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CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
RE
SE
RV
OIR
CO
NN
EC
TIV
ITY
AN
D C
OM
PA
RT
ME
NT
BO
UN
DA
RIE
S
Bo
hlin
g, G
.C., J
. H. D
oveto
n, W
. Gu
y, W.L
. Watn
ey, a
nd S
. Bhatta
chary
a, 1
998, P
fEF
FE
R 2
.0 m
anual, K
ansas G
eolo
gic
al S
urv
ey, L
aw
rence,
Ka
nsas, 1
61 p
p.
Fre
nch, V
. L., a
nd C
. Kera
ns, 2
004,A
ccom
mod
atio
n-c
ontro
lled s
yste
ms-tra
ct-s
pecific
facie
s p
artio
nin
g a
nd re
sultin
g g
eom
etric
develo
pm
ent o
fre
serv
oir g
rain
sto
ne ra
mp
-cre
st s
hoal b
odie
s, in
Inte
gra
tion o
f outc
rop a
nd m
od
ern
analo
gs in
reserv
oir m
odelin
g:A
AP
G M
em
oir 8
0, p
. 171-
190.
Ke
rans, C
., F. J
. Lucia
, and R
. K. S
enger, 1
994
, Inte
gra
ted c
hara
cte
riza
tion o
f carb
onate
ram
p re
serv
oirs
usin
g P
erm
ian S
an
Andre
sF
orm
atio
n o
utc
rop a
nalo
gs,A
AP
G B
ulle
tin, v. 7
8, p
. 181-2
16.
Ru
ppel, S
. C., a
nd D
. G. B
ebout, 2
001, C
om
pe
ting e
ffects
of d
epositio
nal a
rch
itectu
re a
nd d
iagenesis
on c
arb
onate
reserv
oir d
evelo
pm
ent:
Gra
yburg
Fo
rmatio
n, S
outh
Cow
den fie
ld, w
estTexas:T
he U
niv
ers
ity o
fTe
xas a
tA
ustin
, Bure
au o
f Econom
ic G
eo
logy R
eport o
fIn
vestig
atio
ns N
o. 2
63, 6
2 p
.
Wa
rd, R
. F., C
. G. S
t. C. K
endall, a
nd P
. M. H
arris
,1986, U
pper P
erm
ian (G
uadalu
pia
n) fa
cie
s a
nd th
eir a
ssocia
tion w
ith h
ydro
carb
ons--
Pe
rmia
n B
asin
, westTexas a
nd N
ew
Me
xic
o:A
AP
G B
ulle
tin, v. 7
0, p
. 239-2
62.
Refe
ren
ces
iC
harlo
tte S
ulliv
an, C
huck B
lum
entritt, K
urt M
arfu
rt, and Q
ifeng D
ou, fo
r se
ism
ic a
ttribute
genera
tion a
nd g
eolo
gic
al in
sig
ht
iiiii
Bu
rlingto
n R
esourc
es O
il & G
as C
om
pany a
nd S
chlu
mb
erg
er IP
M, fo
r pro
vid
ing
seis
mic
and w
ell d
ata
The U
. S. D
epartm
ent o
f Energ
y, for p
roje
ct fu
ndin
g u
nder c
ontra
ct D
E-F
C26-0
4N
T1
5504
Se
ism
ic M
icro
-Te
chnolo
gy, In
c., fo
r access to
se
ism
ic-in
terp
reta
tion s
oftw
are
Ha
mp
son-R
ussell, fo
r access to
se
ism
ic in
vers
ion s
oftw
are
IHS
, for a
ccess to
well-lo
g c
orre
latio
n a
nd m
appin
g s
oftw
are
Th
e K
ING
DO
M S
uite
+
ST
RA
TA
PE
TR
A
Ac
kn
ow
led
gm
en
ts
BV
Wp
rofile
sfro
mb
ase
an
hyd
riteto
"x"m
ark
er
-800
-780
-760
-740
-720
-700
-680
-660
00.0
50.1
0.1
5
BV
W
Elevationn (ft)
1202w
1261w
1201w
1205w
1206w
1207w
1208w
1209w
1228w
1229w
-680 B
VW
-700 B
VW
-720 B
VW
-740 B
VW
-760 B
VW
-780 B
VW
Bu
bb
le m
ap
s o
f BV
W a
t a g
ive
n e
leva
tion
(su
bse
a in
fee
t) are
su
pe
rimp
ose
d o
n th
e to
p o
f Sa
nA
nd
res s
ub
se
a d
ep
th m
ap
.T
he
se
ma
ps s
ho
w a
ran
ge
in B
VW
va
lue
s th
at a
re n
ot c
lose
ly tie
d to
ele
va
tion
on
top
of th
e S
an
An
dre
s F
orm
atio
n. M
ore
ove
r, va
lue
s v
ary
ma
rke
dly
by d
ep
th in
an
ind
ivid
ua
l we
ll, refle
ctin
g th
e v
aria
tion
of p
oro
sity
in th
e c
yclic
pa
cksto
ne
-gra
insto
ne
inte
rva
l.Th
ed
ep
th s
lice
s a
lso
do
no
t sh
ow
an
y p
atte
rn o
f BV
W v
aria
tion
with
de
pth
, pa
ralle
ling
the
BV
W v
s.
