Medical Systems

Patients records

Health recordsAppointmentsStored on magnetic tape or disk

Intensive care

Sensors measure patient conditionMicroprocessors monitor any changesAn alarm is sounded to warn of danger

Computers vsNurses

Computer readings are moreaccurate/human errors arereducedReduced cost of wage billReadings can be taken morefrequently/continuouslyNurses can get tired and forget to take readingsNurses are so busy they might notbe able to take readings regularlyNurses won't be exposed tocontagious diseasesAutomatic warnings can be generatedGraphs can be producedautomaticallyNurses can be freed up to do other tasks

Physical variablesto monitor

Pulse rate/heart rateTemperatureBlood pressureGlucose levelRate of respirationLevel of oxygen inthe patient’s blood

Payroll Systems

Features of...Uses batch processingThe process is done usually overnight

Inputs

OMR and possibly OCR are used to inputComes from a database ofemployee detailsTime sheets are used to inputhours worked

Process

Calculate the gross amount earnedCalculate any bonuses earnedWill deduct taxes and insurance etcCalculate the net amount earned

Outputs

Print outs of pay-slipsPrint a total summary reportGenerate details of money to sendto bank accounts

Example of...

The payroll number is read fromthe transaction fileEach record is read from the master fileThe payroll number is comparedUntil the matching record is foundThe number of hours is read (fromthe transaction file)The rate per hour is read (from the master file)These are multiplied togetherThe tax rate is read (from the master file)Tax is calculatedSubtracted from the wageName is read (from the master file)Workers details printed on payslip

Types of Processing

Real Time

Real time is where data isprocessed without any delays

Example of...

Fighter PilotInteractive games

Launching a rocket to the moonRobots on a car assembly line

Burglar Alarm SystemCooking with an automatic cooker

Monitoring a patients condition

Online

Online processing appears instantbut with a very small delay

Example of...Computerised booking systems

Using an ATMPaying for goods at an EFTPOS terminal

Batch Processing

Data is collected altogetherData processed offline

Before being input to the systemData is processed in one goUsualy processed overnight

Example of...

Producing gas billsSending out reminders for overdue books

Producing electricity billsReading data from bank cheques

Payroll systemsInputting details of new stock into

a library's databaseScanning OMR sheets

Offline

It is not under the control of acomputer's central processing unitInput is made by the user which is

then sent to a storage deviceand only sent to the processor

after all the input is done

Billing Systems

Types of...

GasElectricity

Water

Meter reading read

OMR/OCR forms are read into computer

If form damage uses keyboard

Customer bill calculated

Customer file is updated

Bill is printed and sent to customer

Uses Batch processing

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: IT SYSTEMS PT1

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 1 of 6

Stock Control

Product number is validated/read

Using check digit

The data file is searched

A match would be made withnumber in Database

Number in stock is reduced by 1

So for example 130 becomes 129

Number in stock is compared with re-order level

If equal then needs re-ordering

New value of number in stock iswritten back to file

Benefits of...

Keep track of exactly how manyof each item are in stockBe able to say whichitems need re-orderingAnalyse which items are sellingwell or needed most and whichare not

Stock Control(example of...)

Every time a product is bought,number in stock reduces by 1

Number in stock of PRODUCT falls to 150

Compare number in stock with Re-order level

Is equal so needs re-ordering

PRODUCT now needs re-ordering

Read off re-order quantity (which is 50)

Read off supplier code ??????

Use suppliers’ database

Lookup supplier code (??????)

Read off supplier’s name, address - ETC.

Print off re-order request

Print off address label

Booking Systems

Types of...

TheatreCinemaTravel

Uses of...System needs to be online

Requires a terminal connected to a central server

Details are updated instantly and automatically

Uses online processing

ManufacturingIndustries

Robotics

Uses Real Time Processing

Adv. of...

More cars are produced in less timeQuality and precise tasks are

easily completedNo breaks needed

Can work continuouslyCan carry out heavy tasks easily

Will not go on strikeWill not need paying

Disadv. of...

Wrong programming can cause errorsBattery may run down

Faulty hardware components stop workingFaulty power supply

Expensive to buy

Effects of...

