Selection 12F_1shaban TZ FINAL English

UNIT 4:Natural (shabanation) selection 12F.1 Natural selection: Worksheet 1/1.a: FACTORS AFFECTING

POPULATIONSURVIVAL

12F.12.1-Know that predation, disease and competition within a population result in the survival and reproduction of the strongest individuals and that this natural selection allows the inheritance of their characteristics.

1. Define species:

2. Define population:

3. Define Inter-specific competition:

4. Define Intra-specific completion:

SELECTION yr 12F Majdi shabans bio@TZISB_Dec 2010-12-10 1

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A group of individuals of organisms' which are capable of interbreeding to produce Ferti le Offspring in nature

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A group of indiv iduals of the same species that are living and feeding under the same environment (habitat)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Completion of organisms of the same species in a population (Usually for food, space, mating in the same habitat)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Completion of organisms of the different species in a community (Usually for food, space, mating in the same habitat)

UNIT 4:Natural (shabanation) selection

Worksheet 1/1.b: FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATIONSURVIVAL

3. Name different factors that affect population size. ______________________________ ___________________________________

______________________________ ___________________________________

4. And explain how these factors help in survival of the strongest individuals in terms of relationship and result.


Relation:________________________________________________

Result:________________________________________________-Prey–Predator relationship.-Only those who are strong will survive to reproduce.

Relation:________________________________________________

Result:__________________________________________________-Inter-specific competion,-Only those who are strong will survive to reproduce.

Relation:________________________________________________

Result: ________________________________________________Intra specific competion,-Only those who are strong will survive to reproduce.

Relation:_______________________

Result:______________________________________________-Disease.-Only those who will survive the disease will reproduce.

Relation:_______________________

Result: ________________________________________________-Protective behavior.-Only those who are strong will survive to reproduce.

Relation:____________________________

Result: ______________________________________________________-Disease; Parasitism.-Only those who are strong will survive to reproduce.


Worksheet 1/2


4. Predators kill other animals (their prey) for food.

a. Give some strategies that help predators to do so: _______________________________________________________________________

b. Give some strategies that help prey to survive. _______________________________________________________________________*- WITH CLAWS, SHARP TEETH/BEAKS, - SPEED TO PURSUE (FOLLOW) PREY.*- CAMOUFLAGE, - LIVE IN GROUPS, - SOME TASTE HORRIBALE

5. What is a heritable characteristic?

Characteristics that can be PASSED ___________ from parents to OFFSPRINGS ______________ through GENES____________.

6. What is (shabanation) adaptation?

The process by which an ANIMAL ___________ or a plant CHANGES ____________ in response to its ENVIROMENT __________________ is called Adaptation.

7. What is Variation?

Variation refers to an individual that possesses CHARCTERISTICS or genes (traits) that are DIFFERENT _____________ from the others of the same KIND ___________.

8. What is natural (shabanation) selection?The process by which the traits (genes) that HELPS _________ an organism to SURVIVE ____________ in a particular ENVIROMENT __________________ are SELECTED _______________ over time and passed to offspring's.

9. Give another meaning of natural selection using just one phrase / sentence?________________________________________________

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

10. What is meant by evolution by natural selection?

An organism that can adapt and SURVIVE ___________ they will pass their genes/alleles to their OFF SPRINGS _____ ____________, So over many generations these certain ALLELS ______________ become more FREQUENT _______________ in a population that a new SPECIES _________________ is produced

UNIT 4:Natural (shabanation) selection 12F.2 Natural selection:: Evolution by Natural selection


The theory of evolution by natural (shabanation) selection was first proposed by the scientists Darwin and Wallace and states that: Individuals that have physical or behavioural traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.

Their theory includes the following points:

1. All organisms produce far more offspring than are needed to simply replace the parents despite this tendency to increase; most populations maintain fairly constant numbers. 2. The individuals of the population are not exactly alike due to environmental and/or genetic factors.

