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A Directoryof ImpactAssessmentGuidelines
Annie DonellyBarry Dalal-ClaytonRoss Hughes
International Institute for
Environment and Development
Second edition
IIED WRI IUCN
A Directory ofImpact Assessment Guidelines
Second editionSeptember 1998
Compiled by
Annie Donnelly
Barry Dalal-Clayton
Ross Hughes
International Institute for Environment and Development
Funded by
Australian Agency for International DevelopmentCanadian International Development Agency
Netherlands Development Assistance of the Ministry of Foreign AffairsUK Department for International Development
This Directory is a product of the International Environmental and Natural ResourceAssessment Information Service (INTERAISE), a collaborative project undertaken by theInternational Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), the World Resources
Institute (WRI), and the World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Front cover photographs: Jungle, Colombia © Trygve BØlstad/Panos Pictures,Leaking oil pipe, Komi Republic, Russia © Heidi Bradner/Panos Pictures
Design and production by Eileen Higgins
Printed by Russell Press, Nottingham
ISBN: 1 899825 11 8Copyright 1998, International Institute for Environment and Development
We would like to thank those agencies listed at thefront of this Directory who provided financialassistance for the project.
Our grateful thanks are especially due to the severalhundred individuals, too numerous to list here, ingovernment departments, agencies, NGO’s andelsewhere all over the world, who responded sogenerously to our requests for information aboutguidelines, and often donated copies for abstracting.We are particularly grateful to those agencies whoprovided detailed advice and guidance about theselection of literature for their countries. Theliterature search would have been an impossible taskwithout the assistance of all these people. MaritaGonzalez Tossi, Sergio Mazzuchelli and colleaguesat IIED America Latina in Argentina compiled andwrote the abstracts for the Latin America section,and they too acknowledge that their work wouldnot have been possible without the assistance ofmany individuals and agencies in the Latin Americaregion.
We would particularly like to thank the UKDepartment for International Development, theNetherlands Development Assistance of the Ministryof Foreign Affairs, the World Conservation Unionand the International Association for ImpactAssessment who, through requests to their in-country offices and their members, were able tosecure information about and copies of manydocuments - often unpublished and otherwise
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAcknowledgements
inaccessible. Also to the EIA Centre in Manchesterand the IUCN Law Library in Bonn who provideddatabase searches from their collections of impactassessment literature.
A number of individuals deserve mention for theircontributions to this edition: Bryan Spooner(consultant) for researching and writing Chapter 2:Review of the Quality of EIA Guidelines; and BarrySadler (Institute of Environmental Assessment) forco-authoring Chapter 4: Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment. We would also like to thank Peter Croal(Canadian International Development Agency), andDavid Howlett (University of Bradford), forreviewing Chapters 2 and 3 respectively.
Acknowledgements and thanks go to Paul Scott,Clive George and Chris Wood of the EIA Centre inManchester for compiling the country statusreports, with inputs from Ralph Mulders(consultant), the Commission for EIA in theNetherlands, and the Netherlands DevelopmentAssistance. We would also like to thank all thosewho reviewed these reports.
Finally, our thanks to all our colleagues at IIED,especially Claudia Sambo who developed thedatabase for Part II and manages the guidelinescollection, and the other staff in IIED’s ResourceCentre who have assisted with this. Also AlastairStewart, Dilys Roe, Laura Greenwood, Tom Fox,Maryanne Grieg-Gran, and Stephanie Bramwell.
1Preface
Chapter 1:Introduction to Impact Assessment and Guidelines
Chapter 2:Review of the Quality of EIA Guidelines,Their Use and Circumnavigation
Chapter 3:Environmental Impact Assessment and Stakeholder Involvement
Chapter 4:Strategic Environment Assessment: A Rapidly Evolving Approach
PAR
T O
NEPart
iGuidelines
CONTENTSPART I
Preface.................................................................................................................................3
How to find Guidelines in the Directory.............................................................................5
Obtaining Copies of the Guidelines....................................................................................5
Chapter 1:Introduction to Impact Assessment and Guidelines...........................................................7
Chapter 2:Review of the Quality of EIA Guidelines, Their Use and Circumnavigation....................15
Chapter 3:Environmental Impact Assessment and Stakeholder Involvement..................................21
Chapter 4:Strategic Environmental Assessment: A Rapidly Evolving Approach...............................31
PART II - The Guidelines
Matrix of Country, Agency and Sectoral Guidelines.........................................................44
Regional and National Guidelines
Contents
Egypt.........................................................56
Eritrea........................................................56
Ethiopia.....................................................56
Gambia....................................................57
Ghana.......................................................57
Kenya........................................................58
Lesotho.....................................................59
Liberia.......................................................59
Madagascar...............................................59
AfricaRegional.........................................53
Angola....................................54
Benin...............................................54
Botswana........................................55
Burkina Faso...................................55
Burundi...........................................55
Cameroon.......................................55
Cape Verde....................................55
Comoros.........................................55
ii Guidelines
Malawi.......................................................59
Mali.........................................................60
Mauritius...................................................60
Morocco...................................................60
Mozambique..............................................60
Namibia.....................................................61
Niger..........................................................61
Nigeria.......................................................61
Senegal......................................................62
Seychelles..................................................62
Sierra Leone...............................................63
Somalia......................................................63
South Africa...............................................63
Sudan........................................................65
Swaziland..................................................65
Tanzania.....................................................66
Tunisia.......................................................66
Uganda......................................................67
Zambia......................................................67
Zimbabwe..................................................68
Asia / Pacific / Middle East
Regional.....................................................69
Bahrain......................................................71
Bangladesh..............................................71
Bhutan.......................................................72
Cambodia..................................................73
China.........................................................73
Fiji..............................................................73
Haiti...........................................................73
Hong Kong................................................73
India..........................................................74
Indonesia...................................................78
Israel..........................................................81
Japan.........................................................81
Jordan......................................................81
Kazakhstan................................................81
Korea.........................................................82
Kuwait.......................................................82
Krygystan..................................................82
Lao PDR.....................................................82
Malaysia...................................................83
Mongolia...................................................84
Myanmar....................................................84
Nepal.........................................................84
Oman........................................................87
Pakistan.....................................................87
Papua New Guinea....................................89
Philippines..................................................89
Qatar.........................................................90
Saudi Arabia..............................................90
Singapore...................................................90
Solomon Islands..........................................91
Sri Lanka.....................................................91
Surinam.....................................................93
Syria...........................................................93
Taiwan.......................................................93
Thailand.....................................................94
Tonga.........................................................95
Turkmenistan.............................................95
Uzbekistan.................................................95
Vanuatu.....................................................95
Vietnam.....................................................95
Yemen.......................................................96
Australasia
Australia...................................................98
New Zealand............................................100
Caribbean/West Indies
Regional...................................................102
Bahamas..................................................102
Barbados..................................................103
Jamaica....................................................103
St Kitts and Nevis.....................................103
St Vincent and the Grenadines.................103
Trinidad and Tobago.................................103
Europe
Regional..................................................104
Armenia...................................................105
Austria.....................................................105
iiiGuidelines
Belarus.....................................................105
Belgium...................................................106
Bulgaria...................................................106
Croatia.....................................................107
Cyprus.....................................................107
Czech Republic........................................107
Denmark..................................................108
Estonia.....................................................109
Finland.....................................................110
France......................................................110
Georgia....................................................112
Germany..................................................112
Greece.....................................................115
Hungary...................................................115
Iceland.....................................................115
Ireland.....................................................116
Italy..........................................................116
Latvia......................................................117
Lithuania..................................................117
Luxembourg.............................................117
Macedonia...............................................118
Malta.......................................................118
Moldova..................................................118
Netherlands.............................................118
Norway....................................................120
Poland.....................................................121
Portugal...................................................121
Romania..................................................121
Russian Federation...................................122
Serbia......................................................122
Slovak Republic........................................123
Slovenia...................................................124
Spain.......................................................124
Sweden...................................................125
Switzerland..............................................127
Ukraine....................................................127
United Kingdom......................................128
Latin America
Regional..................................................134
Argentina................................................135
Belize.......................................................137
Bolivia......................................................138
Brazil.......................................................139
Chile........................................................140
Colombia.................................................140
Costa Rica...............................................143
Ecuador....................................................144
Guatemala...............................................145
Honduras.................................................145
Mexico....................................................145
Paraguay..................................................146
Peru.........................................................147
Uruguay...................................................149
Venezuela................................................149
North America
Regional..................................................151
Canada....................................................151
United States...........................................154
Polar Regions
Antarctica................................................161
Arctic.......................................................161
Agency Guidelines
Multilateral Development Banks
African Development Bank (AFDB)......................................................................................165
Asian Development Bank (ASDB)..........................................................................................167
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB).....................................................................................169
iv Guidelines
Development Bank of South Africa..............................................................................169
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)................................................170
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB).............................................................................171
World Bank..........................................................................................................................171
Bilateral Donor Agencies
Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID)................................................177
Austrian Ministry for Foreign Affairs......................................................................................177
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)............................................................177
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)............................................................179
Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA)............................................................180
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ)/German Foundation forInternational Development (GTZ)/German CreditInstitute for Reconstruction/KfW..................180
Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.......................................................................................182
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)................................................................182
Netherlands Development Assistance (NEDA)........................................................................184
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)..................................................185
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)...............................................................185
Swiss Development Corporation (SDC).................................................................................185
UK Department for International Development (DFID)...........................................................186
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)...............................................186
United Nations Agencies
Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (DTCD)............................................188
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)..................................................................188
United Nations Economic and Social Commissions
Asia Pacific (ESCAP)...................................................................................................188
Europe (ECE).............................................................................................................190
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)...................................................................192
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)......................................................193
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)......................................................194
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)...............................................195
United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).................................196
World Health Organisation (WHO)........................................................................................196
Other UN Agencies...............................................................................................................197
Inter-Governmental Organisations
Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC)...............................................................199
Commonwealth Secretariat..................................................................................................199
European Community (EC)..................................................................................................199
Group of Experts on The Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)...201
vGuidelines
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)..........................................................................202
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)..................................................................202
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)............................................................................202
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).......................................202
Organisation of American States (OAS).................................................................................203
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)..................................................................204
Overseas Economic Development Fund (OECF).....................................................................204
South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).......................................................205
The World Conservation Union (IUCN).................................................................................206
Sectoral Guidelines - Miscellaneous...............................................................................209
3Guidelines
The purpose and scopeof this directoryThe Directory of Impact Assessment Guidelines aimsto improve awareness of, and access to, existingimpact assessment guidelines. It is directed atplanners, decision-makers, practitioners andinstitutions with a mandate or professional interest inpromoting, advising or managing impact assessment.It updates and expands the first edition published in1995, and contains over 800 bibliographic referencesand abstracts for more than 90 countries and 45international development agencies. An importantaddition to this edition is the inclusion of countrystatus reports, which summarise the legislative andadministrative context within which the guidelinesoperate. These are included for all countries wherewe have been able to find information (within theresource constraints of this project) and bring thetotal number of countries included in the Directoryto over 140.
As interest in impact assessment has grown, so thevolume of impact assessment guidelines has increaseddramatically to assist decision- and policy-makers,planners and impact assessment practitioners. MostOECD countries, and a growing number ofdeveloping countries, have prepared guidelines for theimpact assessment of projects. In addition, as impactassessment processes have evolved and becomeincreasingly complex, the number of agenciesinvolved in impact assessment within countries hasincreased, with many of these producing their ownguidelines. Almost all bilateral, multilateral andUnited Nations agencies have also prepared internalguidelines.
The overwhelming majority of these documents are informs that are not necessarily available to peopleinvolved in impact assessment, particularly those indeveloping countries where considerable efforts arebeing made to promote EIA. This presents twoproblems. Firstly, and most importantly, decision-makers, planners and practitioners in need ofguidance may either be unaware of the existence ofsuch literature, or cannot gain access to it. This maypose a barrier to effective impact assessment,
particularly for developing countries. Secondly, poorawareness of existing literature sources amongst‘development professionals’ has led to the duplicationof work, resulting in the wastage of scarce humanand financial resources.
Part I comprises four chapters. The first is an updatedgeneral introduction to impact assessment andguidelines. The other three are new for this editionand address areas of particular interest and currentdebate: the quality of EIA guidelines, their use andcircumnavigation; stakeholder involvement in the EIAprocess; and strategic environmental assessment. PartII contains the citations and abstracts of theGuidelines themselves, and the country status reports,organised by country and by agency. The Matrix atthe beginning of Part II provides a guide to sectoralguidelines cited in the Country and Agency sections,and indicates where these can be found.
Impact assessment and guidelinesIn this Directory, ‘impact assessment’ is used as anumbrella term for a range of techniques including:
• environmental impact assessment (EIA)• cumulative effects assessment• environmental health impact assessment (EHIA)• risk assessment• social impact assessment (SIA)• strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
There is a great deal of guidance material designed toassist with environmental management in general -such as pollution control guidelines, and those forenvironmental auditing and the use of environmentalmanagement systems. Only those documents thatcontain guidance specific to the assessment ofimpacts have been included in this Directory. Whilstthe distinction has been a necessary one, it has oftenresulted in difficult and somewhat artificial choicesbeing made.
Three functionally different categories of guidelinesare recognised in this Directory:
PREFACEPreface
4 Guidelines
a. National guidelinesNational guidelines provide information onimplementing national impact assessment (usually EIA)frameworks. In effect, they provide information on thebasic questions of “... who does what, to whom, howand when?” (Bisset, 1995). Such guidelinescomplement and supplement the “bare” legalrequirements and provide guidance on the initiation ofdevelopment activities, their design and appraisal,authorisation and subsequent implementation andmanagement. They are designed to ensure that allparticipants in an impact assessment systemunderstand their roles, and that laws or regulations areinterpreted correctly and consistently.
b. Donor guidelinesThese provide guidance for recipient countries to meetenvironmental standards in project planning andimplementation. They also establish “best practice”procedures for agency staff to follow in projectplanning, implementation and appraisal. Most UnitedNations, multilateral and bilateral agencies havecompiled guidelines for their development activities.
c. Sectoral guidelinesA considerable proportion of the documents describedin this directory provide guidance on the assessment ofdifferent categories of projects, such as irrigation,power generation and mining. Many of these guidelinesare produced by national governments and by donoragencies. To avoid duplication these are cross-referenced by sector in the Matrix on pages [numbers][numbers][numbers][numbers][numbers].Sectoral guidelines not prepared by national or donoragencies are cited at the end of Part II.
The literature searchfor guidelinesThe search and abstracting for the Latin Americasection were undertaken by IIED-America Latina inArgentina. The remainder of the work was undertakenby IIED in London between 1996 and 1998.
In carrying out the search for the guidelines, wesought to contact the relevant officers of nationalgovernment agencies, and other organisations knownto have an interest in promoting improvedenvironmental management practices. This processwas supplemented by:• database searches - in some cases commissioned
from organisations with extensive collections ofenvironmental management information
• internet searches• appeals for information using email, website
notices and listserver mechanisms• information in journals and other impact
assessment literature
Whilst the process has been exhaustive, weacknowledge that gaps still remain, especially whereguidelines have been prepared very recently.
For the national guidelines, the focus has been ongovernment and statutory agency documents at thenational level - we have not been able to target thenumerous guidelines produced at sub-national levelse.g. state, province, territory, county, metropolitanetc. Where possible, however, the Directory includesinformation on where to obtain further information.
Statutory guidelines embodied within nationalenvironmental legislation are generally not includedin this directory. They are often integrated with, orinseparable from, general environmental legislation,and can be extremely context-specific. However, theyhave been included where this is the only informationavailable, or where the legislation itself includesdetailed guidance. There are many other good sourcesfor those seeking information on legislation, forexample the IUCN Environmental Law Centre inBonn. We also understand that the United NationsEnvironment Programme is currently preparing asourcebook of information on environmentalmanagement, which will include a section on EIAlegislation for developed and developing countries.
Finally, we have included abstracts only fordocuments where we have been able to acquirecopies- no document has been abstracted usingsecondary information.
5Guidelines
How to Find Guidelines in the Directory
• Use the Contents pages to find National and Agency guidelines
• Use the Matrix at the beginning of Part II to find Sectoral guidelines
Obtaining copies of the guidelines
Each citation includes an address for the publisher or distributor. Where several citations are listed for thesame agency, the contact details are included after the last citation. Reprints of journal articles can beobtained through standard procedures, which may vary from country to country.
Subject to copyright restrictions, copies of guidelines may also be obtained through the Information Serviceoperated by IIED’s Resource Centre (see below).
Part II of the Directory is available as a searchable database on diskette, which can be purchased from theResource Centre. We also intend to include this database on the IIED Website in due course.
About the Resource Centre at IIEDMost of the documents cited in this Directory are held in the Impact Assessment (IA) Guidelines collectionin the IIED Resource Centre, and can be accessed on a reference basis by visiting the Resource Centre inLondon (but please make an appointment first). Where copyright restrictions are not imposed by thepublisher, photocopies of documents can also be supplied at cost price. Contact:
Resource Centre
IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street
London WC1H 0DD
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 171 388 2117
Fax: +44 171 388 2826
Email: [email protected]
As well as IA Guidelines, the Resource Centre collection includes three other categories of documents:
• National conservation strategies, environmental strategies, environmental profiles and action plans,sustainable development strategies and related documents, as listed in the Interaise World Directoriesof Country Environmental Studies (1990,1993 &1996)
• Participatory Learning & Action (PLA) (also available as a database on diskette)
• Community Wildlife Management (CWM)
PLA and CWM collections can now be searched on-line at the Resource Centre website:
http://www.iied.org/resource
7Introduction
This chapter provides a general background to impactassessment at the project level and is intended as aguide for readers who are new to impact assessment.For ‘cutting edge’ reviews on impact assessment,there are various excellent recent texts, such as Sadler(1995); Vanclay and Bronstein (1997), Canter andSadler (1997) and Wood (1995).
The changing role ofImpact AssessmentAll development intrinsically involves ‘trade-offs’between potentially conflicting goals, such asbetween fisheries and agricultural production, oreconomic growth and conservation. The challenge isto optimise these trade-offs between and across thethree systems basic to development - the ecologicalsystem, the economic system and the social system(Barbier, 1987; Holmberg et al, 1991). Impactassessment is one of several tools that can be used toimprove the way in which trade-offs are made. Thefaith that the world community now places in impactassessment is reflected in its widespread inclusion innational and international legislation anddeclarations, and in donor policy and practice.Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environmentand Development, agreed at the 1992 United NationsConference on Environment and Development, states:
“Environmental impact assessment, as anational instrument, shall be undertaken forproposed activities that are likely to have asignificant adverse impact on the environmentand are subject to a decision of a competentnational authority”.
Impact assessment has evolved considerably since itsintroduction as environmental impact assessment(EIA) in the USA in 1969. Yet by the end of the1970s, it was clear that more attention was requiredon the effectiveness, efficacy and relevance of impactassessment. This attention resulted, in the 1980s, inthe emergence of several new ‘offshoot’ techniquessuch as social and cumulative impact assessment ,risk analysis, and more recently still, biodiversityimpact assessment. Whilst these developments
focused on the science and technical aspects of EIA,it was also clear that other factors, such as resourceavailability and political will, were constraining EIAeffectiveness. For example, Smith (1993) notes that:
“Improving the science of environmentalanalysis per se does nothing to reform thepolitical processes of resource management thatgovern how the information is utilised. Analternative response is warranted: one thatnecessitates redefining the role of impactassessment.”
Smith’s proposed redefinition of the role of impactassessment was based on the premises that it shouldintegrate the “science of environmental analysis withthe politics of resource management”, and paygreater attention to the institutional arrangements fordecision-making central to the role played by impactassessment in resource management.
There was also a realisation that, to be effective,environmental assessment needed to be moreproactive and address the plans, programmes andpolicies which defined individual projects. Strategicenvironmental assessment has developed from thisrealisation (see Chapter 4). However, one of theproblems of strategic environmental assessment isthat it raises fundamental questions of governanceregarding the formulation and implementation ofpolicy and, perhaps for this reason, its adoption(even amongst developed countries) has been patchyand slow.
Clearly then, new challenges still face impactassessment, and particularly in countries wheregovernance, ineffective institutional frameworks andshortages of financial and human resources, mayrender conventional approaches to impact assessmentinappropriate.
What is impact assessment?Impact assessment is a process to improvedecision-making and to ensure that the developmentoptions under consideration are environmentally andsocially sound and sustainable. It is concerned withidentifying, predicting and evaluating the foreseeableimpacts, both beneficial and adverse, of public and
Chapter 1Introduction to ImpactAssessment and Guidelines
8 Introduction
private (development) activities, alternatives andmitigating measures, and aims to eliminate orminimise negative impacts and optimise positiveimpacts. Impact assessment now includes a broadsuite of different techniques, including environmentalimpact assessment (EIA), social impact assessment(SIA), cumulative effects assessment (CEA),environmental health impact assessment (EHIA), riskassessment, strategic environmental assessment (SEA)and biodiversity impact assessment (BIA).
Impact assessment relates to a process rather than aparticular activity. At the project level, it should beseen as an integral part of the project cycle. Itprovides information on the environmental, socialand economic effects of proposed activities and is amechanism by which information can be presentedclearly and systematically to decision-makers. Toachieve these objectives, impact assessment needs tobe process-oriented, multi-disciplinary and interactiveand should result in a better understanding of thelinkages between ecological, social, economic andpolitical systems. Increasingly, impact assessment isbeing viewed as a key mechanism for involvingdifferent stakeholder groups in the developmentprocess (see Chapter 3).
Why is impact assessment important?Impact assessment is an important management toolfor improving the long-term viability of manyprojects, and its use can help to avoid mistakes thatcan be expensive and damaging in environmental,social, and/or economic terms. Usually, the cost ofundertaking an impact assessment process accountsfor only a small proportion of total project costs -often less than 1% of overall project costs. Table 1shows the costs of EIA represented as a proportion oftotal project costs in four projects funded by theWorld Bank.
Proponents of impact assessment argue that, in manycases, impact assessment can bring substantial savingsto the project, because it provides an opportunity tolearn from experience and thus help to avoid costlymistakes and accidents. Impact assessment, it isargued, can also help improve the way in which
resources are managed before, during and after theimplementation of a project.
Who prepares the impact assessmentstatement?Stakeholder involvement in impact assessment isdealt with in further detail in Chapter 3. In terms ofpreparation of the Impact assessment statement,responsibility usually rests with the projectproponent. Often, impact statements are preparedwith the help of external consultants or institutions.In some cases, an independent commission isresponsible for ensuring quality control throughoutthe implementation of the impact assessment, forsetting appropriate terms of reference and/or for theexternal review of the impact statement (IS). In mostcases, an impact assessment will require amultidisciplinary team, particularly where scopingexercises indicate the existence of multiple orcomplex issues. Each impact assessment team isusually coordinated by a team manager.
The agency responsible for receiving the impactassessment, and taking any subsequent action, willusually indicate how the study is to be carried outand how the results should be used in thedecision-making process. The institutional structuresand agencies responsible for the management andimplementation of impact assessment vary amongstcountries, reflecting different political, economic andsocial priorities. Mostly they include localgovernment agencies, NGOs, research institutionsand affected groups, feeding into a specialistenvironmental unit within the implementing agency.
When should the impact assessment beundertaken?The impact assessment needs to be managed so that itprovides information to decision-makers at everystage of the project planning cycle (see Figure 1). Itshould be initiated as early as possible and shouldalso include a provision to cover the monitoring ofproject implementation and operation, and eventuallyan audit of the project. In some cases, it will also beimportant to include project decommissioning withinthe impact assessment.
Table 1: Costs of EIA as a proportion of total project costs for large-scale development projects in Africa( source: Mercier, 1995)
Type of project Cost of EIA (000, US$) Project cost (000, US$) % of total project costs
Thermal power generation, Ghana 250 400,000 0.06
Forest management, Tanzania 131 26,000 0.50
Energy sector development, Kenya 510 1,000,000 0.05
Energy sector development, Malawi 180 231,300 0.08
9Introduction
The Environmental ImpactAssessment processThis section describes the main elements of a“typical” EIA process, although this can varyaccording to the context and type of a proposedproject. Figure 2 outlines the generic stages of theEIA process. Many of the steps described are alsocommon to other forms of impact assessment. Notevery development project requires each element ofthe EIA process. For a major project, an EIA maytake considerable time, manpower and resources. Thefirst four stages of the EIA process, screening, theassessment of alternatives, preliminary assessmentand scoping, are therefore extremely important inorder to determine the extent and focus of the impactassessment required.
ScreeningScreening helps to focus resources on those projectsmost likely to have significant impacts, those wherethe impacts are uncertain and those whereenvironmental management input is likely to berequired. Requirements for screening are normallyaddressed in EIA legislation and/or official guidelines,and is usually done by an EIA Authority. Guidance toassist with the screening process may take severalforms: screening criteria such as size, cost, orlocation of the project; lists of projects which do ordo not usually require an EIA; and checklists ofproject and environment types that require furtherinvestigation. The types of projects which generallyrequire an EIA include: :
• projects which involve a significant change inrenewable resource use;
STEPS 1 to 5site selection,
registration,screening,scoping, prepareTOR, organisestudy
STEP 6impact evaluation, predictionand significance, mitigationidentification, etc.
STEP 7review process
Detailed design& mitigationmeasures
Pre-feasibility Feasibility
Project concept DesignPlanning system and
project cycleSTEP 8Implementation ofmitigation andenvironmentalplan
STEP 9monitoring and auditing,lessons for future projects
Implementation & operation Monitoring and
evaluation
STEP 10decommissioning
Figure 1: Impact assessment and the project cycle
10 Introduction
• projects which involve a substantial change infarming or fisheries practice;
• water resource projects, including dams, irrigation,watershed development;
• infrastructure projects;• industrial projects;• extractive industries; and• waste management and disposal.
The assessment of alternativesAssessing different project alternatives is a much-neglected, yet vital component of the EIA process.Different project alternatives have varyingcharacteristics, but they can usually be placed intoone, or a combination, of the categories listed below:
• demand alternatives (e.g. using energy moreefficiently rather than building more generatingcapacity);
• activity alternatives (e.g. providing publictransport rather than increasing road capacity);
• locational alternatives, either for the entireproposal or for components (e.g. different routingoptions for a road or power transmission line;alternative locations for an industrial site);
• process and design alternatives (e.g., use of waste-minimising or energy efficient technology, use ofdifferent irrigation scheme designs);
• scheduling alternatives (e.g. careful timing ofwater discharges);
• input alternatives (e.g. alternative fuel types forpower generation; use of pulp from recycledsources, rather than from virgin fibre); and
• the ‘no project’ alternative - i.e. what wouldhappen if the project wasn’t implemented at all.
Preliminary assessmentIf the screening process suggests that furtherassessment is required, or if there is uncertainty aboutthe nature of potential environmental impacts, thenext stage is for the proponent to undertake apreliminary assessment. This may employ rapidassessment techniques but should be detailed enoughto:
• identify key impacts on the local environment;• describe the magnitude and significance of the
impacts; and• evaluate the importance of the impacts for decision
makers.
Often a preliminary assessment will require theproponent to undertake a number of components ofthe impact assessment process (see below) at asuperficial level. If the screening process or thepreliminary assessment indicates that an impactassessment is required, the first task of the study teamshould be to scope the impact assessment.
ScopingScoping is a crucial part of the impact assessmentprocess and involves the identification and‘narrowing-down’ of potential environmental impactsto ensure that the assessment focuses on the key issuesfor decision-making. It also offers a crucialopportunity to involve local people in determining thescope and focus of the impact assessment. In mostcircumstances, scoping is undertaken by the assessmentteam, but inherent problems have been noted with thisapproach since the study team might be influenced bypreference, knowledge and biases. Some guidelineshave attempted to address this through introducing amore structured and objective approach to the scopingprocess, but it is clear that problems can still remain.For example, the scoping process can provide anopportunity for vested interests to influence the extentand focus of subsequent stages of the impactassessment procedure. In some countries, such as theNetherlands, it is mandatory to involve an independentEIA commission in the process.
One of the principal functions of scoping is to guidethe development of appropriate terms of reference forthe EIA process. It also provides a key opportunity toengage with different stakeholders interests (seeChapter 3) to ensure their early involvement in theEIA process as a whole, and to make sure thatdifferent stakeholder needs and interests are addressedthroughout the rest of the process. The scopingexercise normally indicates detailed information needsand can also be used to review alternative options forproject design and siting. Baseline studies can beundertaken to determine the characteristics of theenvironment and to provide guidelines against whichthe severity of predicted impacts may be assessed.
The environmental impact assessmentstudyEach study should ensure that it attempts to answersuch questions as :
• what impacts will occur as a result of the project?• what will be the extent, magnitude and duration of
the impacts ?• what will be the significance of these impacts within
local, national and international contexts?• what can be done to mitigate, reduce or avoid
altogether the adverse impacts, or optimise positiveimpacts ?
The following steps are undertaken as components ofmost impact assessment procedures:
IdentificationScreening, preliminary assessment and scoping all gosome way to addressing the first question - whatimpacts will occur as a result of the project ? Once
11Introduction
Figure 2: Stages in The EIA Process (after UNEP, 1996)
12 Introduction
these steps are completed, the key impacts shouldhave been identified, and the study focused on themost important issues. The EIA can then proceed toidentify those impacts that should be investigated indetail. A variety of methods may be used includingchecklists, questionnaires, matrices, overlays,networks, models and simulations. One of the mostsimple methods is to compile a list of key impactsthat were identified in the impact assessments ofother similar projects and compare them to theproposed project.
Examination of alternativesConsideration should include not only alternativesites for the project, where practicable, but alsoalternative designs and operating processes, and theenvironmental implications of each. Even if thealternatives are rejected at this stage, they may bereconsidered should unexpected adverse impacts beidentified under the original proposal.
PredictionPredicting the extent and magnitude of the impacts isperhaps the most difficult part of the study.Prediction attempts to determine the cause and effectof the impacts, although often these are notwell-understood. Prediction relies on data andanalysis from a variety of sources - physical,biological and sociological. The quality andavailability of data often imposes an importantconstraint on the accuracy and reliability ofpredictions. In many cases, good quality data aresimply not available. In such cases, other morequalitative techniques will need to be used. In somesituations, it may not be possible to establishcause-and-effect relationships; and in others,unanticipated factors may also affect the context ofthe project or the state of the local environmentduring or after implementation. Prediction, therefore,has to recognise (and not conceal) the uncertaintiesinherent in the prediction process. In some cases, it isvaluable to undertake a sensitivity analysis by testingpredictions against different future scenarios,including those identified by risk assessment (seebelow).
Evaluation of significanceThis phase of the EIA process should attempt todetermine the significance of impacts, a task that isoften subjective and value-laden. For example, animpact at a national level might be regarded asinsignificant, but could be highly significant at a locallevel. The context of the evaluation must therefore beconsidered at each stage. Various quantitativeapproaches to assessing the significance of impactshave been developed to assist in quantifying andrating relative impacts (see Canter 1995). However,
they tend to rely on the availability of good scientificdata. More tangible considerations might include:
• existing legislation, regulations or acceptedstandards;
• protected status of particular areas or ecosystems,landscapes, and species;
• government policy objectives; and• acceptability to potentially affected people and the
general public.
There are numerous examples of guidelines andstandards throughout this directory which mayprovide a useful basis for countries where standardshave not yet been developed. In the absence of the useof standards, the EIA study team will need to definecriteria based on professional expertise andexperience.
MitigationIf the evaluation process concludes that the impactsare significant, the next stage of the EIA study is topropose measures to prevent, reduce or rectify theimpact(s). Such measures should be identified ornegotiated as early as possible in the project cycleprocess, so that mitigation activities can be built intoproject design. If none of these measures areappropriate, then a fourth option is to providecompensation. These measures are ideally drawntogether into a coherent ‘environmental managementplan’ which itself should be costed into the economicanalysis of a particular project. Mitigation measurescan include the following:
• selection of alternative sites, processes, designs,raw materials, etc.;
• installation of pollution control or waste treatmenttechnologies;
• use of landscaping, architectural restrictions; and• provision of monetary compensation, restoration,
and off-site community programmes.
Alternative measures can be compared and costed,and a package proposed combining a number ofthese. The implications of the different alternativesshould be made clear to assist decision-makers intheir choice of options.
DocumentationThe conclusions and recommendations of the EIAprocess need to be communicated effectively to localpeople (particularly those that may be affected by aproject), interest groups and decision-makers.Conventionally, this is achieved through thecompilation of an environmental impact statement(EIS), although it is becoming increasingly recognisedthat it might be more appropriate to supplement theEIS with alternative communication methods, such as
13Introduction
local language video, presentations, local radioprogrammes, meetings and workshops. Each of thesehave particular importance in areas where literacy,social or cultural barriers prevent local peopleaccessing the EIS. The EIS should be a key element ofthe decision-making process and the summary of theEIS should therefore focus on issues most relevant todecision-making. The presentation of the statement isof utmost importance and should be shaped for thetarget audience. For example, summaries should beprepared in local languages where these differ fromthat used in the main statement. It is vital toremember that the EIS does not constitute the end ofthe impact assessment process. Implementation ofmitigation activities must still continue as shouldactivities such as monitoring, evaluation andauditing.
ReviewThe purpose of an EIA review process is to assess theadequacy of the assessment for decision-making andto consider its implications for projectimplementation. A formal review procedure for EIAcan contribute considerably to the success of theprocess. In some countries, such as the Netherlands,an independent commission provides a review of eachimpact assessment. The Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD) includesguidance for internal and external review in its ‘goodpractice guidelines’ (OECD, 1992), and defines thepurpose of the (external) review process as “...toobtain an impartial judgement of the particular, andoften conflicting, interests of various parties involvedand to avoid unnecessary costs and delays”.Guidelines to assist in the review of the quality ofEIA, and to provide a framework for coherence andconsistency of review quality, have now beenprepared for a number of countries (eg. see Lee andColley, 1990).
MonitoringThe purpose of monitoring is to assess the effect ofthe project on the natural and cultural environment.To be effective, monitoring needs to collect data andinformation that is usable, particularly in post-projectauditing. Inclusion of a framework for monitoringcan significantly improve the effectiveness of EIAsince it can provide a mechanism for ensuringwhether mitigation measures have been carried-outand whether predictions were accurate.
Post-project auditThe inclusion of guidelines in most national EIAframeworks for post-project (or post-development)audit is comparatively rare and yet, potentially, it isan extremely useful component of the EIA process.Auditing an EIA provides an opportunity andmechanism to learn from experience, and to refine
project design and implementation procedures.Auditing also provides regulatory agencies with aframework for checking compliance with, and theperformance of, an environmental management plan.In most instances, the auditing process will dependheavily on the existence of relevant and good qualitymonitoring data.
Other Impact AssessmentapproachesThe authors of this volume believe that holisticapproaches to impact assessment are required. Thisimplies that less emphasis should be placed ondeveloping discipline-oriented approaches to impactassessment, and more on ensuring that differentdisciplines (such as the consideration of cumulativeeffects, and impacts on human health, ecology andbiodiversity resources etc.) are integrated into impactassessment in general. Box 1 lists some relatedapproaches, for which guidelines are included in thedirectory where these exist.
Box 1: Examples of impact assessment approaches
Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) - provides fora more comprehensive and rigorous approach, and is used toidentify, predict and appraise those environmental factorswhich might affect human health (see Birley, 1995).
Social impact assessment (SIA) is an integral component ofthe Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) required under theUS National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. It is used toidentify and quantify the impacts on human populations re-sulting from changes to the natural environment (see Burdgeand Vanclay, 1995)
Risk assessment - the emphasis of the technique is on risks tohuman health from industrial production, use and disposal ofhazardous chemicals (see Carpenter, 1995).
Cumulative effects assessment - this technique is designed toassess the combined effects of multiple activities, rather thanthe effects of specific development activities (see CEQ, 1997).
Biodiversity impact assessment - this emerging technique isbased on the belief that ‘EIA is not matching its potential inaddressing biodiversity issues (see Bagri, McNeely and Vorhies,1998)’.
