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In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents.

Section 2

Islam Expands

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Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Islam Expands

A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to

be first caliph • Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or

“deputy”

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and

Muhammad’s actions • Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to

expand Islam • By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic

Ocean to Indus River

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Continued . . .

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Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly

commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from

previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome

Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope

continued Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

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Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions • Christians, Jews receive special consideration as

“people of the book”

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Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads • Struggles for power end the elective system of

choosing a caliph • Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move

Muslim capital to Damascus

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Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be

Muhammad’s descendant • Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—

support Umayyads • Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality;

reject Umayyads • In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the

Umayyads

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Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince

escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad

caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain

settled by North Africans

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Abbasids Consolidate Power • In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from

Damascus to Baghdad • Location provides access to trade goods, gold,

information • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage

empire Continued . . .

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Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a

Muslims form new caliphate • Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima,

daughter of Muhammad • Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea,

western Arabia and Syria

continued Control Extends Over Three Continents

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Muslim Trade Network • Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe • Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and

checks • Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim

culture

Section 3

Muslim Culture Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and also advance learning in a variety of areas.

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Muslim Society

Muslim Culture

The Rise of Muslim Cities • Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad,

Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem • Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population

around one million

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Four Social Classes • Muslim society: Muslims at birth, converts, protected

people, slaves • “Protected people” were Jews, Christians,

Zoroastrians

Role of Women • Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit

to men • Women’s responsibilities vary with husbands’ income

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Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning • Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill

religious duties • Muhammad valued power of learning, study,

scholarship • Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific,

philosophical texts • House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library,

academy, translation center

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Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature • Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for

Muhammad, Islam • Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and

love • Popular literature includes The Thousand and

One Nights

Muslim Art and Architecture • Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn

to calligraphy • Calligraphy—art of beautiful handwriting • Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many

cultures

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Continued . . .

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Medical Advances • Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to

1500 • Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical

knowledge

continued Art and Sciences Flourish

Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Muslim scientists solve problems through

experimentation • Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes textbook • Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about

vision

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Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas • Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy

with Islam • Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces opposition for

his ideas • Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for

the Perplexed

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The “Ideal Man” • Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a

blended culture • Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect

Muslim culture

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Section 1

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.

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Turks Move into Byzantium

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine

Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who

fight for Islam

Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds

state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and

cannons • Successors expand state through alliances and land

buying

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Continued . . .

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Osman Establishes a State • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—

overlord • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

continued Turks Move into Byzantium

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion • Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in

Central Asia • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

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Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

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Murad II • Murad II begins expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers

Constantinople in 1453 • Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and

rebuilds

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,

comes to power • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into

North Africa • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important

Muslim cities

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Suleyman the Lawgiver

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A Great Ruler • Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from

1520 to 1566

The Empire Reaches Its Limits • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and

Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean • Turks take North African coastline, control inland

trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the

world

Continued . . .

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Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces

bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from

conquered lands • Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal

only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own

religion

continued Suleyman the Lawgiver

Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of

arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent

Mosque of Suleyman

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The Empire Declines Slowly

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Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their

sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s

eventual fall

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The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia.

Section 2

Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire

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Patterns of Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending in Persia • Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim

dynasty ruled Persia • Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to

18th centuries

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Causes of Cultural Blending • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade,

or religion

Results of Cultural Blending • Changes in language, religion, government, use of

technology • Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage • Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture

CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire

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The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins • Begins as religious order named for founder • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

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Isma’il Conquers Persia • Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 • Takes title of shah—king • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire

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A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great • Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in

1587

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Reforms • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian

trade A New Capital • Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most

beautiful cities Art Works • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles

Carpets • Carpet weaving becomes national industry

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The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to

empire’s decline • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the

Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls

apart in 1747

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