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Selection of indicator organisms for functional agrobiodiversityfunctional agrobiodiversity
at the crop field level in Japan
1. Outline of the project; Selection of functional biodiversity p j yindicators and development of the assessment methods
2. Selected candidate indicators2. Selected candidate indicators
3. Utilization of indicators
Fumio Ihara1 Ken-Ichiro Honda2 and Ishizue Adachi1Fumio Ihara , Ken Ichiro Honda , and Ishizue Adachi1National Institute of Fruit Tree Science,National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),2National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, NARO
A background of stating the project
+ Biodiversity preservation
Influence of agriculture
BiodiversityAgriculture+ Biodiversity preservation
through irrigated paddies etc.
- Improper use of pesticides and fertilizers) ・Native organisms consists of
Rural area is large parts in Japan
and fertilizers)more than 200 million spp.
・Sustainable use and preservation of biodiversity is requiredAchieves sustainable Rural area is large parts in Japan
Agricultural area occupy an important position in th t l l d
required.agriculture by using natural enemies of pests and other methods
Functional Biodiversity (FBD) can be used as
natural enemies of pests
the natural land.
How to evaluate the agricultural practices?
Quantitative assessment methods are required in monsoon Asia
S l ti f F ti l Bi di it I di t d
Structure and goal of the projectSelection of Functional Biodiversity Indicators and
Development of Assessment Methods
6 regions 1 Selection of indicators 2 Development of simplified in Japan
(1) field unit(orchard, vegetable field,tea field soy been field)
for the evaluation monitoring methods(2) Landscape unit(mainly paddy area)
tea field, soy been field)
LowlandIntermediate
Upland
Development of sex pheromones of the indicators etc.・・
Practical assessment Understanding and forecasting Easy-to-understand
Lowland
Practical assessment methods
g gbiodiversity in Japan
Easy to understand indicators
Proposing manuals for various regions
Forecast for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
Measuring the spread of environment- friendly agriculture, IPM, etc y
gAchieve a balance between productivity and biodiversity
for development of sustainable agriculture
g , ,
Important notices for developing FBD indicators1 Characteristics of biodiversity in Japan(1) Localization
・The islands of Japan extend over a long distance in a・The islands of Japan extend over a long distance in a north–south direction and are situated within various climaticzones. The country has a wide range of fauna and flora.
(2) Various landscape and land use; in 40% rural areas( ) p ;・Uplands, plains, seashores etc. ・Small mosaic distribution of paddies,
upland-fields, forestry, rivers , ponds, etc.
Paddy field in an upland
Paddy field in a plain (alluvial fan)
Paddy field along a bigger river
(1) Insect abundance 2 Characteristics of insects inhabitancy( )・It depends on various crops and agricultural methods (eg. Intensive or extensive, input of
pesticides, chemicals)(2) Migration
・ Indicators should be developed in each region and landscape
・Several insects migrate in a wider area for overwinter , feeding ,and reproduction.
・ Indicators should be developed in each region and landscape・ Indicators should be developed at field and landscape units,
respectively
Locations of study for indicators development・ Since The islands of Japan
Nansei islands/ Okinawa
pextend over a long distancein a north–south direction,and are situated withinario s climatic ones e
Tohoku / Hokkaido
various climatic zones weestablished 8 regions toselect indicators for eachregion.
Chugoku
Chubu
Kinki
g
・ Experimental surveys havebeen carried out at totally274 sites where cover
Kanto
Kyushu ShikokuAppleCitrusPeach
CabbageEgg plant
Landscape level
274 sites, where covermajor districts of each crops.
・Totally approximately 6,576
TeaLeekSoybean
Pear
Crop field levelCrop field level Landscape levelLandscape level
y pp y ,surveys have been done inthe study, with twice permonth on average at eachsite This is the first
comparison comparison
site. This is the firstresearch project using sucha large scale of the surveys
Conventional farmEnvironment-friendly farm
Conventional farmEnvironment-friendly farm
B i l
Rules and plan of the research projectBasic rules
1. GoalDevelopment of functional biodiversity indicators and of assessment methods for evaluating environmental-friendly agricultural practices
2. Candidate indicators (Objective organisms)・Quantitatively measurable・Quantitatively measurable・Beneficial for agricultural production, such as native natural enemies.・Organisms indirectly reflect the presence of organisms that are beneficial for agricultural production.
(ex. Chironomidae→food of spiders, Attractive plants→Den of Orius spp.)・Easy to understand species by instructors and farmers.
PlPlans1. The first 2 years (2008-2009)
・Selection of indicator candidates involving with good agricultural practices at field and l d it ti llandscape units, respectively
2. The second 3 years (2010-2012)・Determination of indicators among candidates which could be actually understood by
instructors and farmers.・Making guideline on evaluation methods of the indicators (how to monitor and conserve
indicators)
Locations of the six study regions and nine kind of crops field surveyed
Northern JapanNorthern Japan
BSA
A
Kyushu/OkinawaChubu
AP R
S
B R
PC CitrusA A l
B CabbageE E l t
Kyushu/OkinawaChugoku/Shikoku
CP R
T E
GS
G GE
E
B
BT
R
C CA AppleP PeachR PearT T
E EggplantG Green onionS Soybean
KantoT TeaKinki
comparison
The surveys were conducted in the country’s
j d ti i f
Conventional farm
p
Environment-friendly farm
major production regions for each crop type.