de
pth
plo
t ab
ove
.T
his
lack o
f de
pth
pa
ttern
ind
ica
tes th
at th
ere
is n
ot a
stro
ng
field
-wid
etra
nsitio
n z
on
e, b
ut ra
the
r loca
l we
ll-sca
le v
aria
tion
s in
rese
rvo
ir pro
pe
rties.
iiiiiiiiii
Aw
ide
range o
f fluid
recoverie
s is
note
d in
wells
in th
e“h
igh v
olu
me a
rea
”of W
addell F
ield
. Hig
her p
roductio
ngenera
lly c
om
es fro
m 1
) the m
ain
stru
ctu
ral h
igh, 2
) alo
ng th
e n
orth
east fla
nk o
f the s
outh
east-tre
ndin
g a
ntic
line
that ru
ns th
rough th
e a
rea, a
nd 3
) alo
ng a
narro
w n
orth
east-tre
ndin
g a
rea ro
ughly
corre
spond
ing to
a s
tructu
ral
saddle
on th
e a
ntic
line.
In th
e“h
igh v
olu
me a
rea
”, tight, a
nh
ydritic
“macro
”kars
t at th
e to
p o
f the S
an
Andre
s F
orm
atio
n c
uts
dow
n in
toth
e u
nd
erly
ing p
oro
us re
serv
oir.
The k
ars
t zone e
xhib
its h
igh v
aria
bility
in th
ickness b
ut is
genera
lly th
icker o
n th
e h
igher p
ortio
ns o
f the
south
east-tre
ndin
g a
ntic
line.
The p
oro
us c
arb
onate
reserv
oir in
terv
al b
elo
w th
e k
ars
t ison th
e s
addle
are
a o
f the a
ntic
line.
Aseis
mic
horiz
on c
orre
spondin
g to
the
”x”
mark
er (b
ase o
f poro
us re
serv
oir) c
an b
e in
terp
rete
d a
cro
ss th
eim
peda
nce v
olu
me.T
his
horiz
on is
truncate
d b
y th
e b
ase o
f kars
t in s
om
e a
reas, s
uggestin
g a
n a
ssocia
ted
change
in re
serv
oir ty
pe/q
uality
in th
ese a
reas.
Acom
paris
on o
f mean a
nd c
ente
r of g
ravity
measure
s o
f poro
sity
indic
ate
s th
at h
igher p
oro
sity
is d
evelo
ped
low
er in
the p
ay in
terv
al.
The m
ean s
eis
mic
impedance o
f the
reserv
oir in
terv
al c
orre
spon
ds w
ell w
ith m
ean p
oro
sity
from
well lo
gs a
nd
allo
ws p
oro
sity
appro
xim
atio
n in
are
as o
f poor w
ell c
ontro
l.
The im
pedance m
aps s
uggest th
at th
e p
oro
us S
an
Andre
s s
hoa
ls th
at c
om
pris
e th
e p
ay a
ppe
ar to
have N
-NE
trends, o
bliq
ue to
the m
ain
San
And
res s
tructu
re.T
he p
atte
rn o
f shoal d
evelo
pm
ent m
ay b
e c
ontro
lled b
y d
eep-
seate
d s
tructu
re.
Local k
ars
t develo
pm
ent a
ppears
to b
e a
t a w
ell s
cale
, gre
atly
reducin
g th
e re
serv
oir q
uality, w
hic
h c
auses
varia
bility
in o
il and g
as p
roductio
n, e
ven w
ithin
this
hig
h v
olu
me
are
a
Acom
bin
atio
n o
f facto
rs a
ppears
to b
e re
sponsib
le fo
r the p
ay d
istrib
utio
n in
the h
igh v
olu
me
are
a o
f Waddell
Fie
ld.
locally
thin
BV
WA
NA
LY
SIS
Ph
i-BV
W d
ep
th p
rofile
s (le
ft) of w
ells
#1
22
8 a
nd
ad
jac
en
t #1
20
7 a
re o
n o
pp
os
ing
en
ds
of th
e d
ep
th c
lus
ter.