Ecological impact assessment - defined as a ...formal processof defining, quantifying and evaluating the potential impacts... on ecosystems (see Treweek, 1995).
Technology assessment - defined as the systematic study ofthe effects on society, that may occur when a technology isintroduced, extended, or modified, with emphasis on the im-pacts that are unintended, indirect, or delayed (Coates, 1976;cited by Porter, 1995).
14 Introduction
ReferencesBagri, A., McNeely, J. and Vorhies, F. (1998).Biodiversity and Impact Assessment. Paper preparedfor the International Association of ImpactAssessment ‘98.
Barbier, E.B. (1987). The Concept of SustainableEconomic Development. EnvironmentalConservation. Vol: 14, No. 2; pp 101-110
Birley, M.H. (1995). The Health Impact Assessmentof Development Projects. HMSO, London. 241pp
Burdge, R.J. and Vanclay, F. (1995). Social ImpactAssessment. In: Environmental and Social ImpactAssessment. Edited by: Vanclay, F. and Bronstein,D.A. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 325 pages.
Canter, L and Sadler, B. (1997). A Tool Kit forEffective EIA Practice - Review of Methods andPerspectives on Their Application. A SupplementaryReport of the International Study of the Effectivenessof Environmental Assessment. InternationalAssociation for Impact Assessment. June, 1997.
Carpenter, R.A. (1995). Risk Assessment. In:Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Editedby: Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D.A. John Wiley andSons, Chichester. 325 pages.
Holmberg, J; Bass, S. and Timberlake, L. (1991).Defending the Future: A Guide to SustainableDevelopment. IIED/Earthscan, London.
CEQ (1997). Considering Cumulative Effects Underthe National Environmental Policy Act. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, Washington D.C. (xii, 64, 2 appendices).
Lee, N. and Colley, R. (1992). Reviewing the Qualityof Environmental Statements. Occasional Paper 24.University of Manchester, Manchester, England.
Mercier, J.R. (1995). Environmental Assessment andReview in Sub-Saharan Africa. Post UNCED Series.Paper No. 7. Africa Technical Department,Environmentally Sustainable Development Division(AFTES), The World bank, Washington D.C.September 1995.
OECD (1992). Good Practices for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Development Projects. OECDDevelopment Assistance Committee Guidelines onEnvironment and Aid (1). Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development, Paris.
Porter, A.L. (1995). Technology Assessment. In:Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Editedby: Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D.A. John Wiley andSons, Chichester. 325 pages.
Sadler, B. (1996). Environmental Assessment in aChanging World: Evaluating Practice to ImprovePerformance. International Study of the Effectivenessof Environmental Assessment. Final Report. June1996. 248 pages.
Treweek, J. Ecological Impact Assessment. In:Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Editedby: Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D.A. John Wiley andSons, Chichester. 325 pages.
UNEP (1996). Environmental Impact AssessmentTraining Resource Manual. Environment andEconomics Unit, United Nation EnvironmentProgramme, Nairobi.
Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D.A. (eds.) (1997).Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. JohnWiley and Sons, Chichester. 325 pages.
Wood, C. (1995). Environmental Impact Assessment.A Comparative Review. Longman Scientific andTechnical, New York. 337 pages.
15Quality of Guidelines
Chapter 2
IntroductionBureaucrats feel so much better with ‘outputs’ intheir hands. Far better to have the quick-fix of anoutput, than to embark on an uncertain path ofcritical reflection and institutional change! Theguideline literature has proliferated greatly in recentyears, but few guidelines have been subjected toperformance review and critical analysis. Few studieshave commented on practical and inherent problemsassociated with guideline quality and, where theyhave, most have not looked much beyond theirtechnical content (Lawrence, 1997; Geraghty et al1996; UNEP, 1996; Brew, 1995). One study by theOrganisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD/DAC, 1994) found that fewguidelines were implemented in practice because of:
• lack of human and financial resources;• their general, non-specific and (often) mechanistic
nature;• their lack of relevance to the main tasks and
problems facing guideline users).
Guidelines are one of several ‘tools’ available toimpact assessment practitioners and processmanagers. They are defined by a number of differentconsiderations, including the policies and priorities ofthe agencies concerned. Often guidelines containimplicit assumptions about such issues as access toscience and technology, project cycle management,and even models for economic development.Furthermore, the use of guidelines varies fromcountry to country, from organization toorganization, amongst institutions at different stagesof development in impact assessment practice, andaccording to specific social, economic, ecological,and political contexts.
Factors constraining the influence ofguidelinesThe extent to which guidelines can fulfill their‘perceived’ roles is shaped, and often constrained, bythe context in which they are expected to be used.Thus, the ‘enabling environment’ is often a muchmore important influence on impact assessmentperformance than the quality of guideline material.Furthermore, guidelines are often poorly suited to
helping users overcome the constraints of the‘environment’. Key constraints include: lack of timeand financial resources; lack of institutionalcoordination; poor policy, programme and projectmanagement practices, and bureaucraticimpediments.
Guidelines or sidelines?Where guidelines exist, they are often not used. Theinterview survey found the following usage levelsamongst user groups:
Policy and decision-makers•15% never use•49% use only occasionally
Advisers•4% never use•59% use only occasionally
Field officers/consultants•10% never use•60% use only occasionally
Review of the quality of EIA Guidelines,their use and circumnavigation
Box 1: The Review ApproachThe research on which this chapter is based included a reviewof guideline documents prepared by donor, UN, governmen-tal, NGO, research and private sector organizations. The samplealso included guidelines targeted at various players includingadvisers, policy makers, decision-makers, reviewers, desk of-ficers, researchers and practitioners. All the documentsreviewed were held in IIED’s resource centre.
Each guideline document was review against 40 review crite-ria. For example:
• were local languages used?• were they presented clearly?• do they advocate the assessment of alternatives?• what type of stakeholder involvement do they advocate?• do they provide guidance on the assessment of health,transboundary or cumulative impacts?• are the guidelines applicable to small or community-drivenprojects?
The literature review was supplemented by a questionnaire,interview and website survey. This included contact with 60practitioners and other guideline users worldwide, from de-velopment assistance agencies, government departments,environment agencies, non governmental organisations, pri-vate companies, researchers and independent practitioners.
by Bryan Spooner
16 Quality of Guidelines
These results raise a number of important questionsfor policy-makers. Firstly, is the substantial level ofexpenditure in producing guidelines worthwhile,given the apparent lack of interest in their use?Secondly, do practitioners and process managers whofail to use guidelines, or use them only occasionally,have the competencies required to manage orundertake effective impact assessment anyway; and ifthey do, are they sufficiently aware of proceduralrequirements?
Perceptions of weaknessesGuidelines were criticized during the review for thefollowing reasons:
• they lack legal status, and they are frequently‘circumnavigated’ (avoided);
• time and financial constraints eclipse guideline use;• the lack of awareness of their content amongst
potential user groups;• guidelines frequently fail to convey best (or
‘leading-edge’) practice;• they depend on trained staff for implementation;• they over-emphasize negative impacts, and pay
insufficient attention to optimizing the positiveaspects of development;
• they are often too ‘technical’;• they articulate the needs of bureaucrats and not
practitioners; and• they fail to provide guidance of value to impact
assessment in the ‘real world’.
Guideline UtilitySeveral lessons emerged from the review of users’perceptions of guideline utility. Firstly, writtenguidelines represent only one implement in the impactassessment ‘toolkit’ and much more attention needsto be given to finding more appropriate ways ofimproving practice and process management.
Secondly, many bureaucrats and practitioners drewattention to various merits of guideline utility. Someexamples are given in Box 2.
Thirdly, where guidelines are not made an obligatoryrequirement of state or institutional practice, theycontribute little to improving impact assessmentpractice; and they willwillwillwillwill be circumnavigated and/orsidelined.
Fourthly, there is some debate as to whetherguidelines are needed at all, and two diametricallyopposing views emerged regarding guideline utility:
• Open, flexible and intuitive approaches to impactassessment are likely to ‘deliver’ better impactassessment than mechanistic and rigid approaches,such as those espoused in guideline documents.Guidelines limit innovation and ‘stifle’ theadoption of more appropriate and context-relevantapproaches. More effort needs to be devoted todeveloping good professionals, and fosteringinstitutional change, and less to churning-out yetmore guidelines.
• Legal and procedural requirements are oftencomplex and cumbersome. Thus, guidelines arerequired to help ‘interpret’ these ‘rules’ forpractical implementation. There is no reason whyguidelines can’t be flexible and easy to update.There is no reason why guidelines shouldn’t helpto enhance more positive approaches to impactassessment practice, nor why the ‘guidelinesliterature’ should not continue to proliferate.
Whether written guidelines are required or not, itseems likely that some form of guidance will berequired for what is, after all, a structured and oftena rather complex planning tool.
Finally, our research has revealed that different usershave widely varying expectations of the role andpurpose of guidelines (Box 3), and often of the sameindividual guideline document. Hence, respondentsperceived guidelines as having multiple roles, andoften expectations go far beyond those considered
Box 2: What practitioners and bureaucrats like aboutguidelines: some examples
• they assist in the preparation of ToR;• they provide a useful training resource;• they simplify decision-making;• their formulation leads to wider debates on integratingenvironmental considerations into planning;• they are perceived as promoting best practice;• they provide a framework for impact assessment;• they clarify methodological approaches.
Box 3: Some common expectations of the purpose ofguidelines
• endowing quality control for legal and proceduraladherence;• clarifying reporting requirements;• establishing benchmarks for minimum standards;• providing technical guidance;• encouraging transparency in impact assessment practice;• promoting information flows between impact assessment‘stakeholders’;• improving the formulation of terms of reference;• simplifying decision-making;• filling gaps in existing regulations;• providing a tool for training;• improving awareness
17Quality of Guidelines
2 % 7 %7 %
84%
Good
Adequate
Inadequate
Not recognised
during their design and formulation. Perhaps it is notsurprising therefore that they were frequentlycriticized for falling short of expectations.
Guideline EffectivenessFor the purposes of this review, guidelineeffectiveness is defined as the ‘potential for guidelinesto effect positive change in impact assessmentpractice’. The review suggests that, as in the case ofutility, guideline effectiveness is constrained by issuesthat are deeply rooted in institutional managementand organizational culture. These issues are shapedby changing commitments to environmentalmanagement within the project cycle. Nonetheless,there appears to be a growing realization thatguidelines have focused too much on technical issues,whilst neglecting the potentially greater challenge ofassisting the management of the impact assessmentprocess. As OECD/DAC (1994) pointed-out:
‘.... As now practiced, the challenge ofmanaging the environmental assessment processis equally daunting as the technical complexity.Unfortunately, guidelines for those responsiblefor managing the assessment process lag farbehind the technical directions available tothose who are responsible for undertaking theassessment’.
One UK aid official put this more bluntly:
‘Most guidelines, including ours, are technicallysatisfactory though continuous improvementsare necessary. This is not the main problem...many people don’t read them [guidelines] andrely on copying or asking colleagues. Theproblem is essentially one of management’.
Four key lessons emerged from the review of usersperceptions of ‘effectiveness’:
The influence of the ‘enablingenvironment’Improvements to the effectiveness of impactassessment are likely to arise from better institutionalorganization and management, and not throughimprovements to the range and quality of guidelinesper se.
Lack of attention to stakeholderinvolvementThere is a perception amongst users that guidelineeffectiveness is often constrained by a reluctance toadvocate meaningful levels of stakeholderinvolvement in impact assessment (see chapter 3).
Advocacy of ‘best practice’There are serious questions over the extent to whichguidelines advocate ‘best practice’. Many appear tohave been drafted by authors with little or noobvious practical experience of impact assessmentpractice, and/or who do not appear to be aware ofleading edge techniques and approaches. Othersappeared to have been plagiarized from existingguideline literature. Furthermore, guidance on someof the most crucial issues facing impact assessmentprofessionals, such as dealing with confidentialityclauses and their implications for practice, is ofteninadequate or lacking (Box 4).
Box 4: Advocacy of best practice
Of the guidelines reviewed:
• 30% failed to highlight the importance of initiating impactassessment early in the planning process;
• only 46% advocated the assessment of alternatives, and18% made no mention of assessing alternative project op-tions;
• 43% made no reference to addressing health impacts, andonly 41% addressed health impacts adequately;
• 70% made no reference to the need to make residual im-pacts (i.e. those that will remain after mitigation measureshave been applied) explicit;
• 43% failed to provide guidance on the formulation of termsof reference, and;
• 40% made no reference to the need for environmentalmanagement and monitoring plans.
Support for international agreementsand conventionsInternational agreements and conventions, such asthose agreed at the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development (UNCED) in 1992,and the Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context (1991) (theEspoo Convention), provide a substantive consensusfor approaches to impact assessment and stakeholderinvolvement in development practice. Yet fewer than20% of the reviewed guidelines prepared since 1993reflected such international agreements (see figures 1and 2).
Fig.1 Reference to international agreements
18 Quality of Guidelines
Fig. 2 Reference to Espoo Convention onTransboundary EIA
Guideline QualityThe review highlights a number of key deficiencies inthe quality of guidelines. As already noted and withsome notable exceptions, guidelines do not seem tobe keeping pace with changing ideas on best practice.There is also a tendency for many guidelines to beseen as static documents. Most tend not to be subjectto critical review and revision through regularupdating. Exceptions include the World Bank’ssourcebook update series (World Bank 1991, 1993-98) and the Manual of Environmental Appraisalprepared by the UK Department for InternationalDevelopment (ODA, 1996). Furthermore, there aresome notable gaps in the guideline literature (Box 5).
guidance set-out in guideline documents. Thisimportant issue has yet to be addressed adequately inthe impact assessment literature, nor by debateswithin the impact assessment ‘industry’, and thisrepresents a significant challenge to the industrywhich professes notions of transparency andassuming responsibility.
For various reasons, many bureaucrats and impactassessment professionals felt reluctant to share theirviews on this sensitive issue, or to do soanonymously. Certainly, ineffective implementationof guidelines is common in impact assessmentpractice, at all stages of the process, and amongst arange of ‘key players’. In some cases,circumnavigation appears to occur by default,perhaps because agencies fail to ‘track’ projects oncefunding or approval has been given, or simplythrough lack of interest or commitment. On donorperformance in Tanzania, Mwalyosi and Hughes(1998) noted:
‘[Based on a review of 35 EIA processes] ... noevidence [was found] that donor-supported EIAprocesses led to more effective EIA, eventhough they often harnessed the skills ofexpensive international consultants, and useddonor guidelines. This appeared to be becausedonor interest in the process generallydissipated once the EIS had been prepared andinternal agency needs had been fulfilled. Thestudy found no examples where donor agencyinterest extended to ensuring that EIArecommendations were adhered to duringimplementation, post completion or auditphases of the projects concerned. Hence, notonly have expensive EIA processes failed tomake much of a difference, but donor agencieshave failed to learn from their own experience.This ‘institutionalized amnesia’ has meant thatdesk officers and other in-country agency staffcould generally say little if anything about theperformance of the EIA processes they hadcommissioned.’
In other cases, circumnavigation is undertaken withdeliberate intent. Box 6 lists the categories oftechniques cited by respondents in the interviewsurvey.
One experienced practitioner commented:
‘...They [the proponents and particularly theirconsultants] see it [EIA] as an unwelcomeimposition which puts a critical and adverselight on project designs for which they areresponsible. By a variety of methods, they usetheir position to ensure that discussions and
Circumnavigation of guidelinesThe review explored the extent to which developmentproponents and other stakeholders attempt tocircumnavigate, or otherwise avoid implementing, the
Box 5: Examples of gaps in the guideline literature
There are few guidelines oriented to:
... different EIA stakeholders
• for policy-makers and process managers• for local staff, untrained in impact assessment• for the general public - such as citizens user guides
... specific contexts
• conflict and post-conflict contexts - e.g. for reconstructionfinancing, refugee camps and resettlement• transboundary impacts• small-scale/community projects• ‘environmental’ projects, often, incorrectly, assumed not torequire environmental assessment e.g. establishment of pro-tected areas, sewage and sanitation projects
... specific aspects of environmental assessment
• strategic environmental assessment• codes and ethics of impact assessment practice• links with international agreements and conventions
2% 7%7%
84%
GoodAdequate
InadequateNot recognised
65%
7% 13%
15%
19Quality of Guidelines
evaluations of certain or uncertain sensitiveimpacts are toned down, obscured or justsimply censored in the discussions anddocumentation which go on to form the basis ofplanning and policy decisions. They may try todiscredit impact assessment per se, slatepeoples’ professional credibility and even try tobar people outright from going to the field...’
Responses during the interview survey showed thatguidelines are avoided most at the earliest stages ofthe project cycle. Sometimes this is simply throughlack of awareness of existing guidelines or legalrequirements. Deliberate avoidance appears to bevery common at the latter stages of the impactassessment process, particularly concerning theimplementation of mitigation measures, andsubsequent monitoring. This is a conclusion echoedby other effectiveness studies (e.g. Sadler, 1996).
Most respondents believed that project proponentswere the principal offenders in circumnavigatingguidelines. By comparison, planning departments anddevelopment assistance agencies were cited by 35%and 11% of respondents, respectively.
The following extract from a recent study inTanzania provides an analysis of one EIS whichappears to have used a number of such techniques::
‘....The EIS appeared to justify, rather thanassess, the issues associated with thedevelopment proposal. The document’s sub-titlereferred to ‘An Ecologically-Responsible .... .... .... .... ....Project’, giving a message of positive findings
from the outset. The executive summaryconcluded by recommending that the project be‘...developed as planned’, thus suggesting thatthere was no need to implement mitigation ormonitoring activities. More subtle techniqueswere also used throughout the document. Forexample, impact issues were referred to as‘allegations’, ‘assertions’ or ‘exaggeratedclaims’. In most cases, these were presented asarguments forwarded by ‘environmentalists’,rather than by the local people and nationalexperts who had actually presented these views.This created the impression that environmentaland social concerns were driven by hiddenagendas and were, for (unspecified) reasons,‘anti-development’. The selection ofphotographs in the report included an unusualproportion of ‘degraded’ or ‘denuded’mangrove. No photographs were included ofthe healthy stands of mangrove which covermuch of the delta, or of people using theseresources.’
(Extract from Mwalyosi and Hughes, 1998)
ConclusionsGuidelines are prepared by a wide range of agenciesand institutions. They differ markedly in their aimsand purposes and in their content. For example, someset out institutional procedures and regulations, someseek to guide impact assessment practice, others areaimed at different target groups such as decision-makers, planners, EIS reviewers, EIA practitioners,developers and the public. It is very difficult to makecomparisons between guidelines addressing suchmultiple purposes and audiences. Some guidelines areexcellent and serve their purposes well. A numberhave been prepared following thorough processesinvolving research and broad consultation.
However, many guidelines appear to have beenprepared for the sake of having them - almost as anobligatory accessory which have some apparent valueby virtue of their existence. In other cases, they seemto have been prepared as a knee-jerk response toaddress real or perceived deficiencies in impactassessment processes. It is clear that far greaterthought needs to be given before consultants,bureaucrats or desk officers are given the task ofproducing guidelines. They are not necessarily themost appropriate way to address such deficiencies,and other approaches may be required (such as stafftraining, performance review, institutional re-organization, or improved communication). If theguideline approach is adopted, then:
Box 6: Circumnavigation techniques cited by respond-ents
• Editing (or ‘censoring’) of impact statements byproponents, or their lead consultants;
• Manipulating the executive summaries of impactstatements in such a way that they obscure discussionsof negative impacts and highlight positive effects;
• Formulating terms of reference and managing contractssuch that they exclude analysis of sensitive issues, suchas transboundary impacts and cumulative effects, andthus limit the degree to which practitioners can employbest practice;
• Restricting the release of design information and data,or aggregating data to levels which prevent meaningfulanalysis;
• Using contractual arrangements to enhance confidenti-ality, and prevent critical information reaching planners,decision-makers and the public domain;
• Undermining the credibility of practitioners or thetechniques they use;and in extreme cases:
• The use of intimidation.
20 Quality of Guidelines
• what should their role be?• what should the process of formulating guidelines
entail? (e.g. should all key stakeholders beinvolved in their preparation?);
• how can guidelines be tailored to meet the needs ofintended users;
• how can guidelines be tailored to the highlyspecific contexts in which they will be used?
The first step ought to be to survey the extensiveliterature already available - for duplication and re-invention is certainly a distinctive characteristic ofthe existing literature.
This chapter does not aim to serve a ‘guidelines forpreparing guidelines’ role. Instead, it highlights somekey issues which will need to be addressed ifguidelines are to make a real difference, and fulfilltheir potential role. Some of these issues can beaddressed in a straightforward way (e.g. filling gapsand improving guideline quality). In other cases, suchas finding ways of minimizing the circumnavigationof guidelines, a more considered approach is likely tobe required.
For those given the task of developing guidelines(whether government officials, agency employees orconsultants), this directory provides a source ofalready available materials. However, care will benecessary in using existing approaches or guidancefrom elsewhere which is inappropriate to thesituation or context concerned. The onus is on thosepreparing guidelines clearly to think through theneed, content and role of the document(s) at theoutset and , where necessary, to ensure and insist thatthe issues raised in this chapter are addressed.
In the long-term, however, many guidelines might beconsidered as a ‘temporary tools’ for learning whichwill become redundant as ‘environment’ and ‘impactassessment’ is introduced into practice throughmainstream education and professional training.
ReferencesBrew, D. (1995). A Comparative Analysis of EIAGuidelines Issued by Major Donor Organisations forUse in Developing Countries. Unpublished MScDissertation, Department of Planning and Landscape,University of Manchester.
Geraghty, P., Brown, A. and Horton, F. (1996). TheUse of Guidance Materials for the Preparation ofEnvironmental Impact Assessments. InternationalAssociation for Impact Assessment. 16th AnnualGeneral Meeting Paper. Portugal.
Lawrence, D. (1997). EIA Guidelines - Are TheyDoing the Job? Paper presented to the NationalAssociation of Environmental Professionals AnnualConference, Orlando, Florida, May 1997.
ODA (1996). Manual of Environmental Appraisal.Overseas Development Administration. Revised July1996. 131pp.
OECD/DAC (1994). Towards Coherence inEnvironmental Assessment. Submitted by Canada tothe OECD/DAC Working Party on DevelopmentAssistance and Environment, Paris, April 1994.
Mwalyosi, R. and Hughes, R. (1998). Theperformance of EIA in Tanzania: an assessment. IRAResearch Paper No. 41. IIED Environmental PlanningIssues No. 14. International Institute forEnvironment and Development. January 1998.
Sadler, B. (1996). Environmental Assessment in aChanging World: Evaluating Practice to ImprovePerformance. International Study of the Effectivenessof Environmental Assessment. Final Report. June1996. 248 pages.
World Bank (1991). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook, Volumes I-III. World Bank, WashingtonD.C.
World Bank (1993-1998). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Updates. Nos. 1-23. World Bank,Washington D.C.
UNEP (1996). Environmental Impact Assessment:Issues, Trends and Practice. Environment andEconomics Unit. Prepared by Ron Bissett undercontract to Scott Wilson Kirkpatric. UNEP, Nairobi.
21Stakeholder Involvement
Chapter 3
There is a growing consensus that timely and broad-based stakeholder involvement is a vital ingredientfor effective environmental assessment, as it is forproject planning, appraisal and development ingeneral. The World Bank has found that publicparticipation in EIA tends to improve project design,environmental soundness and social acceptability(Mutemba, 1996). Mwalyosi and Hughes (1998)identified a similar experience in Tanzania. Theyfound that EIAs that successfully involved a broadrange of stakeholders tended to lead to moreinfluential environmental assessment processes and,consequently, to development that delivered moreenvironmental and social benefits. Conversely, EIAsthat failed to be inclusive tended to have lessinfluence over planning and implementation, andconsequently resulted in higher social andenvironmental costs.
Placing sufficient emphasis on stakeholderinvolvement in the EIA process can also improve thepredictive quality of environmental assessments. Thisis because the prediction of impacts using EIA oftenrequires multi-year information and good qualitybaseline data. Yet one of the commonest problemswith ‘conventional’ environmental assessment is thattime and financial limitations, and project cycleschedules, constrain the collection of such data.Hence predictions are often based on a ‘snapshot’picture which can be misleading or inaccurate. In
contrast, assessments that involve differentstakeholder groups, including those in localcommunities, have greater potential to access a widerinformation resource-base, and in some cases,generations of cumulative knowledge of their localenvironment.
In its guidelines for EIA, the UK Department forInternational Development (formally the OverseasDevelopment Administration) identifies some benefitsof stakeholder involvement (see Box 1).
But costs can also accrue as a result of not involvingstakeholders adequately (see Box 2). In northernTanzania for example, a commercial miningoperation that failed to involve local, artisanal minersin design and benefit-sharing, was faced with years of(often violent) conflict with neighbouring miners, andhigh recurrent costs for security (Mwalyosi andHughes, 1998).
Environmental Impact Assessmentand Stakeholder Involvementby Ross Hughes
Box 2: Some Potential Costs of Insufficient PublicInvolvement in the EIA Process• Conflicts can emerge between levels of government, or
between governmental agencies;• Failure to garner local support;• Risk of marginalising potentially valuable contributors to
the decision-making process;• Failure to tailor projects to local needs and priorities;• Lack of accountability which can lead to ineffective or in-
efficient working practices and corruption;• Failure to draw on local expertise and energy which repre-
sents a potential lost opportunity for making a good projecteven better;
• Weak or failed communication which can create divisionswithin local communities, and can breed resentment be-tween local communities and project proponents;
• The overlooking or ignoring of important, and often lo-cally-specific, social, environmental and health impacts inproject design;
• Reliance on interventions by outside experts, limiting thelearning of new possibilities by local stakeholders;
• Inability to prevent project benefits accruing to only a smallnumber of influential beneficiaries.
Source: ODA (1996)
Box 1: Benefits of Stakeholder Involvement in EIA• helps the EIA address relevant issues, including those per-
ceived as being important by other sectoral agencies, publicbodies, local communities, affected groups, and others;
• helps to harness traditional knowledge which conventionalapproaches often overlook;
• helps to improve information flows between proponentsand different stakeholder groups, improving the understand-ing and ‘ownership’ of a project;
• enables project proponents to better respond to differentstakeholders’ needs; helps identify important environmen-tal characteristics or mitigation opportunities that might beoverlooked;
• helps ensure that the magnitude and significance of im-pacts has been properly assessed; and
• improves the acceptability and quality of mitigation andmonitoring processes.
Source: ODA (1996).
22 Stakeholder Involvement
Who are the EIA ‘stakeholders’?Howlett and Nagu (1997) define stakeholders as ‘allthose people and institutions who have an interest inthe successful design, implementation andsustainability of the project. This includes thosepositively and negatively affected by the project.Stakeholder participation involves processes wherebyall those with a stake in the outcome of a project canactively participate in decisions on planning andmanagement. They share information and knowledge,and may contribute to the project, so as to enhancethe success of the project and hence ultimately theirown interests’.
The Republic of Ireland’s guidelines provide a list ofover one hundred stakeholder groups that should beconsidered as contributors to the environmentalassessment process. These include governmentagencies, citizen’s groups, NGOs, recreationalinterest groups, expert groups, business affiliationsand academic organizations (Irish EPA, 1995).Different types of stakeholders can contribute to theEIA process in different ways and, in most cases,inputs from a broad variety of stakeholders willcomplement the EIA process.
Stakeholder interests exist at different levels. Forexample, at the local project level, they might includeland or water access rights, pollution or marketopportunities. At regional or country levels,stakeholder involvement might focus more on issuesconcerning renewable versus non-renewable resourceuse (e.g. hydropower versus coal-fired powergeneration) or demand-side management (by settingenergy prices to levels that discourage inefficientenergy use; or by adopting more resource-efficienttechnology). At the international level, stakeholderinterests may be more concerned with global climatechange, deforestation, biodiversity loss, etc. Box 3provides some examples of different stakeholdergroups.
Consultation, participation andstakeholder involvementThere is great confusion in the use of the terms‘stakeholder involvement’, ‘consultation’ and‘participation’ in the EIA guideline literature. Despiteimportant differences in the meaning of these terms,they are used interchangeably, or perceived andapplied in ways that vary between user groups.
Here, we take stakeholder involvement to encompassthe full spectrum of interaction between stakeholders(governmental, non-governmental, business/privatesector, service providers, the public etc.) and thedecision-making process. The term encompasses bothconsultation and participation. ‘Participation’ is usedin this chapter to define ‘a process by whichstakeholders influence decisions which affect them’1
and is distinguished from ‘consultation’ by the degreeto which stakeholders are allowed to influence, shareor control the decision-making process. Consultationimplies a process with little share or control over theprocess for consultees. Adnan et al. (1992)formulated an extremely useful typology ofparticipation that has since been widely cited andadapted by others (see Box 4).
Confusion in the use of terminology often (andsometimes deliberately) obscures key issues andmisrepresents environmental assessment activities tokey decision-makers. In recent EIA literature, theterm ‘participation’ has more commonly been used todescribe information collection or PR exercises, thanto describe interactive, empowering processes. Oftentoo, ‘participation’ is used to put a respectable veneeron activities that could also be described as‘coercion’. For example, a draft EIA for analuminium smelter in Mozambique (O’Beirne, 1997)described the following activities as ‘participation’:
Box 3: Examples of Key Stakeholder Groups in a Typical EIA
Organisations• Co-ordination: Planning commissions and departments; government agencies at national, regional, district and village level;• Advisory: Research institutes, universities, colleges;• Regulatory: Government authorities at national, regional, district and village level;• Implementation: Relevant ministries/departments at national, regional and district levels, training organisations, private compa-
nies, NGOs;• Funding: Development assistance agencies, banks, entrepreneurs, taxpayers; and• Conservation: Environment departments, museums, zoos, botanical gardens.
Public and community stakeholder groups• Political: Members of Parliament (MPs), local councillors, party functionaries, lobbying groups;• Cultural: Community and religious leaders, community service groups, community organisations/NGOs, traditional leaders;• Business: Business leaders, Chambers of Commerce, trade unions, resource owners and those with tenure rights, common
property resource users; and• Environment: Community interest groups, international and local environmental NGOs, local experts.Source: ODA (1996)
1 This is broadly analagous to the definition adopted by the World Bank’s Learning Process on Particaption (see World Bank, 1991).
23Stakeholder Involvement
• [to] ‘identify and inform a broad range of I & APs[individuals and affected persons] about theproposed development ... ‘
• [to] ‘obtain the buy-in of the I & APs for the EIAprocess per se, so that they will accept the findingsof the EIA [emphasis added].
Adnan (1992) captured this confusion with someeloquence:
“... the meaning of the phrase [publicparticipation] has become even more elusiveafter its professed adoption by the mostunexpected quarters. It is often difficult tounderstand whether those talking aboutpeople’s participation mean the same thing orsimply use the phrase as a kind of magicalincantation.”
Constraints to StakeholderInvolvement in EIAStakeholder involvement in EIA can be constrainedby many factors which may vary according tocircumstance and context. So powerful are the
imperatives to implement develop projects quickly,and at least cost, that they present a formidablechallenge to EIA practice. In general, decision-makers and practitioners have failed to rise to thischallenge (see Box 5)
Type Example of each type
1. Passive participation Consultant or extension worker appears in village and tells villagers that anirrigation scheme will be constructed to ‘improve’ crop yields.
2. Participation in information giving Consultant or extension worker appears in village and asks for informationabout their crops, and about seasonal water flows. Records their answers andleaves.
3. Participation by consultation Consultant or extension worker explains that crop yields need to be improved,and that the government intends to build an irrigation scheme. They seek theviews and responses of villagers (for example, how they feel it might increasesoil erosion), and then leave.
4. Functional participation Consultants or extension workers inform villagers that they intend to constructan irrigation project. The consultants then facilitate the development of a village committee to discuss particular aspects of the project (such as minimisingsoil erosion, downstream impacts on fisheries; or to agree on arrangement forwater management).
5. Interactive participation Local villagers identify their own needs, and external facilitators work with themto assist in finding solutions to potential negative impacts - and improving positive effects. In some cases, new institutions will develop at the local level, whichmight then play a role in the management of their own project and its impacts.Villagers then have a real stake in maintaining structures or practices.
6. Self-Mobilization Villagers plan and identify their own irrigation structures, perhaps learning fromexperience in a nearby village. They may develop contacts with external institutions for resources and technical advice they need, but retain control over howresources are used.
Box 4: A Typology of Participation in EIA (adapted from Adnan et al., 1992)
Box 5: Stakeholder involvement in practice: reviews ofexperience so farMwalyosi and Hughes (1998) reviewed over 30 EIA processesin Tanzania. They found that only two incorporated a struc-tured approach to public involvement as part of the EIA studyand, in both cases, the level of involvement was ‘consulta-tive’ rather than ‘participatory’. A further eight EIAs includedsome component of interaction between the practitioners andlocal people, but most of these interactions consisted of adhoc discussions between practitioners and those local inhab-itants that happened to be present when the EIA practitionersvisited the project area. The remainder included only a cur-sory or highly unsatisfactory level of public involvement, ornone at all.
An Africa-wide review by the World Bank of 26 EIAs con-ducted between 1992 and 1994 found that in 12 of 14examples reviewed, the EIA team merely informed affectedgroups of what they were going to do (Mutemba, 1995). Anearlier study of 35 World Bank-supported projects in Africa,found that only ten had included some measure of public in-volvement, and only four of these met with the World Bank’soperational requirements (Cook and Donnelly-Roark, 1992).
24 Stakeholder Involvement
Constraints include:
Time and moneyMany stakeholders, whether local people, expertinstitutions or other government agencies, lack thetime or financial resources to engage with EIAprocesses. Their involvement will generally incur animmediate cost in terms of time and sometimesmoney. Yet the benefits that their involvement mightbring will rarely accrue for several months or years(if at all). These are particularly importantconsiderations where local stakeholders are poor. Inmany cases, incentives or compensation will berequired to secure their inputs.
Literacy, language and publicpresentationNon-literate groups are marginalised from EIA by theuse of written media to communicate information.Unfortunately, EIA practitioners rarely use non-written means of communication, even in areas oflow literacy. The lack of key materials in locallanguage versions is a further barrier to theinvolvement of local stakeholders - the vast majorityof impact statements are written in the languagefamiliar to the practitioners, who are foreigners tothe project area. Mass media, including local radio,television and newspapers, can help bridge suchcommunication gaps, and have been used successfullyin some circumstances. These channels will almostalways need to be supplemented by techniques thatdo not assume that people have access to such media(e.g. because of poverty, illiteracy or choice). Publicmeetings are one of the most widely used ways ofencouraging public involvement. Whilst they havesome advantages as public fora, they often lead toselective and biased outcomes and tend to bedominated by influential and powerful groups. Theyare much favoured by practitioners working undertime and financial constraints, as they can be used tosatisfy demands for ‘consultation’ and ‘publicparticipation’ at minimal cost and effort.
EducationLow levels of education, and the ‘technical’ nature ofmany development-related issues, can be a majorbarrier to effective participation in EIA. For example,a villager in Bangladesh, when asked whether he had‘participated’ in the EIA process for a major floodcontrol and irrigation project that would radicallyalter his livelihood prospects, responded thus:
‘If I were to be consulted what would I say? You seeI’m just an ordinary man. I don’t know anything. AllI know is that one has to have meals every day’.(cited in Adnan et al, 1992).
Cultural differencesThese can be particularly acute where indigenousgroups are stakeholders in the EIA process.Communication difficulties may arise not simplybecause of language and education, but also becauseindigenous groups often hold entirely different beliefsystems and ways of perceiving issues (Box 6).