Causes un-employmentNeed for re-training

Safer/cleaner environmentLess noise

Software typesComputer Aided Design

Computer Aided Manufacturing

Entry Systems

Clock Card Machine

Adv. of...Would save teachers/office staff timeMore accurate/less chance of human

error recording of attendance

Disadv. of...

Students could ‘clock’other students in

Students could lose cardsTime taken to register

students without cardsSystem could malfunction

Expensive to install

Automated fingerprintidentification

Adv. of...

Would not be able to‘clock’ each other in

Would save teachers/office staff timeMore accurate/less chance of

human error recording of attendance

Disadv. of...Personal liberty issues

System could malfunctionExpensive to install

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: IT SYSTEMS PT2

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 2 of 6

Medical Diagnosis

InputsSymptoms are typed inEmbedded computer

Processing

Expert system compares symptomsWith those in the knowledge baseUsing inference engineUsing rules baseMatches are found

OutputsSuggested probable faults

Chess GamesInputs

The chess moves

OutputsThe results of the chess moves

Disadvantages

Lacks common sense needed insome decision making

Cannot make creative responses as humanexpert would in unusual circumstances

Errors may occur in the knowledgebase, and lead to wrong decisions

Cannot adapt to changing environments,unless knowledge base is changed

Lacks the human touch

Expert Systems Analysis & Design

Current system is observed

Potential users interviewed

Potential users given questionnaires

Existing documents examined

User requirements decided

System specification decided

Knowledge base (designed/created)

Inference engine (designed/created)

Rules base (designed/created)

Designing a method of displaying the results

Designing a method of inputting the results

Other Examples

Plant identification

Weather forecasting

Animal identification

Careers advice/guidance

Tax advice

Insurance

Drug effectiveness of a medication

Mineral Prospecting

Inputs

Interactive user screen appearsQuestions about geological profile are asked

Geological profile are typed in

Processing

Inference engine searchesSearches the Knowledge base

Using the Rules (base)

Outputs

Suggested probabilities of finding oil are output usingProbable depth of likely deposit

Predictions of geological deposits above oil

Car Engine Fault Diagnosis

InputsSymptoms are typed in

Embedded computer

Processing

Expert system compares symptomsWith those in the knowledge base

Using inference engineUsing rules base

Matches are found

OutputsSuggested

Probable faults

How it works

1. The expert system consists of aKnowledge Base. This contains facts

about this particular application.

2. The expert system consists of a Rules Base. Theseare the rules about how to apply the knowledge base.

(Examples of rules could be; don't try to fix your carengine without turning the engine off first, or before

administering a drug to patient, their age and allergiesshould be taken into consideration).

3. The expert system consists of an InferenceEngine. This is a program which gradually works

towards a solution of the user's problem usingthe expert's knowledge and the user's replies.

4. User interface Symptoms are entered using the userinterface User interface displays questions... ...based onprevious responses User answers questions using user

interface inference engine compares symptomscompares symptoms with those in the knowledge base

compares symptoms using rules base……matches of symptoms are found User interface/screen

displays possible diagnoses/illnesses/probabilities

Advantages

Provides consistent answers for repetitivedecisions, processes and tasks

Holds and maintains significant levels of information

Never "forgets" to ask a question, as a human might

Stores more info than humans

Does not forget

Makes little/no mistakes

Junior doctors can learn from it

Gives doctors more free time

System can be used from many terminals

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: EXPERT SYSTEMS

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 3 of 6

Adv. of...

To the Bank

Fewer employees/lower wage billFewer branches to maintainLess actual cash handled -fewer robberiesLess money spent on security staff

To the Customer

Can pay bills outside ofworking hoursNo travelling to bankNo queues to wait inCustomer can bank anywhere with Internet accessEasier to see state of financesCan transfer funds more easily in emergencyDo not have to wait for postDisabled people don't have to leave the houseNo embarrassment of having to ask for loans face to faceDon't have to spend money on travelling expensestravelling long distances to shops / banksDon't have to waste time travelling long distances to shops / banksImmediate transfers can be madeLess danger of mugging

Home Banking

Also known as Internet/Online Banking

Transactions from home

Transfer money from account to accountMake bill payments/pay billsMake/alter standing orderOrder cheque bookRequest new PINView balance/print statementRequest loanClose account/open new account

Ways to access

Smart phoneLaptop with Internet accessTablet computer

Transactions can't do

Change PINWithdraw moneyDeposit money

Disadv. of...

