are in fact not shells in a strictly structural sense, but are

instead precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs.

The shells are covered in a subtle chevron pattern with 1,056,006 glossy white- and matte-cream-

coloured Swedish-made tiles from Hgans AB, though, from a distance, the shells appear auniform white.

Apart from the tile of the shells and the glass curtain walls of the foyer spaces, the building's

exterior is largely clad with aggregate panels composed of pink granite quarried at Tarana.

Of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is located within the western group of shells, and the

Opera Theatre within the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal

height requirements, with low entrance spaces, rising over the seating areas and up to the

high stage towers.

7.4https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0506/5aee7ca3d0e2e/5aee7cbcad187.jpg

7.3 MATERIALS:clay tiles, concrete tiles, ptfe , pvc, rcc shells, brick, stones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana,_New_South_Waleshttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete


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[Chapter 8.]

[CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS]

8.1 CONCLUSIONS

There are various factors which which influenced the roof form due to climate, aesthetics and

function.The various factors are as follow:

1.Demand of people to see somethings new.

2.Lifestyle of people.

3.Technological advancement.

4. To meet the comfort need of people.

Out of all the factors , the one most important factors which helped innovate various roof forms

and meet the expectations and comfort off people is TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT .it

is the technology which helped us to experiment with different roof forms which helped give

better comfort to the users.It is because of the technology that we are able to build long span

building, retractable roofs, aesthetically important buildings such as Bahai temple etc.

8.3FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

In the future there will be more advancement in technology and there will be more factors which

will influence the roof forms. So studying those factors will help us to create roof forms which

best suits the need of people and create a more comfortable and habitable space.


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structures with stunning architectural profiles. Architectural membranes boast unique light

transmitting properties that enable an open airy feeling of outdoor ambiance indoors, filling

commercia developments, large sporting complexes and industrial facilities with diffused natural

daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes form distinctive and dramatic illuminated

structures that enhance the aesthetics.

Building with fabric enables the creation of structures with stunning architectural profiles. Architecturalmembranes boast unique light transmitting properties that enable an open airy feeling of outdoor

ambiance indoors, filling commercial developments, large sporting complexes and industrial facilities

with diffused natural daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes form distinctive and dramatic

illuminated structures that enhance the aesthetic

Documents

Seminar Minor 2