Section 10.2 (Pg. 279-285): The Process of Cell Division
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Chromosomes -Are genetic information bundled into packages of
DNA -Make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell
division -Are packaged differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes: small, circular chromosome -Eukaryotes: multiple
chromosomes Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes -Are made of chromatin -DNA coils around
proteins called histones -DNA coiled around histones forms a unit
called a nucleosome -Chromosome shape is supercoiled chromatin
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Prokaryotic Cell Cycle -Prokaryotic cell division is called
binary fission 1)Cell grows and chromosome duplicates 2) Cell
membrane pinches in 3) Cell divides into two daughter cells
Prokaryotic Cell
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle -Is when a cell grows, prepares for
cell division, then divides -Is separated into two major parts:
1)Interphase 2)Cell division -Interphase and cell division have
their own phases
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Interphase -Is the portion of a cells life in between cell
division -G 1 phase: Cell Growth Cell grows and performs normal
functions -S phase: DNA Synthesis DNA is copied for cell division
-G 2 phase: Preparation for Cell Division Organelles and molecules
are copied for cell division
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Cell Division -Is also called M phase -Contains the phases of
cell division -Mitosis Is the division of the nucleus Has 4
separate phases -Cytokinesis Is the division of the cytoplasm
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DNA During Cell Division -Forms replicated chromosomes Each
half of the chromosome is called a sister chromatid They are held
together by a centromere -Is separated into daughter chromatids
during cell division
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Before Cell Division -Cells are in interphase Nucleus is intact
DNA has NOT yet formed chromosomes Centrioles are lumped together
near the nucleus
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Phases of Mitosis 1) Prophase Replicated chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disappears Nucleolus disappears Centrioles move to
the opposite sides of the cell Mitotic spindle forms from
centrioles
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Phases of Mitosis 2) Metaphase Chromosomes attach to the
spindles and line up along the center (midline) of the cell
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Phases of Mitosis 3) Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and
move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell
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Phases of Mitosis 4) Telophase Nuclear envelope re-forms around
chromatids Nucleolus re-forms Chromatids uncoil into chromatin
Spindle breaks apart Centrioles move near the re-forming
nuclei
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Cytokinesis -Completes cell division by splitting the cell
membrane and cytoplasm in two -Different in animal and plant cells
In animal cells the cell membrane pinches the cell in two In plant
cells a cellulose cell plate forms in between the nuclei to make a
cell wall