We
ll #1
22
8 is
mo
re tig
htly
clu
ste
red
at lo
we
r va
lue
s a
t gre
ate
r de
pth
du
e th
e p
res
en
ce
of th
ick
ka
rst, w
hile
the
ph
i-BV
W p
oin
ts a
ss
oc
iate
d w
ith w
ell #
12
07
are
no
tice
ab
ly h
igh
er a
t hig
he
r ele
va
tion
s. W
hile
bo
th w
ells
are
es
se
ntia
lly th
e s
am
e e
lev
atio
n a
t the
top
of S
an
An
dre
s, a
s c
an
be
se
en
in th
e m
ap
be
low
, the
de
ep
er k
ars
t at
the
loc
atio
n o
f we
ll #1
22
8 le
av
es
pa
y in
the
pa
ck
sto
ne
-gra
ins
ton
e fa
cie
s a
t gre
ate
r de
pth
s. T
he
co
ntra
st in
loc
atio
n o
f the
po
rou
s in
terv
al in
the
se
two
we
lls c
an
be
ob
se
rve
d in
the
cro
ss
se
ctio
n o
n th
e rig
ht.
-81
0
-79
0
-77
0
-75
0
-73
0
-71
0
-69
0
-67
0
-65
0
00
.05
0.1
0.1
5
Ph
i-BV
W
Elevation (ft)
12
02
_p
hi-b
vw
12
61
_p
hi-b
vw
12
01
_p
hi-b
vw
12
05
_p
hi-b
vw
12
06
_p
hi-b
vw
12
07
_p
hi-b
vw
12
08
_p
hi-b
vw
12
09
_p
hi-b
vw
12
28
_p
hi-b
vw
Well 1
207- H
igh
ele
vatio
n a
nd
hig
h s
um
(ph
i-BV
W)
Well 1
228 - H
igh
ele
vatio
n, o
ffsettin
g w
ell 1
207
an
d re
lativ
ely
low
su
m (p
hi-B
VW
)
4.1
8
4.8
5
7.6
0
2.1
8
5.1
2
2.9
8
3.6
9
4.3
2
1.0
7
7.7
7
1229
(no
t plo
tted
)
Sum (Phi-BVW)
To
p S
an
An
dre
s
Ph
i-BV
W fo
r Se
lec
ted
We
lls
Ele
va
tion
of lo
we
rmo
st
pa
y
Ob
serv
atio
ns o
f the P
hi-B
VW
dep
th p
rofile
plo
t:
Well #
1261 is
nearly
the
low
est in
ele
vatio
n a
nd h
as
the s
malle
st c
um
ula
tive P
hi-
BV
W o
f 1.0
7.
Well #
1202 is
adja
ce
nt to
we
ll#1261 a
nd a
t the s
am
eele
vatio
n a
t the to
p o
f the S
an
Andre
s, a
s s
een in
the m
ap a
trig
ht. H
ow
eve
r, the p
ay
inte
rva
l in #
12
02 o
ccurs
at a
hig
her e
levatio
n d
ue to
thin
ner
overly
ing k
ars
t.T
he a
dditio
nal
pay in
terv
al a
nd h
igh
er
ele
vatio
n a
ppa
rently
led to
are
lativ
ely
hig
h c
um
ula
tive p
hi-
BV
W o
f 4.3
2 v
s. 1
.07
.
Well #
1205, n
ear w
ell #
1208
,has th
e lo
west to
p o
f San
Andre
s, b
ut p
ay is
rela
tively
hig
h a
nd c
um
ula
tive p
hi-B
VW
is m
od
era
tely
ele
vate
d, 5
.12
,com
pa
red to
2.9
8. P
hi-B
VW
pro
files a
re s
imila
r in p
atte
rn,
but e
levatio
n o
f pay in
#1205
is h
igh
er d
ue to
less d
eeply
penetra
ting k
ars
t.T
hus
iii
Stru
ctu
re m
ap
top
of S
an
An
dre
s F
orm
atio
n. B
ub
ble
sd
ep
ict c
um
ula
tive
Ph
i-BV
W in
the
pa
y in
terv
als
of e
ac
hw
ell. P
hi-B
VW
is a
n in
dic
atio
n o
f hy
dro
ca
rbo
n p
ore
vo
lum
e. N
o c
lea
r pa
ttern
is n
ote
d, in
clu
din
g o
ffse
t we
llsw
ith la
rge
co
ntra
st in
pa
y a
nd
stru
ctu
rally
low
we
lls w
ithh
igh
er p
ay
ca
lcu
latio
ns
. Ma
ps
of c
um
ula
tive
oil a
nd
ga
sp
rod
uc
tion
in th
e“h
igh
vo
lum
e a
rea”
sh
ow
sim
ilar
va
riatio
n o
n a
we
ll-to-w
ell le
ve
l.