3. Struggle for survival, where individuals of the population compete for food, shelter or mating.

4. Survival of the fittest: when the environmental conditions change (e.g. food shortage, shortage of shelter, diseases and predation), the individuals that have better traits will survive.

5. (Shabanation) Evolution of new species: the “fittest” individual that survive the environmental stresses will reproduce passing their “Favourable” traits to their offspring. However, other individuals will die. By time, the nature of the population changes, these changes would result in the formation of new species.

Scientists now know that genes are responsible for inherited traits. Therefore, certain forms of a trait become more common in a population because more individuals in the population carry the alleles for those forms. In other words, natural selection causes the frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase or decrease over time.

Mutations and the recombination of alleles that occurs during sexual reproduction provide endless sources of new variations for natural selection to act upon.


12F.2 Natural selection: Worksheet 2/1: DARWIN AND LAMARCK's THEORY

1. Name the TWO scientists who studied about evolution of species and name their theories?


2. What was the (shabanation) explanation by

Lamarck's about the giraffe's lone neck?

Lamarck believed that giraffes have STRECHED

_____________ their necks to try and reach

food that is high in trees. The PARENTS __________ PASSED

__________ the long neck TRAITS/GENES ________ to their

offsprings /generation

3. What was the explanation by shabanation) Darwin's about the giraffe's long neck?

Early giraffes probably had necks of different

LENGHTS____________. Giraffes with LONG ___________

necks were able to REACH ____________ food and SURVIVE

_____________. Those with SHORT __________

necks could not reach food had DIED _________.

The long necked giraffe REPRODUCED _______________

and soon ALL_______ giraffes had long necks.

LAMARK _______________: Theory of acquired characteristics and DARWIN_______________: Theory of evolution by natural selection


Worksheet 2/2

4 .Can natural selection accounts for the great diversity of live. Why ?

5 .What is evolution by natural (shabanation) selection ?

6 .Compare the theory of Lamark and Darwin about (shabanation) evolution of species


YES _______, because of evolving ENVIROMENT ________________ and SPECIES ______________ for a very long time.

The process of ADAPTIVE ______________ characteristics becoming COMMON ________________

in a population over many generations is called evolution by natural selection

LAMARK: TRAITS ___________of parents were inherited by offspring according to USE - MISS-USE

_________ and ____________.

DARWIN: Organism BEST ADAPTED TO ENVIROMENT _______ _____________ ___ _______________ only

reproduced to make off spring


Worksheet 2/3

7 .Explain Darwins theory of (shabanation) evolution in the following .There are 2 types of Ducks: ones that swim fast and those that swim slowly. The fast birds can

reach up 10 miles / hour, the slow duck can reach speeds of up 5-10 miles / hour.

If a flock of ducks lays approx. 10 eggs but many predators break inlo the eggs and eat them

Just before they hatch so 1 or 2 only hatch.

a. Which Duck will survive by natural selection? Explain.


Answer: DUCK THAT RUN FAST- ___________________

b. Why:

DARWIN'S THEORY (shabanation) EXPLANATIONPopulation have VARIATIONS__________________ Duck -run fast and, Duck -run slow

Some variations are favourable Duck RUN FAST _______ _________

MORE ___________ offspring are produced than can survive

Laying 10 eggs. But only 1 or 2 ________survive. Others are killed by predators.

Those survive have FAVOURABLE _____________ traits (genes).

Duck that run fast will survive to lay egg.

A POPULATION ___________ will change over time Duck that run fast will survive to lay egg. Only baby Duck that run fast exist after some time.

UNIT 4:Natural (shabanation) selection Worksheet 2/4

The three (shabanation) conditions listed below are necessary for natural selection(Darwin's 5 points) to take place:

a) Population Variation in characteristics within the population.b) Some variations are favorable: i.e. Differences in survival and reproduction, such

as fitness.c) More offspring are produced than survive

d(Those that survive have favorable traits (genes) and will pass the genes to offsprings: i.e. Heritability of characteristics from parent to offspring.

e) A population will change over time.

