Sectionalizing Presentation

7/27/2019 Sectionalizing Presentation

1/82

Sectionalizing

Rick Seeling Introduction

Philosophy

Pete Malamen

Three Phase Reclosers

High-Side Protection Specific Applications


2/82

History Early 1970s

Small Substation Transformers


3/82

History - Present

Larger Substation Transformers >5,000 kVA Single Phase Reclosers 4H & L Three Phase Reclosers w/ Single Phase Trip

Select Settings on Panel Sequential Coordination Standard

Automation Multiple Options

Switchgear w/ E fuses for UG Protection Three Phase Circuit Switcher/Transducer High-Side Protection Solid-State Relays w/ many Options 30 Ohm Minimum Fault resistance

Larger Single Phase Reclosers

Use Largest Recloser Possible


4/82

Sectionalizing Publications

REA/RUS Bulletin 61-2 Guide for MakingSectionalizing Study on Rural Electric Systems

1978 (Rescinded)

Cooper/McGraw Distribution SystemProtection Manual

Westinghouse Applied Protective Relaying

CRN Bulletin 96-5 Ground Fault ImpedanceValues for System Protection

Manufacturers Literature


5/82

Recloser Interruption &Control

Hydraulic Interruption & Control Least Expensive ($1,200-2,300)

Maintain @ 5 Year or Less Intervals

Subject to Miscoordination in Winter


6/82


Hydraulic Control & VacuumInterruption

$100 More Expensive per Unit

Maintain @ 10+ Year Intervals

Same Miscoordination as Above

Higher Interruption Ratings


7/82


Vacuum Interruption & Solid-StateControl

Limited Maintenance

Most Expensive (1-ph: $5,700 &

3-ph: $17,000)

Coordination Not Affected by Temperature Most Options

High Interruption Ratings

Solid Type Insulations (e. g. Epoxy)


8/82

Recloser Selection

Interrupting Rating Load

Minimum Fault Coordination

Simultaneous Trip


9/82

Recloser Ratings

4000----10K4000--------400200

4000----84004000--------280140

40002500600040002000----20010040002500----40002000----14070

30002500----30002000125010050

-----2100----210014008757035

----1500----150010006255025

----900--------6003753015

4EEWEL4HH

Min.

Trip

Coil

Size


10/82

Recloser TCC

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,

(A)

70,

(B)

70,(C)

70,

(D)


11/82

Recloser-Recloser Coordination

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

70,

(B)

50,

(B)

70,

(A)

50,L

(A)

50,4H

(B)

50,H(B)


12/82

Simultaneous Trip

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,

(B)

50,L

(B)

70,L

(A)

50,L

(A)

600400

10100

1,0

00

0,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,(B)

50,(B)

70,L(A)

50,(A)

600400


13/82

Simultaneous Trip

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

70,(B)

70,L(A)

35,L(B)

35,L(A)

800

650


14/82

Recloser-Recloser Coordination

Summary

One Size Smaller Recloser willCoordinate

Skipping one Size will ReduceSimultaneous Trip

May Run Out of Sizes


15/82

Rec oserFuse Coor ination

Type T

Current in Amperes

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,L

(B)

70,L(A)

25,T(TC)

15,T

(MM)

12,T(MM)


16/82

Recloser-Fuse Coordination

Type 200

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,L(B)

70,L

(A)

30,(TC)

15,N(MM)

20,N(MM)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,L(B)

70,L(A)

30,

(TC)

15,N

(MM)

20,N(MM)


17/82

Recloser-Fuse CoordinationType E

Current in Am eres

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

70,L

(B)

70,L

(A)

15


18/82

Recloser-Fuse Summary

Fuse Total Clearing Faster than RecloserDelay

Fuse Minimum Melt Slower thanRecloser Fast

Pick a Standard Usually Largest Fuse

Possible


19/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

25,T(MM)20,T

(TC)


20/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,T 15,T 25,T 40,T


21/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSecond

s

.1

1

10

100

1,000

30,T20,T12,T8,T


22/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-

Bayonet)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

25,T(MM)

C10(25A.)Bayonet


23/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-E)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

25,T(MM)

25,EMM)(Std&Slow)

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

25,T(MM)

25,EMM)(Std&Slow)


24/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-K)

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

25,T(MM)

25,K(MM)


25/82

Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-CL)

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

25,T(MM)

25,NX C(MM)

25NXII(MM)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

25,T(MM)

25,NX C(MM

25NXII(MM)


