Selection Structure

If . . . Then . . Else

Case

Selection Structure• Use to make a decision or comparison and

then, based on the result of that decision or comparison, to select one of two paths.

• The condition must result in either a true (yes) or false (no) answer.

• If the condition is true, the program performs one set of tasks. If the condition is false, there may or may not be a different set of tasks to perform.

Selection Structure Pseudocode

If condition is true Then

perform these tasks

End If

Perform these tasks

whether condition is true

or false

If condition is true then

perform these tasks

Else

perform these tasks

End If

Perform these tasks

whether condition is true

or false

If..Then…Else Statement

If condition Then

[instructions when the condition is true]

[Else

[instructions when the condition is false]]

End If

Relational Operators

=

>

>=

<

<=

<>

• Equal to• Greater than• Greater than or equal to• Less than• Less than or equal to• Not equal to

These operators are evaluated from left to right, and are evaluated after any mathematical operators.

Expressions Containing Relational Operators

10 + 3 < 5 * 2• 5 * 2 is evaluated first,

giving 10• 10 + 3 is evaluated

second, giving 13• 13 < 10 is evaluated

last, giving false

7 > 3 * 4 / 2• 3 * 4 is evaluated first,

giving 12• 12 / 2 is evaluated

second, giving 6• 7 > 6 is evaluated last,

giving true

All expressions containing a relational operator will result in either a true or false answer only.

Examples of Relational Operators used in the condition

• Write a condition that checks if the value stored in the intNum variable is greater than 123

intNum > 123• Write a condition that checks if the value stored in

the strName variable is “Mary Smith”

UCase(strName) = “MARY SMITH”

Logical OperatorsNot

And

Or

• Reverses the truth value of condition; false becomes true and true becomes false

• All conditions connected by the And operator must be true for the compound condition to be true

• Only one of the conditions connected by the Or operator needs to be true for the compound condition to be true.

These operators are evaluated after any mathematical and relational operators. The order of precedence is Not, And, Or.

Expressions Containing the And Logical Operator

3 > 2 And 6 > 5• 3 > 2 is evaluated

first, giving true• 6 > 5 is evaluated

second, giving true

• true And true is evaluated last, giving true

10 < 25 And 6 > 5 + 1• 5 + 1 is evaluated first,

giving 6• 10 < 25 is evaluated

second, giving true• 6 > 6 is evaluated third,

giving false• true And false is evaluated

last, giving false

Expression Containing the Or Logical Operator

8 = 4 * 2 Or 7 < 5• 4 * 2 is evaluated first, giving 8• 8 = 8 is evaluated second, giving true• 7 > 5 is evaluated third, giving false• true Or false is evaluated last, giving true

All expressions containing a relational operator will result in either a true or false answer only.

Evaluation of Expressions Containing Logical Operators• If you use the And operator to combine two

conditions, Visual Basic does not evaluate the second condition if the first condition is false.

• If you use the Or operator to combine two conditions, Visual Basic does not evaluate the second condition if the first condition is true.

Example of Logical Operators used in the condition

• To pass a course, a student must have an average test score of at least 75 and an average project score of at least 35. Write the condition using the variables sngTest and sngProj.

sngTest >= 75 And sngProj >= 35

Example of Logical Operators used in the condition

• Only people living in the state of Michigan who are over 65 years old receive a discount. Write the condition using the variables strState and intAge.

UCase(strState) = “MICHIGAN” And intAge > 65

Example of Logical Operators used in the condition

• Only employees with job codes of 34 and 67 will receive a raise. Write the condition using the variable intCode.

intCode = 34 Or intCode = 67

Nested Selection Structure

• A nested selection structure is one in which either the true path or the false path includes yet another selection structure.

• Any of the statements within either the true or false path of one selection structure may be another selection structure.