Box 6: Communication barriers between indigenous andnon-indigenous approachesIndigenous and non-indigenous people may have trouble com-municating because they have a vastly different fundamentalunderstanding of the universe, and also different assumptionsof what is and what is not fact. For example, some indigenouspeople pay strict attention to their elders, who have intimateknowledge of the truth. The elders usually speak in the formof metaphors and parables. Story-telling is often the singlemost important aspect of transmitting information and under-standing as well as the reiteration of cultural values. Mostanecdotes told by elders have many levels of meaning. Thenative listener understands this and uses the experience tobecome wiser. Often, instead of becoming more knowledge-able, the listener has been purposefully confused by specificinformation and is driven to go and discover answers for him-self. The purpose of some of the anecdotes is to encourageself-enlightenment, not simply to pass on information.
Non-indigenous listeners may become frustrated and evenangry when they try to get straightforward information froman indigenous person. Non-indigenous people have a long-established practice of answering questions directly, and arenot accustomed to working their way through parables....anger may arise because the listener feels he or she is beingdeceived or that some high degree of obfuscation is going onwhen it is not appropriate. Having no grounding in the sym-bolism of indigenous people’s speech and thinking patterns, itis often enough to frustrate a non-indigenous listener.Source: Centre for Traditional Knowledge (1997)
GenderInsensitivity to gender issues, and particularly to thelower status accorded to women in decision-makingin many parts of the world, is a common constraintto effective stakeholder involvement. It is here thatmajor changes in attitude and conventionalapproaches are required if impact assessment is tomake a real difference to people’s lives.
Physical remotenessIt is costly and time consuming for practitioners toreach small, diverse and scattered groups in remoteareas, and conversely, it is difficult for the inhabitantsof such areas to gain access to information relevantto development plans and to EIA.
Political and institutional culture ofdecision-makingIn many countries and regions there is little or noculture of ‘public’ involvement in decision-making. In
25Stakeholder Involvement
some cases, public involvement is perceived as athreat to authority and is viewed defensively by manygovernment agencies and project proponents (in theNorth and South alike). In other countries, such asthose emerging from prolonged periods of conflict orpolitical uncertainty, the institutional mechanisms toinvolve governmental and non governmentalstakeholder groups, especially at the local level, areyet to develop.
Pressures imposed by the project cycleAdditional time and money are required duringplanning to achieve higher levels of stakeholderinvolvement. Both commodities are generally in shortsupply for environmental assessment. A recent surveyof EIA professionals worldwide found that 81% ofrespondents believed time deadlines to be limiting,and 61% believed that budget constraints weregenerally very limiting (Sadler, 1996). Competitivetendering processes and commercial confidentialityconsiderations encourage proponents to adopt quick,cheap and minimal approaches to keep bids as low aspossible. All too often, there are delays in the releaseof information perceived as being commerciallyconfidential.
Where public involvement, or participatory planningexercises are used, decision-makers have sometimesfound that the results of participation can be difficultto integrate into formal, mechanistic project cycles. Itcan create ‘information overload’ whereby it maybecome difficult to determine the amount anddiversity of public perceptions that should bepresented for decision-making2 .
InertiaInstitutional inertia usually works against change.The World Bank has acknowledged this as a keyconstraint to encouraging a higher level ofstakeholder involvement in Bank-supported projectsin Africa. Economic and technical disciplinesdominate staffing at the World Bank, and this is nowseen from within as a key constraint to the rapidadoption of more interactive and learning-centredapproaches to project implementation (Mutemba,1995). Inertia is by no means limited to Bankpractice. Experience in other development agenciesshows that institutional organisation and behaviourconstrain the adoption of participatory approachesadvocated in guideline documents (see ERM, 1996for an evaluation of the performance of EIA in ECdevelopment programmes; and Mwalyosi andHughes, 1998 for an assessment of EIA performancein Tanzania).
Mistrust and elitismMistrust often pervades the relationship betweenproject proponents and different stakeholder groups.In some cases, this derives from past experience orconditioning. In other circumstances, proponentsview EIA as a necessary evil and this attitudegenerally manifests itself in limited or minimal effortsto involve other stakeholders in the project designand implementation processes. Elitism or patriarchalapproaches can also pose a constraint - manyagencies and proponents adopt ‘we know better’approaches’, and do not accept that stakeholderinvolvement can improve the quality of developmentinitiatives. These attitudes are often held by bothproponents and development planners in respect oflocal people, or exist between different levels ofgovernment.
Conflicting resource management rightsDisputes over land and water rights and, morespecifically, disputes over who has the right tosanction developments, are common in some regionsof the world. Deep-rooted conflicts betweencustomary and national land tenure rights in northernTanzania, for example, have undermined severalattempts to involve local people in local planning anddevelopment (Lane, 1996). EIA guidelines rarelyprovide pragmatic advice on how to address theseissues in EIA practice.
TimingInvolving different stakeholder interests in the projectconception and development phase prior to thecommencement of the EIA study (e.g. duringscreening and scoping) is important if theirsubsequent involvement within the EIA process is tobe effective. If the EIA study is the first opportunityfor stakeholder involvement, then most key decisionswill already have been made. In these circumstances,there is a danger that stakeholder involvementaspects of EIA a perceived as fulfilling a reactive role- providing information on decisions that havealready been taken, rather than providingopportunities for constructive dialogue oropportunities to influence design and decision-making. Within this context, environmentalassessment may also have to assume the mantle ofresolving conflicts that have already escalated to highlevels.
Ambiguity in legislation and guidelinesUnclear wording in legislation and guidelines is animportant constraint to managing and encouragingmore participatory environmental assessmentprocesses. This is a problem in both the North andSouth (Box 7) (e.g. see Ebisemiju, 1993; WALHI,1994).
2 Some useful and innovative ways of addressing this problem are presented in FEARO, 1988.
26 Stakeholder Involvement
Poor presentation of EIA findingsA large, complex and highly technical EIS can makethe results of an EIA inaccessible to stakeholdergroups (including decision-makers!). Often EIAprocesses do not go to the trouble of presenting theirdraft findings in languages or forms relevant to thestakeholders concerned. As one villager in centralBangladesh observed:
‘Oh yes, the bideshis [foreigners] were here oneday, last month. But they only went to theschool and spoke in English. We are notshikkhito [educated]. We could not understand’(cited by Adnan et al, 1992).
‘Mystification techniques’ - the use of sophisticatedtechnical jargon to obscure potential or actualimpacts of development projects - are frequently usedby project proponents to impose authority by projectproponents. Lane (1996) cites an example from aconsultation process associated with a wildlifeconservation area in northern Tanzania:
“We couldn’t interpret what was in the planand ended up just mouthing the words inSwahili. The language was hardlytranslatable...” (Metui Ailion, Albalbal WardCouncillor, northern Tanzania, commenting onthe ‘participation process’ of the NgorongoroConservation Area General Management Plan).
Community burn-outThere is a tendency for development practitioners toassume that people are only too willing to participatein research and analysis as an activity in itself.Reflecting again on experience in Tanzania, one EIApractitioner remarked:
“People have been subjected to so much socialevaluation; people get fed-up. So people are notinterested; they think that we are wasting theirtime and they have work to do...” (Mwalyosi,cited by Guilanpour, 1994).
In some areas, local communities have beenoverburdened with officials, planners, social scientistsand researchers requiring their inputs. Often, perhapsusually, such communities have seen rather little inreturn for their inputs, and well justified skepticismand reluctance to engage further has been the endresult. In such cases, the potential for futurestakeholder involvement is significantly constrainedand will require a prolonged phase of trust-buildingand commitment if these attitudes are to be replacedby one of open commitment.
Project sizeAchieving effective stakeholder involvement can bemuch more difficult for large projects. Adnan et al.(1993) describe a wide array of issues raised bymassive proposals for flood control, drainage andirrigation projects in Bangladesh, many of whichrelate to the scale of the development plans involved,and consequently, the number of potentially affectedpeople. However, experience shows that scale shouldnot always prevent fair, open and accessibleapproaches to public involvement. The MackenzieValley Inquiry in Canada provides a good example(see Box 8).
Box 7: Minimal Approaches: The Experience of the USThe flexibility given to agencies under the requirements of the1969 National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) means thatextreme cases of nearly no public involvement can and dooccur. For example, an agency may simply request writtencomments on its Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIA. Itwould not be required to hear from the public again until thecomment period when the draft EIS is issued. The agency’sstatutes might require it to hold a public hearing on the draftEIS, but these are sometimes considered to be a weak form ofpublic involvement in the USA. Hearings are quite formal, andthey do not make it easy for ordinary citizens to express theirviews comfortably and effectively. Much of the communica-tion flows in one direction, from government officials tocitizens. In contrast, many agencies have gone beyond theminimum, formal requirements for public participation andhave introduced a variety of non-required approaches, par-ticularly in the context of scoping.(Source: CEPA, 1994).
Box 8: The Mackenzie Valley InquiryThe inquiry was directed to examine the regional social, envi-ronmental and economic impacts of a project to transportnatural gas south from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska by pipeline downthe Mackenzie Valley from the Mackenzie Delta in the North-west Territories, Canada. A consortium of 27 Canadian andAmerican companies stood ready to build a gas pipeline some3,860 kilometres in length. The inquiry was conducted by Mr.Justice Thomas Berger in the early 1970s, who described theprocess as follows:
At the formal hearings of the Inquiry in Yellowknife (the capi-tal of the Northwest Territories), I heard the evidence of some300 experts on northern conditions, northern environment andnorthern peoples. But, sitting in a hearing room in Yellowknife,it is easy to forget the real extent of the North. The Macken-zie Valley and the Western Arctic is a vast land where peopleof four races live, speaking seven different languages. To hearwhat they had to say, I took the Inquiry to 35 communities -from Sachs harbour to Fort Smith, from Old Crow to FortFranklin - to every city and town, village and settlement in theMackenzie Valley and the Western Arctic.
The experience of the Inquiry proves that even a massive, seem-ingly uncontrollable environmental assessment process can bemanaged in a way that works in the interests of local commu-nities.Source: Pallen (1996)
27Stakeholder Involvement
Stakeholder Involvement and EIAGuidelinesGuidelines vary enormously in their treatment ofstakeholder involvement and, on the whole, they donot advocate the types and level of stakeholderinvolvement that are likely to yield meaningfulresults. In preparing this directory, we reviewed abroad sample of guidelines. Of these:
• 36% failed to mention participation altogether;• 12% advocated that practitioners should only
‘inform’ stakeholders;• 38% advocated some form of ‘consultation’; and• only 13% advocated more interactive forms of
stakeholder involvement.
A number of common features appear to underminetheir value as guidance tools for process managersand practitioners:
• lack of clarity;• confusing (and sometimes contradictory) use of
terminology;• a paucity of practical guidance; and• lack of proactive support for stakeholder
involvement in EIA.
Guideline clarityGuidelines should clearly explain why differentstakeholders should become involved, at what stagein the EIA process, and how their involvement can bemade effective. Most national and state-levelgovernment agencies have compiled guidanceinformation on the environmental assessmentprocess, but these documents are often poorlypresented, use technical and inaccessible terminologyand are not distributed widely. Guides for thoserequired to plan, manage, conduct, review andparticipate in environmental assessment processes canhelp such users to interpret legislation, clarify rolesand identify opportunities for the involvement ofdifferent stakeholders.
Ambiguity in the wording of guidelines oftenprovides scope for agencies and practitioners to avoidor minimize the extent of stakeholder involvement(Box 9). Clearly, national, sectoral and agencyguidelines should provide clear and explicit guidanceon minimum standards and procedures forstakeholder involvement.
Confusing use of terminologyDonor guidelines and international agencies use theterm ‘participation’ extensively, but almost always inan inappropriate way. In reality, most agencies,including the World Bank, advocate consultative orextractive forms of involvement, i.e. they advocate
that external practitioners should ‘interview’, ‘consultwith’, and ‘take into account the views of...’ thepublic and affected groups (see Box 10). Anexception is the guidelines of FINNIDA which hintat the concept of devolving responsibility andinfluence over ‘decision-making’ (“ ...publicparticipation should aim to effectively influencedecision making”) (FINNIDA 1989).
Box 9: Guidelines and EIA Under-Performance in IndonesiaIn reviewing the EIA process in Indonesia, WALHI (1994) foundthat ambiguity and lack of clarity in official guidance and leg-islation provided opportunities for abuse of the system bygovernment officials responsible for making EIA decisions, andcited this problem as a key reason for the poor performanceof EIA in Indonesia. It is clear in the national EIA legislationthat Indonesia’s law-makers intended EIA to be applied as a‘public process’. Unfortunately, the wording of this legislationhas left ample scope for proponents to minimize such involve-ment. The existing guidelines do not specify, for example, thatpublic involvement should be sought at the earliest possiblestage of the environmental assessment process, only that someform of public inputs should be sought before the finalizationof the EIS. Invariably, this means that public involvement doesnot take place until it is too late to be effective.Source: WALHI (1994)
Box 10: Excerpts from the guidelines literature• “The Bank requires the borrower to take the views of
affected groups and local non-governmental organizationsinto account in the preparation of environmental assess-ment reports” (AsDB 1993).
• “ The key factor that distinguishes consultation from par-ticipation is the degree to which those involved are allowedto influence, share or control decision-making. The WorldBank requires consultation with affected groups as part ofthe EA preparation process... “ (World Bank 1993).
• “Consultations do not reduce the decision-making author-ity of the borrower, but are a valuable way to improvedecision-making, to obtain feedback on the EA processand draft report, and to increase community co-operationin implementing the recommendations of the EA” (WorldBank 1991).
• “... involve public consultation with interested parties andthe affected population” The Commission of the EuropeanCommunities (CEC, 1993).
• “ In order to obtain valuable information about the projectregion, consultation with local target groups and NGOs isessential to EIA” (DGIS, 1993).
Paucity of practical guidanceA common complaint is that EIA guidelines fail toprovide adequate pragmatic guidance on stakeholderinvolvement in EIA practice. EIA process managersneed specific guidance on stakeholder involvementwhen commissioning an environmental assessment.Staff responsible for ensuring that EIAs areundertaken to a sufficient standard require guidanceon how to ascertain that stakeholder involvement hasbeen addressed adequately during the EIA process.
28 Stakeholder Involvement
With some exceptions, existing guidance onstakeholder involvement is not of an adequatestandard to be useful to EIA practice.
Recent literature indicates that some of theseshortcomings are now recognized and are beingaddressed. For example, recent guidelines on theincorporation in EA of traditional environmentalknowledge (TEC) of indigenous peoples (Centre forTraditional Knowledge, 1997) provide practical andinnovative guidance for the way in which indigenouspeoples, corporate organizations and government caninteract and negotiate to address critical cultural,environmental, social and economic issues (see Box11). Different types of guidance will be required toassist practitioners to engage with other stakeholdergroups, such as the private sector and businessinterests, local government bodies, and other lineministries. The acid test will, of course, be the extentto which these are adopted and implemented withinrelevant national guidelines, and those ofdevelopment assistance agencies.
national guidelines, e.g. the federal guidelines forCanada (see Box 12) and Australia.
Box 11: Guidelines on Environmental Assessment andTraditional Knowledge of Indigenous PeoplesThese innovative and useful guidelines focus on the incorpo-ration of indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge intoenvironmental assessment practice. They provide clear andpractical guidance, not only for government (as regulators andplanners) and corporations (as private sector proponents), butalso to assist indigenous peoples to engage constructively andeffectively in EA processes for proposals that could impact onthe environment and resources on which they depend. In real-ity, the 29 guidance points presented in the document applyequally well to broader-based stakeholder involvement, suchas the involvement of local communities and other stakeholdersthat would not necessarily be regarded as strictly indigenous.
The guidelines were developed by a team involving the Cana-dian Centre for Traditional Knowledge, the World Council ofIndigenous People, Environment Canada, and the CanadianInternational Development Agency. They draw attention to thefrequent inadequacy of conventional, scientific approaches toEA such as the limitations of using short-term scientific proce-dures to collect reliable and adequate information on whichto base predictions and analysis. They also explore the difficul-ties inherent in balancing the very different perceptions ofenvironment and development that are held by non-indigenousand indigenous stakeholders.Source: Centre for Traditional Knowledge (1997)
Lack of proactive support for stakeholderinvolvement in EIAConstructive stakeholder involvement in EIA willrarely occur spontaneously. A proactive approachideally should include incentives for involvement andwill often be required, especially where significantcosts will be incurred for stakeholders to take part indialogue processes. Incentives are now an integralcomponent of EIA frameworks in a number of
Box 12: The Environmental Assessment and ReviewProcess inCanadaPublic participation in the federal assessment process ispromoted through:• providing opportunities for public involvement in project
screenings, comprehensive studies, mediation and panel re-views;
• the establishment of a public registry for each project un-dergoing any type of environmental assessment. Membersof the public wishing to take part in the process can obtaincopies and review most documents relating to assessment;and
• a Participant Funding Program designed to provide limitedfunding to interested individuals and groups both for andagainst a project to participate effectively at key stages ofmediations and panel reviews.
ConclusionsThis chapter has argued that greater attention tostakeholder involvement during the EIA process leadsto better environmental assessment, and thus to theformulation of projects that deliver more socialbenefits, fewer environmental costs and greatereconomic and financial benefits. Yet the language ofstakeholder involvement is peculiar in the degree towhich it is abused - too often are ‘stakeholders’perceived synonomously with ‘local people’, and toooften are highly extractive forms of interrogationcamouflaged under the cloak of ‘participation’. It isone thing to be engaged in a two-way andtransparent dialogue, but quite another to beaccosted on a street by a clipboard-wielding foreignconsultant. Sadly, the latter remains the norm, andnot the exception. Proponents and their consultantscontinue to avoid engaging meaningfully withdifferent stakeholders, including government agenciesand the business community, other than at the mostsuperficial level. Furthermore, they continue toengage with a very narrow range of possiblestakeholder groups.
Do guidelines contribute to better practice, and doguidelines help foster approaches that pay moreattention to process and consensus-building betweenstakeholders? There is little evidence to suggest theydo, and much to suggest they don’t. This analysissuggests that existing guideline literature mirrors theweaknesses that we observe in EIA practice, mostnotably the emphasis on consultancy-driven ‘outputs’and confusion in the use and understanding of keyterminology and concepts. Why is this the case? Inmost cases, guidelines appear to have beenformulated to support ‘one-shot’ consultancyexercises and, like many EIA studies, they simply fail
29Stakeholder Involvement
to promote engagement with the differentstakeholders that should be involved. A round-tableapproach in 1998 to guideline formulation in the UK,facilitated by the Institute of EnvironmentalAssessment, provides an interesting exception to thispattern.
Effective EIA guidance on stakeholder involvementwill only emerge from institutional learning processesand critical reflections on past performance. Theseprocesses will themselves need to involve thestakeholders that EIA is supposed to serve. Withoutthis change in direction, we can expect to see acontinuation in the expansion of EIA guidanceliterature, but little change in institutional behaviourand attitude. More process, and less product is whatis needed now.
ReferencesAdnan, S., Barrett, A., Nurul Alam, S.M., Brustinow,A. and others. (1992). People’s Participation, NGOsand the Flood Action Plan: An Independent Review.Research & Advisory Services. Report commissionedby Oxfam-Bangladesh. Dhaka. December 1992
AsDB (1993). Environmental AssessmentRequirements and Environmental Review Proceduresof the Asian Development Bank. Asian DevelopmentBank, Manila.
CEC (1993). Environmental Procedures andMethodology Governing Lome IV DevelopmentCooperation Projects. Users Guide. EnvironmentManual. Commission of the European Communities,Directorate General for Development, Brussels.
Centre for Traditional Knowledge (1997). PrototypeGuidelines for Environmental Assessments andTraditional Knowledge. A Report from the Centre forTraditional Knowledge to the World Council ofIndigenous People. March 1997, Ontario.
CEPA (1994). Public Review of the CommonwealthEnvironmental Impact Assessment Process. MainDiscussion Paper. Commonwealth EnvironmentalProtection Agency, November, 1994.
Cook, C.C. and Donnelly-Roark, P. (1992). PublicParticipation in Environmental Assessments inAfrica. World Bank. Washington D.C.
DGIS (1993). Environmental Impact Assessment inDevelopment Cooperation. Directorate-General forInternational Cooperation (DGIS), Ministry ofForeign Affairs, The Hague.
Ebisemiju, F.S. (1993). Environmental ImpactAssessment: Making It Work in DevelopingCountries. Journal of Environmental ManagementVol. 38 (4), pp. 247-273
Irish EPA (1995). Advice Notes on Current Practice(in the preparation of environmental impactstatements). Environmental Protection Agency,Wexford, Republic of Ireland. 136pp.
ERM (1996). Evaluation of the EnvironmentalPerformance of EC Programmes in DevelopingCountries (B7-5091/95). Revised Draft DeskEvaluation Report Volume II: Main Text. Reportprepared for the Commission of the EuropeanCommunity. Environmental Resources Management,London. October 1996.
Guilanpour (1995). The Effectiveness ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment in Tanzania. A
30 Stakeholder Involvement
report submitted in partial fulfilment of therequirements for the MSc. Centre for EnvironmentalTechnology, Imperial College of Science, Technologyand Medicine. University of London.
Howett, D.J.B. and Nagu, J. (1997). AgricultureProject Planning in Tanzania. Institute ofDevelopment Management Mzumbe, Tanzania andDevelopment Project Planning Centre, University ofBradford, United Kingdom.
FINNIDA (1989) Guidelines for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in Development Assistance.Finnish International Development Agency, Helsinki.
Lane, C. (1994). Ngorongoro Voices. IndigenousMaasai residents of the Ngorongoro ConservationArea in Tanzania give their views on the proposedGeneral Management Plan. Forest Trees and PeopleProgramme. FAO.
Mwalyosi, R. and Hughes, R. (1998). Theperformance of EIA in Tanzania: an assessment. IRAResearch Paper No. 41. IIED Environmental PlanningIssues No. 14. International Institute forEnvironment and Development. January 1998.
Mutemba, S. (1996). Public participation in EA inBank-supported Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. In:Goodland,R., Mercier, J.R, and Muntemba, S (eds.).Proceedings of the Durban World bank WorkshopJune 25, 1995.
O’Beirne, S. (1997). Draft Executive Summary.Environmental Assessment on Alusaf’s ProposedMozal Smelter. Issued by: Division of water,
Environment and Forestry Technology, CSIR.Pretoria, South Africa. March 997.
ODA (1996). Manual of Environmental Appraisal.Overseas Development Administration. Revised July1996. 131pp.
Sadler, B. (1996). Environmental Assessment in aChanging World: Evaluating Practice to ImprovePerformance. International Study of the Effectivenessof Environmental Assessment. Final Report. June1996. 248 pages.
Stephenson, D et aI. 1994. “Public Participation inEIA: A Review of Experience in Europe and the UK”.DRAFT. Centre for Environmental Management andPlanning. Aberdeen University Research andIndustrial Services Ltd. April 1994
WALHI (1994). Strengthening EIA capacity in Asia:A Case Study on the Indonesian EIA System.Prepared by Indonesian Forum for the Environment(Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia, WALHI),Jakarta, Indonesia. Centre for InternationalDevelopment and Environment, World resourcesInstitute. Washington DC.
World Bank (1993). Public Involvement inEnvironmental Assessment: Requirements,Opportunities and Issues. Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No. 5. Environment Department,The World Bank, Washington D.C.
World Bank (1991). A Common Vocabulary: PopularParticipation Learning Group. Unpublished Paper,External Relations Department, Washington D.C.cited by Cook and Donnelly-Roark (1994).
31Guidelines
Chapter 4
IntroductionStrategic environmental assessment (SEA) hasemerged in the last few years as a term for toolswhich aim to integrate environmental considerationsinto proposed laws, policies, plans and programmes.However, in one form or another, SEA has been inplace for some time. The preparation of legislativeand programmatic Environmental Impact Statementshas been an integral element of US practice under theNational Environmental Protection Act (NEPA)1969. Other SEA-type approaches reflect anextension of EIA trends, including area-wide andregional assessments, and policy-level reviews as partof public inquiries and environmental reviews. Earlyreferences to these applications can be found invarious sources (e.g. Sadler, 1986; Wathern, 1988;Jacobs and Sadler, 1989; Bregha et al. 1990). The lasttwo examples involved work undertaken in supportof Canada’s process of Policy and ProgrammeAssessment which was established by CabinetDirective (1990) as a parallel system to the projectbased Environmental Assessment and Review Process(1973)1.
There is no internationally agreed definition of SEA,but the interpretation offered by Sadler and Verheem(1996) is among those which are widely quoted:
“SEA is a systematic process for evaluating theenvironmental consequences of proposed policy,plan or programme initiatives in order to ensurethey are fully included and appropriatelyaddressed at the earliest appropriate stage ofdecision-making on par with economic andsocial considerations”.
Interest and debate about SEA is growing rapidly. Anumber of recent workshops on SEA have surfaceddiffering opinions about its nature and scope (e.g.workshops organised by the International Associationfor Impact Assessment in New Orleans, USA, in1997, and in Christchurch, New Zealand, in April1998, and by the UK Department of Environment inLincoln, UK, in May 1998). One school of opinionholds that that SEA should focus mainly onenvironmental issues, another takes the view that itshould provide a sustainability focus and cover social
and economic aspects as well environmental ones. Itis also argued that SEA at the policy level requires adifferent methodological approach to SEA at theprogramme and plan level. However, there is broadconsensus that there can be no one ‘blueprint’approach to SEA and approaches will need to bedeveloped and tailored to suit conditions,institutional realities and political circumstances inindividual countries.
There is debate on the suitability of SEA indeveloping country contexts where there is growingevidence that EIA is not working well (Mwalyosi &Hughes, 1998). Often the reasons are not so muchtechnical ones, as issues of lack of political andinstitutional will, limited skills and capacity,bureaucratic resistance, antagonism from vestedinterests, corruption, compartmentalised (e.g.sectoral) organisational structures and lack of clearenvironmental goals and objectives. Undoubtedly,these structural problems will loom large asconstraints to the introduction of SEA. In addition,there are many issues regarding the use of SEA inindustrial countries that are unresolved and, moreseriously, glossed over in promotional literature.
Guidelines and LiteratureThe general view amongst practitioners and manyofficials emerging from the above debate is that thereis a need to experiment with SEA - to “get on andjust do it” - in order to gain experience and learnlessons. Because SEA is still in its infancy, there areonly a few published guidelines. These are not genericbut promote individual national and organisationalapproaches to SEA, e.g. the method of strategicenvironmental assessment (SEAn) developed for theNetherlands Development Organisation(AIDEnvironment 1997, Kessler 1997a, 1977b), theSouth African approach (CSIR 1996), UNDP’sEnvironmental Overview approach (UNDP 1992),appraisal of policies and development plans in theUnited Kingdom (UK Department of theEnvironment 1991, 1993), sectoral and regionalenvironmental assessment at the World Bank (WorldBank 1993).
by Barry Dalal-Clayton and Barry Sadler
Strategic Environmental Assessment:A Rapidly Evolving Approach
1 This process was replaced by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (1996) which applies exclusively to projects.
32 Guidelines
Whilst there is a dearth of practical guidanceavailable to those who would like to start applyingSEA, the literature base is growing rapidly and anumber of useful reviews of SEA experience provideperspectives and background on this evolving field(see Box 1). These are both incomplete andcontinually being updated by papers on SEA inconference proceedings and journals. However, thereis also a considerable restatement and recycling ofbasic premises and themes.
development programmes). With this scope ofcoverage one problem becomes readily apparent. Themethodologies to be applied at the opposite ends ofthe decision-making spectrum differ markedly.However, the principles of EIA apply at all levels.Table 1 compares EIA and the evolving process(es) ofSEA.
Box 1: Some Key Literature on SEA• UNECE (1992) - report on principles and procedures that
were agreed amongst a range of participating countries.• Wood and Djeddour (1992), Therivel et al.(1992) - com-
pare similarities and differences between SEA and EIA,elaborate the potential scope of procedure and practice,and discuss possible methodologies for undertaking SEA.
• Project Appraisal (Vol 7 (3), Sept 1992) - special issue whichexamines the (then) status of SEA in the USA, Australiaand New Zealand, and the Netherlands; and, in the UK, inrelation to land-use planning, the water environment andtransport sector.
• Sadler and Verheem (1996) - critically evaluate the statusand effectiveness of SEA processes in leading countriesand international agencies (analysis based on a portfolioof 52 case studies and eight institutional profiles (see alsode Boer and Sadler, 1996).
• Therivel and Partidario (1996) - review international SEAguidance and regulations, discuss models and method-ologies, and provide 10 case studies - grouped under threecategories (sectoral SEAs, SEAs of land-use plans, and SEAsof policies).
• World Bank (1996) - case studies of World Bank ap-proaches. CSIR (1996, 1997) - primer on South Africa’sapproach to SEA and a draft Protocol on SEA. CIDA/DGIS(1997) - report of SEA provision and practice amongstOECD development cooperation agencies.
• Dalal-Clayton and Sadler (1998, in press) - provide an over-view of the international status of SEA; examineperspectives on its role and focus; discuss the rationaleand benefits of the approach; describe experience (withcase examples) of applying SEA processes in developingcountries, in central and eastern Europe and other coun-tries in transition; review the approach of developmentassistance agencies; and also consider parallel processesthat are closely aligned to and/or have relevance to emerg-ing SEA techniques, e.g. environmental scenario planning,sustainable development strategy processes, etc.
Scope of SEAMost practitioners view SEA as a decision-aidingrather than a decision-making process (like EIA) - atool for forward planning to be flexibly applied atvarious stages of the policy-making cycle. Under thisbroad perspective, SEA encompasses assessments ofboth broad policy initiatives and more concreteprogrammes and plans that have physical and spatialreferences (e.g. town and regional plans, regional
EIA SEA
Is usually reactive to a Is pro-active and informsdevelopment proposal development proposals.
Assesses the effect Assesses the effect of a policy,of a proposed plan or programme on thedevelopment on the environment, or the effect of theenvironment environment on development
needs and opportunities
Addresses a specific Addresses areas, regions or sectorsproject of development
Has a well-defined Is a continuing process aimed atbeginning and end providing information at the right
time
Assesses direct Assesses cumulative impacts andimpacts and benefits identifies implications and issues
for sustainable development
Focuses on the Focuses on maintaining a chosenmitigation of impacts level of environmental quality
Has a narrow Has a wide perspective and a lowperspective and a level of detail to provide a visionhigh level of detail and overall framework
Focuses on project- Creates a framework againstspecific impacts which impacts and benefits can be
measured
Table1: EIA and SEA ComparedAdapted from CSIR (1996)
The inter-relationship between policies, plans andprogrammes is frequently idealised as a hierarchicalor tiered process of decision making, as illustrated byFigure 1 using energy development as an example. Inreality, however, policy-making does not necessarilyfollow a logical sequence of discrete, technical steps.Rather it is a more complex, iterative process inwhich the range of choice is gradually narrowed andmost options are foreclosed by the project phase.This fact has a critical bearing on practicalapplications of SEA (Sadler 1998).
In addition, terms such as policies, plans andprogrammes (PPP or the 3 P’s) mean different thingsin different countries and their use is dependent onthe political and institutional context. But in general,policies are taken to be broad statements of intentthat reflect and focus the political agenda of a
33Guidelines
government and initiate a decision cycle. They aregiven substance and effect in plans and programmes -which involve identifying options to achieve policyobjectives and setting out how, when and wherespecific actions will be carried out (Sadler andVerheem, 1996).
However defined, policies and programmesencompass a range of strategic decisions, many ofwhich are likely to have environmental, social oreconomic consequences. Box 2 outlines a simple“pre-screening” check for SEA to establish theproposals that are of concern. It can be adapted todifferent decision-making contexts and is undertakenby reference to:
• the policy area or sector covered. In general, allpolicy areas which concern or lead to changes inthe use of land and natural resources, theproduction of raw materials, chemicals and otherhazardous products and/or the generation ofpollutants, wastes and residuals, are potentialcandidates for SEA.
• the type of environmental effects that can beanticipated. When moving from the policy to theproject stage of the decision cycle, environmentalconsiderations correspondingly shift from indirectto direct effects.
Logically, the scope and form of SEA shouldcorrespond broadly with the level of generality ofdecision-making and the type of environmentaleffects that are identified (see Box 2). Direct effects,typically, can be correlated with projects and with
Box 2: A Pre-Screening Procedure for Determining SEARequirementsThe following questions can be used to make a quick judge-ment about SEA requirements:• What is the actual content of the proposal?
- is it concerned only or primarily with broad generaldirection(s) ?; or - does it address or specifically include operational meas-ures (projects, activities, etc.)?
• What policy area or sector is targeted in the proposal? - is it one known to have or likely to cause environmentaleffects (e.g. energy, transportation, housing, agriculture)?;and/or- are there components which are likely to have cumula-tive or long-term consequences for the environment (e.g.trade, industrial diversification, technology development)?
• What environmental considerations are raised by the pro-posal? Does it appear likely to:- initiate actions that will have direct or evident environ-mental impacts?;- raise broad environmental implications and/or issues thatshould be addressed ?; or- have marginal or no environmental consequences?
Source: Sadler & Verheem (1996).
Figure 1: Emerging Process of Tiered and Integrated Environmental Assessment(Source: Sadler and Verheem, 1996)
JUSTIFICATION ALTERNATIVES MITIGATIONTechnological Locational
PROGRAMS Conservationstrategies
PLANS Intergrated riverbasin management
PROJECTS Environmental standardse.g. Water quality andfisheries production
POLICIES Macro-economicpolicy
Environmentalpolicy
Note: the basic elements for this process are in place; however, as yet, it is seldom integrated in the way shown. In practice, for any system, anunderstanding of the way decision making processes actually work is necessary for the effective application of SEA. Often, for example, the relation-ship between the tiers will not be straightforward and the policy decisions that set the boundary conditions will not be coherent or consistent (see Valveand Hilden, 1994).
Sectoral developmentstraategies e.g.transport and energy
Regionaldevelopmentplans
Mega-projects e.g.Channel tunnel(UK) and hydro-development(Quebec)
Energy supply e.g.oil and gas, nuclearand hydro
Hydro facility planse.g. r eservoir siting,transmission corridors
Site-specific impactassessment
34 Guidelines
plans and programmes that initiate and locatespecific activities; indirect effects are associated morewith policies and with certain types of plans andprogrammes, such as legislative and fiscal initiatives.Many of these are not easily separable into discreteactions but that may have an environmentaldimension; for example, by influencing attitudes andconsumer behaviour toward transport or wasterecycling (Sadler and Verheem, 1996). Thesecategories apply equally to developing as well asindustrial countries, although obviously thecircumstances and considerations will differ.
Rationale for SEAThe benefits of introducing SEA and some constraintsare identified in Box 3. In broad terms, the rationalefor SEA of policies, plans and programmes falls intothree main categories: strengthening project EIA;advancing the sustainability agenda; and addressingcumulative and large-scale effects; (Jacobs & Sadler,1989; Lee & Walsh, 1992; Sadler, 1994; Sadler &Verheem, 1996).
Strengthening project EIA and advancingsustainabilityEIA practice is constrained by certain limitations andweaknesses. These include structural weaknessescentred on the relatively late stage at which EIA isusually applied in decision-making. By this point,high-order questions of whether, where and whattype of development should take place have beendecided, often with little or no environmentalanalysis. Project-by-project EIA is also an ineffectivemeans of examining these issues. SEA or anequivalent approach can be used as a complement toproject-level EIA to incorporate environmentalconsiderations and alternatives directly into policy,plan and programme design. Thus, when appliedsystematically in the “upstream” part of the decisioncycle and to the economic, fiscal and trade policiesthat guide the overall course of development, SEAcan be a vector for a sustainability approach toplanning and decision-making - as called for by theBrundtland Commission (WCED 1987) and byAgenda 21 (UNCED 1992). This “upstream”approach can also help to focus and streamlineproject EIAs, making them more consequential and
Box 3: SEA: Some Benefits and Constraints
Benefits: SEA can and should:• promote integrated environment and development decision-making;• facilitate the design of environmentally-sustainable policies and plans;• provide for consideration of a larger range of alternatives than is normally possible in project EA;• take account, where possible, of cumulative effects (particularly by focusing on the consequences of sectoral or regional-level
developments) and global change;• enhance institutional efficiency [particularly where EIA related skills, operational funds and institutional capacities are limited]
by obviating the need for un-necessary project-level EIAs;• strengthen and streamline project EA by:
- the incorporation of environmental goals and principles into policies, plans and programmes that shape individual projects;- prior identification of impacts and information requirements;- clearance of strategic issues and information requirements; and- reducing time and effort taken to conduct reviews; and
• provide a mechanism for public engagement in discussions relevant to sustainability at a strategic level.
