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Section 10Section 10Behavioral Performance Management
Behavior Modification Techniques
There are five categories of activities that can be addressed with behavior modification techniques:
• Develop a new behavior
• Strengthen a behavior
• Maintain an established behavior
• Stop inappropriate behavior
• Modify emotional behavior
Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification
We “operate” on the environment ◦Alter behavior to maximize positive and
minimize adverse consequences.
Operant versus respondent behaviors
Law of effect◦Likelihood that an operant behavior will be
repeated depends on its consequences
Learning Theory BackgroundLearning Theory Background
(Continued)
ConsequencesConsequences
What happensWhat happensAfter behaviorAfter behavior
EmployeeEmployeereceivesreceivesattendanceattendancebonusbonus
ExampleExample
A-B-Cs of Behavior ModificationA-B-Cs of Behavior Modification
BehaviorBehavior
What personWhat personsays or doessays or does
EmployeeEmployeeattendsattendsscheduledscheduledworkwork
AntecedentsAntecedents
What happensWhat happensbefore behaviorbefore behavior
AttendanceAttendancebonus systembonus systemis announcedis announced
BehaviorIncreases/Maintained
BehaviorDecreases
Consequenceis Introduced
Consequenceis Removed
Contingencies of ReinforcementContingencies of Reinforcement
PunishmentPunishment
PositivePositivereinforcementreinforcement
ExtinctionExtinction PunishmentPunishment
NegativeNegativereinforcementreinforcement
NoConsequence
Principles of Learning:Principles of Learning:Reinforcement and PunishmentReinforcement and Punishment (Continued)
Principles of Learning:Principles of Learning:Reinforcement and PunishmentReinforcement and Punishment The Use of Punishment
◦ The Meaning of Punishment◦ Often used, rarely understood◦ Administering Punishment◦ Guidelines for Discipline
Analysis of Money as a Reinforcer
Issues of timing the reinforcer
Nonfinancial Rewards◦ Social Recognition and
Attention◦ Performance Feedback◦ Need to Evaluate it
(Continued)
Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement Behaviors
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continuous
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Time (Days)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Variable interval
Behavioral Performance Behavioral Performance Management, or O. B. Mod.Management, or O. B. Mod.
• Step 1: Identification of Performance Behaviors
• Step 2: Measurement of the Behavior
• Step 3: Functional Analysis of the Behavior
• Step 4: Development of an Intervention Strategy– A Positive Reinforcement Strategy
– A Punishment-Positive Reinforcement Strategy
• Step 5: Evaluation to Ensure Performance Improvement
A final note of cautionA final note of caution
Must Be Extremely Careful of What to Positively Reinforce (Fixed vs. Growth “Mindsets” from Dweck, 2006)◦ Student subjects randomly reinforced for their ability in solving tasks
(“you must be really smart as this”) led to a “fixed mindset.”◦ Subsequently, they rejected taking on challenging new tasks ( fear of
failure, not able to meet expectations).◦ If they did try and failed, they took it personal, felt deficient and
depressed.◦ They did not enjoy, have fun, at subsequent tasks.◦ Importantly, their performance decreased over time.◦ Many( 40%) actually lied to others about their abilities. ◦ However, those randomly reinforced for their effort on tasks (“you
must have worked really hard at this”) led to a “growth mindset” and the exact opposite results.
Uses of O.B. ModificationUses of O.B. Modification
PerformanceAbsenteeismTurnover
◦E.g., staffing firm study- praise and recognition
Questions