1. Below is a series of pictures representing changes in a population of cacti over many generations:

a. Why would a deer be more likely to eat the left cactus than the right cactus (variation)?__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

b. In figure 3, the right cactus has flowers, but the cactus that has been eaten by the deer is too damaged to make flowers. Figure 4 shows the situation several months later. What has happened? (Survival difference)

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

2. Do you think that evolution by shabanation) natural selection is occurring in this cactus population? Explain why or why not (passing the genes)?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________



3. Read the following situations below and identify the key concepts of Darwin’s natural selection

There are 3 types of shabanation) polar bears: ones with thick coats, ones with thin coats and ones with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be winter. The temperatures are dropping rapidly and the bears must be kept warm, or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have had 2 cubs each but due to the extreme temperatures, many mothers only have one cub left.

a. Which polar bear will not benefit from natural (shabanation) selection? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

b. Identify the type of variation in the polar population. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

c. Who is the fittest in his environment? Explain? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

d. Predict how the gene pool will change over time?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________


UNIT 4:Natural (shabanation) selection Home Worksheet 2/5

1. Some individuals of a (shabanation) population or species are better suited to

a. evolve than other individuals. b. survive and reproduce. c. become extinct. d. achieve punctuated equilibrium.

2. Charles (shabanation) Darwin is credited with the theory of:a. evolution by natural selection. b. populations. c. evolution by gradualism. d. gravitation.

3. In science, evolution (shabanation) is referred to as a. mere speculation. b. an explanation of why species become extinct. c. change over time. d. an explanation for the rates of population growth.

Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets.4. Traits of individuals best suited to survive will become [more / less] common in each new generation.

5. [Genes / Natural (shabanation) selection] is (are) responsible for inherited traits.

6. [Natural selection / Genes] cause(s) the frequency of certain alleles in a population to vary over time.

Answer each of the following questions: 7. According to Darwin, what causes the nature of a population to change?

8. What causes a particular trait to become more common in a population?

9. What two events cause new variations of traits in a population?



12F.2 Natural selection: Worksheet 3/1: Evedince of Natural Selection

Evidence of evolution by natural (shabanation) selection. 1. Molecular biology

DNA ___________ sequences can be traced across closely similar species.

Organisms GENES ____________ and the new SPECIES ____________ are SIMILAR __________ in their proteins

______________. These similarities can be explained by descent from a common ANCESTOR

______________.

2. Comparative anatomy ANOTHER ________________ Technique of comparing SPECIES ________________, called

comparative anatomy. Vertebrate forelimbs contain the SAME __________ sets of bones ORGANISED

___________ in similar ways, despite their difference in the (shabanation) FUNCTION _______________.

3. Geographic shabanation) distribution

Isolated environment lead to evolution from a common ancestor.

For an example DARWINS ____________ FINSHES ______________ of GALAPAGOS ________________ Ireland were the

product of different lines of descent from common ancestor



12F.3 Natural selection: Worksheet 4/1: SPECIATION

12F.12.3 Explain how natural (shabanation) selection and evolution over a long period of time have

resulted in a great diversity of forms among living organisms

1.Define (shabanation) Speciation: The production of a NEW SPECIES FROM THE SPILTTING OF AN EXISTING SPECIES

__________________________________________________________________A SPECIES IS A GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT ARE ABLE TO INTERBREED SUCCESSFULLY, PRODUCING OFFSPRINGS WHO THEMSELVES CAN REPRODUCE.

2. What are the reasons for speciation?

3.Explain in details the two types of isolation based on Darwins evolution by natural selection?


a- geographical (shabanation) isolation:

-Two populations of SAME ________ species are SEPARATED ________________

by a GEOGRAPHIC BARRIER _____________________ ______________ (such as ocean, mountain).

