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SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY
ROCKSROCKS
ROCK CYCLEROCK CYCLE
Relative Percentages of Relative Percentages of Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
FromFrom Weathering & ErosionWeathering & Erosion Precipitation from saturated solutionPrecipitation from saturated solution
calcite, quartzcalcite, quartz Product of evaporationProduct of evaporation
halite, gypsumhalite, gypsum
Unconsolidated- NOT cementedUnconsolidated- NOT cemented
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
Particle sizeParticle size Pebbles, cobbles, bouldersPebbles, cobbles, boulders Gravel- > 2mmGravel- > 2mm Sand- 2mm - 0.063mmSand- 2mm - 0.063mm Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mmSilt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm Clay- < 0.004Clay- < 0.004
Deposition Deposition Clay-sizedClay-sized particle vs. particle vs. clay clay mineralmineral
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
TransportationTransportation AbrasionAbrasion RoundingRounding SortingSorting DepositionDeposition
Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific
PreservationPreservation
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
TransportationTransportation AbrasionAbrasion RoundingRounding SortingSorting DepositionDeposition
Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific
PreservationPreservation
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction
Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)
CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction
Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)
CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
SEDIMENTSEDIMENT
LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction
Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)
CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture
TYPES OF TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic or DetritalClastic or Detrital Chemical- inorganic precipitation Chemical- inorganic precipitation
or evaporationor evaporation Biochemical- Organic remainsBiochemical- Organic remains
shells, charcoal, plant fragmentsshells, charcoal, plant fragments
CLASTIC (Detrital) CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSROCKS
Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm) Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments
Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm) Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar) Graywacke (appreciable amounts of Graywacke (appreciable amounts of
silt/clay)silt/clay) Fine-grained Fine-grained MatrixMatrix Usually fromUsually from turbidity currents turbidity currents
CLASTIC (Detrital) CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSROCKS
Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm) Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments
Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm) Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar) Graywacke (appreciable amounts of Graywacke (appreciable amounts of
silt/clay)silt/clay) Fine-grained Fine-grained MatrixMatrix Usually fromUsually from turbidity currents turbidity currents
Quartz SandstoneQuartz Sandstone
CLASTIC ROCKSCLASTIC ROCKS
Fine-grained RocksFine-grained Rocks Shale- fissile (in ‘sheets’)Shale- fissile (in ‘sheets’) SiltstoneSiltstone ClaystoneClaystone Mudstone (silt and clay)Mudstone (silt and clay)
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
Inorganic varietiesInorganic varieties micrite, oolites, travertinemicrite, oolites, travertine
DolomiteDolomite RecrystallizationRecrystallization
Chert- silicaChert- silica EvaporitesEvaporites
Rock gypsumRock gypsum Rock saltRock salt
BIOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CoalCoal Develops from peatDevelops from peat
plant fragmentsplant fragments LigniteLignite Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal
Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
organic varietiesorganic varieties CoquinaCoquina Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone ChalkChalk
BIOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CoalCoal Develops from peatDevelops from peat
plant fragmentsplant fragments LigniteLignite Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal
Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite
organic varietiesorganic varieties CoquinaCoquina Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone ChalkChalk
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils
DUNESDUNES
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils
MudcracksMudcracks
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils
Body FossilsBody Fossils Trace FossilsTrace Fossils
FORMATIONSFORMATIONS
Large enough to show on a mapLarge enough to show on a map Distinctive from neighboring rock Distinctive from neighboring rock
unitsunits Named after geographic locationsNamed after geographic locations CONTACTCONTACT
separation between 2 distinct rock unitsseparation between 2 distinct rock units Sedimentary contactSedimentary contact Other contactsOther contacts
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Source AreaSource Area Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition
Glacial environmentsGlacial environments TillitesTillites
Alluvial fanAlluvial fan ArkoseArkose
River channel and flood plainRiver channel and flood plain Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded
LakeLake Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones
DeltaDelta
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Source AreaSource Area Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition
Glacial environmentsGlacial environments TillitesTillites
Alluvial fanAlluvial fan ArkoseArkose
River channel and flood plainRiver channel and flood plain Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded
LakeLake Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones
DeltaDelta
Glacial Environment & Glacial Environment & TillTill
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon
ShalesShales Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef
Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon
fine grained sedimentfine grained sediment Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef
Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
CALCAREOUS
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon
ShalesShales Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef
Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK
Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary RocksPlate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks At convergent boundariesAt convergent boundaries
Uplift results in Uplift results in Very rapid rates of erosionVery rapid rates of erosion Thick accumulations of clastic sedimentThick accumulations of clastic sediment
At transform boundariesAt transform boundaries Rapid rates of erosion, deposition and burialRapid rates of erosion, deposition and burial Good basins for petroleum explorationGood basins for petroleum exploration
At divergent boundariesAt divergent boundaries Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and
coarse sedimentcoarse sediment
ResourcesResources
Non-MetallicNon-Metallic Sand and gravelSand and gravel LimestoneLimestone ClayClay GypsumGypsum
Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources Oil and gasOil and gas CoalCoal
Formation of Oil and Gas
U.S. Coal Production