Constraints: For SEA to function effectively:• a level of institutional maturity is necessary which allows for effective inter-sectoral dialogue, for environmental considerations
to be taken into account in formulating, revising and implementing policies, plans and programmes effectively, and to influencedecision-making;
• appropriate skills are needed, within government departments and agencies, in the private sector (e.g. industry, environmentalconsulting companies) and amongst academics and NGOs; and
• there is a need for adequate capacity in these sectors (both human and financial resources).
Other factors: In practice, the extent to which the benefits of SEA are achieved will also depend on a number of other importantfactors:
• the provisions made for SEA, e.g. legal versus administrative;• the prior record of implementation and acceptance by decision-makers;• the degree to which overall strategies of sustainable development are in place;• the scope and level(s) of process application; with the broadest range of benefits being gained from SEA systems that include
review of policies as well as plans and programmes.
Sources: Adapted from Dalal-Clayton & Sadler (1995) and Sadler and Baxter (1997)
35Guidelines
reducing the time and effort involved in theirpreparation. SEA may yield significant other benefits;for example, by ruling out certain kinds ofdevelopment at the policy level, reducing the need formany project-level EIAs and thus relieving pressurewhere institutional and/or skills capacity is limited.
Addressing Cumulative and Large ScaleEffectsArguably, SEA offers a better opportunity thanproject-level impact assessment to address cumulativeeffects. Recently, considerable efforts have been madeto extend EIA-based frameworks to encompasscertain types of cumulative effects. These dealreasonably well with the ancillary impacts of large-scale projects (e.g. dams, transport infrastructure)and the incremental effects of numerous, small-scaleactions of a similar type (e.g. road realignment andimprovement). However, more pervasive cumulativeeffects and large-scale environmental change (whichare the end result of multiple actions and stresses thatcut across policy and ecological boundaries) aredifficult to address. In principle, these can beaddressed best by SEA of policies, plans andprogrammes; in practice, this has not proven to bethe case.
Trends and ExperiencesTo date, formal provision for undertaking SEA hasbeen confined largely to industrial countries (e.g.Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand,UK, USA) (see Table 2). Except for the requirementsof lending and donor agencies, particularly the WorldBank, experience with SEA in developing countries islimited, but there is evidence of much wider use ofSEA-type processes (proximate approaches) (see Box4). In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe,there is increasing experimentation with formalprocedures for SEA (see Box 5).
Box 4: Some Examples of SEA and Proximate Approachesfrom Developing Countries
• CSIR (1997a): Preliminary SEA for the KwaZulu-Natal Tradeand Industry Policy, South Africa.
• CSIR (1997b): SEA for the Proposed East London IndustrialDevelopment Zone, South Africa.
• IUCN Nepal (1995): Bara Forest Management Plan, Nepal.• TANAPA (1993): General Management Plan for Kiliman-
jaro National Park, Tanzania.• Thompson (1997): Ngorongoro Conservation Area General
Management Plan. Tanzania.• Spenceley (1997): SEA of Tourism at Hwange National Park,
Zimbabwe.• IUCN-ROSA(1996): SEA of Development Around Victoria
Falls.• World Bank (1996): Best Practice Regional EA: Argentina
Flood Protection Project (Proposed).• Huntley et al. (1989) and Sunter (1992): Scenario-Planning
in South Africa.• Dalal-Clayton (1997): Extreme Scenarios for Southern Af-
rica.• Kessler (1998, pers comm): Strategic Environmental Analy-
sis (SEAn) methodology applied by the NetherlandsDevelopment Organisation (SNV): in Benin to develop a stra-tegic plan, and Nicaragua for integrating environmental carein council planning.
• Naim (1997a, 1997b): SEA of Thermal Power GenerationPolicy, Pakistan.
Box 5: Some Examples of SEAs from Central andEastern Europe
• Koblar (1998): SEA of Major Transport Routes in Slovenia:Methodology and Approach.
• Rotbergh (1998): SEA of the Jurmala Territorial Develop-ment Plan, Latvia.
• Kozova (1998): SEA of the Updated Version of the EnergyPolicy of the Slovak Republic. World Bank (1996): SectoralEA: Estonia District Heating Rehabilitation Project.
Therivel (1997) lists a range of SEAs undertaken, including,for example:• Czech Republic: landscape protected area Zelezne hory
(Iron Mountains), 1996.• Hungary: express motorway network, 1993.• Poland: national transport policy (1996).• Slovak Republic: territorial development policy (1994).
36 Guidelines
Table 2: Institutional Arrangements for SEA in a Number of Northern Countries
Country/ Institution Provision Procedure Responsibility
Western Australia Environmental Protection Act 1986/93 No formal requirements The Environmental Protectionallows for the EA of programmes, plans for SEA procedure; ad Agency (EPA) determines form,and policies. EIA has been applied to hoc determined by EPA. content, timing and procedure ofprogrammes and plans; more limited the assessment.experience with respect to policies. Nostructural SEA procedure to newlegislation, decisions of executivegovernment or State budgets.
Canada Cabinet Directive 1990 requires all No formal requirements Individual Ministers arefederal departments and agencies to for SEA procedure; responsible for assessment ofapply EA to policy and program guidelines only. the proposals generated in theproposals submitted for Cabinet departments and agencies.consideration.
Denmark Administrative Order 1993 requires No formal requirements Responsibility for SEA lies withBills and other proposals to for SEA procedure; the lead ministries;Parliament to include an assessment guidelines only. guidance is provided by theof the environmental impacts in the Ministry of the Environment.documentation attached if they areexpected to have significant impactson the environment.
European Commission Internal communication of June 1993 No procedural or content Responsibility for the statementrequires screening and assessment of requirements are set to lies with the responsibleall future Commission actions (almost allow for maximum Directorate General.always strategic in character) and flexibilitynew legislative proposals if likely tohave a significant effect on theenvironment.Draft SEA Directive 1997 issued. Applies to plans & Binding on member states if
programmes only accepted.
Hong Kong October 1992 government initiative Limited guidance on the The proponent agency isrequires all policy papers submitted content of SEA reports. responsible for drafting an EISto the Executive Council to contain an and should consult the environmental implications section. Environmental Protection Dept.This is also required for Information at an early stage of the policyNotes issued by the govovernment, formulation.briefs recommending new legislationand all papers seeking funding forgovernment works projects.
The Netherlands 1987 EIA Act requires an SEA of a For SEA the same Responsibility for SEA lies withnumber of plans, programmes and (comprehensive) the lead agency.sectoral policies. procedure applies asDutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs has required for projects.decided to use SEA - whereappropriate - in its planning ofdevelopment assistance.Since 1995, an environmental test is The environmental test The environmental test shouldmandatory for draft legisaltion that has minimal procedural be carried out by the leadmight have significant environmental and content authority, with the mandatoryeffects (not requiring a mandatory requirements to provide involvement of the Minister ofSEA under the EIA Act). for flexibility. the Environment.
37Guidelines
Current SEA processes vary considerably. They maybe formal or informal, comprehensive or morelimited in scope, and closely linked with or unrelatedto either policy or planning instruments. In general,three broad approaches to SEA have been adopted todate:
• it has been introduced as a relatively separate,distinct process - typically as an extension of EIA(e.g. in Canada);
• it has been established as a two tier system (e.g. inthe Netherlands) with formal SEAs required forspecific sectoral plans and programmes and anenvironmental “test” applied to strategic policies;or
• it has been incorporated into policy appraisal (e.g.in the UK) and regional and land use planning(e.g. in Sweden). Recently, there has been growingrecognition of the importance of integrating EAwith other policy and planning instruments.
Few developing countries have these enablingconditions in place. However, there are a number ofsupportive trends and developments. Notably variousinternational organisations have taken steps topromote the transition:
• In 1978, the US Council for EnvironmentalQuality (CEQ) issued regulations for the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA), which apply toUSAID and specify requirements for“programmatic assessments”.
• In 1989, the World Bank adopted an internaldirective on EIA which allows for the preparationof sectoral or regional assessments.
• A section of the 1991 UNECE Convention on EIAin a Transboundary Context promotes theapplication of EA for policies, plans andprogrammes.
New Zealand 1991 Resource Management Act Rather than establishing The consideration of(RMA) requires the integration of a distinct SEA process, environmental issues is theenvironmental considerations in all the RMA aims at the responsibility of the agenciespolicy statements and plans at integration of responsible for the policy, plannational, regional and district levels environmental issues in or programme (national,prepared under the provisions of all stages of regional and district authorities).the Act. decision-making.
UK No formal SEA provisions at the No formal requirements Policy appraisal is responsibilitynational level; local planning for SEA procedure; ‘good of lead central government agencyauthorities are required to ‘have practice’ guidance only.regard to environmentalconsiderations’ in preparing theirland use plans: a number of thesehave prepared SEAs for CountyStructure Plans.
USA The US National Environmental SEA procedures are the EAs should be prepared by thePolicy Act, 1969, requires EA for same as for project EIA agency at a point in themajor federal actions significantly planning process whenaffecting the quality of the human it can highlight potentialenvironment, including programs, environment problems policies, procedures and legislative and allow a wide range of proposals. alternatives to be evaluated.
World Bank The system is policy-based, The Bank’s regional World Bank Divisions.recommends use of sectoral and environment divisionregional EA, e.g. where sector for Asia (ASTEN) has investment projects and loans developed standardthrough financial intermediaries procedures forinvolve numerous sub-projects. sectoral EAs.In some instances, sectoral EA isalso used as a planning tool in theearly stages of project preparationwithout a formal link to sub-projectEA work.
Sadler & Verheem (1996).
38 Guidelines
• In 1991, the OECD Development AssistanceCommittee adopted a principle calling for specificarrangements for analysing and monitoringenvironmental impacts of programme assistance,i.e. assistance not linked to project activities.
• In 1995, UNDP introduced the strategic overviewas a planning tool.
In most cases where SEA has been undertaken indeveloping countries, the basic aim and approach hasmirrored that in the north – namely to identify theenvironmental consequences (and associated socialand economic effects) of existing, new or revisedpolicies, plans and programmes. A notable andinnovative exception is in South Africa where theemphasis is on “assessing the effect of theenvironment on development needs andopportunities” with a strong focus on assessingcumulative impacts.
The countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)are experiencing a period of great change with theestablishment of new administrative arrangements,major infrastructural developments, and theprivatisation of sectors and industries formerly undernational control. Although EIA was only introducedin the CEE countries in the mid-1980s, SEA isalready an emerging area of interest (see Therivel,1997). A number of countries in the region havemade some provision for this approach, e.g. as partof recent EIA legislative reforms. But the use of SEAis still relatively limited in scope and varies amongCEE countries (Sadler et al., 1998).
In the Newly Independent States (NIS), somecountries make no distinction between EIA and SEAand their legislation requires that laws, programmes,plans and projects are all subject to environmentalassessment. In some of these countries, the formerSoviet system of State Environmental Expertise (SEE)is still applied, sometimes under new legislation (e.g.Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine). In practise,however, other than in the Russian Federation, thereappears to be little or no development of SEA in NIScountries.
Where SEA is undertaken, it is applied primarily toregional and local plans and to a lesser extent tosector programmes. This approach builds on the landuse planning systems which are well established inthe ex-socialist countries. Except for in Slovakia andthe Czech Republic, there appear to be no examplesyet of policy-level SEA. However, SEA is a priority ofthe EIA programme for CEE and NIS countrieslaunched under the Sofia Initiative.
EIA requirements are now an established componentof development assistance. Recently, SEA approaches
have also been introduced by multilateral andbilateral donor agencies and by other internationaldevelopment organisations. As with EIA, these“conditionalities” are becoming an important part ofSEA practice in developing countries and a vector fortheir wider introduction and adaption for domesticapplications. The World Bank is in a leading positionin this regard. Increasingly, it is using sectoral EAs toaddress sector-wide issues and programmatic loanscovering numerous similar sub-projects, e.g. roads,irrigation, etc; and is also undertaking regional EAsto take a spatial, area-wide approach to developmentplanning.
Other multilateral and bilateral donor agencies alsohave important SEA initiatives underway. UNDP, forexample, has promoted the application of theEnvironmental Overview (EO) in the formulationstages of aid programmes (Brown 1997a, 1997b). Itasks a set of questions, similar to those asked byconventional EIA, but with different emphasis. Firstit asks questions concerning the baseline conditionsfor the project/programme, followed by questionsconcerning the impacts and opportunities and howthe draft project/programme can be redrafted in anoperational strategy to take these, and the baselineconditions into account. Additional questions focuson modifications that should be made to the originaldesign. Answering these questions results in a briefdocument, but it is the interactive process ofassembling the EO that is the heart of the process.
A related approach, also termed StrategicEnvironmental Analysis (but denoted by the acronymSEAn), has been developed and tested by the Dutchgroup AIDEnvironment, in co-operation with SNV(Netherlands Development Organisation)(AIDEnvironment 1997; Kessler 1997a, 1997b). Thisexperimental methodology is designed for use at theearliest possible stage of policy-making to allow therelevant environmental issues and options to be fullyintegrated into policy, plan and programme designand priority setting. The methodology is based onexperiences with EIA, environmental profiles, andenvironmental planning, monitoring and evaluationwithin the project cycle, and comprises 10 steps (Box6) “which are executed in a participatory manner,with systematic attention for the views and opinionsof ‘insiders’ (local actors)” (Kessler 1997b).
SEA practitioners are increasingly drawing fromexperiences with other assessment and planningapproaches. For example, the construction ofenvironmental scenarios (future forecasting) is apotentially important approach for developmentplanning and in policy-making, and is receivingincreasing attention as an important element of theSEA ‘tool box’. It is also recognised that policy-levelSEA has much to learn from the experiences and
39Guidelines
processes of developing and implementing NationalSustainable Development Strategies (NSDSs) andequivalent approaches such as national environmentalaction plans, conservation strateghies, green plans,etc.
The Dichotomy in SEAInternationally, most SEA experience tends to havebeen at the level of programmes and plans, whereEIA procedures and approaches can be applied fairlyreadily. SEA here can be seen as an extension of EIAto facilitate strategic decisions. However, there havebeen fewer applications at the ‘higher’ level ofpolicies - particularly national-level policies. This isperhaps not surprising because policy is theprerogative of politicians and senior bureaucrats whoresist the intrusions of SEA at this level. For policies,where the main body of EA practitioners has littleexperience, a different approach is necessary.
At this level, the critical constraints on SEA are notlikely to be technical or methodological. In practice,the issues facing environmental assessment (in itswidest sense - i.e. incorporating social and economicdimensions) at the policy level are:
• securing the political and institutional will so thatSEA has a ‘seat at the policy table’, i.e., wheredecision-makers and policy-makers accept itslegitimacy and acknowledge that SEA has a keyand constructive role to play; and
• finding the key leverage points in the policy-making cycles to ensure that SEA is able to play itspart in all important stages and throughout theprocess.
These constraints represent a formidable challenge. Itis not surprising, therefore, that the proposedEuropean Community Directive for SEA (Council ofthe European Communities, 1997) requires SEA ofplans and programmes only and is framedrestrictively. Ten years earlier the EC was committedto including policy level SEA; it appears to have beenomitted as a result of political concerns andreluctance of members states to adopt the approach(Sadler and Baxter, 1997).
With increasing recognition of this dilemma, there isalso a growing view that SEA will need to berethought so as to clearly distinguish between themethodologically different SEAs as applied to the
Box 6: Strategic Environmental Analysis (SEAn): The AIDEnvironment Approach. The Main Steps
The strategic environmental analysis approach aims to be systematic, analytical and practical. 10 methodological steps create alogical structure and provide guidance to participants in clarifying the complex issues involved.
Steps 1-4: Society-environment context analysis and impact assessment:• identification of the main environmental functions (production and regulation);• defining stakeholders dependent upon these functions;• assessment of current trends within the functions revealed by environmental indicators;• assessment of consequences (impacts) of trends on stakeholders; future generations and natural values, using environmental
impact chains and a trend-impact matrix;• defining the norms, standards and thresholds involved.
Steps 5-6: Environmental problem analysis:• definition of the main environmental problems, based on the impacts of trends and a risk analysis;• identification of the key factors and related actors causing the problem using the action-in-context approach (underlying
factors will be mainly socio-cultural, economic and/or instyitutional).
Steps 7-8: Environmental opportunity analysis:• definition of the main environmental opportunities;• identification of the main underlying factors and the actors to realise and benefit from these opportunities.
Steps 9-10: Formulation of a sustainable development policy plan with action fields and follow-up strategy:• synthesis of the key factors and actors realted to the environmental problems and opportunities;• definition of environmental action fields;• definition of sustainable development action fields by integrating priority issues from social and economic dimensions;• formulation of a policy and coherent action plan for sustainable development based on the strengths and weaknesses of the
relevant institutions and existing development policies;• formulation of a follow-up strategy, including definition of coordination responsibilities, establishment of a monitoring system
with relevant indicators, procedures for regular adjustments to policy using relevant strategic environmental analysis steps,institutional strengthening and capacity-building.
Source: AIDEnvironment (1997); Kessler (1997a)
40 Guidelines
plan and programme level and policy-level SEAsrespectively. Indeed, there is a further view that, atthe latter level, what is really required is a moreholistic approach which has been called sustainabilityanalysis (Dalal-Clayton 1993). This is an area whichis beginning to receive attention.
PrinciplesClearly the application of SEA approaches isincreasing and with it comes the first crop ofgeneralisations about best practice. Based onexperience to date with SEA, and with proximateapproaches, a number of broad principles aresuggested that can guide policy-makers, planners andSEA practitioners (see Box 4). These provide a firstapproximation rather than a last word, andundoubtedly will undergo review and revision. Aboveall, the need is to test and develop these againstpractice - learning by doing. We accept thatconceptual development can be valuable. But formore than most subjects, SEA theory could do with aprolonged spell of general re-thinking.
Box 7: Some Principles for SEA
(A) General: An SEA process should:• fit the purpose and be customised for application at the policy level or at the level of plans and programmes;• have integrity, so that it is applied in accordance with the objectives and provisions established for it; and be effective in
meeting those objectives;• be focused on delivering information necessary to the decisions to be made, and address the significant and key issues;• be driven by sustainable development principles (taking into account environmental, social and economic considerations); and
therefore• be integrated with parallel analyses of economic and social dimensions and issues, and with other planning and assessment
instruments and processes;• relate to project EIA where appropriate - perhaps through tiering mechanisms;• be transparent and open;• be practical, easy to implement, oriented to problem-solving, and cost-effective;• introduce new perspectives and creativity (it should “provide bonuses, not be a burden”); and• be a learning process (thus it is essential to start ‘doing SEA’ to gain experience).
(B) SEA Steps: An SEA process should ensure that:• screening: responsible agencies carry out an appropriate assessment of all strategic decisions with significant environmental
consequences;• timing: results of the assessment are available sufficiently early for use in the preparation of the strategic decision;• environmental scoping: all relevant information is provided to judge whether: (i) an initiative should proceed; and (ii) objectives
could be achieved in a more environmentally friendly way (i.e. through alternative initiatives or approaches);• other factors: sufficient information is available on other factors, including socio-economic considerations, either parallel to or
integrated in the assessment;• review: the quality of the process and information is safeguarded by an effective review mechanism;• participation: sufficient information on the views of all legitimate stakeholders (including the public affected) is available early
enough to be used effectively in the preparation of the strategic decision;• documentation: results are identifiable, understandable and available to all parties affected by the decision;• decision-making and accountability: it is clear to all stakeholders and all parties affected how the results were taken into
account in decision-making;• post-decision: sufficient information on the actual impacts of implementing the decision is gained to judge whether the deci-
sion should be amended.
Adapted from Sadler (1998b) and Tonk & Verheem (1998).
ReferencesAIDEnvironment (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAnalysis: A New Planning Framework forSustainable Development. AIDEnvironment,Amsterdam.
Bregha F. et al. (1990). The Integration ofEnvironmental Factors in Government Policy-Making. Canadian Environmental AssessmentResearch Council, Ottawa.
Brown A.L. (1997a). The Environmental Overviewin Development Assistance Project Formulation.Impact Assessment, 15, 73-88.
Brown A.L. (1997b). Further SEA Experience inDevelopment Assistance Using the EnvironmentalOverview. Paper delivered at the IAIA97 Conference,New Orleans, 28030 May, 1997.
CIDA/DGIS (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment in Development Cooperation: State-of-the-Art Review. Final Report. Submitted by a SteeringCommittee Composed of Canada (CIDA)and the
41Guidelines
Canadian Environmental Assessment ResearchCouncil, Ottawa.
Kessler J.J. (1997a). An Introduction to StrategicEnvironmental Analysis: A Framework for Planningand Integration of Environmental Care inDevelopment Policies and Interventions. Applicationfor SNV -Netherlands Development Cooperation.AIDEnvironment, Amsterdam.
Kessler J.J. (1997b). An Introduction to StrategicEnvironmental Analysis: A Framework for Planningand Integration of Environmental Care inDevelopment Policies and Interventions. Applicationfor SNV -Netherlands Development Cooperation.Reader with Theoretical Background and ApplicationGuidelines. AIDEnvironment, Amsterdam.
Koblar J. (1998). Strategic Environmental ImpactAssessment of Major Transport Routes in Slovenia.Paper presented to Sofia Initiative EIA Workshop,Prague.
Lee N. & Walsh F. (1992). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment: An Overview. Project Appraisal, 7 (3),126-136.
Lee N. & Wood C. (1978): EIA - A EuropeanPerspective. Built Environment, 4 (2), 101-110.
Mwalyosi R and Hughes R (1997). The Performanceof EIA in Tanzania: An Assessment. EnvironmentalPlanning Issues No.14, IIED, London.
Naim P. (1997b). Thermal power generation policy: astrategic analysis. Lecture at the National Institute ofPublic Administration, Karachi. November 29, 1997.IUCN-NIPA. IUCN Pakistan Office, Karachi.
Partidario M.R. (1996). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment: Key Issues Emerging from RecentPractice. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,16, 31-55.
Project Appraisal (1992). Special issue on SEA.Project Appraisal, Vol.7, No.3, Sept 1992.
Sadler B. (1994). Environmental Assessment andDevelopment Policymaking. In Goodland R. andEdmundson V. (eds), Environmental Assessment andDevelopment, pp 3-19, The World Bank, WashingtonDC.
Sadler B. (1996). Environmental Assessment in aChanging World: Evaluating Practice to ImprovePerformance. International Study of the Effectivenessof Environmental Assessment, Final Report.Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency,Canada.
Netherlands (DGIS) to the OECD/DAC WorkingParty on Development Assistance and Environment,September 1997.
Council of the European Communities (1997).Proposal for a Council Directive on the Assessmentof the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes onthe Environment. 97/C 129/08. Official Journals ofthe European Communities C 129/14-18, Brussels.
CSIR (1996). Strategic Environmental Assessment: APrimer. Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
CSIR (1997a). A Protocol for StrategicEnvironmental Assessment in South Africa. DraftDiscussion Document, 21 August 1997. Council forScientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch,South Africa.
CSIR (1997b). Feasibility Study. StrategicEnvironmental Assessment for the Proposed EastLondon Industrial Development Zone. Draft 8August 1997, Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch, Division of Water, Environment andForestry Technology, Durban, South Africa.
Dalal-Clayton D.B. & Sadler B. (1995). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment. A Briefing Paper. IIED,London.
Dalal-Clayton D.B. & Sadler B. (1998, in press). TheApplication of Strategic Environemtnal Assessment inDeveloping Countries: Recent Experience and FutureProspects, including its Role in SustainableDevelopment Strategies. Environmental PlanningIssues No.18, IIED, London.
de Boer J.J. & Sadler B. (eds) (1996). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment 54: EnvironmentalAssessment of Policies: Briefing Papers on Experiencein Selected Countries. Ministry of Housing, SpatialPlanning and the Environment, The Netherlands, andthe International Study of Effectiveness ofEnvironmental Assessment.
IUCN Nepal (1995). EIA of the Bara ForestManagement Plan. World Conservation Union,Kathmandu, Nepal.
IUCN-ROSA (1996). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment of Deevelopment Around Victoria Falls.World Conservation Union, Regional Office forSouthern Africa (IUCN-ROSA) Harare, Zimbabwe.
Jacobs P. and Sadler B. (eds) (1989): SustainableDevelopment and Environmental Assessment:Perspectives on Planning for a Common Future.
42 Guidelines
Sadler B. (1998a). Recent Progress in StrategicEnvironmental Assessment. Environmental ProtectionBulletin, No.55, pp 1-10.
Sadler B (1998b). Institutional Requirements forStrategic Environmental Assessment. Paper toIntergovernmental Forum, organised by the Ministryfor the Environment, Christhcurch, New Zealand,April 25, 1998.
Sadler B. & Baxter M. (1997). Taking Stock of SEA.Environmental Assessment, Vol.5, Issue 3, pp 14-16,September 1997 (special issue on SEA).
Sadler B., Dusik J. & Casey S. (1998). “Overview ofExperience with SEA in Central and EasternEurope”, in Mikulic N. et.al. (eds) (1998). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment in Transitional Countries -Emerging Practices. Regional Environmental Centrefor Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest.
Sadler B. & Verheem R. (1996). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment: Status, Challenges andFuture Directions. Ministry of Housing, SpatialPlanning and the Environment, The Netherlands, andthe International Study of Effectiveness ofEnvironmental Assessment.
Spenceley A. (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment of Tourism at Hwange National Park,Zimbabwe, Incorporating Photographic SafariTourism and Cultural Tourism. MSc Thesis. Centrefor Environmental Technology, Imperial College ofScience, Technology and Medicine, University ofLondon.
TANAPA (1993). Kilimanjaro National Park:General Management Plan. Planning Unit, TanzaniaNational Parks, Arusha, Tanzania
Therivel R. (1993). Systems of StrategicEnvironmental Assessment, Environmental ImpactAssessment, Vol.13, No.3, pp 145-168.
Therivel R. (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment in Central Europe. Project Appraisal, 12(3), 151-160.
Therivel R. & Partidario M.R. (1996). The Practiceof Strategic Environmental Assessment. Earthscan,London
Therivel R., Wilson E., Thompson S., Heaney D. andPritchard D. (1992). Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment. Earthscan, London.
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Tonk R.A.M.N. & Verheem R.A.A. (1998).Integrating the Environment in Strategic Decision-making: One Concept, Multiple Forms. Paperpresented at the annual meeting of the InternationalAssociation for Impact Assessment (IAIA’98), 19-26April 1998, Christchurch, New Zealand.
UK Department of the Environment (1991). PolicyAppraisal and the Environment. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London.
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Wathern P. (ed) (1988). Environmental ImpactAssessment: Theory and Practice. Unwin Hyman,London.
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Wood C. and Djeddour M. (1992). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment: EA of Policies, Plans andProgrammes. Impact Assessment Bulletin, 10,3-22.
World Bank (1993). Sectoral EnvironmentalAssessment. Environmental Assessment SourcebookUpdate. Environment Department, October 1993.
World Bank (1996). The Impact of EnvironmentalAssessment: Second Environmental AssessmentReview. Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C.
2The GuidelinesMatrixRegional and NationalAgencySectoral - Miscellaneous
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COUNTRIES
AFRICA
Regional 165 166 54 165 165 165 53/165 53/4 165 165 165
Egypt 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56
Gambia 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Ghana 57/8
Kenya 58
Malawi 59 59
Mozambique 61
Niger 61
Nigeria 62
Seychelles 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61
South Africa 63 64 63 64 64 64 65 64
Tanzania 66
Zimbabwe 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
ASIA / PACIFIC / MIDDLE EAST
Regional 69 70 71 61 70 70 69 71 70
Bangladesh 71 71 72
China 73
Matrix of Sectoral Guidelines by Country and Agency (page numbers given in boxes)
Hong Kong 74 74 74 74 74 74
India 77 75 76 76/7 75/7 76 76/7 75/7 75
Indonesia 79 80 80 79/80 80
Kuwait 82 82
Malaysia 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84
Nepal 85 86 86 86 86 85
Oman 87 87
Pakistan 88 88 89 89 88 88/9 88 89
Philippines 90
Singapore 91
Sri Lanka 92 92
Thailand 94 94 94 94 94 94 94
Vanuatu 95 95 95
Vietnam 96 96
Yemen 97
AUSTRALASIA
Australia 98
New Zealand 101 100 101
CARIBBEAN / WEST INDIES
Regional 102 102 102 102
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Regional 199 104 199 199 199 200 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
Austria 105
Belgium 106 106 106 107 106 106 106 106 106
Bulgaria
Czech Republic 108
Denmark 109
Finland 110 110 110 110 110
France 111 111 111 111 112 111/2 111
Germany 113-5 113 113/4
Greece 115
Ireland 116 116
Italy 117 117 117 117
Malta 118
Netherlands 120 119 119/20
Portugal 121 121 121 121 121 121 121
Russian Federation 122 121
Slovak Republic 123 123 123 123 123 123 122/3 123
Spain 124 124 124 124 124 124
Sweden 125 125 125/6
Switzerland 127 127 126 127 126 127
United Kingdom 131-3 130 130 132 130 128-33 131/2 131 132
LATIN AMERICA
Regional 134 134/5 135 135
Argentina 135 135 135 135/6 135 135
Belize 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 138
Bolivia 138 138 138 138 138 138 138
Brazil 139 139
Chile 140 140 140 140 140 140 140-2 140 140
Colombia 141-3 141/2
Costa Rica 143/4 144 144 144 143 143 143 144
Ecuador 144
Mexico 145 145
Paraguay 146 147 146 146
Peru 147/8 148 148 149 148 149
Venezuela 149 149
NORTH AMERICA
Regional 151 151
Canada 151 152 154 153/4 153 154 153 152 153
United States of America 159 155/7 157/8 156 158 159 160 155 155/7
POLAR REGIONS
Arctic 162 161
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B A N K S
AFDB 165 166 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
ASDB 166/7 168/9 168 169 167 167/8 168/9 166
EBRD 170 170 170 170 170 170
I-ADB 171
WB 175 173/4 171/3 175 175 175 175 171/3 171 176 174/5 174/6 171
BILATERAL DONOR AGENCIES
AusAid 177
[Austria] 177 177
BMZ / GTZ / KfW 181 181 181 180 181 181
CIDA 178/9 177 178
DANIDA 180 180
FINNIDA 180 180 180 180 180 180 183 182/3 180
JICA 183 183 183 183 182 183 183 183 182/3
NEDA/SNV 184 185
NORAD 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185
SDC 186
UK DFID 186 186
USAID 187 187 187
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES
UNDP 188
UNDTCD 188
UNESCAP 189 190 189 189 190 189 189
UNECE 191 190 190/1 190 190
UNEP 193 193 193
UNFAO 194 193 193/4 194 194 193
UNHCR 195 195 194
UNIDO 195 195
UNIFAD 196 196 196 196 196 196 196
WHO 197 196/7
IGO’S
CDC 199
CS 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
EC 199 199 199 199 200 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
GESAMP 201
IAEA 202 202
ITTO 202
OECD 203 203 203
OAS 203 203 203
OECS
OECF 204 204 204 204/5 204
SPREP 204 204
IUCN 206 206 206 206
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ineKEY TO ACRONYMS USED IN THE MATRIX
Banks Multilateral Development Banks
AFDB African Development BankASDB Asian Development BankEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentI-ADB Inter-American Development BankWB World Bank
Donors Bilateral Donor Agencies
AusAid Australian Agency for International Development[Austria] Austrian Ministry for Foreign AffairsCIDA Canadian International Development AgencyDANIDA Danish International Development AgencyFINNIDA Finnish International Development AgencyBMZ/GTZ/ German Federal Ministry for Economic Development/GermanKfW Foundation for International Development/German Credit
Institute for ReconstructionJICA Japanese International Cooperation AgencyNEDA /SNV Netherlands Development Assistance/Netherlands Development
OrganisationNORAD Norwegian Agency for International DevelopmentSDC Swiss Development CorporationUK DFID UK Department for International DevelopmentUSAID United States Agency for International Development
UN United Nations Agencies
UNDTCD United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation forDevlopment
UNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCAP United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia and
the PacificUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural OrganisationUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture OrganisationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganisationUNHCR United Nations High Commission for RefugeesUNIFAD United Nations International Fund for Agricultural
DevelopmentWHO World Health Organisation
IGOs Inter-Governmental Organisations
CDC Commonwealth Development CorporationCS Commonwealth SecretariatEC European CommunityGESAMP (Joint) Group of Experts on The Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental ProtectionIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyITTO International Tropical Timber OrganisationOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOAS Organisation of American StatesOECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean StatesOECF Overseas Economic Cooperation FundSPREP South Pacific Regional Environment ProgrammeIUCN World Conservation Union
RegionalandNationalGuidelines
REGIONAL ANDNATIONAL GUIDELINES
52 The Guidelines
53The Guidelines
Africa RegionalAfrican Development Bank (AFDB) (1995).Environmental Sectoral Policy Guidelines for theIndustrial Sector. African Development Bank,Abidjan. (30 p., 6 appendices)
This report contains environmental sectoral policy(ESP) guidelines for the industrial sector which areintended as a working tool for Bank staff, officials inRegional Member Countries (RMCs) and managers ofindustry projects financed by the Bank Group. Theguidelines are based on the Bank’s EnvironmentalPolicy paper of 1990 and its Environmental AssessmentGuidelines (ADB 1992). These ESP guidelines presentgeneral principles for integrating environmentalconcerns into industry projects and introduce tools forobtaining environmental information from this sector.They are complemented by separate sectoral guidelinescovering coastal and marine resources, cropproduction, energy, fisheries, forestry and watershedmanagement, irrigation, mining, education andinvoluntary displacement and resettlement.
The environmental situation in RMCs is reviewed andthe main environmental issues encountered in industryprojects are presented. Principles of responsibleenvironmental management are restated with specialemphasis on environmental management systems(EMS). A number of methods and measures forimproving environmental performance of industryprojects and mitigative measures are discussed: cleanerproduction, principles for pollution control, monitoringand data collection, and clean-up of contaminated sites.The EA procedure of the Bank is reviewed and two newtools are introduced for improving environmentalinformation needed for categorization and ensuring anenvironmentally acceptable project design: InitialEnvironmental Examination Checklist (IEEC), andenvironmental audit methodology. There are sixappendices for industry projects covering:environmental guideline values; IEEC; environmentalaudit protocol; model for an EMS; suggested terms ofreference and a suggested report format for anenvironmental audit.
(see Agencies, African Development Bank, for all(see Agencies, African Development Bank, for all(see Agencies, African Development Bank, for all(see Agencies, African Development Bank, for all(see Agencies, African Development Bank, for allreferences to sectoral guidelines).references to sectoral guidelines).references to sectoral guidelines).references to sectoral guidelines).references to sectoral guidelines).Contact: African Development Bank, BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Cote d’Ivoire.
Baskind, P., Holland, J., McKenzie, C. & Weilbach,D.J. (1994). Environmental Analysis:Requirements and Monitoring Procedures:Internal Operating Guideline Paper No.1.Environmental Policy Programme, DevelopmentBank of Southern Africa, South Africa. (15 p.)
This document sets out the environmental analysisrequirements of the Development Bank of SouthernAfrica (DBSA). It is intended to serve as a guide to theBank’s project staff and to provide information toBank borrowers. It illustrates the extent and depth ofanalysis required at each stage of the project cycle andother necessary compliance mechanisms. DBSA’sprocedures are compatible with the South AfricanDepartment of Environmental Affairs’ IntegratedEnvironment Management Guidelines, and also aim tobe compatible with internationally accepted procedures– in particular those of the World Bank and AsianDevelopment Bank.