To Bank

Initial website cost very highRequires high level Internet securityCustomer mistrust of such systemsNeed to retrain staffInitial large expenditure onredundanciesLose older customers whodon't like changeCosts of system maintenance

To Customer

Bank accounts could be hackedRequires Internet accessCustomer lose personal touchHave to be computer literateStill have to travel to withdraw cashMore expensive phone bills (using dial up)Lack of socialising/social contactsLack of exerciseMore vulnerable to phishingWithout broadband other familymembers cannot use the phone

Methods to makesure data transferred

is secure.

User ID/Password/PIN enteredis compared with that held on

system/never tell anyone yourpassword/regularly change

password/make it not easy toguess/only person who knowspassword can access account

Adv.

Only person who knowspassword can access data

Password can be changed frequentlyto avoid hackers guessing them

Unsuccessful logins canthrow you out of the system

Disadv.

Key logging software can detectkey presses/passwords can be

intercepted by an experthackers/user can forget password

Transaction Authentication Number, TANsForm of single use one-time passwords to

authorize financial transactions

Adv.

Is a double layer of securityShould the physical document or

token containing the TANs bestolen, it will be of little use without

the password; conversely, if thelogin data are obtained, no

transactions can be performedwithout a valid TAN

Always changing so a hacker would notbe able to use it even if they intercepted

it when user typed it in.

Disadv.

PIN can be forgotten/if misusedcan generate wrong TAN

Must be used within a short timeNeed to have card and remember PIN

and use it within a short period of time.

EncryptionData is scrambled up/key

must be known to unscrambleit/prevents people from

understanding data

Adv.

Data is scrambled into unreadableform/only person/computer with key

can understand data

Disadv.Data can still be deleted from system

FirewallPrevents unauthorised

users/computersfrom accessing network

Adv.

Only allowed users/computerscan access data

Disadv.

It is not necessarily the hacker that isexcluded but the computer/hackersmight use an acceptable computer

Digital certificatesTransactions are digitally

signed/authenticated/transactionis linked to the PC being used

to carry out online banking

Adv.

Only computer withcertificate can access data

Disadv.Can be expensive to purchase

Anti SpywarePrevents spyware from

invading your computer andgaining personal information

Adv.

Prevents spyware frominvading your computer andgaining personal information

Disadv.

Doesn't work for all invasions/needsto be continually updated

Magnetic/chip card with PINAdv.

Hacker needs to have thecard and know the PIN

Disadv.Can lose the card/can forget PIN

Make sure website is secureCheck for Locked padlock

is present on display

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: BANKING SYSTEMS PT1

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 4 of 6

(ATM's)

Adv. of...

Lessens queues in banksEasy to useMany available worldwideCustomers can access 24hrs/7daysLess bank staff neededLess paperwork for employeesNo embarrassment of not havingsufficient fundsOwn bank may be further to travelto than nearest ATMCan use most ATMs/does nothave to be own bankHave choice of languages so iseasier to understand/be understood

Disadv. of...

Physical security needed at nightLimited amount of money can be withdrawnCan't cash chequesthe machine is very expensiveCan't arrange loans or open/close account

Features of...

Uses magnetic Stripe ReaderCan print statementsCan check account balanceCan withdraw cashCan pay utility billsNeed Credit/Debit cardRequires a PIN numberUses online processing

Cheque clearing

Customer pays by cheque

Cheques read using MICR

Uses Batch Processing

Cheques are collected together

During the course of the day

Cheques are then processed all at once

Cheques are processed overnight

Money debited from customer account

Money credited to shop account

No human intervention

Debit Card

Customer must have money in bank to pay

Information on card includes:

Expiry DateAccount numberBank SortCode numberIssue numberDate of issue

Checks made on...

Checked for sufficient fundsAccount number is validatedA PIN is used as validationCard checked to see if stolenExpiry/Valid date is checkedPattern of use

EFTPOS

Electronic Funds Transfer

Point of Sale

Sales transactions can be directly debitedto the customer's bank account

Customer uses a Credit/Debit card

Uses Chip and PIN technology

Done over an Internet connection

Credit Card

Used in EFTPOS terminals

Information oncard includes

Expiry DateAccount number

Bank Sort Code numberIssue numberDate of issue

Verification/security number

Checks made on...

