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Seeds of Discovery An Investment by the Mexican Government

Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

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Page 1: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Seeds of Discovery

An Investment by the Mexican Government

Seeds of Discovery

An Investment by the Mexican Government

Page 2: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources in wheat and maize 

to address

•Food Security 

• Climate change

• Resource Limitation 

Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources in wheat and maize 

to address

•Food Security 

• Climate change

• Resource Limitation 

Page 3: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Mission StatementDevelopment of the genetic and associated 

technologies for the exploitation of genetic resources 

to empower the global maize and wheat breeder 

communities to address the challenges to global food 

security including climate change and resource 

scarcity (energy, water, nutrient and land).

Mission StatementDevelopment of the genetic and associated 

technologies for the exploitation of genetic resources 

to empower the global maize and wheat breeder 

communities to address the challenges to global food 

security including climate change and resource 

scarcity (energy, water, nutrient and land).

Page 4: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Outcomes

Tools and/or genetic resources that can be 

deployed directly in any breeding program 

anywhere in the world

Outcomes

Tools and/or genetic resources that can be 

deployed directly in any breeding program 

anywhere in the world

Page 5: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Food SecurityThe singularly most important trait to 

address food security is yield

Whole Genome Selection

Introgression from elite gene pools

Synthetics

Land races

Food SecurityThe singularly most important trait to 

address food security is yield

Whole Genome Selection

Introgression from elite gene pools

Synthetics

Land races

Page 6: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Climate Change (2030)

Global increase in CO2

Global increase in temperature

Global increase in Ozone

Substantial changes in precipitation

Climate Change (2030)

Global increase in CO2

Global increase in temperature

Global increase in Ozone

Substantial changes in precipitation

Page 7: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Global increase in temperature

Geographically variable

Night temperature relatively more elevated than day 

temperature

Heat shocks

Global increase in temperature

Geographically variable

Night temperature relatively more elevated than day 

temperature

Heat shocks

Page 8: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Global increase in temperature

Developing world impacted

Warmer and wetter in high latitudes

Change in growing season length

Heat stress during grain filling will be a particular concern

Global increase in temperature

Developing world impacted

Warmer and wetter in high latitudes

Change in growing season length

Heat stress during grain filling will be a particular concern

Page 9: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Precipitation changes anticipated with climate change

Miloudi Nachit, ICARDA, 2011

Page 10: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Targeted Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources

There have been periods in the history of the earth when elevated CO2 and temperature were experienced

Target the genetic resources through FIGS

Targeted Exploitation of Global Genetic Resources

There have been periods in the history of the earth when elevated CO2 and temperature were experienced

Target the genetic resources through FIGS

Page 12: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Drought Tolerance

Matthew Reynolds: phenotyping, land races

Francis Ogbonnaya and David Bonnet: Synthetics

Wild relatives: FIGS

Target: Adaptation to dryland environments

Drought Tolerance

Matthew Reynolds: phenotyping, land races

Francis Ogbonnaya and David Bonnet: Synthetics

Wild relatives: FIGS

Target: Adaptation to dryland environments

Page 13: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Heat Stress

Terminal heat stress tolerance

Mexican wheat breeders (Pedro Figueroa) and CIMMYT assistance: Land 

races

Gene pools from regions that experience terminal heat stress

Heat Stress

Terminal heat stress tolerance

Mexican wheat breeders (Pedro Figueroa) and CIMMYT assistance: Land 

races

Gene pools from regions that experience terminal heat stress

Page 14: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Heat Stress (Cont.)

David Bonnet: Synthetics based on T. dicoccum, India

FIGS: target genetic resources to be evaluated

Heat Stress (Cont.)