1261
1205
1202
12071228
1229
1201
1206
1209
1208
Phi-BVW= hydrocarbon pore volume
additio
nal s
ectio
n is
availa
ble
for h
ydro
carb
on
accum
ula
tion.
Well #
1228 is
locate
d a
dja
ce
nt to
well #
120
7 in
a s
tructu
rally
hig
h p
ositio
non th
e to
p o
f the S
an
Andre
s, b
ut th
e p
ay in
terv
al is
aro
und 3
5 fe
et lo
wer.
The p
hi-B
VW
pro
files a
re in
sharp
contra
st to
one a
no
ther, 7
.77 (o
ne o
f the
hig
hest v
alu
es) v
s. 3
.69.A
dd
itionally, th
e m
axim
um
pay v
alu
es (p
hi-B
VW
)fo
r ind
ivid
ual p
oin
ts d
eclin
e fro
m 0
.1 to
0.5
in w
ell #
12
28, a
s in
dic
ate
d b
yth
e o
range d
ashed lin
e in
the p
hi-B
VW
dep
th p
lot. O
ther w
ells
follo
w th
istre
nd o
f phi-B
VW
declin
e w
ith d
epth
sugge
stin
g a
declin
e in
hydro
ca
rbon
satu
ratio
n, p
erh
aps a
n in
dic
atio
n o
f transitio
n.
Most o
f the in
dic
atio
ns o
f pa
y (p
hi-B
VW
), oth
er th
an in
well #
1261, re
sid
eat e
levatio
ns a
bove -7
88 fe
et.
This
may b
e a
n in
dic
atio
n o
f the p
roxim
ity o
fan o
il/wate
r co
nta
ct.
ii
PH
I-BV
WA
NA
LY
SIS
GE
NE
RA
LO
BS
ER
VA
TIO
NS
OF
PH
I-BV
W P
LO
TS
AN
D M
AP
PIN
G
Afte
r petro
physic
al c
ut-o
ffs a
re a
pplie
d a
nd th
e p
ay in
terv
als
of re
serv
oir a
re id
entifie
d, e
ffectiv
e p
oro
sity
can b
esu
btra
cte
d fro
m th
e B
VW
, the b
ulk
volu
me w
ate
r, to e
stim
ate
hydro
carb
on p
ore
volu
me
. Dis
pla
yin
g a
depth
pro
fileof p
hi-B
VW
can
pro
vid
e a
n in
dic
atio
n o
f a h
ydro
carb
on tra
nsitio
n z
one, w
here
valu
es d
ecre
ase
with
depth
,eventu
ally
dro
pp
ing to
zero
at th
e h
ydro
carb
on/w
ate
r conta
ct. S
imila
rly, wid
espre
ad s
ca
tterin
g o
f poin
ts w
ith n
opa
ttern
reveals
com
ple
x h
ete
rogeneity
with
no tra
nsitio
n z
one o
r oil o
r gas w
ate
r conta
ct.
The p
hi-B
VW
de
pth
plo
t show
s s
om
e v
ague p
atte
rns re
late
d to
local re
se
rvoir h
ete
rogen
eity
that a
ppears
to b
ede
velo
ped a
t the
well s
cale
, rela
ted to
the s
trong k
ars
t overp
rintin
g th
at h
as g
enera
lly re
duced th
e m
ore
contin
uous
pa
y d
evelo
ped in
the o
verly
ing
gra
insto
ne-p
acksto
nes.T
hu
s, k
ars
t dia
gen
esis
pays a
sig
nific
an
t role
in th
ehe
teogeneity
in th
e“h
igh v
olu
me a
rea
”.
Well-s
cale
hete
rogeneity
is s
imila
rly re
flecte
d in
the c
um
ula
tive p
roductio
n a
nd s
eis
mic
attrib
ute
data
. Seis
mic
attrib
ute
analy
sis
suggests
an e
lem
ent o
f stru
ctu
ral c
ontro
l on th
is h
ete
rog
eneity.