Credit limit is checkedAccount number is validated

A PIN is used as validationCard checked to see if stolenExpiry/Valid date is checked

Pattern of use

Processing after checking...

Authorisation to continuewith transaction

Computer reads balancematching the account number

Deducts payment from balanceCredits supermarket

account with paymentPrints itemised bill

Chip & PINat ATM

The customer is asked to type in their PIN

The (ATM) checks to see if the card is valid

The customer is asked whichlanguage/currency they require

The bank account details are read from the chip

Customer is asked if they want a receipt

The typed PIN number is comparedwith that stored in the chip

If they are the same thetransaction proceeds

If they are not the same thecustomer is asked to re-enter PIN

If three failed attempts transactionrejected and card withheld

The customer is askedwhich service is required

The customer selectsrequired service (cash)

The customer is asked how muchmoney they want to withdraw

The customer’s account is checkedto see if it has sufficient funds

The amount is checked against the card limit

If there are sufficient funds (andthe amount is within the card limit)

the transaction is authorised/ifnot transaction is rejected

The amount is deducted fromthe customer account

The bank notes are issued

The card is returned (by the computer)

If required receipt is printed.

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: BANKING SYSTEMS PT2

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 5 of 6

Input devices used

Barcode Reader (Scanner)

Keypad (keyed in)

Touch Screen

Electronic Scales

Automatic re-ordering

Re-order level

Amount in stock

Re-order quantity

Uses Real Time processing

Database of...Product stock codeSupplier details

Adv. of...It is easier to see what is selling wellGoods can be automatically re-ordered

Process of...

Every time a product is boughtnumber in stock reduces by 1Number in stock is compared withRe-order levelIf less then needs re-orderingRead off re-order quantityRead off up supplier codeUse suppliers databaseLookup supplier codeRead off suppliers name, addressPrint off re-order requestPrint off address label

Stock controlMonitors stock amount

Performs a sales analysis

EPOS

Electronic Point of Sale

Has a database of all products

Price and info of product sent to till

Details added to customer bill

Computer deducts item from stock

Items low in stock are re-ordered

Uses Real Time processing

Itemised receipt is printed

Differences betweenmethods of inputtingbarcodes

Scanning bar codes/swipingmagnetic stripes/touch screengives fast data entry/keying in datacan be slow

Scanning bar codes/swipingmagnetic stripes/touch screenreduces errors/keying in data canlead to data errors

Keyboards/touch screens arerobust/bar codes can be flimsy

Magnetic stripes are more robustthan bar codesChecks made

Check digit calculated

Compared with number in databaseCheck digit entered

Existency check performed

Number entered is compared with

List of numbers on computer database/system

Internet shopping

Company

Adv. of...

Fewer staff needed – less spent on wagesFewer shops needed -

less spent on rates/rent/utilitiesLess actual cash handled - fewer robberies

Less money spent on security staffPotentially larger customer base

Disadv. of...

Initial cost of hardware/software is expensiveNeed to retrain staff

Less customer loyalty/loss ofcustomers/more difficult to sell other

services/product due tolack of personal touch

Costs of system maintenanceGreater costs due to more delivery staff

Customer

Adv. of...

Catalogues viewed onlineWider choice of products

Can read reviews before you buyOrders can be placed at any timeLess overheads for shop owners

Goods are therefore cheaperCan buy goods anywhere in the world

No need to travel to shop and payfor travel expenses

Customer can print out list or receiptCan shop at any time of day

Disabled people do not have toleave their home

Travelling long distances toshops/banks

Can shop when shops are closedLess tiring than going from shop to shop

Can have saved shopping lists

Disadv. of...

Requires a Credit/Debit cardOpen to Credit card fraud

Smaller shops will closeNo social interaction

Can become lazyCustomers might not trust website for security

Can't feel for the quality of the goodsCustomer needs Internet

connectionLose personal touch

Less opportunity for socialising with friendsMore expensive phone bills

Less choice of goods than bigsupermarkets

People can become unsociableDelivery times can be long/must

pay delivery charges/must have adelivery address

More vulnerable to phishing

IGCSE ICT SECTION 7.2: SUPERMARKETS

Prepared by: Mr. Yusuf Alert (www.mryusuf.com)Page 6 of 6