David Bonnet: Synthetics based on T. dicoccum, India

FIGS: target genetic resources to be evaluated

Page 15: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Biotic StressesMore difficult to predict

Anticipate: changed global distribution, changes in severity, new diseases

Problem or has potential to be a problem

Sufficiency of current R&D

Resistance potentially available in elite material

Biotic StressesMore difficult to predict

Anticipate: changed global distribution, changes in severity, new diseases

Problem or has potential to be a problem

Sufficiency of current R&D

Resistance potentially available in elite material

Page 16: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Wheat RustsAlready evidence or changed global 

distribution

Bread wheat: sufficient activity

Durum: Insufficient in CIMMYT germplasm, OK in ICARDA

Focus: APR

Karim Ammar, Miloudi Nachit, FIGS)

Wheat RustsAlready evidence or changed global 

distribution

Bread wheat: sufficient activity

Durum: Insufficient in CIMMYT germplasm, OK in ICARDA

Focus: APR

Karim Ammar, Miloudi Nachit, FIGS)

Page 17: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Necrotrophic Diseases

Increasingly important: more dead tissue, conservation agriculture

Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola)

Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis)

Necrotrophic Diseases

Increasingly important: more dead tissue, conservation agriculture

Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola)

Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis)

Page 18: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Necrotrophic Diseases (Cont.)

Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)

Spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana)

Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum)

FIGS

Necrotrophic Diseases (Cont.)

Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)

Spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana)

Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum)

FIGS

Page 19: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Root HealthAssumes much greater importance

Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera)

Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)

Pratylenchus sp. (neglectus, thornei, penetrans)

Julie Nicol

Root HealthAssumes much greater importance

Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera)

Crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum)

Pratylenchus sp. (neglectus, thornei, penetrans)

Julie Nicol

Page 20: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

New DiseasesLikely to be significant

Cannot predict

Wheat blast (Magnaporthe grisea)

Indistinguishable from rice blast

FIGS

New DiseasesLikely to be significant

Cannot predict

Wheat blast (Magnaporthe grisea)

Indistinguishable from rice blast

FIGS

Page 21: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Insect PestsSunn Pest (Eurygester integriceps)

Green bug (Schizaphis graminum) 

Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor)

Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)

Russian Wheat Aphid (Sufficient R&D)

Insect PestsSunn Pest (Eurygester integriceps)

Green bug (Schizaphis graminum) 

Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor)

Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)

Russian Wheat Aphid (Sufficient R&D)

Page 22: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Phosphorous Use Efficiency

Genetic variation for VAM development

Implications for P nutrition?

Variation for PUE with and without VAM development

Phosphorous Use Efficiency

Genetic variation for VAM development

Implications for P nutrition?

Variation for PUE with and without VAM development

Page 23: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Genetic variation identified

Ivan Ortiz Monasterio (?)

FIGS

R&D program plan is incomplete

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Genetic variation identified

Ivan Ortiz Monasterio (?)

FIGS

R&D program plan is incomplete

Page 24: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Processing QualityHuman nutrition

Fe and Zn concentration in the grain

Milling Yield

Functionality

Processing QualityHuman nutrition

Fe and Zn concentration in the grain

Milling Yield

Functionality

Page 25: Seeds of Discovery - Nordgen · Biotic Stresses More difficult to predict Anticipate: changed global distribution, ... CGIAR Breeding Programs National Breeding Programs Current Global

Crop Trait Information NetworkCrop Trait Information Network

GeneSys PortalGeneSys Portal

CTIN Users:BreedersPre‐BreedersCuratorsResearchersOthers

CTIN Users:BreedersPre‐BreedersCuratorsResearchersOthers

National variety trials

National variety trials

Crop genetic Resource Collections

Crop genetic Resource Collections

Seeds of DiscoverySeeds of Discovery

CGIAR International Nurseries

CGIAR International Nurseries

CGIAR Breeding Programs

CGIAR Breeding Programs

National Breeding Programs

National Breeding ProgramsCurrent Global 

Pre‐Breeding Research

Current Global Pre‐Breeding Research

National Trait MiningNational Trait Mining

International Phenotyping Programs

International Phenotyping ProgramsMolecular Information 

SystemsMolecular Information 

Systems