The guidelines are in two sections covering: principlesof environmental analysis; and environmental analysisand the project cycle, supported by flow diagrams.Appendices provide a categorisation of projects basedon potential environmental impact, a list of designatedand demarcated areas as a guide to projects requiringsensitive analysis, suggested contents for an initialenvironmental examination report and for anenvironmental assessment report, and a list of projectsfor which initial environmental matrices have beenprepared.Contact: Corporate Affairs Division, Development Bank of SouthernAfrica, PO Box 1234, Halfway House 1685, South Africa.
Knausenberger, W.I. & Booth, G.A. & Bingham,C.S. & Gaudet, J.J. (Eds) (1996). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa:Environmentally Sound Design for Planningand Implementing Humanitarian andDevelopment Activities. Technical PaperNo.18, SD Publication Series. Productive SectorGrowth and Environment Division, Office ofSustainable Development, Bureau for Africa,United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), Washington D.C. (xiii, 126 p.,appendices)
A F R I C AAfrica
54 The Guidelines
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The purpose of these guidelines is to promoteenvironmentally sound development activities thatbuild on the principles of sustainable natural resourcemanagement. They represent a key element in theenvironmental management capacity-building strategyof USAID’s Bureau for Africa, and are intended for useby private voluntary organisations (PVOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and otherrecipients of USAID grants as a tool for activity design,implementation and monitoring. The document is afollow-up to a limited set of provisional guidelinesreleased in 1992. It synthesises materials produced bynumerous organisations and individuals, especiallyover the last 10 years. They have been tested in draftform and used by NGOs in the field and in trainingcourses and workshops.
Guidelines are presented for 18 diverse but interrelatedsectors. Individual sectors covered include: agriculture(soil and water resources, including irrigation); timberharvesting and production; livestock and rangemanagement; fisheries management; ecotourism; small-scale rural enterprises; small industry; rural roads andenergy. Multisectoral guidelines are provided for:agroforestry; integrated conservation and developmentprojects; agricultural pest management; water supplyand sanitation; construction; waste management;environmental mitigation during refugee relief;resettlement activities and the environment; and foodaid, humanitarian relief, and the environment. For eachsector, key questions and suggested actions areincluded.
The document also outlines the principles of EIA andUSAID’s environmental review procedures, anddescribes the USAID African Bureau’s ActivityCategorization process for NGO/PVO grants andsubgrants.
Two appendices provide guidelines for safe pesticideuse and integrated pest management. Anotherappendix describes the classification of projectactivities during activity planning and initialenvironmental assessment. An EnvironmentalScreening and Reporting Form (ESF) is included whichis intended to allow the streamlined review of proposedactivities in a way that is consistent with USAIDpolicies and procedures. Other appendices set outpertinent USAID environmental procedures andstrategies and regulatory documents, and a useful listof key contacts and reviewers is included. Finally, a listof useful general references and others specific to thesectors covered is also provided.Contact: United States Agency for International Development (USAID),320 21st Street NW, Washington DC 20523, USA.
World Bank (1991). Local Participation inEnvironmental Assessments of Projects.Environmental Assessment Working Paper; 2.Environment Division, Africa Region, World Bank,Washington, D.C. (11 p.)
The World Bank’s Environmental AssessmentOperational Directive (OD 4.00) calls for theinvolvement of affected groups and NGOs in projectdesign and implementation, and particularly in thepreparation of EA reports. It is recognised, however,that conditions for effective local participation varysignificantly between regions of the developing world,between countries within a region, and even betweendifferent parts of the same country. These guidelinesare thus intended to promote the most effective localparticipation possible in the context of the Africaregion.
The guidelines were prepared to assist regional staff,consultants, and borrower staff in planning for localparticipation in project environmental assessments.They are intended to complement the instructionsgiven in Operational Directive 4.00, Annex A, and themore extensive guidance provided in Chapter 7 of theBank’s Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (WorldBank 1991). A short checklist for Task Managersfollows the guidelines, a more detailed version of whichmay be found in Chapter 7 of the Sourcebook.Contact: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433, USA.
AngolaArticle 34 of the Fundamental Law of the Environmentof the Republic of Angola provides the basis formandatory EIA and outlines the information thatshould be included in an EIA. The State of theEnvironment Secretariat is responsible at thegovernment level for EIA. The actual process is carriedout by a branch of central or local government or apublic or private body, as defined in the Law. Plannedchanges to improve the application of the legislationinclude the training of national officials and the settingup of regional EIA centres.
BeninThe Benin Environment Agency (Agence Beninoisepour l’Environnement – ABE) became operational in1995 under the Ministere de l’ Environnement del’Habitat et de l’Urbanisme – MEHU). Developmentproject proponents must apply for a licence from therelevant sectoral ministry which contacts the ABE toinitiate the screening process and establish the need forfurther assessment. The proponent carries out the EIAand review is the responsibility of the ABE and the
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licensing authority. The ABE is also the leading agencyfor the development of legislation and guidelines.Contact: Department Systemes d’Information et de SuiviEnvironnement, Agence Beninoise pour l’Environment, 03 BP 4387Cotonou, Benin
BotswanaAt present, EIA is a voluntary process and there are nostandard procedures within Botswana. It is limitedmainly to private developments carried out on a sectoralbasis by donor organisations. The Botswana NationalConservation Strategy, 1990, contains a mandate todevelop an EIA system under the framework of theenvisaged National Conservation Act. A reviewundertaken in 1995 for the NCS Agency by IUCNidentified 23 laws which contained some provisionsresembling EIA, each the responsibility of relevantministries. The NCS Co-ordination Agency isdeveloping draft EIA legislation to be included in theplanned National Conservation Act. This will probablydesignate responsibility for the EIA process to the NCSAgency and will clarify the roles played by the variousparties at each stage of the process.Contact: National Conservation Strategy Coordinating Agency, PrivateBag 0068, Gaborone, Botswana
Burkina FasoThe Code de l’Environment of March 1997 is the mostrecent and strongest environmental legislation (the firstEIA system being introduced by the 1994 Code).Proponents must file a Notice d’Impact surl’Environnement (NIE) or initiate a full EIA. The Codeprovided for the establishment of the Bureau ofEnvironmental Impact Studies which is responsible foran assembly of experts to assess certain actions. TheNational Environment Action Plan 1994 (Plan d’ActionNational sur Environnement) prescribes that theMinistry for Environment and Water (Ministere del’Environnement de l’Eau-MEE) is notified of proposedactivities by the responsible authority. The MEE reviewsEIA studies and makes recommendations to theadministrative authority during decision-making. Asyet, the MEE has not formulated any specific EIAregulations. Both public and private projects are subjectto EIA (using screening lists) with governmentproposals being handled by the Bureau of EnvironmentImpact Studies within the MEE. Public participation isprovided by Article 13 of the Code and has taken placeat all stages in the process in practice. Due to thenumber of projects which are donor-led, the proceduresare flexible to meet both national and internationalneeds.Contact: Direction Generale de la Preservation de l’Environnement,Ministere de l’Environnement et de l’Eau, 01 BP 70944 Ouagadougou01, Burkina Faso
BurundiCurrently, EIAs are carried out only for donor-financed projects. A draft Law on the Protection of theEnvironment has been prepared which includesprovisions for EIA. The proponent will be required tosubmit an outline of the project and its possibleimpacts to the National Institute for the Environmentand Nature Conservation (INECN), which will make adecision on whether an EIA is required. If a decision isnot made within one month, it is presumed that EIA isnot required. On completion of the EIA, INECN willgive a considered opinion to the government ministryresponsible for authorising the project.
CameroonArticle 16 of Law No. 94/001, 1996, requires EIA forall projects that can “bring disturbances to forestry,wildlife and the aquatic environment”. In addition,Article 17 of Master Law No. 96-12, 1996, prescribesEIA for all projects that may cause environmentaldegradation. However, there is no effective applicationof the legislation as yet. The Secretary of theEnvironment (Ministry of the Environment andForestry) has the mandate to elaborate the procedures,guidelines and standards to implement the laws relatedto EIA.Contact: Cameroon Association for Environmental Impact Assessment,BP 2431 Messa-Yaounde, Cameroon
Cape VerdeThe National Environment Policy (Order No. 86/IV/93) is the legislative framework for EIA. Theprovisions are implemented at the State, regional andlocal, although the State holds the ultimateresponsibility for the policy development andapplication.
ComorosCurrently, EIAs are carried out only for donor-financed projects, within the framework of thecountry’s Environmental Action Plan. The authorisingbody responsible for the project forwards arecommendation to the Directorate General for theEnvironment (DGE) based upon the impactassessment. The DGE publishes a notice informing thepublic that the assessment report is available forviewing and comment.
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EgyptFormal EIA regulations have existed since February1995 when the Law on the Environment (No 4/1994) and its Executive Statutes came into force.These Statutes include a list-based screeningprocedure with black (full EIA required), grey (a“scoped” EIA focusing on specific aspects of theproject and environment) and white (excluded fromEIA if they are unlikely to have a significant impact)lists. An “Initial Environmental Notification” mustbe submitted before screening. Terms of reference forblack and grey projects are issued by sectoralministries and the Egyptian Environmental AffairsAgency (EEAA). The EEAA also reviews andevaluates the documents and then forwards itsrecommendation to the competent administrativeauthority. It is not envisaged that the system will beapplied to policies, plans and programmes. TheStatutes also give provision for monitoring. Sectoralguidelines have been developed for ten sectors andhave been used since October 1996 to elaborate theEIA system. National guidelines for EIA supplydetails about the framework. The EnvironmentalManagement Sector within the EEAA deals with EIAin more detail at the review stage and through theproduction of guidelines. Each sectoral ministry has aco-ordinating body with executive power. Theproponent has the responsibility to write the EIS withlicensed experts.
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)Guidelines for Egyptian Environmental ImpactAssessment. Egyptian Environmental AffairsAgency, Cairo. (111 p.)
This document provides information on the legislativeframework in Egypt governing EIA, the circumstancesin which an EIA is required, and the formalprocedures. The review system is described withprojects screened into three lists: white (minor impact),grey (possible substantial impact), and black (completeEIA automatically required). Potential project types ordevelopment initiatives (termed establishments) arelisted for each of these lists, categorised undercompetent administrative authorities, and screeningcriteria are indicated, e.g. activity, quantity ofproduction, project size. Official procedures andrequired documents are listed. Details of the appealsystem are outlined. Annex 1 gives sectoral guidelinesfor ‘establishments’ that require a full EIA, eachdescribing the issues to be addressed. The followingsectors are covered: electricity and energy; intercityroads and highways; port and harbour facilities; roadsand highways in cities; agricultural land reclamation;irrigation and drainage; industrial establishments;offshore oil and gas; wastewater collection, treatment,reuse and disposal systems; and tourism and urban
development. Annex 2 provides abstracts oflegislation and executive regulations relating to EIA.Contact: Environmental Management Sector, Egyptian EnvironmentalAffairs Agency, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt.
Egyptian General Petroleum Company (EPGC)(1997). General Guidelines for FullEnvironmental Impact Assessment. EgyptianGeneral Petroleum Company, Cairo. (11 p.)
The EGPC is the licensing authority for the oil and gassector. However, the Guidelines for EgyptianEnvironmental Impact Assessment (1997) also applyto this sector, and in accordance with these guidelinesthe assessment is also subject to review and approvalby the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. Bothsets of guidelines are very similar.
These guidelines are concerned with the full EIAprocess for activities related to the exploration andproduction of onshore and offshore oil and gasresources, and are applied by the oil and gas industryin Egypt. They list the information required to beprovided for project approval, including: descriptionsof the proposed establishment, the environment, andlegislative and regulatory considerations; identificationof potential impacts; description of alternatives to theproposed project; and mitigation management andmonitoring plans. An outline of the contents of an EIAreport is provided. A list of the EGPC’s EIAconsultants is included.Contact: Egyptian General Petroleum Company, PO Box 1457,Palestine Street, 4th Sector New Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
EritreaWe understand that the Department of Environment,Ministry of Land, Water and Environment,Government of Eritrea is currently in the process offormulating procedures and guidelines for EIA. Theseare being drawn-up to complement forthcomingenvironmental legislation.
Contact: Department of Environment, Ministry of Land, Water andEnvironment, P.O. Box 976, Asmara, Eritrea.
EthiopiaPhase II of the National Conservation Strategy (1990)proposed a policy and an institutional framework forthe implementation of proposals for the conservationof natural resources and the environment. TheMinistry of Natural Resources Development andEnvironmental Protection co-ordinates implementationof this strategy. The Environmental Protection Policy,adopted in 1997, led to the establishment of theNational Environmental Protection Authority (NEPA)
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in 1992. However there is still no formal EIAprocedure and ad-hoc assessments are usually at therequest of the funding agency. NEPA currently ispreparing EIA guidelines which are expected to beavailable in mid 1998.
The GambiaEIA became a statutory requirement for certain publicand private projects with the enactment of the NationalEnvironmental Management Act 1988. Preparation ofRegulations to support the EIA provisions of the Act(Part V) commenced in 1995 when the first draftguidelines were developed. Since then, draft procedureshave been produced and the applicability of the fourth(current) draft was tested in 1997 on a proposal to re-channel a stream. In addition, EIA guidelines for sevensectors have been drafted. Following further testing inSeptember 1998, it is intended to develop the draftprocedures and guidelines into EIA Regulations. TheAct and procedures provide for public consultationsand participation during the scoping, study and reviewstages. An EIA Working Group advises the NationalEnvironmental Agency on EIA.
Government of The Gambia (1966).Environmental Impact Assessment:Procedures. Fourth Draft. National EnvironmentAgency, Banjul. (vi, 24pp, 5 annexes, 3appendices)
This draft document provides a detailed outline of theprocedures for conducting EIA in The Gambia, and isbased on relevant EIA sections in the NationalEnvironmental Management Act (NEMA) 1994. Itrepresents the EIA policy in the country but is notlegally binding per se. There are four chapters:introduction; brief overview of the process andinstitutional framework; step-by-step procedures(screening, formal EIA, conducting an environmentalimpact study, review of draft EIS, environmentalclearance, and auditing compliance); and disputes,appeals and penalties. There are five annexes includingschedules of the NEMA on projects to be consideredfor EIA and issues to be taken into account.Appendices provide a sample screening form,classification criteria and a sample NationalEnvironment Agency checklist, and EIA guidelines.
Government of The Gambia (1996).Environmental Impact Assessment: PrioritySectoral Guidelines. Fourth Draft. NationalEnvironment Agency, Banjul. (iii, 50 p.)
This document provides draft sectoral guidelines whichserve as a framework for consideration during thescoping phase of the EIA process. They cover seven
sectors: manufacturing and processing industries,mining and on-site mineral processing, roadinfrastructure, solid waste disposal, large agriculturalprojects, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourismdevelopment projects. For each sector, the guidelineshave an identical content covering: description of theproject, description of the site and its environment,identification and description of impacts, significanceof impacts, mitigation measures, and monitoring andevaluation.Contact: National Environment Agency, 5 Fitzgerald Street, PMB 48,Banjul, The Gambia.
GhanaThe 1985 Ghanaian Investment Code was the firstpolicy instrument to refer to EIA. The EnvironmentalProtection Council introduced the EIA process forindustrial developments. A GovernmentAdministrative Directive made EIA a legal requirementin 1989, and the National Environmental Action Planwas approved in 1991. Under the EnvironmentalProtection Act, 1994, the Environmental ProtectionCouncil was restructured to form the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA). However, there is no separatelaw for EIA. The EPA exists as district, municipal andmetropolitan assemblies and is responsible forimplementing the EIA process. The latter requires a“Preliminary Environmental Review” (PER) for allprojects with potential environmental impacts. Thismay be followed by a full EIS if required. Theproponent must register the project and carry out theEIA study. Provision is made for public participation atscoping, during the preparation of the EnvironmentalImpact Statement and during the review stages. Reviewis carried out by the EPA and an expert committee. An“Environmental Permit” may be granted by the EPA ifthe EIS is approved. Currently, there are EIA guidelinesfor the mining industry with other sectoral guidance inpreparation.
Ghana Minerals Commission & EnvironmentalProtection Council (1995). Ghana’s Mining andEnvironmental Guidelines. Prepared by theMinerals Commission, Environmental ProtectionCouncil, Accra. (36 p.)
These guidelines were prepared following consultationsbetween government agencies, mining companies,NGOs, universities, research institutions and thepublic. The document is presented in three parts:general guidelines for exploration, mining, mineralprocessing and de-commissioning; detailed guidelinesfor the preparation of an EIA for a new mining project;and detailed guidelines for the preparation of anEnvironmental Action Plan for existing mines. Theguidelines address mineral exploration by requiring
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liaison, controlling access and activities and specifyingabandonment procedures.
Environmental Protection Council (1995).Environmental Impact Assessment:Procedures. Environmental Protection Council,Accra. (v, 13 p., 13 appendices)
Following an introduction on the need forenvironmental management, the EIA process in Ghanais described. Section 3 sets out the EIA procedures(registration, screening, scoping, scoping report/termsof reference, environmental impact statementpreparation, EIS review, public hearing, environmentalpermitting decisions, environmental impact statement,preliminary environmental report, validity ofprovisional environmental permit, and environmentalpermit). Other sections deal with fees, environmentalmanagement plans and annual environmental reports,penalties, determination of an application, appeal,Technical Review Committee and public notices. Thereare 13 appendices.
Environmental Protection Agency (1996).Environmental Assessment in Ghana: A Guide.Environmental Protection Agency, Accra. (vii, 51p., 8 appendices)
This guide was prepared to assist the headquarters andregional offices of the Environmental ProtectionAgency in administering EIA procedures. It providesthe context of EIA within the broader fields ofenvironmental planning and environmentalmanagement. There are 11 chapters: introduction, EIAprocedures and project registration, screening, scopingand consultation, the management of EIA, EIS review,monitoring, environmental audit, environmentalmanagement plans, environmental reports, andenvironmental management systems. In addition, thereare 8 appendices on: EIA procedures for projectregistration and EIA; new undertakings requiringregistration; environmentally critical projects (EIAmandatory); ecosystems of particular importance orsensitivity; degradation processes and otherenvironmental issues; participatory learning and actiontechniques; definitions; and an EPA publications list.The document is well supported by tables, boxes andfigures.Contact: Environmental Protection Agency, PO Box M326, MinistriesPost Office, Accra, Ghana.
KenyaThe Kenyan Government made a commitment tointroducing EIA procedures in the 1988-93Development Plan and the National EnvironmentAction Plan, 1993, also contained an objective to
develop an EIA system. The National EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Programme was set up in 1994and draft guidelines and procedures were produced,although no legal basis for EIA yet exists. EIAguidelines are currently under preparation. The EIASub-committee of the Inter-ministerial Committee onEnvironment, constituted under the Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources, has overallresponsibility for the EIA system in Kenya. Theprogramme recommends public participation,especially at the review and approval stages. Draftlegislation (the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Bill) proposes to set up an EnvironmentalProtection Agency to develop and monitor proceduresat national and district level. District DevelopmentCommittees will assume responsibility for managingEIA studies for district-level proposals and theInvestment Promotion Centre will manage studies fornational projects. The Provincial level uses districtprocedures to direct the EIA studies at this level.
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources(1994). Kenya National Environmental ActionPlan: Chapter 11 Legal Instruments, Land Use,EIA and Institutional Framework. NEAPSecretariat, Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources, Nairobi. (203 p.)
This report addresses the considerable impact thatrapid changes have had on Kenya’s environment andnatural resource base, and details the country’scommitment to integrate environmental considerationsinto development programmes. The first part of theplan deals with environmental policy objectives andmajor strategies for their realisation, whilst the secondpart focuses on sectoral issues. Chapter 11 includesinformation on the current status of and institutionalframework for EIA. Annex 2 sets out proposed EIAprocedures for projects respectively at district,provincial and national levels, covering such issues asproposal concept, classification, screening, proposaldevelopment, EIA terms of reference, impactassessment, EIA, review, record of decision, conditionsof approval, implementation, monitoring, andauditing.Contact: NEAP Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources, Uniafric House, PO Box 30126, Nairobi, Kenya.
Muhia, C.D.K (1997). Guidelines onEnvironmental Impact Assessments ofIntegrated Community Project Activities.Kenya Energy and Environment Organisations(KENGO), The British Council, Nairobi. (xiv, 51p.)ISBN 9966-841-24-6
These guidelines have been developed “from intensiveparticipatory social laboratory case studies andexperiences, continuous action learning processes andenvironmental impact literature review”. In the
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introduction, the concept of an integrated communitydevelopment project (ICDP) in Kenya is equated withagroforestry projects and their characteristics aredescribed. The aims and objectives of EIA are discussedtogether with factors to be considered during an EIAof such projects. The eco-cultural approach (UHAImodel) is put forward as an approach for EIA, and itsprinciples are listed. The characteristics of ICDPs andalso outlined. An impact identification checklist isprovided for agroforestry projects and related issue arelisted. An example of EIA analysis is given for a socio-economic impact study of a wood-burninginstitutional stove at a girls school. Other sectionsdiscuss sampling procedures, the importance of EIA,and EIA success indicators.Contact: Kenya Energy and Environment Organisations (KENGO),Nairobi, Kenya.
LesothoThe Lesotho National Environmental Action Plan,1989, was one of the first such NEAPs to be completedin Africa with World Bank support. It recommendedthat EIA should be applied but provided nomechanism to do so. Most recent EIAs in Lesotho havebeen undertaken in connection with the LesothoHighlands Water Project, but have influenced decision-making only to a limited extent. A draft EnvironmentalPolicy and Protection Order, 1992, led to theintroduction of a pollution control framework. TheNational Environment Secretariat, established in 1994,will play the main role in implementing a future EIAsystem with statutory status. EIA legislation is beingproposed which aims to provide for publicparticipation, monitoring and auditing, and regionalco-operation frameworks within the EIA process.
Government of Lesotho Environmental ImpactAssessments: Guidelines for Developers.Draft. Department of Lands, Surveys and PhysicalPlanning, Maseru. (7 p.)
This draft introduces EIA, describes when it may berequired, discusses the respective roles of theDepartment of Lands, Surveys and Physical Planningand the National Environmental Secretariat (NES), setsout what is required of developers, and considers theuse of consultants, publicity and costs. The NES is stilldeveloping the guidelines, which should be finalised bythe end of 1998.Contact: Department of Lands, Surveys and Physical Planning, PO Box876, Maseru 100, Lesotho.
LiberiaLiberia is presently experiencing massive environmentaldegradation pollution problems, contamination ofland by toxic waste and deforestation. There is no EIAsystem.
MadagascarGovernment of Madagascar Mise enCompatibilite‚ des Investissements avecl’Environnement (To Make Investments andEnvironment Compatible). Centre d’Informationet de Documentation Scientifique et Technique,Antananarivor. (9 p.)
Government of Madagascar (1995). Decrêt No.95-377, 23/05/1995. Rélatif à la Mise enCompatibilité‚ des Investissements avecl’Environnement. (Decree No. 95-277. To MakeInvestments and Environment Compatible).Office National de l’Environnement, Antananarivo.(28 p.)Contact: Centre d’Information et de Documentation Scientifique etTechnique. Rue Fernand Kasanga, B.P. 6224, Andoharano,Tsimbazaza, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar.
MalawiThe Malawi National Environmental Action Plan,1994, addresses EIA and its principles as well assuggesting strategies for carrying out EIA. This wascomplemented by the 1996 National EnvironmentalPolicy. The Environmental Management Act, 1996,Section 24 (1), makes EIA mandatory. The Director ofEnvironment Affairs (DEA) in the Ministry ofResearch and Environmental Affairs is the responsibleauthority for the EIA process. Proponents must carryout EIA studies. The 1996 Act requires that a projectbrief be submitted to the DEA for screening. The DEAmay require further study and the proponent is thenrequired to submit a full EIA report. Review of the fullEIA report is carried out by the Technical Committeefor the Environment and the DEA. There are no otherguidelines to integrate EIA with planning and otherapprovals. Public projects are administered byMinistry of Economic Planning and Development.
Government of Malawi (1997). AdministrativeGuidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment. Environmental Affairs Department,Ministry of Research and Environmental Affairs,Lilongwe. (vii, 33 p., appendices, annex)
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The stated purpose of these guidelines is ”to facilitatecompliance with Malawi’s EIA requirements bygovernment, project developers and the generalpublic”. An introduction (Chapter 1) defines anddescribes the objectives of EIA and the prerequisitesand statutory basis of EIA in Malawi, and indicateshow EIA is integrated into general project planningprocesses. In Chapter 2, the EIA process, roles andresponsibilities in Malawi are discussed, with sectionson the EIA report, coordination among institutions,managing compliance with EIA results, follow-up tothe EIA process, and public consultation and access toinformation. An outline of the relationship of EIA toother project planning and approval processes in thecountry, for both public- and private-sector projects, isprovided in Chapter 3. Appendices give supportiveinformation on a number of topics: EIA provisions ofthe Environmental Management Act; list of prescribedprojects (note that a separate and expanded list isavailable, dated May 1997); preparing EIAsubmissions; project screening criteria; scoping andpreparing EIA terms of reference; model EIA terms ofreference; consulting the public; and evaluating theadequacy of an EIA report. A list of sectoral legislationwith environmental and natural resources provisions isincluded as an annex. The document is supported byfigures and contains a useful list of acronyms, and aglossary of terms.Contact: Environmental Affairs Department, Ministry of Research andEnvironmental Affairs, PO Box 30745, Lilongwe 3, Malawi.
MaliThere is no legal framework for EIA in Mali. Butthere are regulations and guidelines for riskassessment in respect of chemical and industrialactivities. The Ministry of Mining and Geology andMinistry of Rural Development has some practicalexperience of EIA. The “Draft NationalEnvironmental Action Plan” and the “NationalProgramme to Combat Desertification” includeparagraphs recommending EIA procedures andregulations. The Ministry of the Environment hasonly recently been institutedContact: Secretaire Permanent, PNAE/CID, Rue 146, Quartier deFleuve, BP 2357 Bamako, Mali
MauritiusPart 4 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1991,requires project proponents to submit an EIA whichis open to public review. Screening is carried outusing lists. Activities with less significant impactsmay require a mini-EIA. The proponent must applyfor an “EIA licence” by submitting the EIA documentfor review by the Department of the Environment.There is also provision for inter-ministerial and
public review. The Department of the Environmentmay attach mitigation and monitoring conditions tothe EIA licence.Contact: Ministry of Environment and Quality of Life, Ken Lee Tower,Barracks Street, Port Louis, Mauritius
MoroccoFormal EIA procedures were introduced under theEnvironmental Protection Act, 1996. The NationalCommittee on EIA (Comite National des Etudesd’Impact sur l’Environnement- CNEIE) was formedto support the development of EIA legislation andregulations. The Committee is composed ofrepresentatives from several sectoral ministries. Itprovides advise to the Environment Authority on theapproval/refusal of proposals. The EnvironmentAuthority reviews EISs and recommends decisions tothe sectoral body responsible for licensing particularprojects. An EIA Unit (“Service des Etudes Generaleset d’Impact”) was created in 1995 under the Ministryof the Environment. The 1996 Act uses inclusion/exemption lists for screening. Projects not listed mustpresent a preliminary assessment. Draft sectoralguidelines have been produced. The EIA process isinitiated by the funding agency or local/regionalauthorities. Sectoral ministries also review EIAreports. We understand that Directives for EIA arecurrently being prepared, but at the time of writing itis unclear when these will be finalised andimplemented.Contact: Royaume du Maroc, Secretariat d’Etat Charge del’Environnement, Direction de l’Observation, des Etude et de laCoordination, 75 Rue de Sebou, Rabat, Agdal, Morocco
MozambiqueThe Mozambique Investment Law 1993 (No. 3/93article 26) requires EIA for major projects. TheCentre for Promotion of Investments is a keyinstitution in developing EIA and the EnvironmentalManagement Programme, 1988, is the guiding policyfor its application. EIA is mandatory for all activitiescausing significant impacts. This applies to projectsand plans, programmes and policies. The competentauthority for EIA is the Environmental ImpactAssessment Department in the Ministry of Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA). Thisdepartment has authority to request that an EIA becarried out, guides the process, and organises publicparticipation and reviews of EIA reports. Generalguidelines are to be published by MICOA and a sector-based technical manual will be prepared by the sectoralauthorities. A draft Environmental Framework Law(which will will create a Department of EnvironmentalInspection to monitor EIA) and a draft EIA regulation(proposed in 1996) have yet to be approved.
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Comissao Nacional do Meio Ambiente & UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP)(Capacity Building of the National EnvironmentCommission) (1994). Plano Director doEnquadramento Institucional e Legal daGestao dos Impactes Ambientais doe Projectosde Investimento. Volumes 1-3 (Institutionaland Legal Requirements for the Managementof the Environmental Impacts of InvestmentProjects) Comissao Nacional do Meio Ambiente,Maputo. (3 v.)Contact: Comissao Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Av. Acordos deLusaka, 2115-C.P.2020, Maputo, Mozambique.
Namibia“Environmental Assessment” policy in Namibiaoriginates from the “Green Plan”, 1992, whichstipulates that all policies, programmes and projects(public and private) be subjected to the EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) process. This EA policy receivedCabinet approval in 1994 and was published in 1995.It proposes screening lists, scoping, review, monitoringand audits. At present, there is no legal framework forEIA, but an Environmental Assessment Act has beenproposed. Pending this, some ministries are currentlyrequesting EA on a case-by-case basis. The proposedAct will establish an Environmental Commissioner – tobe appointed by the Ministry of Environment – whowill report to an Environment Board composed ofministerial representatives and other EIA experts. TheBoard will be responsible for registration, consultation,screening, scoping, evaluation and review. ConductingEA studies and post-project monitoring are theresponsibility of proponents.
Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry ofEnvironment and Tourism (1995). Namibia’sEnvironmental Assessment Policy. Draft.Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry ofEnvironment and Tourism, Windhoek. (17 p.)
This draft policy sets out the policy for environmentalassessment in Namibia, covering its role as a key toolin promoting sustainable development. Appendix Aprovides an outline of the official procedures andrequirements for EA whilst Appendix B lists policies,programmes and projects requiring an EA.Contact: Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environmentand Tourism, Private Bag 13306, Windhoek, Namibia.
NigerOrdonnance 97-001 provides a legislative frame forEIA in Niger and a regulatory framework is currentlybeing drafted. There are no domestic general or
sectoral EIA guidelines. The World Bank is funding aninfrastructure rebuilding programme and Niger hasadapted World Bank guidelines for EIAs conducted onsuch projects.
Agence Nigerieéne d’Exécution des Travauxd’Intérêt Public (Niger Agency for Public Works)(1997). Guide pour la Réalisation des Étudesd’Impact Environnemental des TravauxNIGETIP: Recommendations Techniques.Document Provisoire (Draft Guidelines for EIAstudies for the Public Works Agency of Niger:Technical Recommendations) Cabinet dePremier Ministre, Niamey. (40 p.)
These guidelines are used for infrastructuredevelopment projects. They are based on World Bankguidelines, adapted to the needs of Niger.Contact: Projet de Réhabilitation des Infrastructures (PRI), BureauNational de Coordination (BNC), Cabinet de Premier Ministre, B.P.12.989m Naimey, Niger.
NigeriaThe Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)was created under Decree No. 58. in 1988. FEPAestablished the National Policy on the Environment inthe following year which initiated the creation of avoluntary EIA system. EIA Decree No. 86, 1992, thenestablished a statutory basis for EIA. Under the Decree,FEPA carry out an Initial Environmental Examination(IEE) and screen the proposals. FEPA also reviewdocuments submitted to them during the process.Proponents must submit terms of reference to FEPAand are responsible for writing the study reports.Three types of projects are identified in the Decree:“mandatory study activities” which require a“Mandatory Study Report”; exclusions from EIA; andprojects which require only a screening report. TheNational Technical Committee has prepared draftprocedural and sectoral guidelines with aim of turningthem into regulations, covering: agriculture and ruraldevelopment, mining, manufacturing, andinfrastructure. They were due for publication my mid1998.
Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry ofPetroleum and Mineral Resources (1991).Environmental Guidelines and Standards forthe Petroleum Industry in Nigeria: Part VIII.Standardization of Environmental AbatementProcedures. Department of Petroleum Resources,Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources,Lagos. (pp. 91-98)
This part of the guidelines discusses two mandatoryenforcement tools used under the Petroleum Act 1969
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and subsequent regulations covering oil and gasoperations: the preparation of EnvironmentalEvaluation (post-impact) Report (EER); and anEnvironmental Impact Assessment Report (EIA).Background is provided on the applicable legislationand regulations and on the types of projects oractivities requiring EIA reports. The formal EER andEIA processes are described, significant effects/impactsare listed, the required contents of an EIA report is setout, and criteria for environmental screening are given.Contact: Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Petroleumand Mineral Resources, Lagos, Nigeria.
Government of Nigeria (1994). Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment (Decree 86,1992): Draft Sectoral Guidelines for Oil andGas Industry Projects (Oil and Gas Explorationand Production – Offshore) FederalEnvironmental Protection Agency, Lagos. (24 p.)
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (1994).Environmental Impact Assessment Procedurefor Nigeria. Federal Environmental ProtectionAgency, Lagos. (16 p.)
This brief guideline sets out the steps to be followedunder the National EIA Procedure developed underNigerian EIA Decree No.86 (1992), from projectconception to commissioning, and the actors in eachstage. Routine steps to be carried out by the FederalEnvironmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and projectproponents are briefly described: notification to FEPAof a project proposal, screening (into categories I, IIor III), scoping, submitting a draft EIA report (FEPAsectoral guidelines to assist the ‘preparer’ are listed),the review process (in-house, panel and public reviews,and mediation), and submission of a final EIA report.Other very short sections cover: decision-makingwithin FEPA, project implementation, mitigationcompliance monitoring, and environmental auditing.A flow chart of these procedures and a general formatfor EIA are provided Also included are a checklist forproject categorization and a list of Category 1 projects(subject to full-scale EIA).Contact: Federal Environmental Protection Agency, PMB 1260, Ikoye,Lagos, Nigeria.
SenegalAt present there is no legal basis for EIA in Senegal.The 1983 Code de l’Environnement followed by theNational Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) (PlanNational d’Action pour l’Environnement) will form thefoundation for a future EIA system. The adoption ofthe NEAP is currently on hold and legislation to it isbeing prepared. The National Environment Law is yetto be adopted. The Secretariat Permanent Conseil
Superieur pour l’Environnement et les resourcesNaturelles (CONSERE) co-ordinates the institutesinvolved in the development of the EIA system. TheCentre de Suivui Ecologique and the Direction del’Environnement are more directly involved in the EIAprocess itself. The latter organisation will be the leadagency for EIA studies.Contact: Direction de l’Environnement, 23 rue Calmette, BP 6557Dakar- Etoile, Senegal
SeychellesThe Environmental Management Plan, 1990, provideda foundation for EIA, and was followed by a series ofsectoral guidelines. The Seychelles EIA system is basedon World Bank guidelines. The EnvironmentalProtection Act, 1994, covers the statutory EIAprocedures and regulations will be issued to implementthe Act. The Department of Environment in theMinistry for Foreign Affairs, Planning and theEnvironment is responsible for the overall managementof the EIA Process. The EIA process is to be integratedwith the planning system
Government of Seychelles (undated).Environmental Impact Assessments.Introduction to Guidelines. Department of theEnvironment, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Planningand Environment, Mahé. (12 leaflets)
These guidelines were produced in the frame of the1990 Environmental Management Plan for theSeychelles (EMPS-90) and prepared by a consultancyteam in consultation with the Department of theEnvironment and interested parties. They draw fromexisting internationally recognised guidelines, notablyWorld Bank sectoral guidelines, adapted to the localsituation. Each follows an identical structure: adiscussion of key issues and likely impacts – withbackground on relevant Seychelles information;followed by a section of recommendations coveringproject alternatives, management and training,monitoring, mitigation measures, practical hints andtips, examples of good practices, and sources ofadditional information.
