Reference

Sense

Mental images

Various lexical relations

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156.

Synonyms Antonyms Homophones / Homonyms Hyponyms Heteronyms Polysemous words

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 156-159.

Gradable Pairs more A means less B big/small hot/coldComplementary Pairs A = not B; B = not A alive/dead awake/asleep(Relative scale: small elephant/big

mouse)Relational Pairs If X = Y’s A, then Y = X’s B teacher/student give/receive

leadreaddovebowrendezvous recordarticulate

person, woman, doctor, boy, engineer, baby+human

doe, lady, sister, mare, her+female

girl, actress, woman, aunt, wife, widow+human, +female

child, baby, puppy, kitten+animate, +young

生命 人 雄性 成年桌子 – – – – 母牛+ – – +姑娘+ + – –女人+ + – +男孩+ + + –男人+ + + +

語言學導論， George Yule 著，張文軒譯，李靜芝校訂　 (The Study of Language: An Introduction) 台北市：書林出版有限公司， 1999, p. 138.

Intended Utterance Actual Utterance (Error)bridge of the nose bridge of the neckwhen my gums bled when my tongues bledhe came too late he came too early

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Mary was young

Mary was earlylady with the dachshund lady with the Volkswagena horse of another color a horse of another racehe has to pay her alimony

he has to pay her rentFromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Agent Theme (or Patient) Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 165.

(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers)

AgentThemeLocationGoalSourceInstrumentExperiencer(Causative)(Possessor)

(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers)

Agent 被 [Passive only]Theme 把Location 在 上 下 左 右Goal 到 給Source 從 向 跟Instrument 用　Experiencer(Causative) 讓　 etc(Possessor) 的　

Semantic Ambiguity

a. bank b. kind: noun vs. adjective c. sole d. drill; boring e. deed f. ruler g. can: noun vs. modal h. shop: noun vs. verb i. a woman: same woman OR different women j. make your own bed: idiom or notk. job vs. idioml. marry; a Norwegian woman (same as i)

Semantic Features

A. a & b +male, +animate a +human b –human

B. a & b NOUNS ?a +count (countable)b –count (non-count; mass nouns)

C. a & b NOUNS ?a +concrete b –concrete (abstract)

Semantic Features

D. a & b +plant a trees b flowers

E. a & b ?a written things/documents b writing instruments

F. a & b motion VERBS a individual effort / without a vehicle b done with a vehicle

Semantic Features

G. a & b speaking a no manner specified b particular manner specified

H. a & b ANTONYMS a complementary b gradable

I. a & b ADJECTIVES a “non-implicational” (Adj N may not be an

N) b “implicational” (Adj N is an N)

Antonyms

good bad g expensive cheap g parent offspring r beautiful ugly g false true c lessor lessee r pass fail c

Antonyms

hot cold g legal illegal c larger smaller r poor rich g fast slow g asleep awake c husband wife r rude polite g

Hints

a. bare b. leadc. praise d. bytee. sight f. pairsg. plain h. karati. mane j. frees