26/82

Fuse-Fuse CoordinationSummary

Total Clearing Faster than MinimumMelt

Stick within a Series or Skip a Size

Avoid Mixing Different Types


27/82

Sectionalizing Philosophy

Compromise Compromise

Compromise


28/82

Minimum Fault Resistance

40 Ohm Old REA/RUS Standard

Based on 1920s Bell Lab Studies

Largest Single Phase Recloser - 70 Amp

Smaller Reclosers and Fuses Overall


29/82


30 Ohm Supported by CRN 96-5

Less Conservative

Largest Single Phase Recloser 100 Amp

Larger Reclosers & Fuses

Fewer Three Phase Reclosers


30/82


Values Used by IOUs NSP/Excel 20 Ohms

MP 0 Ohms or Twice Load Current


31/82

Sectionalizing PhilosophyRecloser Sizing

Smallest vs. Largest vs. Hybrid Smallest

Smallest Recloser which can carry load

Faster Fault Clearing Smaller Load-Side Fuses


32/82

Recloser Sizing

Largest Largest Recloser that Coordinates

Larger Load-Side Fuses

Fewer Changes in Future Hybrid

Same as Largest, but Size Reclosers to

Twice Load Level Less Simultaneous Tripping


33/82

Fast vs. Delay Operations

Substation (1) Fast & (3) Delay

85% Faults Temporary

Better Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers

Fewer Consumers Affected by Interruption

(0) Fast & (3 or 4) Delay Possibly More Outages for Temporary Faults

Excellent Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers No Interruption to Affect Electronic or Commercial Loads


34/82


Feeder Reclosers (2) Fast & (2) Delay

Almost Universal

Allows for Temporary Faults to Clear FewerOutages

Affects Electronic Equipment Reset Clocks


35/82


Underground (1) Delay

No Temporary Faults on UG Shouldnt Use If Overhead Beyond Least Amount of Cable Damage

(2) Delay Good Coordination if Fuse Used for Overhead Beyond or

Fuses on UG Limited Cable Damage

(2) Fast & (2) Delay Necessary if Overhead Feeder Beyond Most Cable Damage


36/82

Recloser Spacing

Mileage Between Reclosers on Three Phase 5 Miles

Sectionalize Circuit More

Shorter Outages

Run Out of Sizes on Long Feeders 10 Miles

More Line to Patrol for Outage Longer Outages

Not as Likely to Run Out of Sizes Except at 24.9kV

Longer Distance Difficulty Finding Fault

Mostly Easily to Backfeed


37/82

Tap Protection w/ Recloser vs.Fuse

Recloser Smaller Reclosers or Lightly Loaded Reclosers

More Expensive if have to Purchases Reclosers

One More Operation for Temporary Fault Fewer Outages Smaller Fuses on Taps Beyond Recloser

Fuse Larger Fuses and on Tap

Replace Fuse for Outage Possibly More Outages


38/82

Feeder Protection

Reclosers Substation

Taps with Load Larger than 20 amps or

Longer than 5 Miles Every 10 Miles Along Three Phase

Every 10 Miles Along Taps Where Load

Larger than 20 Amps

Beyond Special Loads


39/82

Feeder Protection

FusesAll Taps or All Taps Longer than Three

Spans

Divide Taps Longer than 10 Miles

Sectionalizers

All Taps that Could be Fuses, But WouldOverload Fuse


40/82

Minimum Line Recloser & FuseSize

What Size Transformer Fuse Do YouWant to Coordinate?


41/82

Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size


25 kVA 6,T


42/82


Current in Amperes

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

6,T

(TC)

10,T

Current in Amperes

10 100

1,000

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

6,T

(TC)

10,T


43/82



25 kVA 6,T

Line Fuse 10,T


44/82


10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSecond

s

.1

1

10

100

1,000

6,T

(TC)

10,T

25,4H

(B)

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeco

nds

.1

1

10

100

1,000

6,T

(TC)

10,T

25,4H

(B)


45/82



25 kVA 6,T

Line Fuse 10,T

Recloser 25 amp


46/82

Fuses in Series

Considerations Damage to Upstream Fuses

Minimum Fuse Size

Coordination Limitations

Avoid as Much as Possible


47/82

Sectionalizing

Rick Seeling Introduction

Philosophy

Pete Malamen


High-Side Protection Specific Applications


48/82


49/82



50/82

Hydraulic Reclosers


51/82

Recloser with CTs & Solenoids


52/82

Electronic Control


53/82

Triple-Single Option

1 Trip, 1 L.O.

1 Trip, 3 L.O.

3 Trip, 3 L.O.


54/82

Current in Amperes

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

100,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

100 A PU, TD=2

U4-US Ext Inv

300 A PU, TD=2U4-US Ext Inv

200 A PU, TD=2

U4-US Ext Inv

Time Dial Settings


55/82

Current in Amperes

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

100,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

200 A PU, TD=4

U4-US Ext Inv

200 A PU, TD=1

U4-US Ext Inv

200 A PU, TD=2

U4-US Ext Inv

Pickup Settings


56/82

Current in Amperes

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

100,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

100 A PU, TD = 4

U2-US Inverse

300 A PU, TD = 2

U4-US Ext I nv

Phase Ground Coordination


57/82

ANSI StandardDevice Designation Numbers

25) Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device Is a device that operates when two a-c circuits are within the desired limits of

frequency, phase angle, or voltage, to permit or to cause the paralleling of these twocircuits.

27) Undervoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of under-voltage.

32) Directional Power Relay Is a device that functions on a desired value of power flow in a given direction or upon

reverse power resulting from arcback in the anode or cathode circuits of a powerrectifier.

50) Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate-of-Rise Relay Is a relay that functions instantaneously on an excessive value of current or on an

excessive rate of current rise, thus indicating a fault in the apparatus or circuit being

protected.

51) A-C Time Overcurrent Relay Is a relay with either a definite or inverse time characteristic that functions when the

current in an a-c circuit exceed a predetermined value.

d d


58/82

ANSI StandardDevice Designation Numbers

52) A-C Circuit Breaker

Is a device that is used to close and interrupt an a-c power circuit under normalconditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault of emergency conditions.

59) Overvoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of over-voltage.

67) A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay Is a relay that functions on a desired value of a-c overcurrent flowing in a

predetermined direction.

79) A-C Reclosing Relay Is a relay that controls the automatic reclosing and locking out of an a-c circuit

interrupter.

81) Frequency Relay Is a relay that functions on a predetermined value of frequency (either under or

over or on normal system frequency) or rate of change of frequency.

89) Line Switch Is a switch used as a disconnecting, load-interrupter, or isolating switch in an a-c

or d-c power circuit, when this device is electrically operated or has electricalaccessories, such as an auxiliary switch, magnetic lock, etc.


59/82

One-line Diagram


60/82

Conductor Arcing through Asphalt


61/82

Conductor Breakage / Glassification


62/82

Steady State Harmonic Energy


63/82

Arcing Fault Harmonic Energy


64/82

Substation Protection


65/82

Current in Amperes

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

100,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,00065E SMD-Standard -T otal Clear A0.87 Low-Side Line to Line Fault

Mechanical Damage

Inrush

Thermal Damage

5,000 kVA, 69-12.47 kV

Transformer

65E SMD-Standard -To tal Clear A1.73 Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault

65E SMD-Standard -Tot al Clear Low-Side Three Phase Fault

Substation Transformer


66/82

Current in Amperes

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

100,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Mechanical Damage

Thermal Damage

Inrush

12/16/20 MVA, 69-12.47 kVTransformer

150E SMD-Standard -T otal Clear

150E SMD-Standard -Tot al Clear A1.73

Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault

Low-Side Three Phase Fault

Large Substation Transformers


67/82

Zones of Protection


68/82

Differential Relays


69/82

C.T. Curves


70/82

Transformer Protection


71/82

One-line Diagram


72/82

Specific Applications


73/82

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSecond

s

.001

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

GE 10% Probability

Case Rupture

100 kVAr Units

15 T -Tot al Clear

15 T -Minimum Melt

Capacitor Protection


74/82

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.001

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

GE 10% Probability

Case Rupture

100 kVAr Units

15 T -Total Clear

15 T -Minimum Melt

25 T -Tot al Clear

25 T -Minimum Melt

Parallel Capacitors


75/82

Current in Amperes

10

100

1,0

00

10,0

00

TimeInSeconds

.001

.01

.1

1

10

100

1,000

100 kVAr Units

GE 10% Probability

Case Rupture

25 T -Tot al Clear

25 T -Minimum Melt

25K NX Comp anion Fuses -Minimum Melt

25K NX Companion Fuses -Total Clear

Capacitor with C.L. Fuse


76/82

Current Limiting Fuses

Partial range C.L. fuses Pad/Pole Transformer

Overhead capacitors

Underground applications Power quality

Hard to coordinate areas


77/82

Step Down Transformer Protection


78/82


79/82

Automatic Loop Restoration - 5 Reclosers

Substation 1 3.3 miles

R

3.3 miles

Substation 2

R

N.O.

RecloserR

N.C.

Recloser

N.C.

Recloser

N.C. - Normally-ClosedN.O. - Normally-Open

R

R

N.C.

Recloser

N.C.

Recloser

3.3 miles


80/82

Loop Coordination

Loss of V By # of recloses & loss of V

Normal O.C. & comm.

Current diff & comm.


81/82

Control Logic


82/82

Questions & comments

Documents

Sectionalizing Presentation