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Selected Measures of Stratification
U.S. Census Bureau Poverty Thresholds, 2006
Size of Family Unit Poverty Threshold
One person (unrelated individual) $10,294
Under 65 years $10,488
65 years and over $9,669
Two people $13,167
Householder under 65 years $13,569
Householder 65 years and over $12,201
Three people $16,079
Four people $20,614
Five people $24,382
Six people $27,560
Seven people $31,205
Eight people $34,774
Nine people or more $41,499
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds 2006.
Pct in Poverty by Race & Year(Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstracts of the US, 2006)
8.2
24.3
0 00
20.6
12.3
9.9 10.2 10.79.4
33.5 32.531.9
22
12.2
10.710.3
21.2
25.7 28.1
12.613 13.5
11.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004
White Black Asian Hispanic All
Female-Headed Households as % of Poor Families (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstracts of
the U.S., 2006)
20
48
53.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1959 1976 2004
Median Income by Household, 2006 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006)
69,716
31,818
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Hub-Wife Single MomHousehold
Hub-Wife Single Mom
Pct of Single Moms Getting Child Support, by Marital Status, 2003 (Source: US Census Bureau, 2006)
25%
18%
5% 5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Full Pay Part Pay Full Pay Part Pay
All All NM NM
Women as % of all employees in selected occupations, 2005 (Source, BLS)
92
74
96
84
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
RNs k-12 teachers Ad. Asst Personal Service
Pct. of Women in Professions, by Year(Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Statistical Abstracts of the U.S., 2006)
1
5
11
3
14
34
15
30
50
6
12
31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Engineers Lawyers/Judges Managers Doctors
1960 1980 2005
Pct. Of Children Under 18 in PovertyU.S. Bureau of the Census, CPS, 2006
16
33.331
36
40
4446454444
4748
4241
28.629
41403937
38394034
29
36
40
9.5
18
20
181618
24
14.2
1315
161615
1515161614
1117
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2004
Black Hispanic Asian White
Approximate Unemployment Rate by Race & Year (Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007)
1312
8
5.9
119
8
20
11
77
11
8
11
87
4.25.6
454
6
54
0
5
10
15
20
25
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2007
Black Hispanic White
Median Household Income, by Race and Year
(Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstracts of the U.S., 2006)
48,201
52,423
31,969
64,238
37,78142,15138,26238,446
36,24635,238
44,232
40,15940,10038,226
37,176
30,436
25,14423,97922,74221,418
55,525
45,603
49,369
33,45528,67126,80327,162 25,668
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2006
All White Black Asian Hispanic
Lifetime Earnings by Educational AttainmentU.S. Census Bureau, CPR, 2002
$4.4
$3.4
$1.0$1.2
$1.5$1.6$2.1
$2.5
$0.0
$0.5
$1.0
$1.5
$2.0
$2.5
$3.0
$3.5
$4.0
$4.5
$5.0
Profe
ssiona
l
Docto
rate
Associa
te
Some
colle
ge, n
o degr
ee
High sc
hool g
radu
ate
Not a
high sc
hool g
radu
ate
Degree
Ear
nin
gs
Lifetime Earnings by Race & Education
1.1
2.6
3.1
2.2
1.3
1.61.6
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.8
0.9
1.3
3.1
1.1
1.51.3
0.8
1.1
1.7
1.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Advanced Bachelor's Associate's Some Coll HS Grad Not HS Grad
Earn
ings (
in m
illio
ns o
f 1999 d
olla
rs)
White Black Asian Hispanic
Lifetime Earnings by Gender & EducationU.S. Census Bureau, CPS: 1998, 1999, 2000
3.82.5
4.82.9
2.91.9
2.51.6
1.81.3
1.71.2
1.41
1.10.7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Earnings (in millions of 1999 dollars)
Doctoral
Profession
Master's
Bachelor's
Associate's
Some Coll
HS Grad
Not HS Grad
Ed
uc
ati
on
Men Women
Educational Attainment by Socioeconomic Status (National Center for Education Statistics, 2004)
24.3
46.5
25.9
3.4
47.9
44.86.9
0.4
23.3
52.7
21.9
2.1
4.4
36
51
8.6
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Per
cen
tag
es
Total Lowestquartile
Middletwo
quartiles
Highestquartile
No PSE Some PSE but no bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree Master's degree or higher
Pct. of People 25 and over with 4 or More Years of College
8
3
0
11
4 6
0
16
87
0
21
119
24.2
30.5
17.7
12
31.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1960 1970 1980 1990 2005
White Black Hispanic Asian
Average Tuition, Private and Public Colleges, by Year
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Private
5,0005,100 5,100 5,100
6,000
7,000
8,000
12,40011,000
12,000
12,000
11,500
15,000
19,000
24,00024,400
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Private
Public
College Grads, By Year and SES
31
79
8 8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
Top 25% Bottom 25%
SES
1979 1994
Female LFP Rate, by Year & Race (Source: Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 2006)
48
3217
49
34
21
49
43
36
53
52
52
64
62
60
61.5
59
59
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140160
180
200
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2004
Black White Married, Kids <6
Family Income at Selected Income Levels, 1979-1997
13,577
13,940
2.7
24,425
25,683
5.2
41,268
45,722
10.8
62,433
74,000
18.5
86,828
112,810
29.9
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%In
co
me b
y Y
ear
10th 25th 50th 75th 90th
Income Percentile
Selected Income Level
1979 1997 % Change
Proportion of Population by Class Status
8.712.7
44.4
34.2 38.4
40.7
8.712.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Well-off Middle Class Near-Poor Poor
Class Status
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f P
op
ula
tio
n
1979 1997
Employment in Sectors of the Economy, 1900-2000
38
3
31
19
31
78
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% E
mp
loym
ent
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Sector of Economy
1900
2000
Five Functional (Occupational) Groups (Source:
Carnevale and Rose, 1998)
Work Function Primary Workplace
Extractive Production Farm
Industrial Production Factory
Low-Skilled Services Counter
High-Skilled Services Hospital or Classroom
Administration & Coordination
Office
Distribution of Functional Employment, 1959-1997
30
34
39
41
41
1015141517
201920
21
22
35
27
24
2019
54321
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
%o
f O
ccu
pat
ion
s
Office Hosp/Class Counter Factory Farm
1997
1989
1979
1969
1959
Distribution of Income, 1980-2006 (Source US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstracts of the US, 2006)
41.1
44.3
47.4
50.5
24.4
23.8
22.8
22.9
17.6
16.6
15.5
14.5
11.6
10.8
9.8
8.6
5.3
4.6
4.3
3.4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Top 5th Fourth 5th Third 5th Second 5th Lowest 5th
1980 1990 2000 2006
Distribution of Wealth in U.S., 2007(Source: Edward Wolff, NYU Economist, 2010)
Distribution of Income, by Quintiles, 2004 (Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstracts of the United States, 2006)
3.4
8.614.5
22.9
50.5
4.39.8
15.5
22.8
47.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Top 20% Next 20% Next 20% Next 20% Bottom 20%
2004 2000
Distribution of Wealth in U.S., 2007 (Source: Wolff, 2010)