Nested If in the true path

If condition1 Then[instructions when condition1 is true]

If condition2 Then[instructions when both condition1 and

condition2 are true][Else

[instructions when condition1 is true and condition2 is false]]

End IfElse

[instructions when condition1 is false]]End If

Nested If in the false path

If condition1 Then[instructions when condition1 is true]

ElseIf condition2 Then

[instructions when condition1 is false and condition2 is true]

[Else[instructions when both condition1 and condition2 are false]]

End IfEnd If

Nested If Example 1

Write a selection structure that assigns a sales tax rate to the sngTax variable. The tax rate is determined by the state code stored in the intCode variable. Codes of 1 and 3 represent a 4% rate; a code of 2 represents a 5% rate. All other codes represent a 2% rate.

Nested If Example 1

If intCode = 1 Or intCode = 3 ThensngTax = .04

ElseIf intCode = 2 Then

sngTax = .05Else

sngTax = .02End If

End If

Nested If Example 2

Write a selection structure that assigns a bonus to the sngBonus variable. The bonus is determined by the salesperson’s code (intCode) and, in some cases, by the sales amount (sngSales). If the code is 1 and the salesperson sold at least $10,000, then the bonus is $500; otherwise these salespeople receive $200. If the code is 2 and the salesperson sold at least $20,000, then the bonus is $600; otherwise these salespeople receive $550. All others receive $150.

Nested If Example 2If intCode = 1 Then If sngSales >= 10000 Then

sngBonus = 500Else

sngBonus = 200End If

ElseIf intCode = 2 Then

If sngSales >= 20000 ThensngBonus = 600

ElsesngBonus = 550

ElsesngBonus = 150

End IfEnd If

Nested If Example 2If intCode = 1 And sngSales >= 10000 Then sngBonus = 500Else

If intCode = 1 And sngSales < 10000 ThensngBonus = 200

ElseIf intCode = 2 And sngSales >= 20000 Then

sngBonus = 600Else

If intCode = 2 And sngSales < 20000 Then

sngBonus = 550Else

sngBonus = 150End If

End IfEnd If

End If

Case Form of the Selection Structure

• Referred to as the extended selection structure

• Easier than the nested If to write and understand

• Typically used when a selection structure has several paths from which to choose

Select Case StatementSelect Case testexpression

[Case expressionlist1[instructions for the first Case]]

[Case expressionlist2[instructions for the second Case]]

[Case expressionlistn[instructions for the nth Case]]

[Case Else[instructions for when the testexpression does not match any

of the expressionlists]]End Select

To and Is Keywords

• Use the To keyword to specify a range of values when you know both the minimum and maximum values

• Use the Is keyword to specify a range of values when you know only one value, either the minimum or the maximum

Select Case Example 1

Write a selection structure that assigns a sales tax rate to the sngTax variable. The tax rate is determined by the state code stored in the intCode variable. Codes of 1 and 3 represent a 4% rate; a code of 2 represents a 5% rate. All other codes represent a 2% rate.

Select Case Example 1

Select Case intCodeCase 1, 3

sngTax = .04Case 2

sngTax = .05Case Else

sngTax = .02End Select

Select Case Example 2Write a selection structure that assigns a bonus to the sngBonus variable. The bonus is determined by the salesperson’s code (intCode) and, in some cases, by the sales amount (sngSales). If the code is 1 and the salesperson sold at least $10,000, then the bonus is $500; otherwise these salespeople receive $200. If the code is 2 and the salesperson sold at least $20,000, then the bonus is $600; otherwise these salespeople receive $550. All others receive $150.

Select Case Example 2Select Case intCode

Case 1 Select Case sngSales

Case Is >= 10000sngBonus = 500

Case ElsesngBonus = 200

End SelectCase 2

Select Case sngSalesCase Is >= 20000

sngBonus = 600Case Else

sngBonus = 550End Select

Case ElsesngBonus = 150

End Select

Select Case Example 2

Select Case TrueCase intCode = 1 And sngSales >= 10000

sngBonus = 500Case intCode = 1 And sngSales < 10000

sngBonus = 200Case intCode = 2 And sngSales >= 20000

sngBonus = 600Case intCode = 2 And sngSales < 20000

sngBonus = 550Case Else

sngBonus = 150End Select