A general presentation leaflet introduces the series ofguidelines. Separate guidelines leaflets are available forAgriculture and Animal Husbandry, Coastal ZoneManagement, Construction, Fisheries andAquaculture, Forestry and Public Gardens, Industryand Power Generation, Information/Education, OilResource Management, Quarries, Solid and LiquidWaste Management, Tourism Development, andTransport.Contact: Department of the Environment, Ministry for Foreign Affairs,Planning and Environment, Mahé, Seychelles.
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Sierra LeoneThe National Environmental Policy, 1994, identifiedthe need to develop an EIA system. However, no EIAprocedures have yet been developed. The NationalEnvironmental Action Plan, 1995, recommended theestablishment of a National Environmental ProtectionAgency to make policies, direct the EIA process, andundertake EIA, review, screening, decision-making andmonitoring. Policy development has now become theresponsibility of the Department of Lands, Housingand Environment.
SomaliaNo EIA legislation, procedures or guidelines have beenissued.
South AfricaThe Environment Conservation Act, 1982,established the Council for the Environment whichlater investigated the feasibility of developing an EIAsystem for South Africa. Section 21 of theEnvironment Conservation Act, 1989, authorises theMinister of Environmental Affairs to identifyactivities which may have an impact and to requestan EIA to be undertaken. In September 1997, EIARegulations were gazetted under this Act by theDepartment of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,making EIA mandatory. With a few exceptions whichare dealt with by the Ministry, authority toimplement the regulations has been assigned toprovincial governments. Under the Minerals Act1991, all mining operators must submit anenvironmental management programme (EMP)(including an EIA) for approval, prior tocommencement of activities, to the regional offices ofthe Department of Minerals and Energy. TheDepartment has produced an aide-memoire (currentlyunder revision) and a range of guidelines forenvironmental management, each of which includes asection covering EIA. It is also developing regulationsand guidelines relating to EMP monitoring andperformance assessment. The Department of WaterAffairs has prepared EIA guidelines covering thedischarge of effluent. A new initiative to developStrategic Environmental Assessment in South Africabegan in 1996 with the publication of a primer by theCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research, andseveral SEAs have now been undertaken.
Government of South Africa (undated). Guidelinefor the Preparation of an EnvironmentalManagement Programme Report for the
Prospecting for and Mining of OffshorePrecious Stones. Department of Mineral andEnergy Affairs, Pretoria.
Government of South Africa (undated). Guidelinefor the Preparation of an EnvironmentalManagement Programme Report for theProspecting for and Exploitation of Oil andGas in the Marine Environment. Department ofMineral and Energy Affairs, Pretoria.
Government of South Africa (1992). AideMemoire for the Preparation of EnvironmentalManagement Programme Reports forProspecting and Mining. Department of Mineraland Energy Affairs, Pretoria. (34 p.)Contact: Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Pretoria 0001,South Africa.
Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria &Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of CapeTown (1992). The Integrated EnvironmentalManagement Procedure. IntegratedEnvironmental Management Guideline Series; 1.Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria, SouthAfrica. (19 p.)
This document is the first in a series which aims toassist the formalisation of the procedure of IntegratedEnvironmental Management (IEM) in South Africa.IEM is intended to complement rather than duplicateexisting planning and other procedures. It is designedto ensure that the environmental consequences ofdevelopment proposals are understood and adequatelyconsidered in the planning process. The term‘environmental’ is used in the broadest senseencompassing biophysical and socio-economiccomponents. The purpose of IEM is to resolve ormitigate any negative impacts and to enhance positiveaspects of development proposals.
The introduction to this document sets out theprinciples of IEM. The next section describes each ofthe elements of the three stage procedure involved.Stage 1 involves planning and assessing the proposal(sub-sections discuss developing the proposal,classification, impact assessment, initial assessment,and no formal assessment). Stage 2 concerns thedecision (sub-sections deal with review, record ofdecision and appeal). The final stage is implementation(sub-sections describe implementation of a proposal,monitoring and audits). A clear flow chart illustratesthe process, key activities are separately listed in boxes,and a summary list of environmental characteristics isincluded. Definitions of activities and environments aregiven in appendices.
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Department of Environment Affairs Pretoria &Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of CapeTown (1992). Guidelines for Scoping. IntegratedEnvironmental Management Guideline Series; 2.Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria, SouthAfrica. (21 p.)
One of a series of guidelines which aim to assist theformalisation of the procedure of IntegratedEnvironmental Management (IEM) in South AfricaThis document gives specific guidelines for scopingduring the planning and assessment stage of the IEMprocedure. It defines, sets out the aims, and discussesresponsibility for scoping. Consideration is given tohow authorities and interested and affected partiesshould be involved in the scoping procedure, and givesguidance on techniques for public involvement andparticipation. Other sections deal with determining thescope of impact assessment, preparation of an initialscoping report, and providing opportunities forobjecting to the scoping procedure. A general checklistof categories of interested and affected parties isprovided.
Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria &Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of CapeTown (1992). Guidelines for ReportRequirements. Integrated EnvironmentalManagement Guideline Series; 3. Department ofEnvironment Affairs, Pretoria. (21 p.)
One of a series of guidelines which aim to assist theformalisation of the procedure of IntegratedEnvironmental Management (IEM) in South Africa.This document provides guidelines on the format aswell as the aspects which should be covered in InitialAssessment, Impact Assessment and Record ofDecision reports which are necessary in the planningand assessment stage of the IEM procedure. It alsodeals with the content of management plans,monitoring and environmental contracts. Theguidelines consists of an extended and annotated list ofrequirements intended to assist those developers andtheir consultants who have had little experience in theproduction of environmental reports.
Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria &Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of CapeTown (1992). Guidelines for Review. IntegratedEnvironmental Management Guideline Series; 4.Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria, SouthAfrica. (15 p.)
Environmental Management (IEM) in South Africa.This document gives specific guidelines for reviewduring all stages of the IEM procedure and aims toestablish consistency in the review process and toclarify the role of reviewers. They provide a framework
within which to interpret the information provided bythe proponent and indicate a number of checksincorporated into the IEM procedure which aim toensure adequacy. Guidance is given on how authority,public and specialist reviews are undertaken in IEM.Section 3 presents a number of tools which areavailable to aid reviewers in this task. Section 4 gives ageneral framework for assessing the adequacy ofdocuments. Section 5 highlights areas which are oftenproblematic for Review. A list of additional readingand basic references and journals is included.
Department of Environmental Affairs (1992).Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.Integrated Environmental Management GuidelinesSeries; 5. Department of Environmental Affairs,Pretoria. (13 p.)
One of a series of guidelines which aim to assist theformalisation of the procedure of IntegratedEnvironmental Management (IEM) in South Africa.This document provides a checklist of environmentalcharacteristics which may be sensitive to developmentactions, or which could place significant constraintson a proposed development. The checklist is intendedfor use as a guide and is not meant to be anexhaustive listing. Separate sections cover: physicaland ecological characteristics of the site and itssurroundings, current and potential land use andlandscape character, cultural resources, socio-economic characteristics of the affected public,infrastructure services, social and community servicesand facilities, the nature and level of present andfuture environmental pollution, risk and hazard,health and safety, cumulative and synergistic effects,and enhancement of positive characteristics.
Department of Environment Affairs, Pretoria &Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of CapeTown (1992). Glossary of Terms Used inIntegrated Environmental Management.Integrated Environmental Management GuidelineSeries; 6. Department of Environment Affairs,Pretoria, South Africa. (5 p.)
This is the sixth in a series of six outlining a procedurefor Integrated Environmental Management (IEM). Theseries is part of a process to formalise IEM asgovernment policy in South Africa. IEM is designed toensure that the environmental implications ofdevelopment proposals are adequately considered inthe planning process of South Africa. This documentprovides a glossary of terms used in IEM. There is alsoan introductory document, and four furtherdocuments provide guidance on specific aspects of theprocedure: Scoping, Report Requirements, Review,Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.Contact: Department of Environment Affairs, Private Bag X447,Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Council for Scientific and Industrial Research(1996). Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA): A Primer. Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, Division of Water, Environmentand Forest Technology, Stellenbosch. (18 p.)
This primer aims to provide information of the natureand role of strategic environmental assessment (SEA),and to initiate and contribute to a wider process inwhich SEA methods appropriate to South Africa aredeveloped and applied. The document reviews trendsin EA and planning and summarises the current statusof SEA practice in South Africa. International andSouth African perceptions on the need for SEA areconsidered, the relationship between SEA and EIAdescribed, and opportunities and constraints to itsapplication are explored. A useful list of references towork on SEA is included.Contact: CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, SouthAfrica.
SudanThere is no legal basis for EIA in Sudan but ad-hocEIAs have been undertaken when required byinternational funding agencies and donor countries,and some sectoral EIAs are carried out on avoluntary basis. The Ministry of Environment andTourism, established in 1995, has proposed EIAlegislation. Within this Ministry, the Higher Councilof Environment and Natural Resources is responsiblefor development of EIA procedures and legislation..The Ministry of Irrigation requires that EIA beundertaken as part of the consent requirements for allmajor irrigation proposals.Contact: Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, POBox 10448, Khartoum, Sudan
SwazilandThe Environment Authority was established in 1992and formulated regulations for “Environmental AuditAssessment and Review” of projects in 1993. Thesewere issued in 1996 under Section 18 of the PrincipalAct (Swaziland Environment Authority Act 1992)which provides the statutory basis for EIA. Theseprovisions indicate that approval is given once an EIAreport and a mitigation plan are reviewed by theEnvironment Authority. Screening is undertaken bythe authorising agency (for example, the City Council)and EIA is usually requested if a consent or permit isrequired. There is provision for public participation atthe review stage and for public hearings. Nationalguidelines were produced to assist in theimplementation of the regulations, and replaced bydraft guidelines in 1998. The 1996 Regulations divide
projects into three categories relating to their potentialenvironmental impact. The proponent is required todraft terms of reference for an EIA and then to prepareand submit an EIA report and “ComprehensiveMitigation Plan”. An “Environmental ComplianceCertificate” may be granted with provision forcompliance monitoring. In 1997, the SwazilandEnvironment Action Plan was approved. “IntegratedEnvironment Management” (as applied in SouthAfrica) is a concept now under consideration inSwaziland. The 1996 Regulations are currently beingrevised, and should be issued in April 1998.
Government of Swaziland (1996). EnvironmentalAudit, Assessment and Review Regulations.Legal Notice No.58, 1996. Ministry of NaturalResources and Energy, Mbabane.
Issued under the Swaziland Environmental AuthorityAct 1992, these regulations define a range of terms, setout the responsibilities of the Swaziland EnvironmentalAuthority for the environmental audit and review ofboth existing and proposed projects, and provideprocedural guidance for operators. Issues coveredinclude: the preparation of environmental auditreports for existing projects; project categories andreports for proposed projects; obtaining anenvironmental compliance certificate; projectauthorization and implementation; public reviews,consultations and hearings; decisions and appeals;permits or authorisations; and offences. An attachedschedule provides an illustrative list of project types forassignment to categories for specific environmental andreview procedures (category 1: no significant impactslikely; 2: impacts likely – but well known – of whichsome may be significant unless mitigation actions aretaken; category 3: significant impacts likely – butscale and extent can’t be determined – and an in-depth study is required). A second schedule detailsthe structure and content of reports required underthis regulation. A final schedule provides examples ofenvironmentally sensitive areas to be taken intoaccount in categorising projects.Contact: Ministry for Natural Resources and Energy, PO Box 57,Mbabane, Swaziland.
Swaziland Environment Authority (1998).Environmental Audit, Assessment and ReviewGuidelines. Draft (January 1998) SwazilandEnvironment Authority, Mbabane. (17 p., annexes)
These draft guidelines are presented in three chapters.The first is introductory and describes theenvironmental audit assessment and reviewregulations, sets out the purpose of the guidelines andgives flow charts for procedures. Chapter 2 deals withthe environmental audit of existing development(covering: associated regulations, definitions, activities
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subject to the regulations, requirements of theregulations, and procedures for listed developments oractivities). Chapter 3 is concerned with theenvironmental assessment of proposed projects(covering: associated regulations, definitions,requirements of the regulations, assigning projectcategories, procedures for each category, and otherauthorisation procedures). There are eight annexes:assigning project categories, preparing a scopingreport, initial environmental evaluations, the EIAreport, the comprehensive mitigation plan, theenvironmental audit report, consultation and publicparticipation, and further reference material.Contact: Swaziland Environment Authority, Mbabane, Swaziland.
TanzaniaMost EIAs in Tanzania have been undertaken forinternational development agency projects. There is nonational requirement for EIA but it is recognised as animportant policy instrument to implement the NationalEnvironmental Action Plan of 1994. Frameworklegislation is currently being considered. A NationalEnvironment Policy was adopted in 1994 and anEnvironmental Protection Bill has been drafted. EIAis also undertaken by the Tanzania National ParksAuthority (TANAPA) for proposed developments inprotected areas as a response to increasing pressurefrom tourism. Zanzibar adopted a NationalEnvironmental Policy in 1991 and is developinglegislation for EIA. Guidelines on the proposednational EIA system are being formulated and arelikely to follow standard procedures such as thoseused by South Africa, Ghana and TANAPA. Theproposed system will establish an EnvironmentalRegulatory Body which will delegate responsibilities tothe district and sectoral levels through EnvironmentalUnits. These Units will be responsible for screeningproposals. Also they will be consulted by theproponent during scoping and will review EIA reports.The terms of reference for EIA studies will be approvedat the central level.
Preston, G. (1993). Environmental ImpactAssessment Procedure and ScreeningGuidelines. Tanzania National Parks Authority,Arusha. (22 p.)
Contact: Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha,Tanzania.
National Environmental Management Council(1997). Environmental Impact AssessmentProcedures. Draft. National EnvironmentalManagement Council, Dar es Salaam. (37 p.)
These draft guidelines are presented in three sections.The first is an introduction which highlights the need
for and objectives of EIA. The second sets out arecommended (conventional) EIA procedure coveringsuch issues as: registration, screening, scoping,preliminary assessment, review, public hearing,environmental permitting, monitoring, audits anddecommissioning. The final section covers otherimportant considerations including: EIA fees, penalties,time frame, public notices, appeals, technical review,reports and environmental units. The are 11 appendices:registration forms (for preliminary EA and full EA),screening decisions, scoping notice, EIA notice, principlesfor parties in EIA process, contents of EIS, list ofprojects requiring mandatory EIA, list of small-scaleactivities and enterprises that may have environmentaleffects, environmentally sensitive areas and ecosystems,and a glossary (definitions).
National Environmental Management Council(1997). Scoping Guidelines. Draft. Presented toNational Workshop on Development ofProcedures and Guidelines for Instituting EIA inTanzania, 23-25 June 1997, Iringa, Tanzania.National Environmental Management Council, Dares Salaam. (5 p.)
These draft guidelines on EIA scoping set outresponsibilities and tasks, discuss the roles of differentbodies and methodologies for public participation,suggest the content of the scoping report, and cover thepreparation of terms of reference for an EIA.
National Environmental Management Council (1997).Review Guidelines. Draft. Presented to NationalWorkshop on Development of Procedures andGuidelines for Instituting EIA in Tanzania, 23-25June 1997, Iringa, Tanzania. NationalEnvironmental Management Council, Dar esSalaam. (16 p.)
This document presents draft guidelines on the review ofenvironmental impact reports submitted. It containsrecommendations for the review process (cross-sectoraltechnical review committee, public review, and publichearing); provides review criteria for environmentalimpact statements, preliminary environmental reportsand screening reports (with review forms in anappendix); and considers possible outcomes for thereview process.Contact: National Environmental Management Council, Tancot House,Sokoine Drive, PO Box 63154 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
TunisiaThe National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA)was established under Article 5 of Tunisian Law 1988/91. The Agency issues licences for projects requiring EIA,reviews EIA reports, and is responsible for the approval
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of projects and monitoring of post-project impacts.Government Decree 91-362, 1991, is the principle EIAregulation and provides two screening lists: forprojects which require obligatory EIA; and for thoseprojects for which an Initial Environmental Evaluationmust be submitted for review by the Agency. There isno provision for public participation, post-auditing, orappeal against the decision of the Agency. Theproponent must prepare the EIA documents withNEPA-registered consultants. Compliance ismandatory.
Tunisian Agency for Environmental Protection(1995). Les Etudes d’Impact surl’Environnement en Tunisie (EnvironmentalImpact Studies in Tunisia) Agence National deProtection de ‘l’Environnement, Tunis. (16 p.)
Contents include a general introduction, strategies,legal framework, evaluation procedure, steps to befollowed, terms of reference for EIA Committee, EIAevaluation guide, archiving and follow-up of EIA.
Tunisian Agency for Environmental Protection(1995). Les Études d’Impact surl’Environnement: Termes de Référence pour lesEIE & Guide d’Évaluation (Environmental ImpactStudies: Terms of Reference and EvaluationGuide) Agence National de Protection de‘l’Environnement, Ministère de l’Environnement etde l’Aménagement du Territoire, Tunis. (21 p.)Contact: Agence National de Protection de ‘l’Environnement, Ministèrede l’Environnement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, Tunis, Tunisie.
UgandaThe 1995 National Environment Statute provided alegal basis for EIA in Uganda, introduced a formalsystem, and established the National EnvironmentManagement Authority (NEMA) as the co-ordinatingbody for EIA. Schedule 3 of the Statute lists projectsrequiring EIA. A “Project Brief” must be submitted tothe “lead agency” (government department orauthority with legal responsibility for environmentmanagement). The agency and NEMA determines thelevel of assessment required and the proponent isresponsible for undertaking the assessment usingapproved experts. Both NEMA and the lead agenciesare decentralised so that EIA can operate at provincial,district and local levels. The regulations and guidelinesto implement the 1995 laws are still being finalised.
National Environmental Management Authority(1977). Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment: Draft. National EnvironmentalManagement Authority, Kampala. (vii, 35 p., 9annexes)
This is a revised version of the first edition of EIAguidelines developed by NEMA under the UgandanNational Environment Statute, 1995, issued fortechnical and public review. They will be revisedfollowing subsequent experience. The guidelines areintended for use by the general public, developers, EIApractitioners, lead agency staff involved in reviewingEISs, and by NEMA, and emphasise publicparticipation through the entire EIA process. Thedocument is in eight parts each of which caters for theneeds of different user groups. Part 1 presents thegeneral EIA policies for Uganda and the essentialelements and goals of the EIA process, including thelevels of EIA required for various projects. Part 2 isaimed at the public and describes the basic componentsof Uganda’s three-part EIA process (screening,environmental impact study, and decision-making),providing basic guidance. Part 3 covers the obligationsof project proponents, from development and designstages to submission of a licence application or aproject brief to NEMA and an appropriate lead agency.The guidelines in Part 4 are for EIA practitionersundertaking more detailed project EIAs. They set outthe basic contents required for both a draft and finalEIS and provide a step-by-step description of theprocedure for conducting an EIA study. Part 5emphasises procedures for public participation andinvolvement in the overall EIA process. Part 6 givesguidelines for use by Lead Agencies and NEMAfocusing mainly on the screening and review functionsof these agencies, as well as their role in approving theenvironmental aspects of projects. Part 7 deals withmonitoring compliance. Finally, Part 8 describes theprocedure for implementation and modification ofthe guidelines. There are ten annexes covering:definitions; projects requiring/exempt from an EIA;review and evaluation checklists; Certificate on theScreening Decision, suggested formats for Findings ofFact, Certificate of Approval of the final EIA, andRecord of Decision.Contact: National Environmental Management Authority, Kampala,Uganda.
ZambiaThe EIA system in Zambia was given statutory basisby the Environmental Protection and PollutionControl Act No. 12, 1990. This Act was implementedby Environmental Protection and Pollution ControlRegulations, 1997. Regulation 3(2) in the FirstSchedule requires a “project brief” (the first stage ofthe EIA process) to be submitted for specified projects.Regulation 7 (2) in the Second Schedule lists theactivities for which EIA is mandatory. In Regulation 9(3) in the Fifth Schedule, the “Guidelines forDevelopers in Conducting EIA” are provided. TheEnvironment Council of Zambia is the competent
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authority for issuing regulations and procedures. Theproponent must appoint a co-ordinator to assemble ateam of experts to carry out scoping (in consultationwith the Environment Council) and to complete theEIA report. The consideration of alternatives is animportant feature of this system. Once the report hasbeen submitted to the Council, the Council makes arecommendation to the licensing authority.Contact: Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources, PO Box 34011,Mulungushi House, Independence Avenue, Lusaka, Zambia
ZimbabwePrior to 1996, EIA had been undertaken on an ad-hocbasis for nearly 20 years. An “Interim EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Policy” was produced in 1994 andsubsequently applied on a voluntary basis. EIAprinciples are also embodied in 18 legislativeinstruments including the Natural Resources Act,1981. Under the Interim Policy, the licensingauthorities direct proposals to the Ministry ofEnvironment and Tourism for screening. TheMinistry decides upon the type of assessmentrequired (preliminary or detailed EIA) based upon the“prospectus” that has been submitted. The terms ofreference are agreed upon by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Tourism and the proponent. TheMinistry also reviews the EIA report. Technicalsupport is provided from the Department of NaturalResources. Public participation and consultation isprovided under the Policy. The future of Zimbabwe’sEIA policy lies in efforts to strengthen existinglegislation on the environment prior to introducingnew legislation specifically on EIA. StrategicEnvironmental Assessment is also being investigated.The Ministry of Environment and Tourism is planningto sponsor the development of EnvironmentalOperating Guidelines for sectoral developments.
Ministry of Mines, Environment and Tourism(1997). Environmental Impact AssessmentGuidelines. Version A. Ministry of Mines,Environment and Tourism, Harare. (10 vols, 280 p.)
This 10 volume set of guidelines is aimed at projectdevelopers and environmental professionals to assistthem in working with Zimbabwe’s EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Policy. It is presented as a loose leafbinder (A4 size) to enable periodic updates to beissued, and is well laid out and easy to navigate.Volume 1 (64 pp.) deals with EIA policy and generalguidelines (administering the EIA policy, preparingterms of reference, EIA reports, consulting the public,environmental management, and evaluating theadequacy of EIA reports). There are six appendicesincluding a an extensive list of references
Volumes 2 – 10 are sectoral guidelines and cover:mining and quarrying, forestry, agriculture, transport,energy, water, urban infrastructure, tourism, and wastemanagement. Each of these has the same structure withan introduction on its purpose, a background to thesector, checklists of major activities, major issues,typical impacts analysis actions and tools, managementand mitigation steps, sample terms of reference,sources of information, additional references, andappendices.Contact: Environmental Assessment Unit, Department of NaturalResources, Block 1, Makombe Complex, Harare Street/HerbertChitepo Ave, PO Box CY 385, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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RegionalAsian Development Bank (AsDB). The AsDB hasproduced a variety of guidelines (see Agencies, AsianDevelopment Bank, for full references). These includeselected infrastructure projects, selected agriculturaland natural resources selected development projects,and selected industrial and power developmentprojects. In addition they have separate documents onthe environmental evaluation of coastal zone projects,environmental risk assessment, and environmentalconsiderations in energy development, as well as guidesto the Bank’s EIA procedures.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1985). Environmental ImpactAssessment: Guidelines for Planners andDecision-Makers. United Nations, New York. (viii,196 p.)
Part One is concerned with concept, procedures andmethodologies, and includes five sections: organisationof EIA, methodologies, environmental impacts ofsectoral development, the situation in the Asian andPacific region, and summary and conclusions. Thereare six appendices: guidelines for IEE, terms ofreference for preparing an EIS, recommended formatfor preparing EIS proposals, actions andenvironmental items in Leopold interaction matrix,reference checklist for the EIA process, and a glossary.Part Two presents nine EIA case studies.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for AgriculturalDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 51p.)
These guidelines were written to assist governmentagencies concerned with environmental protection indeveloping countries (specifically the Asia-Pacificregion) in the planning and execution of EIAs foragricultural development projects, in particular landclearance projects. A brief overview is given of the EIAprocess, as well as its application to agriculturaldevelopment projects. Summaries of current EIA
methodologies are recommended. Annexes provideproject case studies and sample terms of reference. Thisdocument is one of a series of four. Other volumescover industrial development, water resources andtransport.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for IndustrialDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 61 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection in developingcountries in the planning and execution of EIAs forindustrial development projects. They summarisegeneral assessment methodologies, identify datacollection and evaluation methodologies for assessingthe quality and quantity of key parameters, andpresent the typical impacts and pathways relevant toindustrial development projects based on literaturereferences and case studies. Annexes provide sampleterms of reference for industrial development EIAstudies, and case studies of industrial developmentprojects.
This document is one in a series of four - the othervolumes cover agriculture, transport and waterresources.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for TransportDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 99 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection in developingcountries in the planning and execution of EIAs fortransport development projects. Like other ESCAPguidelines, these guidelines summarise existingmethodologies. The impacts and managementrequirements of the transport sector are discussed withreference to port and harbour projects, highways and
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roads, and airports. Annexes give sample terms ofreference for these types of projects. This document isone of a series of four. The other three volumes coverwater resources, agriculture and industrialdevelopment.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Water ResourceDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 119 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection in developingcountries in the planning and execution of EIAs forwater resource development projects. They summarisegeneral EIA methodologies, and discuss typical impactsrelated to water resources including rivers, lakes andestuarine areas. Marine waters per se are notconsidered. The document is one in a series of four.The other volumes cover agriculture, transport, andindustrial development.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1992). Assessment of theEnvironmental Impact of Port Development: AGuidebook for EIA of Port Development.United Nations Economic and Social Commissionfor Asia and the Pacific, New York. (iv, 73 p.,appendices)
This guidebook provides port planners with basicinformation on EIA of port development. It comprisesfive sections: requirements for EIA, environmentalimpacts of port development, environmental indicatorsand criteria, methods for survey and impact prediction(water pollution, coastal hydrology, marine and coastalecology, air quality, noise, odour and visual pollution),and methods for pollution-less dredging andreclamation. There are 13 appendices includingchecklists of potential adverse effects of portdevelopment and operation.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1995). Planning Guidelines onCoastal Environmental Management. UnitedNations, New York. (vi, 116 p.)
Chapter 7 of these planning guidelines discusses theenvironmental impact of development activities incoastal areas. The rationale for assessing such impactsis considered and significant impacts of various typesof activities on the coastal environment are briefly setout. Checklists of such impacts are provided forfisheries development, tourism, coastal environments,and ports and harbours. A methodology for assessing
the impacts of future development activities on thecoastal environment is suggested. Annexes to thischapter provide EIA guidelines (from the Sri LankaCoast Conservation Department), a listing of cross-sectoral interactions and impacts associated withcoastal zone projects, and planning and managementguidelines for managing coastal habitats withoutdegradation.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific, United Nations (ESCAP) (1995).Guidelines on Environmentally SoundDevelopment of Coastal Tourism. UnitedNations, New York. (vii, 124 p.)
These guidelines attempt to identify the cause-effectrelationship between tourism and the environment incoastal locations, and to illustrate remedial andpreventive measures that can be adopted to promotethe environmentally sound and sustainabledevelopment of coastal tourism. They focus mainly ontools and methodologies, but also bring together theexperience of selected countries in promotingsustainable tourism development in coastal areas of theAsia and Pacific region. Two chapters are of particularinterest in the context of EIA. Chapter II discusses theenvironmental impacts of coastal tourismdevelopment, covering impact types and their extent,and the impacts of components of coastaldevelopment. Chapter IV deals with managementthrough EIA with an introduction on measures topromote EIA in the region, and sections on: costs andbenefits; the project cycle; the EIA process coveringscreening, initial environmental examination, and full-scale EIA; methodologies; presentation of the EIA;management and evaluation; constraints in EIAimplementation and recommendations to overcomethese. Annexes include EIA guidelines for existingbeach resort hotels, coastal water quality and effluentstandards in Thailand, and noise emission and airquality standards in Thailand and Malaysia.Contact: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia andthe Pacific (UNESCAP), UN Building, Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok10200, Thailand.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (1995). GCCEnvironmental Impact AssessmentRegulations. Gulf Cooperation Council (30 p.)
These regulations identify the principles andprocedures for environmental impact assessment in theGulf Cooperation Council member states. Theyconsider projects that require EIA, aspects to becovered in the EIA report, and the roles andresponsibilties of competent authorities anddevelopers.
Morgan, R.K. (1993). A Guide to EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in the South Pacific. South
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Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP),Apia, Western Samoa. (51 p.)
South Pacific Regional Environment Programme(SPREP) (undated). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Mine Developmentand Tailings Disposal at Tropical CoastalMines. South Pacific Regional EnvironmentProgramme,Honolulu.
South Pacific Regional Environment Programme(SPREP) (undated). Environmental guidelinesfor fish processing plant discharges into thesea. South Pacific Regional EnvironmentProgramme, Honolulu.
Contact: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Environmentand Policy Institute, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road,Honolulu, Hawaii 96848.
BahrainBahrain has developed an EIA system relativelyrecently. Articles 20-22 of the Environment Act, 1996,provide for a procedure of project approval from anenvironmental body through the issue of a permit. Theapproval is to be based upon information relating tothe project and its potential adverse impacts.Compliance with the Act is mandatory. Article 24instructs the owners of existing establishments tosubmit an impact assessment report stating themitigation measures that are proposed to be used.Screening by the Environmental Protection Committee(EPC) may result in either a “No Objection Certificate”(i.e. the project is exempt from EIA), a requirement foran initial environmental evaluation or a requirementfor a full EIA. Screening and decision-making is theresponsibility of the EPC. The proponent isresponsible for submitting information to the EPC foran Initial Environmental Evaluation; and must alsocarry out a full EIA, when required, according toguidelines from EPC. Monitoring programs areimplemented by the EPC. EIA regulations andguidelines currently are being finalised.Contact: Ministry of Housing, Municipalities and Environment, PO Box26909, Manama, State of Bahrain
BangladeshThe Environment Law 1992 made EIA mandatory ofall new industries. It required EIA to be applied to theplanning and operational stages of projects. Under theEnvironmental Protection Act, 1995, projects specifiedin a “green list” are not subject to an EIA. As yet,there is no separate EIA legislation although draft
proposals have been tabled by the BangladeshEnvironment Agency. There are some sectoral EIAregulations such as those for the Water ManagementProgramme of the Ministry of Water Resources, but,to date, sectoral EIA guidelines have only beenprepared for industries. The present system does notrequire post-project monitoring or publicparticipation. The National EnvironmentalManagement Action Plan (NEMAP) - soon to becomeoperational - will provide a means of EIA co-ordination. The Department of Environment willhave overall responsibility for the EIA system. EIAsare to be carried out by the relevant governmentministry with approval the responsibility of theMinistry of Environment and Forestry. Proposals weremade in 1997 for additional legislation to extend thecoverage of EIA.
Department of Environment (1997). EIAGuidelines for Industries. Department of theEnvironment, Ministry of Environment and Forest,Dhaka. (88 p)
These guidelines are the product of a project “todevelop and apply sectorwise industrial guidelines andstandards and to monitor compliance” launched in1995. They also meet the requirements of theEnvironment Conservation Rules 1997, under theEnvironment Conservation Act 1995. The document ispresented in five sections. The first is an introductionto EIA covering procedures, screening industrialprojects, environmental clearance, review of EIAreports and methodology for the EIA process. Section2 deals with criteria for locating industrial plants.Section 3 is concerned with Initial EnvironmentalExamination: conducting IEE (baseline information,significant issues, impact assessment methods, checklistand matrix methods), mitigative measures, resolutionof issues, environmental management plan, structureof IEE report, and review of report. Section 4 focuseson EIA (baselines studies, impact identification andprediction, evaluation, mitigation, environmentalmanagement plan, special studies, documentation andcommunication, public participation and structure ofEIA report). The final section describes the EIA reportreview process (purpose, key aspects, specific issues tobe looked into).
There are annexes providing: lists of industries bycategory – depending on their pollution loads andlikely adverse impact (Green, Amber-A, Amber-B andRed); checklists of environmentally and otherwisesensitive areas, of activities for some projects, ofenvironmental components, and of environmentalparameters for a fertilizer project; and information onimpacts and mitigative measures for projects concernedwith cement manufacturing, fertilizer, and pulp,paper and timber processing.
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Department of Environment (1997). Guidelines forObtaining Environmental Clearance. Departmentof Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest,Dhaka. (4 p.)
This leaflet briefly describes categories of industrialprojects – depending on their pollution loads and likelyadverse impacts – for according environmentalclearance. The leaflet sets out conditions whichentrepreneurs must fulfil for each category: Green,Amber-A, Amber-B, and Red.Contact: Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment andForest, E-16, Agargaon, Sher-e-Banglanagar, Dhaka -1207,Bangladesh.
Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the NearEast (ISPAN) & United States Agency forInternational Development (USAID) (1992).Bangladesh Action Plan for Flood Control:Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment. Irrigation Support Project for Asiaand the Near East, Ministry of Irrigation, WaterDevelopment and Flood Control, Dhaka. (75 p.)
These guidelines were compiled for use in ongoing andfuture flood control, drainage and irrigation projectsin Bangladesh. The guidelines include a very generaldiscussion of the impacts of the Bangladesh FloodAction Plan (FAP). Subsequent sections address therole of EIA in planning and project appraisal;procedural steps in EIA; a general discussion ofpeople’s participation; and EIA review procedures. Thedocument also provides a sectoral checklist of potentialenvironmental impacts of the Flood Action Plan, andoutlines a suggested table of contents for a typical EIAreport. The guidelines are designed to accompany theManual for Environmental Impact Assessment(ISPAN).
Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the NearEast (ISPAN) (1995). Bangladesh Flood ActionPlan: Manual for Environmental Assessment.Ministry of Water Resources, Flood PlanCoordination Organization (FPCO), Dhaka. (xx,98 p.)
These guidelines replace a version released in March1992. They provides specific guidance for floodcontrol, drainage and irrigation planning inBangladesh. It provides a step-by-step practical guideto EIA with 14 chapters covering: EIA initiation, stepsin EIA, impact assessment methodologies,environmental management plans, EIA report andreview process, people’s participation, water resources(climate, surface- and ground-water, water quality,water transportation), land resources, biologicalresources, human resources, maps and mapping, andpolicy and legislation. There is an extensive
bibliography, a useful glossary of terms and localwords, and a list of acronyms.Contact: ISPAN Technical Support Center, Suite 300, 1611 North KentStreet, Arlington, Virginia 22209-2111, USA.
BhutanThe National Environmental Protection Actestablished the National Environment Commission toimplement EIA in Bhutan under EIA guidelinesproduced in 1993. The guidelines instruct thatprojects are entered into the Five Year plan and thatauthorisation will take place once funding is secured.The proposal must undergo screening, scoping, reportformulation, review by the National EnvironmentCommission and post-project monitoring (althoughthere is no system yet to implement monitoringprogrammes). Sector-based EIA is yet to be developedand strengthening of the system may take place toincrease environmental awareness and develop codesof practice. Legislation was proposed in 1996 withprovisions for EIA. The proponent carries out theEIA in consultation with the National EnvironmentCommission. The 1993 guidelines are being revisedand will be replaced by two documents which arecurrently in draft form.
Royal Government of Bhutan (1993).Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelinesfor Bhutan. National Environment Commission,Thimpu. (40 p.)
This report is a comprehensive review of EIA in theKingdom of Bhutan. The first part providesbackground information on environmental problemsin Bhutan and the existing environmental policies.The Paro Resolution, which resulted from aworkshop on Environment and Development in1990, stressed the importance of EIA. Theseguidelines are the first step in integrating EIA in asystematic manner into the planning andimplementation of development programmmes inBhutan. The National Environment Commission(NEC) is the body charged with responsibility forEIA, and the guidelines are intended for use by NECstaff, government departments, the PlanningCommission Secretariat, consultants, planners andproject proponents.
The manual first provides an introduction to EIA, itspurpose, and its application in Bhutan. Subsequentchapters describe the various steps in the EIA process,form screening through to monitoring and review. Anannex sets out the required format for the EIA report.Contact: National Environment Commission (NEC), PO Box 466,Thimphu, Bhutan.
