Section 2 pages 34-43

Egyptian Civilization

Big Idea(Oder and Security): Continuity and stability were characteristic of Egyptian civilization for thousands of years.

Photos have been taken from the internet or Pocket Genius

A Views of EgyptA Views of Egypt

•Geography Egypt is in northeast Africa Nile runs north Nile Delta is where it empties into the Mediterranean

Major cities are at the start of the delta. The Nile River-gave Egypt life, called “Gift of the Nile.”

Travel Communication with other regions, and the Fertile land -15 miles of fertile land on each side

Natural boundaries-gave protection to Egypt from invasions. Desert to West and East, Rapids on southern part of Nile Mediterranean Sea to the North

Religion-polytheistic Sun gods-source of life.

Re was the most important and rulers were seen as an earthly forms of Re.

River and land gods Included Osiris and his wife Isis, who brought civilization

to Egypt. Legend says Seth (Osiris’s evil brother) cut Osiris into pieces and threw him into the Nile. Isis and other gods brought him back to life.

Osiris symbolizes resurrection or rebirth. Egyptians believe in life after death, and bury their dead

in tombs. Kings buried in pyramid tombs.

• .)

Early GovernmentEvolved to regulate the Nile, worked together to control floods.Chiefdoms grew into kingdoms-3100BC, King Menes, united upper and lower

Egypt and creates a dynasty. Dynasty-rule is passed within family.

From this point rulers were called “King of Upper and Lower Egypt” to show unity .

Old Kingdom-lasted 2700-2200 B.C about 500 years. Government

Pharaoh “Great House” Egyptian rulers who organized a

strong central state. Believed to be a god (Divine

Power), had absolute power (complete power over people).

Developed a bureaucracy (government officials and procedures), run by the vizier (answered to pharaoh) Divided Egypt into 42

providences with their own governor who answered to vizier.

Age of the pyramids – time when Egypt's greatest monuments were built.

When this kingdom ended Egypt was again divided into upper and lower.

Old Kingdom/ Age of Pyramids Pyramids – large structure for Pharaohs burial.Khufu-Kept 100,000 men working 20 years to build the famous Great Pyramid at

Giza.Khafre-Son of Khufu, constructed the Great Sphinx at Giza. (lion’s body, man’s face.)

Many believed the Sphinx was an important guardian of sacred sites.

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Preparation for the AfterlifePreparation for the AfterlifeReligion-human beings had 2

bodies, a physical and spiritual(called Ka) ,to preserve the physical they practiced mummification.

It was a process usually for wealthy families because they could afford it.

Brain and organs were removed except for the heart which was needed for the final judgment.

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the KingsDuring the New Kingdom Pharaohs will no longer be

buried in Pyramids, but instead in the Valley of the Kings.

The Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

1473-1458 B. C. E.

1473-1458 B. C. E.

Middle Kingdom(2055BC-1650BC) 405 yearsGolden Age of Stability.Egypt is reunitedExpanded Kingdom into Africa and West Asia.Pharaohs had concern for the people.projects-drained swampland in Nile Delta

(New farmland).-canal to connect Nile and Red Sea=trading.

New Kingdom(1550 BC-1070 BC)480 years Egypt conquered by Hyksos.

Ruled about 100 years.Used bronze tools, horseback, and

chariots.They were very militaristic.

Combative people Hyksos are driven out and Egypt is reunitedNew Egypt

Militaristic=expand empire Wealth= temples

New Kingdom Pharaohs & Downfall. Hatshepsut-1st women pharaoh. Thutmose III-expanded through 17 military campaigns Amenhotep IV ( Akhenaten)-(Sun God-Aten) introduced the worship of a single god (monotheistic).

Caused many problems Some thought this meant the destruction of Egypt itself. Led to disunity and loss of empire

Tutankhamen-boy pharaoh, restored old gods Ramses II-last pharaoh that had much of an empire, gradually ended empire. CleopatraVII-tried to re-establish Egypt’s independence, involved with Rome, led to defeat and suicide.

Egypt becomes part of Rome. Very last Pharaoh.

Egyptian lifeSociety-like a pyramid. God/King at top(Pharaoh). Upper class-nobles, priests, and government officialsMiddle class-merchants, artisans, scribes, and tax collectors Lower class-(biggest) farmers and slaves-did all labor.

Economy & Family Depended chiefly on agriculture.TradePaid heavy taxes to support pharaohs

governmentWomen –property and inheritance stayed in

their hands. Could operate businesses and become priestesses (4 became pharaohs)

Monogamy-marriage to one person, man was master, could have more then one wife if she couldn’t give the man children. Wives ran household.

Parents arranged marriages. Wanted many sons to carry family name.

Were some divorces and women were compensated.

Only boys from upper and middle class received formal education in writing.

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

PerfumePerfume

WhigsWhigs

MirrorMirror

Contributions of EgyptiansArchitecture and engineering-

stonemasonry, pyramids, temples, etc.

Art-sculptures, statues, paintings in tombs and temples, carvings, jewelry, wood furniture, and Pottery

Writing-hieroglyphic, very complex writing or carvings of priests, used for record keeping and general rules of daily life.

Science-solar year calendar, 365 days in a year. Math-geometry to build pyramids. Chemical process to embalm mummies. Medicine-set broken bones, recognized disease symptoms, and prescribed drugs.

Section 2 ReviewPharaoh who introduced the worship of a

single god, Aton, god of the sun diskAkhenatonEgyptian history is divided into three

major periods, this includes?Old, Middle, and New KingdomsEgyptian monarch’s title, originally

meaning “great house.”Pharaoh

Section 2 ReviewThe Egyptians developed an accurate 365-

day calendar by basing their year on what?

The movements of the moon and the star Sirius.

A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

DynastyThe development of Egyptian civilization

was influenced most closely by what?The Nile River

Section 2 ReviewBoy-pharaoh who restored worship of the

old gods in the New KingdomTutankhamenComplex system of writing meaning “sacred

writings” that is made up of pictures and forms.

HieroglyphicsOsiris is an important figure in Egyptian

religion who symbolizes what?ResurrectionUpper and Lower Egypt were into a single

kingdom around 3100 B.C. by who?Menes