Low
mean im
pedance in
the re
serv
oir in
terv
al h
as
been s
how
n to
corre
spond
genera
lly to
hig
h m
ean
poro
sity. H
ow
ever, lo
wer m
ean im
pedance a
lso
appears
to c
orre
late
with
low
er c
um
ula
tive
hydro
carb
on
pore
volu
me fro
m P
hi-B
VW
, as is
show
nby w
ells
#12
61 a
nd #
1228
(whic
h h
ave a
thic
ker
kars
t zone), c
om
pare
d to
wells
#1202 a
nd #
1228
(whic
h h
ave
a th
inner k
ars
t zone).
This
corre
sponde
nce b
etw
een h
igh p
oro
sity
and lo
whydro
carb
on
pore
volu
me is
most lik
ely
expla
ined b
yth
e fa
ct th
at th
e h
igh p
oro
sity
is d
evelo
pe
d d
eeper in
the re
serv
oir in
terv
al (a
s w
as in
dic
ate
d b
y th
e c
ente
rof g
ravity
ma
p) a
nd in
are
as w
ith th
icker k
ars
t, the
low
er p
oro
sity
upper re
serv
oir w
ill be c
ut o
ut, s
o th
at
only
the d
ee
per h
igh p
oro
sity
inte
rval w
ill contrib
ute
to th
e m
ean
poro
sity.
Am
ost p
ositiv
e c
urv
atu
re m
ap (s
how
ing a
ntifo
rmbendin
g) e
xtra
cte
d fro
m th
e s
eis
mic
data
volu
me
alo
ng a
Devonia
n h
oriz
on a
ppro
xim
ate
ly 0
.6 s
econds
belo
w th
e S
an
Andre
s s
ho
ws th
at th
ere
is a
sig
nific
ant d
eep-s
eate
d s
tructu
ral c
ontro
l to th
enorth
west-tre
ndin
g fe
atu
res in
the
“hig
h v
olu
me
are
a”.
As c
an b
e s
een b
y th
e in
terle
aved
most
positiv
e c
urv
atu
re a
nd m
ea
n re
serv
oir in
terv
al
impedance m
aps, th
ere
is a
lso a
n in
dic
atio
n th
at
cro
sscuttin
g n
orth
to n
orth
east-tre
ndin
g fe
atu
res o
nth
e D
evonia
n s
urfa
ce a
lso im
pacte
d p
oro
sity
develo
pm
en
t in th
e S
an
An
dre
s.
Am
ost p
ositiv
e c
urv
atu
re m
ap e
xtra
cte
d a
long th
e“x
”
mark
er s
how
s s
om
e o
f the
sam
e s
tructu
ral tre
nds a
sth
e D
evonia
n h
oriz
on b
ut a
lso s
how
s a
finer n
etw
ork
of lin
eam
ents
that e
nclo
se
are
as w
ith d
iam
ete
rs o
nth
e o
rder o
f 1500 ft (4
50 m
).T
hese fe
atu
res m
ay
indic
ate
rese
rvoir c
om
partm
enta
lizatio
n a
t a s
ingle
-w
ell s
cale
.
SE
ISM
ICA
TT
RIB
UT
EA
NA
LY
SIS
Mo
st p
os
itive
vo
lum
etric
cu
rva
ture
ex
trac
ted
alo
ng
the
“x
”m
ark
er
ho
rizo
n s
up
erim
po
se
d o
n th
e m
ea
n im
pe
da
nc
e m
ap
for th
e b
as
e k
ars
t to“x
”m
ark
er in
terv
al. B
lac
k c
orre
sp
on
ds
to tig
ht p
os
itive
(an
tiform
al)
cu
rva
ture
.
Mo
st p
os
itive
vo
lum
etric
cu
rva
ture
ex
trac
ted
alo
ng
a D
ev
on
ian
ho
rizo
n(a
pp
rox
ima
tely
0.6
se
co
nd
s b
elo
w th
e S
an
An
dre
s) s
up
erim
po
se
d o
n th
em
ea
n im
pe
da
nc
e m
ap
for th
e b
as
e k
ars
t to“x
”m
ark
er in
terv
al. B
lac
kc
orre
sp
on
ds
to tig
ht p
os
itive
(an
tiform
al) c
urv
atu
re.
1207
1228
12611202
1207
1228
12611202