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CambodiaCurrently there is no legal basis for EIA in Cambodiaand no guidelines. A sub-decree is being draftedwhich will call for the basic recognition of EIAprinciples to be observed in planning. It is likely to beadopted in mid-1998. Recently, the AsianDevelopment Bank has supported EIA training forgovernment staff.Contact: Ministry of the Environment, 48 Samdech Preah SihanoukStreet, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarm
ChinaEIA was introduced under Article 6 of theEnvironmental Protection Law, 1979. Administrativeorders and regulations were issued in the 1980s toimplement the law . In 1989 a revised law was enacted,and in 1994 additional environmental protectionlegislation was introduced for water, noise, air andsolid waste. It is understood that new Directives forEIA were to be issued in 1997, but this has not beenconfirmed (July 1998). The National EnvironmentalProtection Agency (NEPA) is responsible for the EIAsystem. Under this legislation, screening takes placeafter the submission of a preliminary study. Guidelineshave been issued on the content of the EIS. There is noprovision for public participation, but an‘Ombudsman’ receives and deal with complaints. Theregulations demarcate the responsibilities ofinstitutions. Nationally significant projects (in terms ofinvestment or strategic importance) are dealt with bythe NEPA. Provincial Environmental ProtectionBureaux (EPBs) administer EIA at the regional level.Projects with less importance, but still requiring anEIA, are administered by the city or county EPBs. TheEIS is prepared by state-approved experts. Recentdevelopments have been made in the areas of RegionalDevelopment Environmental Assessment (where theRegional Development Environmental Agency attemptsto assess the potential impacts from alternativedevelopment plans within a region), socialenvironmental assessment (new methods adapted fromWorld bank methodology), strategic environmentalassessment (assessment of several energy policies usinga variety of techniques) and biodiversity impactassessment .
Government of China (1986). ManagementGuidelines on Environmental Protection ofConstruction Projects. Environmental ProtectionCommission Under the State Council, Beijing.(32 p.)
Government of China (1990). ManagementProcedures for Environmental Protection of
Construction Projects. National EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Beijing. (5 p.)Contact: National Environment Protection Agency, 115 XizhimenneiNanxiaojie, Beijing 100035, China.
FijiAt present EIA is undertaken in Fiji on an ad hocbasis. The National Environment Strategy, 1993,recommended the development of EIA legislation.Subsequently, the Ministry of the Environment hasimplemented the “Environmental Awareness,Legislation and Database Project”, funded by theAsian Development Bank, which aims to manage thistask. So far, a draft Sustainable Development Bill hasbeen prepared. This contains a section on EIA whichlists activities that will/will not require an EIA anddescribes the proposed process (screening, registrationand publication of notice, comprehensive studyprocess, mediation, review of reports, decisions, publicregistry, environmental management and monitoring,exemptions, penalties, regulations). It is expected thatthe legislation will be enacted during 1998.
Department of Environment (undated).Sustainable Development Bill (Draft). Part III –Environmental Assessment. Government of Fiji,Suva. (pp 49-62)
This document sets out the provisions forenvironmental impact assessment in Fiji. It states whichactivities are subject to an EIA, and the EIA processthat should be followed.Contact: Department of Environment, PO Box 2131, GovernmentBuildings, Suva, Fiji.
HaitiA Ministry of the Environment was established in1995 with which UNDP then worked to promote thedevelopment of EIA legislation and guidelines.However, since 1997 there has been little effectivegovernment in the country and no further progresshas been made.Contact: Ministry of Environment, Damien, Port au Prince, Haiti
Hong KongEIAs have been carried out since the 1970s but didnot receive any specific guidance until 1992 whencirculars and guidance notes were produced (No 2/92and 14/92). Since then, the development of EIA hasbeen rapid. Its application has been extended fromprojects to plans, policies and strategies, andenvironmental monitoring and auditing systems have
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been established. The Environmental ImpactAssessment Ordinance No. 9, 1997, provides thelegal basis of EIA in Hong Kong. The Secretary ofPlanning, Environment and Lands has overallresponsibility for the EIA system. The EnvironmentalProtection Department, formed from othergovernment departments in 1986, is responsible formanaging the EIA system and for producingprocedures, regulations and guidance. Projectproponents must prepare an EIA report if theproposal is a designated project (i.e. requires EIA).The content of the report must comply with theguidelines issued in the Technical Memorandumprovided for under section 16 of the Ordinance,approved in June 1997. Provisions for SEA date backto 1988 but, in practice, SEA has been undertaken inconnection with the Territorial Development Strategyin 1996. Although Hong Kong recently became theSpecial Administrative Region of the People’sRepublic of China, the pre-1997 EIA system is still inplace. However, since the approval of the 1997Ordinance, many of the earlier guidance documentsare being updated or are replaced by the Ordinanceand the Technical Memorandum.
Government of Hong Kong (1991). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Planning in Hong Kong.Environmental Protection Department, PlanningDepartment, Hong Kong. (66 p.)
Environmental Protection Department (1993).Standardized Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Study Brief. EnvironmentalAssessment and Planning Group OperationManual. Environmental Protection Department,Planning Department, Hong Kong. (66 p.)
This is currently under revision and a new version isexpected in 1998.
Hong Kong Government (1996). GenericEnvironmental Monitoring and Audit Manual.Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong.(ii, 34 p.)
This manual is intended for use by consultants whoare required to prepare an environmental monitoringand audit (EM&A) manual as part of a project EIAstudy report, and to guide the establishment of anEM&A programme. The document covers thefollowing environmental aspects, typically important inproject construction: air quality, noise, water qualityand waste management. Other sections deal with siteenvironmental audit, reporting and operation phaseEM&A. The manual contains duties of theEnvironmental Team, information on projectorganisation and programming of constructionactivities, requirements for construction schedules,
definition of Action and Limit levels, establishmentof event and action plans, requirements of reviewingpollution sources and working procedures required inthe event of non-compliance of environmental criteria,and requirements for presenting EM&A data andappropriate reporting procedures.
Hong Kong Government (1997). TechnicalMemorandum on Environmental ImpactAssessment Process. Hong Kong Government,Hong Kong. (83 p.)
This technical memorandum was issued under section16 of the Environmental Impact AssessmentOrdinance. It sets out the principles, procedures,guidelines, requirements and criteria for the EIAprocess in Hong Kong. There are 12 sections dealingwith such matters as the project profile, the EIA studybrief and report, environmental permits, monitoringand audit requirements, advice from relevantauthorities, resolving conflicts, use of previouslyapproved EIA reports, and hazard assessment.Twenty-two annexes cover project profiles, contents ofEIA reports and environmental monitoring and auditreports, evaluation criteria and guidelines for assessingvarious factors (air quality, noise, water pollution,waste management, ecological aspects, fisheries,landscape and visual impact) and for reviewing an EIAreport, and relevant authorities for hazard assessment.Contact: Environmental Protection Department, Hong KongGovernment, 27/F, Southorn Centre, 130 Hennessy Road, Wanchai,Hong Kong.
Sanvicens, G.D.E. (1996). EnvironmentalMonitoring and Audit of the Airport CoreProgramme Projects in Hong Kong. Report No.EPD/TR1/96. Assessment and Audit Group,Environmental Assessment Division, EnvironmentalProtection Department, Hong Kong Government,Hong Kong. (17 p., plus figures & appendices)
This report presents the environmental monitoringand audit system, as used in Hong Kong for theairport core programme and other major developmentprojects. It also documents the approach,methodology, findings, and case illustrations of anenvironmental audit conducted on ten major airportcore programme projects constructed since 1992.
IndiaEIAs have been carried out since the late 1970s as arequirement of foreign donor agencies. The legal basisfor EIA lies under the Notification under theEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986, which requirescertain projects to have environmental clearance fromthe Ministry of Environment and Forests. ThisMinistry is responsible for planning, promotion and
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co-ordination of environment and forestryprogrammes. Each State Pollution Board implementsthe legislation, issues rules and regulations and setsemission standards. Both the Ministry and the Boardsare responsible authorities for EIA in India. Directresponsibility for EIA lies with the “Impact AssessmentDivision” of the Ministry and its “Impact AssessmentWings” which are the Division’s decentralisedauthorities. The 1994 Notification on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment gives mandatory status for the EIAof certain identified activities. Several States and Unionterritories have also enacted their own EIA legislationin addition to the national provisions. The proponentis responsible for carrying out the EIA study. Screeningof proposals is carried out by the relevant “ImpactAssessment Wing” and may result in rapid EIA or fullEIA. Scoping of the EIA study is carried out by theEnvironmental Appraisal Committee (sector-based)who also liaises with proponent and the ImpactAssessment Wing.
Central Pollution Control Board (1993). Guidelinesfor Environmental Audit. Central PollutionControl Board, Delhi. (vi, 80 p.)
Environmental Audit is an exercise of self-assessmentto minimise the generation of wastes and pollutionpotential. This document is specifically for thepesticides industry. A procedure is set out forconducting an environmental audit, with case studiesfrom the organochlorine and organophosphorusindustry. Technologies are described for detoxificationof waste, treatment options for wastewater from thepesticides industry, limits for water use and wastewatergeneration, and emission standards for specificpollutants. A questionnaire for environmental auditand terms of reference for an environmental statementare included as annexes.Contact: Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East ArjunNagar, Delhi - 110032, India.
Government of India (1981). Guidelines andQuestionnaire for Environmental ImpactAssessment of Shipping and HarbourProjects., New Delhi. (41 p.)
The guidelines discuss objectives and parameters forpolicy formulation for the protection of theenvironment in relation to shipping and harbouractivities. They consider the need to prepareprojections, design safety features and set outemergency procedures in respect of various types ofaccidents. Offences and penalties, legal requirements,and the need for independent technical andadministrative arrangements for EIAs are reviewed.Annexes include a comprehensive questionnaire onshipping and harbour development projects, andinformation on various relevant legal instruments andconventions.
Government of India (1982). EnvironmentalManagement of Mining Operations. Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, New Delhi. (23 p.)
These guidelines apply to mining operations on landonly. Oceanic mining, and oil exploration and drilling,are not covered. The guidelines identify critical issuesrelevant to environmental protection in the context ofmineral exploitation: water pollution, solid wastemanagement, land degradation, air pollution, noiseand vibration, subsidence and landslides, humansettlements, and impacts of water regimes. Some of thesteps that need to be incorporated during the planningand implementation of mining operations are brieflyindicated. Emphasis is placed on the need forappropriate agencies to evolve tolerance standards/limits. Parameters to be covered by environmentalquality standards for liquid effluents are listed, and aquestionnaire is included (to be completed by miningcompanies) for environmental appraisal of miningoperations. The guidelines are intended to be ofpractical use to both the government and the miningindustry in India.
Government of India (1983). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Development of Beaches.Department of Environment, New Delhi. (36 p.)
These guidelines are concerned with EIAs for activitiesrelated to coastal area developments. The preambledescribes the problems of coastal areas in terms ofdevelopment, population and pollution. Chapter IIIdiscusses parameters for coastal area management.Nine major areas of concern in beach development andmanagement are identified: the sea, tourism andrecreational value, human settlements and habitat,natural resources and ecosystems, economicdevelopment and the social environment, industry andtechnology, natural/aesthetic potential, and energy.Chapter IV sets out guidelines for EIA coveringdevelopments in six areas which require integratedmanagement: tourism, industry, urban areas, fishingvillages and rural areas, special areas (mangroves,scenic areas, reefs, etc.), and communication andtransport. Activities causing development pressures inthe six areas are listed. A broad classification of coastalareas for ecological values is also given. Chapter Voutlines a series of management guidelines for a rangeof potential problems: protection and wise utilisationof valuable ecosystems, prevention of adversealteration of air and water quality, and physicalplanning and development. The format for an EIS isgiven as an annex.
Government of India (1985). Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment of RiverValley Projects. Ministry of Environment andForests, New Delhi. (41 p.)
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This document is concerned with river valleyprojects, e.g. irrigation, hydropower, multipurpose. Itcomprises four sections. The document first reviewsthe relevance of environmental considerations to rivervalley projects. It discusses development priorities,the economics of incorporating environmentalconsiderations, and ecological issues in planningdevelopment projects. The second section details thedata that should be collected for impact assessment ofriver valley projects, indicating data sources and thosedepartments/agencies whose opinions should besought and incorporated within the project report. Aquestionnaire on ecological aspects of hydro-electricprojects is provided as an annex. The third section is aschematic diagram illustrating the impact assessmentprocedure. The final section presents a case study ofthe Heran Reservoir (Lalpur Dam) project.
Government of India ( 1985). EnvironmentalGuidelines for the Siting of Industry: Reportof the Working Group. Ministry of Environmentand Forests, New Delhi. (16 p.)
This brief document includes guidelines relating toareas to be avoided for the siting of industries,precautionary measures to be taken during siteselection, and a discussion of environmental protectionissues requiring incorporation during implementationof industrial development projects. The guidelines areintended for use by industrial entrepreneurs,regulatory agencies and all those organisationsconnected with environmental issues. Pollutingindustries, and those required to obtain environmentalclearance for siting, are listed in appendices.
Government of India (1987). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Thermal Power Plants. Ministryof Environment and Forests, New Delhi. (10 p.)
This document presents a brief set of guidelines settingout siting criteria, and detailing the format and contentrequired for an environmental impact statement forthermal power plant projects. Important issues in themanagement of such plants are discussed: solid wastes,human settlements, air and water pollution,occupational safety and health, house-keeping,emergency planning, environmental management, andenvironmental appraisal procedures.
Government of India (1989). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Communication Projects.Environmental Impact Appraisal Series: Vol. EIAS-3-89; n. IA-III. Ministry of Environment and Forests,New Delhi. (30 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist project authorities inplanning and carrying out EIA for communication andelectrical transmission projects, including TV/radio/microwave stations or towers, telephone exchanges
and lines, and radar installations. They apply to newprojects and those involving substantial changes toexisting facilities (e.g. capacity expansion).Background is provided on the objectives andprocesses of EIA, with information on the requiredstructure and content of the environmental impactstatements and environmental management plans.The guidelines include general considerations, andaspects that need to be considered during siteselection, construction, alignment of overhead linestogether with safety matters. Specific guidelines forelectrical transmission lines and telephone cables aresummarised in a separate section. Interaction withlocal authorities and the dissemination ofinformation to the public are discussed. Finally, aquestionnaire for environmental appraisal isprovided.
Government of India (1989). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Rail/Road/Highway Projects.Environmental Impact Appraisal Series: Vol. EIAS-1-89; n. IA-III. Ministry of Environment and Forests,New Delhi. (35 p.)
Government of India (1989). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Development Projects:Background Note. Ministry of Environment andForests, New Delhi. (66 p.)
This paper provides an outline of the proceduralrequirements of the Government of India for theenvironmental (including forestry) assessment andclearance of projects by the Ministry of Environmentand Forests. The various sectors for which EIAs havebeen undertaken are described, and the organisationalarrangements and procedures for appraisal andmonitoring are outlined.
Government of India (1989). Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment of NewTowns. Ministry of Environment and Forests, NewDelhi. (83 p.)
The first part of this document presents a status reporton environmental situations that have arisen in selectednew towns during the 1970s and 1980s. Based on thisreview, a typology of new town types is used inChapter IV (environmental appraisal) to guide the EIAmethodology to be used and the environmental issuesto be considered: project (construction) colonies;market or service, mining, and port towns; StateCapital or District Administrative Centres; satellites tometropolitan cities; those established in connection tocantonments; and new towns established formiscellaneous purposes (e.g. university, technicalinstitutions). Chapter V sets out broad procedures forEIA of new towns. They include the directions thatneed to be issued by the central and state
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governments. A proforma for environmentalappraisal is given in an annex.
Government of India (1989). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Ports and Harbour Projects.Environmental Impact Appraisal Series; EIAS-4-89IA-III. Ministry of Environment and Forests, NewDelhi. (42 p.)
These guidelines outline the format and contentrequired for an environmental impact statement andenvironmental management plan, and identify the mainimpacts of port and harbour projects on physical andecological resources, human use values and quality oflife values. Mitigation measures are discussed for arange of adverse impacts: aquatic, atmospheric, noise,land and other resources, visual, solid wastemanagement, accidental, socio-economic and publichealth impacts. Some general recommendations formitigation measures are included. A detailedquestionnaire for project environmental appraisal isprovided.
Government of India (1989). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Airport Projects. EnvironmentalImpact Appraisal Series: EIAS-2-89 IA-III. Ministryof Environment and Forests, New Delhi. (30 p.)
These guidelines apply to new projects and thoseinvolving substantial changes to existing facilities.Background is provided on the objectives andprocesses of EIA, with information on the requiredstructure and content of the environmental impactstatements and environmental management plans.Guidance is provided on the identification ofenvironmental effects commonly associated withairport projects: impacts on physical resources (soiland geology, water demand and waste water discharge,air quality, and noise); ecological impacts associatedwith site development, and facility operation; andsocio-economic impacts. Measures for mitigation arealso discussed. A brief summary is given of a possibleenvironmental management and monitoringprogramme is given, and a questionnaire forenvironmental appraisal is included.
Government of India (1990). Parameters forDetermining Ecological Fragility. Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, New Delhi. (29 p.)
The parameters set out in this report are to assist inthe identification of specific areas in different regionsof India which could be categorised as ecologicallyfragile or sensitive. They aim to help in ensuring thatthey are not subjected to environmentallyunacceptable activities. Some fragile or sensitiveecosystems are listed. They include ecosystems: withunique properties; with intrinsically low resilience;with high species richness and biological diversity;
susceptible to species loss; linking two or moreprotected ecosystems; with aquifers and waterrecharge areas of mountain springs; and those withactive geological faults and seismic hazards. Theparameters are outlined in sections on variousecosystems: deserts, Himalayas, glaciated areas,seismic zones, landslide zones, and watersheds. A listof some of the ecologically fragile and sensitive areasin India is given in an annex.Contact: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan,CGO Complex Phase II, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
Indian Roads Congress (1989). Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment of HighwayProjects. Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi.(28 p.)
These guidelines supplement the Indian RoadsCouncil’s “Manual for Survey, Investigation andPreparation of Roads Projects” (document SP:19).They set out procedures for EIAs of road projects (newroads and major improvements to existing roads) toassist engineers. Section 5 provides formats forrecording baseline data, evaluation of alternatives, andassessment of the environmental impact of the chosenalternatives. Section 6 outlines an approach to datacollection and evaluation for preparing the EIA. Keyelements include a reconnaissance survey/study ofdifferent road alignments (desk studies and field work)followed by more detailed investigations of the mostappropriate route. The issues that need to be coveredin investigations are discussed in respect of existingroads, roads in hilly areas, pollution control (ingeneral), air pollution, and pollution duringconstruction operations. Measures for mitigatingadverse impacts are considered, particularly soilerosion and land degradation in hilly areas, for whicha checklist of points is included.Contact: Indian Roads Congress (IRC), Jamnagar House, ShahjahanRoad, New Delhi 110 011, India.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (1994).Guidelines on Environmental Issues Related toInland Water Transport. Netherlands Ministry ofForeign Affairs, The Hague & Inland WaterwaysAuthority of India, New Delhi. (44 p., annexes)
Contact: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PO Box 20061, 2500 EB TheHague, The Netherlands.
Singh, H. & Duraisamy, A. & Subramaniam, U. & De,D. (1994). Handbook of EnvironmentalProcedures and Guidelines. Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, New Delhi. (98 p.)
The introduction outlines the federal legislativemeasures for EIA in India and the responsibilities ofgovernment bodies at national, State and UnionTerritory levels. Part I is concerned with
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environmental clearance, by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, of 29 different identifiedpolluting or degrading development activities,through the EIA Notification procedure introduced in1994. Sections describe those projects which requireclearance, required documentation, theenvironmental appraisal procedure, the issue of aclearance/rejection letter, and post-projectmonitoring. Part II focuses on the prevention andcontrol of pollution and provides explanatory notesfor pollution control legislation. Sections deal withhazardous wastes and micro-organisms, publicliability and fiscal incentives to control/preventpollution. Part III discusses the conservation ofnatural resources, particularly forest lands andcoastal zones. Flow charts illustrate variousprocedures described in the guidelines. A series ofannexes cover: EIA notification; industries requiringlicensing; siting guidelines for industries; questionnairefor industrial projects; list of State Pollution controlBoards/Committees; publications; polluting industries;city populations exceeding 1 million; and coastalregulation zone notification.Contact: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan,CGO Complex Phase II, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
IndonesiaIndonesia has developed a comprehensive EIA processreferred to as “AMDAL” (Analisis Mnegenai DampakLingkungan) which is applied to both public andprivate projects. AMDAL began in 1986 under theRegulation PP29/1986 and by Ministerial Directivesfrom the State Minister for Population andEnvironment in 1987. Several shortcomings ofAMDAL forced revisions in 1993 and PP51/1993moved responsibility of AMDAL to sectoral agenciesand streamlined the process. Each central-level sectoralauthority has to have an AMDAL commission. TheMinistry of the Environment and the EnvironmentalImpact Management Agency (Badan PengendalianDampak Lingkungan- BAPEDAL) have overallresponsibility for AMDAL. Proponents must submittheir terms of reference for the EIA study (KernangkaAcuan), the EIS itself (Analisis Menganai DampakLingkungan), an Environmental Management Plan(Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan) andEnvironmental Monitoring plan (RencanaPemantauan Lingkungan). Subsequent formalguidelines were issued by the Ministry of theEnvironment in 1994 as Kep-10/MENLH/311994 toKep-15/MENLH/311994 and Keputsan Kepala Kep-056/1994. New regulations in 1996 (KEP-39/MENLH/8/1996) stipulate the types of businesses oractivities that require EIA as part of the screeningstage. The regulations also provide for monitoring andpublic participation at the EIA Study preparation andreview stages.
Berwick, S., Soewardi, B., Pertanian, D., USAID &Winrock International (1987). Guidelines forApplying the Environmental ImpactAssessment Process to Resource Developmentin Indonesia. Department of Agriculture, Jakarta,Indonesia. (192 p., annexes)
This document is intended for use by all Offices withinthe Department of Agriculture (DOA) and otheragencies, contractors and consultants participating inthe EIA process of the DOA as well as projectproponents outside the DOA including the privatesector and donor agencies. It describes the regulatorystructure within which the guidelines are set andprovides methods for planning, management andanalysis related to the EIA process. Although theguidelines have been prepared for projects encounteredby the DOA, the approach depends upon aninterdisciplinary project evaluation early in the EIAprocess. Such an approach may well transcend sectoralministries.Contact: Bureau of Planning, Department of Agriculture, Jl HarsonaRM No 3 Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia.
Environmental Assessment Management Agency(BAPEDAL) (undated). Panduan EvaluasiDokumen Andal (Guidelines for evaluating EISdocuments) Environmental AssessmentManagement Agency, Jakarta. (14 p.)
Environmental Assessment Management Agency(BAPEDAL) (1991). Panduan Pelingkupan UntukPenysunan Kerangka Acuan Andal (ScopingGuidelines). Environmental AssessmentManagement Agency, Jakarta. (19 p.)
Environmental Assessment Management Agency(BAPEDAL) (1992). A Guide to EnvironmentalAssessment in Indonesia (Penuntun AnalisisMengenai Lingkungan de Indonesia).Environmental Assessment Management Agency,Environmental Management Development inIndonesia (EMDI), Jakarta. (22 p.) Also available inIndonesian.
This guide is intended to assist project proponents,consultants and the public in their understanding ofthe AMDAL process (AMDAL - Analysis MengenaiDampak Lingkungan, or Analysis of EnvironmentalImpacts) - an integrated review process established in1986 to coordinate the planning and review ofproposed development activities, particularly theirecological, socio-economic and cultural components.The AMDAL process has been coordinated since 1990by the Environmental Impact Management Agency(BAPEDAL). Projects underway before 1987, but not
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by then subject to an EIA, were dealt with under aparallel process, SEMDAL, which ended in 1992.
The guide sets out the responsibilities of BAPEDAL forAMDAL, the goal of the process, and the EAdocuments/reports required. It describes AMDALprocedures with the aid of a flow chart. Establishedenvironmental standards and those underdevelopment are indicated and information on theprovision of permits and licences is given. AMDALtraining courses are also listed. Appendices providedefinitions of AMDAL documents, describegovernment agency responsibilities, and list availableAMDAL guidelines.
Government of Indonesia (1994). The Guidance onthe Extent of Significant Impact. Decision of theChairman of the Environmental ImpactManagement Board No: KEP-056 of 1994,March 1994. CAFI No. 65/4-6-1994 and CAFI 7118-6-1994. Government of Indonesia, Jakarta.(8 p.)
These two consecutive official announcements definewhat is meant as ‘significant impact’ and the factorsdetermining it, explain the use of this guidance indecision-making about planned businesses andactivities, and describe background assumptions.Issues such as numbers of people affected, spread,duration and intensity of impact, secondary impacts,cumulative effects, and reversibility/non-reversibility ofimpacts are discussed.
Government of Indonesia (1994). GeneralGuidance for Drawing up the Analysis ofImpact on the Environment. Decree of theState Minister for Environment No.: KEP-14/MENLH/1994, March 19. CAFI 86/23-7-1994 (14p.), CAFI 88/28-7-1994 (16 p.), CAFI 90/2-8-1994(16p.), Government of Indonesia, Jakarta,Indonesia. (14 p., 16 p., 16 p.)
These three consecutive official announcementsprovide a framework for EIA in Indonesia. Fourattachments provide general guidance for: drawing upa (technical) frame of reference for EIA (Ka-Andal);EIA report structure and content; environmentalmanagement plans (RKL), and environmentalmonitoring plans (RPL).
Government of Indonesia (1994). GeneralGuidance for Environmental Management andMonitoring Efforts. Decree of the StateMinister of Environment No.: KEP-12/MENLH/3/1994, March 19, 1994. CAFI 63/31-5-1994.Environmental Assessment Management Agency(BAPEDAL), Jakarta. (7 p.)
This official announcement sets out guidance for theEnvironmental Management Effort (UKL) and anEnvironmental Monitoring Effort (UPL) required forany plan for a business or activity which has nosignificant impact and/or whose significant impact canbe technologically managed. The UKL and UPL are notpart of an EIA (AMDAL) in Indonesia and, therefore,not assessed by the AMDAL Commission. Theguidance discusses the function and objective of bothUKL and UPL, their scope and what they cover.
Government of Indonesia (1994). GeneralGuidelines for the Preparation ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment. Decree No.KEP-42/MENLH/31/94. Minister of State forEnvironment, Jakarta.
Government of Indonesia (1994). TheEstablishment of the Commission forIntegrated Environmental Impact Assessment.Decree of the State Minister of EnvironmentNo. KEP-15/MENLH/3/1994. March 19. CAFI 70/16-6-1994. Environmental AssessmentManagement Agency (BAPEDAL), Jakarta. (5 p.)
This official Decree establishes the composition(officers, permanent and non-permanent members) ofthe Commission for Integrated EnvironmentalAssessment, and describes the responsibilities of theCommission in drawing up technical guidance,appraising EIAs and environmental managementplans, and helping decision-making regarding these.
Government of Indonesia (1996). The Types ofBusinesses or Activities Which Shall, By Wayof Obligation, Be Completed with an Analysison Environmental Impacts. Decree of the StateMinister of Environmental Affairs No. KEP-39/MENLH/8/1996, August 26. BN.5959/5960/15-1-1997. Government of Indonesia, Jakarta. (9 p.)
This official Decree defines which businesses andactivities require an EIA, including those directlybordering on or which might affect protected areas.
Government of Indonesia (1996). TechnicalGuidance for Definition of the Social Aspectsfor Drawing up the Analysis of Impact on theEnvironment (AMDAL). Decision No.KEP-299 of1996. Environmental Assessment ManagementAgency (BAPEDAL), Jakarta.Contact: Environmental Assessment Management Agency (BAPEDAL),Gedung Arthaloka Lantai 11, Jl. Jendral Sudirman 2, Jakarta,Indonesia.
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Environmental Management Development inIndonesia Project (EMDI) & Dalhousie University(1991). Coral Reef Systems: Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment. 2nd draft.Environmental Management Development inIndonesia Project (EMDI) EnvironmentalManagement Development in Indonesia Project(EMDI), Jakarta & Dalhousie University, Halifax,Canada. (iii, 65 p.)
These are draft general EIA guidelines for developmentprojects in marine and coastal areas. The documentidentifies two basic options for establishing EIAguidelines for marine and coastal zone developments –the ecosystem health approach and the sectoralapproach – and then addresses itself to the ecosystemhealth approach. It opens by describing the nature andfunctions of coral reefs. Chapter 2 then providesenvironmental guidelines pertaining to keyenvironmental factors that are essential in thedistribution and physiological performance of manycoral reef organisms including salinity, temperature,dissolved oxygen, water clarity, nutrients and tidalpatterns. Chapter 3 describes development projects oractivities that have the potential to significantly alterthe characteristics of coastal areas, and therefore havean impact upon coral reef ecosystems. These includetourism, sewage, forestry, agriculture, aquaculture,ports and harbours, mining and dredging, powerplants, and industry. The final chapter considers waterquality and monitoring.Contact: EMDI Project, School for Resource & Environmental Studies,Dalhousie University, 1312 Robie Street, Halifax, N.S. Canada, B3H3E2, & EMDI Project, Kantor Menteri Negara Kependudukan danLingkungan Hidup, J1 Medan Merdan Merdeka Barat 15, Jakarta10110, Indonesia.
Howe, C.P. & Claridge, G.F. & Hughes, R. &Zuwendra (1992). Manual of Guidelines forScoping EIA in Indonesian Wetlands. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report. (2ndedition) Asian Wetland Bureau, Bogor. (315 p.)
This manual is intended to accompany the Manual ofGuidelines for Scoping EIA in Tropical Wetlands(Howe et al l991), and is prepared specifically for theIndonesian situation. It is designed to assist in theidentification of wetland benefits at a site beforeproject plans are finalised and to assess the potentialimpacts on these benefits. The Manual includesdescriptions and diagrams of all recognised benefitsprovided by Indonesian wetlands. Copies are availablein English and Bahasa Indonesian.Contact: Asian Wetlands Bureau (AWB), University of Malaya, LembahPantai, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Kent, M. & Kartakusuma, D. (1991).Implementation Manual for AMDAL [EIA] inthe Ministry of Public Works. Report No.10,Environmental Management Development in
Indonesia Project (EMDI) Dalhousie University &EMDI Jakarta. (xvi, 45 p.)
This manual aims to assist staff of the Ministry ofPublic Works to deal with the environmental concernsfor projects it carries out. It comprises seven sections.The first is an introduction to the AMDAL (AnalisisMnegenai Dampak Lingkungan ) (EIA) process. Thesecond sets out working procedures including how toinitiate the assessment process for either a PIL(Preliminary Environmental Information Report) or afull AMDAL. The next section provides projectscreening criteria, whilst section 4 includes technicalguidelines describing the types, component areas andstudy methodologies for Ministry staff to assist theirevaluation of consultant’ reports. Section 5 discusseshow scoping and screening can be applied to existingprojects to resolve particular engineering/environmental concerns. The last two sections areconcerned with the evaluation of AMDAL studies andthe assessment of provincial projects.
Krawetz, N.M. (1991). Social ImpactAssessment: An Introductory Handbook.Report No.9, Environmental ManagementDevelopment in Indonesia Project (EMDI)Dalhousie University & EMDI Jakarta. (xx, 220p.)
This documents is intended as a generic, non-countryspecific handbook, providing an introduction to socialimpact assessment. It is set out on the basis of step-by-step methods and procedures. There are five sectionscovering: an overview of the assessment process;preparing for an assignment; initial environmentalevaluation; social impact assessment; and methods.There are two appendices providing IEE and SIA casestudies.
Susilo, K. & Keir, A. (1992). EnvironmentalAssessment in the Department of Industry:Working Guidelines. Report No.18,Environmental Management Development inIndonesia Project (EMDI) Dalhousie University &EMDI Jakarta. (xxiii, 60 p.)
This is a working guideline to help the Department ofIndustry to develop a comprehensive environmentalassessment capability in accordance with therequirements of Government Regulation 29, 1986. Itdiscusses the rationale for incorporating EA processesinto the Department, and the issues and opportunitiesto be addressed during development of anenvironmental management system. It outlines therequired organisation, and processes and proceduresfor EA, and provides a five-year strategy fordeveloping and implementing the environmentalmanagement plan. Although focused on theDepartment of Industry, the document containsvaluable information on the AMDAL (EIA) process in
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Indonesia and may be useful to other organisationsseeking to establish EA systems.Contact: EMDI Project, School for Resource & Environmental Studies,Dalhousie University, 1312 Robie Street, Halifax, N.S. Canada, B3H3E2, & EMDI Project, Kantor Menteri Negara Kependudukan danLingkungan Hidup, J1 Medan Merdan Merdeka Barat 15, Jakarta10110, Indonesia.
IsraelEnvironmental Impact Statements have been used inIsrael since the mid 1970s to take environmental effectsinto account in decision-making. The EnvironmentalProtection Service was created in 1973 and one of itsresponsibilities was to develop an EIA system. EIA waslegislated under the Planning and Building Regulations(Environmental Impact Statements), 1982 and EIARegulations 1993. The Ministry of the Environment isresponsible for the EIA system and the system isdelivered by planning authorities at the national,district, and local levels. Under these regulations,screening lists are used but the planning authorities areflexible and allow for the discretionary request for EIAto be carried out by the proponent. The “Licensing ofBusiness” law allows environmental data to beincluded in business licenses. The preparation of EIAdocuments must be in accordance with guidelines fromthe Environmental Advisor (the Director of theMinistry of the Environment), issued by the localplanning authority. Review of the EIS is carried out bythe local planning authority with the Ministry.Contact: Ministry of the Environment, Planning Division, PO Box34022, Jerusalem 95464, State of Israel
JapanAdministrative guidance (with voluntary status) wereissued in 1984 and stipulated that EIA proceduresshould be undertaken for large-scale nationaldevelopments. Impact assessments were subsequentlycarried out under the Public Water Reclamation Lawand following sectoral guidelines from the Ministry ofTrade and Industry. EIA was also carried out underboth local and sector-level systems. The proponent isusually responsible for EIS preparation and usuallysubmit sit to the Prefectural Governor. The system wasmanaged by the Environment Agency, established in1971. The Basic Environmental Law of 1993supported the use of EIA and envisaged futurelegislation to elaborate the system. In March 1997, aBill was submitted to the “National Diet” on theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Law. The Billproposed EIA procedures including screening (usingthresholds) and public participation during scopingand report preparation. The Bill was passed in June1997 and will become law in 1999 to finally givemandatory status to EIA in Japan.
Contact: Environment Agency EIA Division, Environment Agency, 1-2-2Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan
JordanArticle 15 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1995,provides for the preparation of national EIAprocedures and guidelines, but this has yet to be done.There is no specific EIA law, and no generallyapplicable guidelines. A draft Operation Directive forEIA in the Aqaba region was prepared in 1995 by theAqaba Region Authority.Contact: EIA Unit and Implementation of Ramsar Convention, GeneralCooperation for Environmental Protection, PO Box 1408, Amman11941, Jordan
KazakhstanPrior to 1991, the laws providing for State EcologicalExpertise (SEE- based upon Russian Law,ekologicheskaya ekspertiza, and also known as StateEnvironmental Review) was under Soviet control(under the Law of Environmental Protection). In 1991,Kazak law further defined it for use in the newrepublic. SER is mandatory for all projects and somedevelopment plans. Projects on the screening list (verysimilar to the one of the Espoo convention) must besubjected to an OVOS (Assessment of EnvironmentalImpacts) procedure regulated by the Soviet OVOSGuidelines of 1990 (amended in 1992). SEE is aprocedure which combines (a) decision-making(issuing a mandatory SEE Resolution, and anintegrated environmental permit), (b) environmentalassessment (i.e. assessing environmental acceptabilityof the proposed development, particularly itscompliance with environmental norms and standards),and (c) quality control of environmental assessmentconducted by the developer (i.e. OVOS) . A draft Lawon Environmental Protection, 1997, includes chapterson EIA and SEE. The Law of the Republic ofKazakstan on Environmental Review, 1997, makesSEE mandatory for all proposals including newlegislation and regulations and for all national,territorial and sectoral projects. The EIA system startswith baseline studies and submission of a draft OVOS.The Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources has overallresponsibility for SEE and ensuring that OVOS iscarried out. The actual execution of OVOS is theresponsibility of the proponent. To apply for SEE, anEIA (OVOS) must be carried out and culminate inproduction of a “Statement on EnvironmentalConsequences”. Provision is made under the 1997Law for Public participation at the SEE stage.