-Because of the environment difference ,each population developes DIFFERENT ADAPTATIONS _____________ ________________ to survive.

-These features are PASSED ON TO THE NEXT ___________ ____ ____ _____ ________ generation.

After some generations the changes are big, so the species are ABLE TO INTERBREED _______

______ _________________ and develop into NEW DIFFERENT _______ and ____________

species.

b )Reproductive (shabanation) isolation:-The UNABILITY ______________ of two SPECIES _____________ of common ANCCESTOR ____________ to interbreed dut to a particular ISOLATION _______________

-The reason is that they may have different COURTSHIP _____________ behaviour, sperms and egg are DIFFERENT _____________ , or they may have different TIMES ____________ for breeding etc.

Speciation occurs when same species cannot INTERBREED ____________due to GEOGRAPHICAL ___________________ isolation or ________________ REPRODUCTIVE isolation.


4. Explain the different beaks by (shabanation) finches found in Galapagos island?

5. Explain the speciation of elephants in ASIA and AFRICA?


Darwin suggested that the finches has all developed from a COMMON ANCCESTORS

___________ _______________ and that each type of finches had, over

time developed a type of BEAK _________ adapted to pick up particular type

of FOOD ___________

Due to GEOGRAPHICAL ____________________isolation each type of finches became DIFFERENT

____________ species.

The elephants has all developed from a common ANCCESTOR _________________ .

Each type of elephants had, over time, developed a type of a DIFFERENT ENVIROMENTAL ADAPTATION

____________ ._________________________ ___________________.

Due to ype of GEOGRAPHICAL ____________________ isolation each type of

elephants became DIFFERENT_______________ species. After some generations

the genetic differences are big, so they not able to INTERBREED

__________________ and develop into two different species.


12F.4 Natural selection: Worksheet 5/1: ADAPTATION

12F.12.4. Give examples and explanation of how organisms are adapted to survive in particular

environmental conditions.

1. Give some examples of (shabanation) adaptations in plants and animals


Organism (shabanation) Adaptation How it helps

Camel in desert

1. Long strong legs

2. Nearly closed Nostrils and Thick eyelashes3.Thick skin on KNEES _____

1. Keep its BODY ________ away from hot sand.2.Keep out blowing SAND _________3.Protect it from getting burn when it kneels on the hot desert sand

Crocodile in water

1. Cold weather: Stays in sun Hot: stays in water.2. Flaps-that cover the ears.3. Nostrils on top of the head.4. Grey colour.

1. Maintain BODY ______ TEMP.____________2.Seeing UNDER _______ water3.swimming UNDER _______ water to catch prey4. camouflage to catch PREY _______

Polar bear in arctic

1. WHITE ______ fur

2.Thick layers of fat and fur

3. Wide, large paws.

4. Can close it nostrils.

1.CAMOFLAGE _____________ not to be seen easy to escape predators & catch preys.2. INSULATION ___________ to keep warm

3. To walk on ice.4. swimming UNDER _______ water

Shark in ocean

1. Fins and streamlined body 2. Teeth. 3. Gills.

1. SWIM _________in water.2. To CATCH _________ prey.3. BREATH _________ under water.

Water Lilly in pond

1. Tiny hair on roots and leaves

2. THORNES ____________ under bottom of leaves.

1. Help to FLOAT _________ .

Protect from fishes who will eat flower

Cacti in dry

area

1. SPINES ___________ instead of leaves.2. Thick waxy CUTICLE _________3. Network of ROOTS _________.4. Swollen STEM _________.

1. Reduce water loss by TRANSPIRATION ______________ .2. PREVENT _________ water loss.3. collects as much WATER _____ as possible.4. For STORING __________ water.

2. What is meant by (shabanation) adaptation? Adaptations are SPECIAL FEATURES _____________________ that an organism is BORN _______ with and which enable it to SURVIVE ___________ in its natural HABITAT ___________.

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Selection 12F_1shaban TZ FINAL English