Basic surveying methods
Pitfall trap Yellow sticky trapPitfall trap Yellow sticky trap
Ground beetles, Spiders, etc
For collecting ground–dwelling arthropods For capturing flying and plant wandering arthropods
Parasitoid wasps, Ladybeetles, etc
Beating and Sweeping Visually observation
Parasitoid wasps, Ladybeetles, etc
For collecting arthropods on plants or Counting arthropods on the plant
g p psurrounding the fields
Spiders, Hovering flies, etcSpiders with web, Ladybeetles, parasitoid wasps, etc
Example of the study
Env.-friendly field. Conventional field
1) ex. Green onion field
e tra
p
Earwigs
y
num
ber/
pit h
ole
・Reduction of chemical applicationSurrounded with banker plant sorgum
Tota
l n
Environ.-friendly
Conventional
・Surrounded with banker plant, sorgum・Wheat was planted between ridges
pit hole trap
Spiders Shield bugs(not harmful)
it ho
le tr
ap
pit h
ole
trap
Spiders g ( )
Tota
l num
ber/
p
Tota
l num
ber/
p
TT
Environ.-friendly
ConventionalConventionalEnviron.-friendly
Procedure for selecting indicator organisms
Creating a list of organisms in all study areas
More than two million individuals were captured in all the study areas.
First screeningS l ti i i ifi tl
A total of 423 organisms were Selecting organisms significantly more abundant in environment-friendly fields than in the conventional fields using
listed as potential indicators including several taxonomic levels (e.g., species, genera, family)statistical tests
Second screening
family).
Second screening Considering the suitability of each organism as indicators (e.g., benefit for agriculture and commonness in each
Nationwide- and regional-common organisms were selected as candidate indicators.
agriculture and commonness in each habitat)
Candidate indicators
Nationwide-common i di t ground-dwelling beetles, spiders
Candidate indicators
indicators g g , p
Tetragnatha spp.[Tetragnatha caudicula]
wandering spider [Pardosa pseudoannulata]
ground-dwelling beetle (carabid)[Chlaenius micans]
南西諸島 沖縄
北日本ChubuParasitoid wasps Ants
Northern JapanParasitoid wasps
Regional-common indicatorsLady beetle
島・沖縄Parasitoid wasps, Ants, Predatory mites
Chugoku/ShikokuP i id A
Parasitoid wasps, Predatory lady beetles, Predatory stinkbugs, Hoverflies
中国
中部
近畿
Parasitoid wasps, AntsKanto
Parasitoid wasps, Predatory lady beetles, Staphylinidbeetles
関東九州
四国
Kinkicitrus cabbagepaddy area (landscape scale)
Parasitoid waspKinki
Parasitoid wasps, Predatory stinkbugs, Staphylinidbeetles, Hoverflies
KyushuPredatory stinkbugs
tea
applepeach
egg plantgreen onionsoybeanpear
From the third year of our project
1. Confirming whether the selected candidate organisms are suitable indicator organismsorganisms are suitable indicator organisms
2. Developing simple and efficient techniques to survey indicator organisms and standard methodssurvey indicator organisms and standard methods to evaluate the accomplishment of environment-friendly agriculture using the indicator organismsfriendly agriculture using the indicator organisms
Establishment of the manual for evaluating environment-friendly agriculture usingenvironment-friendly agriculture using indicator organisms
Utilization of indicators
For widely spreading environment-friendly agriculture in Japan, indicators should be used.
1. The population level of indicators could be used to assess th i t l i t f i t f i dl f ithe environmental impact of environment friendly farmingsuch as IPM practice. Famers could check the abundance of indicators in their fields and adjust their farmingof indicators in their fields and adjust their farming accordingly.
2. The indicators are natural enemies that control crop pests. When indicators are abundant, farmers can leave pest control to the natural enemies.
3 The indicators could be incorporated into the Pest3.The indicators could be incorporated into the Pest Forecasting Program, a national program of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.
IPM practiceIndicators could be applied in IPM practice
【P ti 】 【Ob ti 】 【I t ti 】
Excess acceptable pest level
p
【Prevention】・Remove diseased or
injured plants・Monitoring insects,
disease, weeds
【Observation】 【Intervantion】・Control with various
methods such as ・Prevent spreading
disease・Use natural enemies
,・ The Pest Forecasting
Programbiological control, physiological control, chemical control, etc.
i di l fi ld
③
planting windbreaks spraying
periodical field observation②
spraying mineral oil
Abundances of indicators could be reflected for adjustment of better IPM farming ①
Environment-friendly farming would be distributed widely