Republic of Kazakhstan (1993). TemporaryInstruction on Procedure for EIA of Planned
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Economic Activities in Kazakhstan. Ministry ofEcology and Biological Resources, Almaty. (58 p.)
These guidelines set out the general procedures forenvironmental assessment during the preparatory anddecision-making stages of economic activities, includingdevelopment of programmes, regional and planningprojects and infrastructure facilities. The documentcovers: terms and definitions, principles, status andorder of EA procedures, stages (levels), and duties andresponsibilities for undertaking EA. The main steps ofthe procedure involves: review of environmentalconditions; preliminary EA; and full EIA.Contact: Information and Analytical Centre for Ecology and Geology,Ministry of Ecology and Nature Resources, 85 Dostyk av., Almaty480100, Republic of Kazakhstan
Korea, RepublicEIA was introduced in South Korea in 1981 under theEnvironment Preservation Act, 1977. It was firstapplied to major projects and then to a wider range ofpublic and private projects. The EnvironmentalAssessment Act, 1993 (amended in 1997), providesthe present statutory basis for EIA. It increased theprovision for public participation and addressed theissue of EIS quality. “Environmental Assessment” (inaddition to “environmental impact assessment”) ofplans, programs and policies takes place underEnforcement Article 3(2) of the Environmental PolicyAct and Presidential Decree No. 299, both passed in1993. The systems of “environmental impactassessment” and “environmental assessment” aredistinguished by procedural differences regardingmonitoring and review. Local governments are givenlegal authority to issue regulations to extend thecoverage of EIA to other projects. The managementbody for the impact assessment systems in Korea is theEnvironmental Assessment Division of the Ministry ofthe Environment. The 1997 amendments to the EA Actincluded strengthening the review and monitoringsystems and ensuring that the EIS is written byimpartial consultants on behalf of the proponent.Contact: Ministry of Environment, Nature Environment EcosystemDivision, Government Complex II, 1 Joongang Ang-Dong, Kwachon,Kyunggi-Do 427 760, Republic of Korea
KuwaitThe legislative and institutional background for ageneral environmental protection system exists, butthere is no specific EIA legislation. Law 62/1980 allowsthe Environmental Protection Council to require anenvironmental study at the project level.
Environment Protection Council (1990). ProposedEnvironmental Protection Standards andGuidelines for the State of Kuwait: 1.Ambient Air Quality Standards; 2. AmbientSea Water Quality Standards. EnvironmentProtection Council, Safat.
Environment Protection Council (1990).Organization of Environmental ImpactAssessment for Engineering and IndustrialProjects. Environment Protection Council, Kuwait,Safat. (6 p.)
This Ministerial Order (9/90) sets out procedures forEIA prior to licensing new engineering and industrialprojects and major expansions or modifications ofexisting projects. Factors to be investigated are listed.Contact: Environment Protection Council, PO Box 24395, Safat,Kuwait 13104.
KyrgystanThe National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),1994, transformed the State Committee forEnvironmental Protection (Goskompriroda) into theMinistry of the Environment which has overallresponsibility for the EIA systems. Efforts areunderway to assemble current legal requirements into acoherent and useful environmental protectioninstrument. The NEAP requires full EIA under theformer Soviet system of OVOS (Assessment ofEnvironmental Impacts). The SEE (State EcologicalExpertise) stage is not carried out until completion ofthe OVOS documents. The process includes thesubmission of a “Note of Intention”, followed by theOVOS, the determination of effects (including a publichearing), ZEP (“statement on environmentalconsequences”) and post-project analysis and control.The SEE system is also responsible for taking the EIAinto account at the State decision-making stage. TheRegulation on the State Ecological Expertise ofKyrgyzstan Republic, 1994, is the most recent legalinstrument controlling SEE.
Lao PDRThere are no formal EIA procedures, but increasinglyit is recognised that the capacity to effectively assessthe environmental implications of development is animportant part of environmental management. Todate, decisions on whether or not to require EIA ofnew projects have been taken on a case-by-case basisby each ministry. EIAs have been conducted for
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selected major development. The Science, Technologyand Environment Organisation (STENO) has prepareda new Environmental Law which was to be submittedto the National Assembly in February 1998. Once thenew law is enacted, it is planned to develop newguidelines and methodologies. The Department ofGeology and Mining in the Ministry of Industry andHandicrafts has developed draft guidelines for EIA ofmining proposals. This process will involve the initialscreening of all proposals and mandatory EIA formajor projects. But these guidelines will be submittedfor approval only after a new Decree on Mining hasbeen adopted by the National Assembly.Contact: Science, Technology and Environment Office (STENO), POBox 2279, Vientiane, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Vroegop, J. (1994). Guidelines for Reducing theEnvironmental Effects of Road Projects in LaoPeople’s Democratic Republic. Report Ref:93807G2. Government of Lao Peoples DemocraticRepublic, World Bank (13 p., appendices)
These guidelines were prepared as part of World Bankenvironmental input into the Louang NamthaProvincial Development Project in the north of Lao.They comprise three sections: introduction;environmental procedures (screening, institutionalaspects, staffing and technical assistance); andenvironmental effects and mitigation measures.Additional information on the latter is provided inappendices together with sample environmental clausesfor contract documents.Contact: The World Bank, (ENVLW), 1818 H Street NW, WashingtonD.C. 20433, USA.
MalaysiaEIA was undertaken on a voluntary basis underadministrative procedures from 1979-1985 untilamendments to the 1974 Environment Quality Actawarded the procedures mandatory status in 1988(Environmental Quality (prescribed Activities)(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987). Themain features of the Malaysian system include thepreliminary assessment of impacts followed by detailedassessment of significant residual impacts. Review isthe responsibility of the Department of theEnvironment for preliminary assessments and ad-hocreview of detailed assessment reports by a ReviewPanel. Recommendations are passed to the competentauthority (either a Federal- or State-government body,depending on the type of project) for the approval ofthe project. In 1993, implementation of EIA wasdecentralised to five State offices of the Department ofEnvironment in order to better integrate EIA into thedecision-making process. Following capacity-buildingin all States, decentralisation was completed in 1995. In
1996, the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Actincreased the penalty for non-compliance and issuedprovisions for request for environmental audit reports.Sixteen sets of sectoral guidelines have been produced.
Government of Malaysia (1987). A Handbook ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment Guidelines.(3rd ed.) Department of the Environment, KualaLumpur. (116 p.)
Malaysia’s EIA policy is derived from a governmentinitiative which was outlined in Chapter XI of theThird Malaysia Plan 1976-1980. These guidelines aredrawn from the Fifth Malaysia Plan 1980-1986. Thehandbook first outlines the relevant legislation (theEnvironmental Control Act of 1985) and gives ageneral introduction to EIA. Chapter Two is a guide toprocedural steps for preliminary assessment inMalaysia. The text uses set matrices which thedeveloper must follow during the initial stages of theassessment. Public participation is discussed, and anoutline of a preliminary report is included. ChapterThree discusses the procedural steps for a detailedassessment. Terms of reference, methodologies, datacollection, public participation, and mandatoryenvironmental standards are all covered. The reviewprocess is presented in Chapter Four, while ChaptersFive and Six provide guidelines to preparingpreliminary and final assessment reports.
Government of Malaysia (1992). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) Procedure andRequirements in Malaysia. Department ofEnvironment, Kuala Lumpur. (28 p.)
This document describes the EIA procedure inMalaysia. It discusses preliminary and detailedassessment and review of EIA reports, indicates theapproving authorities for particular types of project,describes the organisational structure for the EIAprocess in Malaysia, and provides a classification ofprojects and relates this to the timing of submission ofEIA reports. Activities subject to EIA are set out inchecklists. Appendices provide extracts concerning EIAfrom the Environmental Quality Act 1974, andaddresses for offices of the Department ofEnvironment. This document was revised in 1994.
Government of Malaysia (1992). NotificationSpecifying Procedures, Rules, Methods andGuidelines for the Preparation ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment Reports.Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment,Kuala Lumpur. (4 p.)
A formal ministerial notification under theEnhancement and Conservation of NationalEnvironmental Quality Act setting out additional steps
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to be taken in order to file EIA reports for a range ofproject types and activities.
Government of Malaysia (1994;1995). EIAGuidelines Series. Department of theEnvironment, Ministry of Science Technology andEnvironment, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur.
This is a series of guidelines covering the followingsectors:Coastal Resort Development Projects EG5/94,Coastal Resort Development Projects EG5/94,Coastal Resort Development Projects EG5/94,Coastal Resort Development Projects EG5/94,Coastal Resort Development Projects EG5/94,Petrochemical Industries EG6/94,Petrochemical Industries EG6/94,Petrochemical Industries EG6/94,Petrochemical Industries EG6/94,Petrochemical Industries EG6/94,Industrial Estate Development EG7/94,Industrial Estate Development EG7/94,Industrial Estate Development EG7/94,Industrial Estate Development EG7/94,Industrial Estate Development EG7/94,Golf Course Development EG8/94,Golf Course Development EG8/94,Golf Course Development EG8/94,Golf Course Development EG8/94,Golf Course Development EG8/94,GrGrGrGrGroundwater and/or Suroundwater and/or Suroundwater and/or Suroundwater and/or Suroundwater and/or Surface Wface Wface Wface Wface Water Supply Prater Supply Prater Supply Prater Supply Prater Supply ProjectsojectsojectsojectsojectsEG1/95,EG1/95,EG1/95,EG1/95,EG1/95,TherTherTherTherThermal Power Generation and/or Tmal Power Generation and/or Tmal Power Generation and/or Tmal Power Generation and/or Tmal Power Generation and/or TransmissionransmissionransmissionransmissionransmissionProjects EG2/95,Projects EG2/95,Projects EG2/95,Projects EG2/95,Projects EG2/95,Drainage and/or Irrigation Projects EG3/95,Drainage and/or Irrigation Projects EG3/95,Drainage and/or Irrigation Projects EG3/95,Drainage and/or Irrigation Projects EG3/95,Drainage and/or Irrigation Projects EG3/95,Fishing Harbours and/or Land Based AquacultureFishing Harbours and/or Land Based AquacultureFishing Harbours and/or Land Based AquacultureFishing Harbours and/or Land Based AquacultureFishing Harbours and/or Land Based AquacultureProjects EG4/95,Projects EG4/95,Projects EG4/95,Projects EG4/95,Projects EG4/95,Dam and/or Reservoir Projects EG5/95,Dam and/or Reservoir Projects EG5/95,Dam and/or Reservoir Projects EG5/95,Dam and/or Reservoir Projects EG5/95,Dam and/or Reservoir Projects EG5/95,Mines and Quarries EG7/95,Mines and Quarries EG7/95,Mines and Quarries EG7/95,Mines and Quarries EG7/95,Mines and Quarries EG7/95,Development of Resort and Hotel Facilities in HillDevelopment of Resort and Hotel Facilities in HillDevelopment of Resort and Hotel Facilities in HillDevelopment of Resort and Hotel Facilities in HillDevelopment of Resort and Hotel Facilities in HillStations EG8/95,Stations EG8/95,Stations EG8/95,Stations EG8/95,Stations EG8/95,Development of Resort and Recreational Facilities inDevelopment of Resort and Recreational Facilities inDevelopment of Resort and Recreational Facilities inDevelopment of Resort and Recreational Facilities inDevelopment of Resort and Recreational Facilities inNational Parks EG9/95,National Parks EG9/95,National Parks EG9/95,National Parks EG9/95,National Parks EG9/95,Development of TDevelopment of TDevelopment of TDevelopment of TDevelopment of Tourist and Recrourist and Recrourist and Recrourist and Recrourist and Recreational Facilitieseational Facilitieseational Facilitieseational Facilitieseational Facilitieson Islands in Marine Parks EG10/95,on Islands in Marine Parks EG10/95,on Islands in Marine Parks EG10/95,on Islands in Marine Parks EG10/95,on Islands in Marine Parks EG10/95,Industrial Projects EG11/95,Industrial Projects EG11/95,Industrial Projects EG11/95,Industrial Projects EG11/95,Industrial Projects EG11/95,Municipal Solid WMunicipal Solid WMunicipal Solid WMunicipal Solid WMunicipal Solid Waste and Sewage Taste and Sewage Taste and Sewage Taste and Sewage Taste and Sewage Trrrrreatment andeatment andeatment andeatment andeatment andDisposal Projects EG12/95,Disposal Projects EG12/95,Disposal Projects EG12/95,Disposal Projects EG12/95,Disposal Projects EG12/95,TTTTToxic and Hazaroxic and Hazaroxic and Hazaroxic and Hazaroxic and Hazardous Wdous Wdous Wdous Wdous Waste Taste Taste Taste Taste Trrrrreatment and Disposaleatment and Disposaleatment and Disposaleatment and Disposaleatment and DisposalProjects EG13/95.Projects EG13/95.Projects EG13/95.Projects EG13/95.Projects EG13/95.
Government of Malaysia (1994). EnvironmentalRequirements: A Guide for Investors. (5thedition) Department of the Environment, Ministryof Science Technology and the Environment, KualaLumpur.Contact: Department of the Environment, Ministry of ScienceTechnology and the Environment, 12th and 14th Floor, Wisma SimeDarby, Jalan Raja Laut, 50662 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
MongoliaGovernment Resolution No. 121, 1994, gave legalstatus to the EIA procedures (MongolianEnvironmental Impact Assessment Procedures) andgave responsibility for managing the EIA system to theMinistry of Nature and Environment. A statutorybasis for the system was provided by the MongolianLaw on Environmental Protection, 1995. Theregulations cover both existing and proposed projects.There are two levels of EIA: general EIA by theMinistry of Nature and Environment; and localgovernment EIA based on initial project and
environment information. Detailed EIA may berequested after such initial EIA documents have beenevaluated. Monitoring is a local government agencyresponsibility. Review must be carried out internallyby the proponent and also by the Ministry. Theproponent must only use licensed (to the Ministry)organisations to assist in the EIA process.
Government of Mongolia (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidance for Mongolia.Ministry of Environment, Ulaanbaatar.Contact: Ministry for Nature and Environment, Government BuildingNo.3, Baga Toiruu-44, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
MyanmarThere is no national EIA system. The Inter-AgencyMinisterial Screening Committee of the Ministry ofPlanning and Finance, with collaboration from lineministries, is responsible for the performance of EIA.EIAs have been undertaken for Asian DevelopmentBank projects. EIA policy takes its lead from theNational Environment Policy developed by theNational Committee for Environmental Affairs.Contact: National Commission for Environmental Affairs, 37Thantaman Road, Yangon, Myanmar
NepalThe value of EIA was recognised in the NationalConservation Strategy prepared during the seventhFive-year plan (1985-1990). The eighth five-year plan(1992-1997) and the Nepal Environment Policy anAction Plan (1993) reiterated the need for EIA. AnEnvironmental Core Group was established in 1990and the National Planning Commission (NPC), incollaboration with IUCN, produced National EIAguidelines (endorsed by the government in 1992 andimplemented in 1993), and sector guidelines forforestry and Industry (endorsed in 1995). The NPC inassociation with IUCN and other government agencieshas also prepared sector guidelines covering waterresources, water supply, roads, mining, sanitary landfillsites, human settlement and urban development (theseare awaiting government approval). The Ministry ofPopulation and Environment, established in 1995, co-ordinates the elaboration of EIA procedures andguidelines. With active involvement of differentstakeholders, the ministry developed the FrameworkLaw on Environmental Protection (EnvironmentalProtection Act 2053, 1997) which gives the legal basisfor EIA in Nepal. It has been implemented through theEnvironment Protection Regulations, 1997, whichprescribe, inter alia, when proponents must carry outan Initial Environmental Examination or an EIA of
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proposed projects, and provide for the monitoring ofimpacts. Environment Protection Rules (EPR) issuedunder the Environment Conservation Act, 1997 alsoset out schedules of project types for which a projectproposer must undertake either a preliminaryenvironmental test or an evaluation of theenvironmental impact of the proposal. These Rulesoblige proponents to: make public the contents of aproposal twice to enable comments and suggestionsby different stakeholders; include all relevantenvironmental issues in the scoping report beforesubmission for approval; and make the draft EIAreport public before its finalisation. They also giveformal procedures for submitting EIA reports; anddescribe the approval process. EIA has been integratedinto other legislation: the Water Resource Act 1992(Section 8), the Electricity Act 1992 (Section 4), theForestry Act (1994) and the Agriculture Act (1996).
National Planning Commission (1993). NationalImpact Assessment Guidelines. NationalPlanning Commission, & The World ConservationUnion (IUCN), Kathmandu. (vi, 31p.)
These guidelines replace the 1992 guidelines of thesame name. They are intended for use by projectproponents, government officials, consultants, projectimplementors and the general public. They outline thesteps of the EIA process from screening to monitoringand evaluation, and also include a section onenvironmental impact auditing which addressescommunity participation. A number of schedules detailthe projects requiring EIA, set out terms of reference,and describe the EIA report format.
Government of Nepal (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the WaterResources Sector (Power and Irrigation)Prepared under the National ConservationStrategy Implementation Project. NationalPlanning Commission, Ministry of WaterResources, & The World Conservation Union(IUCN), Kathmandu. ((vii, 82 p., 21 annexes)
The first part comprises 11 chapters describing the EIAprocess in Nepal, covering: water resources sector andthe environment, environmental impact andmanagement requirements, screening criteria and initialenvironmental examination, scoping, terms ofreference and EIA report format, identification ofenvironmental impacts, mitigation methods, review ofEIA reports (draft), impact monitoring and evaluation,environmental impact auditing, and references. Thesecond part contains 21 annexes covering, forexample: project cycle, EA process, terms of reference,methodological examples for particular (actual andhypothetical) projects, checklist of impacts, standards,etc.
Government of Nepal (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the RoadSector. Prepared under the NationalConservation Strategy Implementation Project.National Planning Commission, Ministry of Worksand Transport, & The World Conservation Union(IUCN ), Kathmandu. (v, 34 p.,- 5 annexes)
These guidelines, derived from two road sectorworkshops, contain 13 chapters covering:introduction; screening of project proposals; initialenvironmental examination; scoping for EIA; terms ofreference for EIA studies; EIA report; identification ofsignificant environmental impacts (including methods),mitigation measures; review of draft EIA report; impactmonitoring; EIA evaluation; impact auditing; andpublic involvement. Annexes provide additionalinformation on: project cycle; screening process;sensitive areas; and IEE report format. A glossary ofterms is included.
Government of Nepal (1995). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the ForestrySector. Prepared under the NationalConservation Strategy ImplementationProject. National Planning Commission. Ministryof Forestry, National Planning Commission, & TheWorld Conservation Union (IUCN), Kathmandu. (x,23 p.)
These guidelines aim to facilitate the sustainable use offorest resources for socioeconomic development andfor meeting basic needs of communities for forestproducts; to make proposals socially and culturallyacceptable, economically feasible and environmentallybenign; and to facilitate the identification of positiveand negative impacts of programmes implemented inforest areas. The guidelines run though the variousstages of the EIA process from screening to monitoringand evaluation. They also consider developmentproposals that do not originate from the forestrysector but which affect forest areas.
Government of Nepal (1995). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the WaterSupply Sector. Prepared under the NationalConservation Strategy ImplementationProject. National Planning Commission,Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, &The World Conservation Union (IUCN ),Kathmandu. (vii, 37 p.)
The introduction to these guidelines providesbackground information on water supply projects andthe environment, environmental policies in Nepal andEIA in Nepal. There are 13 chapters covering: EIAguidelines for the water supply sector; proposalscreening; IEE; scoping; terms of reference; EIA report;impact identification, prediction and comparison;
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impact mitigation measures; review of EIA report;environmental monitoring; EIA evaluation;environmental impact auditing; and communityparticipation. Schedules are included which provideformats for terms of reference and for an EIA reportand annexes.
Government of Nepal (1995). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the IndustrySector. Prepared under the NationalConservation Strategy ImplementationProject. National Planning Commission, Ministryof Industry, & The World Conservation Union(IUCN), Kathmandu. (vii, 34 p., 6 annexes)
This document has an introduction on the economyand the environment and existing industries, and 13short chapters covering: definitions; objectives;screening; scoping; terms of reference; EIA report;identification of impacts - types of impact, methods(checklist, matrix, network), impact prediction andranking; mitigation; review of draft EIA report; impactmonitoring; evaluation of impact studies; auditing; andcommunity participation. There are 6 annexes:industries requiring permission; projects requiring EIA;environmentally sensitive areas; format of IEE report;format of terms of reference and of EIA report.
Government of Nepal (1995). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for the MiningSector. Department of Mines and Geology,Ministry of Industry, National PlanningCommission, & The World Conservation Union(IUCN), Kathmandu. (v, 37p., 7 annexes)
This document is the outcome of intensive andextensive inter-sectoral and multi-disciplinaryworkshop discussions. It comprises 11 chapterscovering: introduction; screening; IEE; scoping; termsof reference for EIA; EIA report; impact identificationand prediction; impact mitigation measures; EIA reportreview; monitoring and evaluation; and communityparticipation. Seven annexes provide additionalinformation on: classification for industry locations;screening categories for mines (based on commoditiesand daily output); mineral classifications – based ontype, and value; environmental parameters checklist formining and mineral processing projects; and a glossary.
Government of Nepal (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for SanitaryLandfill Sites. National Planning Commission,Ministry of Local Government, & The WorldConservation Union (IUCN), Kathmandu. (vi, 44p.)
This document provides EIA guidelines for municipalsanitary landfill sites and comprises 12 chapterscovering: site selection; proposal screening and IEE;scoping for EIA; terms of reference; EIA report;
identification, prediction and comparison ofenvironmental impacts; impact mitigation measures;review of EIA report; environmental monitoring; EIAevaluation; environmental impact auditing; andcommunity participation. Schedules are included whichprovide a checklist for environmental examination ofpotential landfill sites; formats for IEE report, terms ofreference, EIA report and annexes; routes to exposureto hazards caused by uncontrolled dumping; overallEIA process and screening procedure for sanitarylandfills.
Government of Nepal (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Guidelines for HumanSettlement and Urban Development Sector.First Draft. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, National Planning Commission, &The World Conservation Union (IUCN),Kathmandu. (33p., annex)
This document comprises 13 chapters covering:introduction; overview of human settlement and urbandevelopment sector in Nepal; environmental problemsdue to human settlement development process;screening process and criteria; IEE; scoping for EIA;terms of reference for EIA; EIA report; identification ofimpacts; mitigation measures; review of draft EIAreport; environmental impact evaluation andmonitoring; and community participation. Annexes listhuman settlement and urban development activitiesrequiring an IEE or a full EIA, and provide a checklistof environmental problems due to such activities.Contact: Environment Section, Ministry of Industry, Singha Durbar,Kathmandu, Nepal
Khadka, R.B.(ed.) (1996). EIA Training Manualfor Professionals and Managers. Asian RegionalEnvironmental Assessment Programme, The WorldConservation Union (IUCN), Kathmandu. (xii, 187p.) ISBN 92-9144-016-7
This training manual builds on experience in EA inNepal and particularly on a range of sectoral EAguidelines, and draws from many published andunpublished works. In effect, it represents generic EAguidelines for professionals and administrators in thatcountry. However, the manual will also be useful to amuch wider audience. The document is well presentedin simple language and presents organisationalstructures and technical aspects; key skills andknowledge; cultural factors; and social, political andindustrial parameters, reflecting the realities in thecountry and region. There are 15 chapters whichloosely follow the project cycle. The first five are of abackground nature and cover: introduction; EIAprinciples and process; the project cycle and projectmanagement; screening and initial environmentalexamination; and scoping and preparation of termsof reference. The next four chapters deal with
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establishing the environmental baseline; impactprediction, evaluation and comparison of alternatives;EIA methods; and mitigation measures. The finalgroup of chapters are concerned with drafting EIAreports; review criteria for reports; monitoring;compliance and enforcement; public involvement; andstrategic environmental assessment. An annexdiscusses integrative impact assessment. A glossary ofterms and bibliography are included. The document iswell illustrated with tables, boxes, diagrams andcartoons.Contact: Asian Regional EIA Programme, Nepal Country Office, IUCN,PO Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal.
OmanEIA was first made a requirement in Oman byEnvironmental Act No.10, 1982. This was amended byRoyal Decrees 63/85, 71/89 and 31/93. As part of theprocess of applying for development consent, Article 13of the 1982 Act requires development proponents tosubmit an EIS form to the competent sectoral ministry.This calls for information on impacts on amenities andservices, pollution control, monitoring procedures andmitigation measures. The form is forwarded to theMinistry of Regional Municipalities and Environment,requesting a “Non-Environmental Objection” licence.The Administration of Environmental Planning andPermissions reviews the request, in association withother relevant administrations. A license may be issuedon the basis of the information submitted, or theAdministration may itself visit the site and carry out anassessment. Usually, a temporary NEO license is given,enabling construction and initial operation. Apermanent NEO is granted if initial operations confirmthe accuracy of the information submitted on the EISform. No publication participation is provided for.
Government of Oman (1993). Data andInformation Required for the EIA Report.Ministry of Municipalities and Environment,Sultanate of Oman. (2 p.)
Government of Oman (undated). EnvironmentalImpact Statement: Guidance Notes. Ministry ofEnvironment, Sultanate of Oman.
The Law on the Conservation of Environment andPrevention of Pollution (Royal Decree 10/82) requiresan Environmental Impact Statement to be submittedwith applications for a licence for development. Theguidance notes set out the information required forparticular categories of projects in a series of forms:building projects (form I); industrial (J) infrastructure(L); and agriculture (M).Contact: Ministry of Municipalities and Environment, PO Box 3461,Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
PakistanThe Environmental Protection Ordinance of Pakistan,1983, established the National Environmental Council(NEC) and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) . The NEC is the lead agency for developingpolicies and guidelines while the EPA is responsible forenforcing the provisions of the Ordinance. TheOrdinance stipulates that every developmentproponent must submit an EIS to the EPA if theproposed project might adversely affect theenvironment. Ordinance No. 27, 1997, provides foran “Initial Environmental Evaluation” or a full EIA tobe requested, according to the potential impact of theproject. There are no provisions for mandatory publicparticipation. Guidelines and procedures apply to bothfederal and provincial projects.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). Packageof Comprehensive Procedures and Guidelinesfor Environmental Assessment in Pakistan.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad.
This suite of documents, released in October 1997, setsout procedures and guidelines for environmentalassessment, as required under the PakistanEnvironmental Protection Ordinance, 1997. Thedocuments are intended to be read as a package. Theyhave been prepared by the federal EPA in collaborationwith other key stakeholders, including Provincial EPAsand Planning and Development Divisions from boththe federal government and the provinces, otheragencies, NGOs, representatives of Chambers ofCommerce and Industry, and academics andconsultants. The suite of sectoral guidelines is not yetcomplete - those currently available (February 1998)are abstracted separately below. It is understood thatguidelines for the following sectors will be produced inthe near future: Water supply projects, Irrigation anddrainage, Dams, Forestry, Municipal waste disposal,and Oil and gas exploration.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). Policyand Procedures for the Filing, Review andApproval of Environmental Assessments.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. (17p., annexes)
This document comprises six sections which set outthe key policy and procedural requirements of the1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance.It contains a brief policy statement on the purpose ofEA and the goal of sustainable development, requiresthat EA be integrated with feasibility studies, definesthe jurisdiction of the federal and provincialEnvironmental Protection Agencies and Planning andDevelopment Divisions, lists the responsibilities ofproponents, and lists the duties of ResponsibleAuthorities. In annexes, it provides schedules of
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proposals that require either an initial environmentalexamination (IEE) or an EIA, and various forms.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997).Guidelines for the Preparation and Review ofEnvironmental Reports. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Islamabad. (46 p., appendices)
This document comprises nine sections covering:introduction; initial environmental examination (IEE)(scoping, alternatives, site selection, format of IEE);assessing impacts (identification, analysis andprediction, baseline data, significance); mitigation andimpact management (and preparing an environmentalmanagement plan); reporting (drafting style, mainfeatures, shortcomings, other forms of presentation);monitoring and audit (systematic follow-up, purpose,effective data management); and project management(inter-disciplinary teams, programming andbudgeting). Two appendices list global, cross-sectoraland cultural issues in EA and provide an example of anetwork showing impact linkages.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997).Guidelines for Public Consultation.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad.(23 p.)
These guidelines comprise five main sectionscovering: introduction (consultation, involvement andparticipation, stakeholders); techniques for publicconsultation (principles, levels of involvement, tools,building trust); effective public consultation (planning,stages of EIA where consultation is appropriate);consensus building and dispute resolution; andfacilitating the involvement of stakeholders (includingthe poor, women, building community and NGOcapacity).
Environmental Protection Agency (1997).Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. (13p., 3 appendices)
These guidelines stress the importance of protectedareas and are intended to help proponents identify“sensitive and critical areas” in Pakistan, particularly:(a) ecosystems (wildlife reserves, national parks, gamereserves) and (b) archaeological sites, monuments,buildings and cultural heritage. These two groups aredealt with separately. For ecosystems, the guidelinesdescribe policies and legislation, notified protectedecosystems in Pakistan, and classification of suchecosystems. For archaeological sites and monuments,the guidelines cover geological sites in Pakistan andnotified sites. For both groups, checklist ofprocedures for EA are provided. Appendices listnotified protected ecosystems, archaeological sitesand monuments, and contact authorities for both.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). PakistanEnvironmental Legislation and the NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad.(7 p.)
This brief reference document lists key environmentallaws and regulations in Pakistan, and the NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Major Thermal Power Stations.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. (23p., appendix)
These guidelines provide an overview of the thermalpower station sector, and provide guidance on:potential impacts on the environment, mitigationmeasures, emission requirements, monitoring andreporting, management and training, and keyproduction and control practices. Illustrative examplesof potential negative impacts versus specific mitigationmeasures are given in an appendix.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Major Chemical andManufacturing Plants. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Islamabad. (18 p., appendices)
These guidelines provide an overview of the chemicaland manufacturing plant sector, and provide guidanceon: potential impacts on the environment, mitigationmeasures, emission requirements, monitoring andreporting, and management and training. Appendicesprovide a checklist of environmental parameters formajor chemical/manufacturing plants, and illustrativeexamples of potential negative impacts versus specificmitigation measures.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Industrial Estates. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Islamabad. (16 p., appendices)
These guidelines provide an overview of theindustrial estate sector, and provide guidance on:environmental impact issues, negative impacts andmitigation measures, emission requirements, andmonitoring management and training. There are twoappendices: a checklist of environmental parametersfor industrial estates; and an extract from theNational Reference Manual on PlanningInfrastructure Standards.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Major Roads. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Islamabad. (18 p., appendix)
These guidelines provide an overview of the majorroads sector, and provide guidance on: negative
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impacts and mitigation measures, and managementand monitoring. A checklist of environmentalparameters for major roads is provided in anappendix.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Major Sewerage Schemes.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. (18p., appendix)
These guidelines provide an overview of the majorsewerage scheme sector, and provide guidance on:potential impacts on the environment, impacts andmitigation measures, emission requirements, andmanagement and training. A checklist of environmentalparameters for major sewerage schemes is provided inan appendix.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Oil and Gas Exploration.Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. (12p., appendices)
These guidelines provide an overview of the oil and gasexploration sector, and provide guidance on: impactsand mitigation measures, and monitoring andreporting. Appendices provide a checklist ofenvironmental parameters for oil and gas exploration,and a form for a statement by the proponent to bemade in relation to exploration proposals.
Environmental Protection Agency (1997). SectoralGuidelines: Housing Estates and New TownDevelopment. Environmental Protection Agency,Islamabad. (19 p., appendix)
These guidelines provide an overview of the housingestates and new town development sector, and provideguidance on: types of environmental impact, negativeimpacts and mitigation measures, and monitoringmanagement and training. A checklist of environmentalparameters for housing estates is provided in anappendix.Contact: Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 44-E Office Tower,Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan.
IUCN, NORAD, SIDA & AIDAB (1991). EIAGuidelines for the Pakistan Energy Sector. IUCN-The World Conservation Union (on behalf of theEnvironmental and Urban Affairs Division,Government of Pakistan), Gland, Switzerland. (42 p.)
These guidelines provide comprehensive informationon EIA for the energy sector in Pakistan. They areintended for use in connection with the World Bankloan to Pakistan for energy sector projects, but alsohave general application.
The document is in two parts. Part 1 providesbackground information including an introduction to
EIA, the legal requirement for EIA in Pakistan, aperspective on the Pakistan energy sector and thesensitivity of Pakistan’s environment to disturbanceby development projects.
Part 2 includes a generalised procedure for the EIA ofall energy sector projects except nuclear powerproposals, gives guidance on the environmental issuesassociated with each specific type of energy sectordevelopment, and provides checklists of factorswhich need to be taken into account in theirassessment.Contact: IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Forest ConservationProgrammme, Rue Mauverney 28, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
Papua New GuineaEIA was introduced by the Environment andPlanning Act, 1978, and there is separate legislationfor some mining operations. There is no EIA reviewprocess, but there is provision for publicparticipation. Compliance is mandatory but theextent of the implementation of the Act is notknown. Guidelines on the preparation ofenvironmental plans have been produced by theDepartment of Environment & Conservation withinthe Ministry of the Environment and Conservation,which is the responsible agency for EIAContact: Department of Science and Conservation, PO Box 6601,Waigani, Port Moresby NCD, Papua New Guinea
PhilippinesThe legal framework for the “Environmental ImpactStatement System” (EISS) is Presidential Decree No.1586, approved in 1978. This Decree was initiatedfollowing the 1977 Environmental Policy Decree, butit was revised to introduce new features in 1992(Order (DAO) 21). The Procedural Manual for DAO96-37 was drafted and published in 1997. The EISS islinked to the requirement for “EnvironmentalCompliance Certificates” (ECCs) which are issued bythe Department of Environment and NaturalResources after review and approval of theEnvironmental Impact Study (EIS). Screening isfacilitated by using lists of (a) “EnvironmentalCritical Projects” (ECP) which require an EIS and (b)projects in “Environmental Critical Areas” (ECA)which require an “Initial EnvironmentalExamination”. Undertakings in “ecologicallysensitive areas” within these categories are listedunder Presidential Proclamation 2146 series 1981,and Presidential Proclamation 803 series 1996. TheDepartment of Environment and Natural Resourcesis responsible for implementing the EISS system andfor accreditation of EISS experts. Within this
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organisation, the Environmental Management Bureaureviews EISs and issues the ECCs.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources(1997). Procedural Manual (EnvironmentalImpact Statement System). Draft. Departmentof Environment and Natural Resources, Manila. (v,128 p., 19 annexes)
Whilst still a draft (February 1997), this manual isnow officially in use. It aims to provide a reference forEIA practitioners and others in the implementation ofthe revised EIS system, and details the required stepsand procedures. The emphasis is more on processesthan on technical aspects of EIA. The document ispresented in 12 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces thePhilippine EIS system, whilst its scope is dealt with inChapter 2 - covering environmentally critical projects(ECPs) and others located in environmentally criticalareas (ECAs), environmental compliance certificates(ECCs), project screening, etc. Chapter 3 is concernedwith eligible preparers of an EIS and IEE, particularlyqualification and accreditation procedures. Preparingan EIS for ECPs, and initial environmentalexamination (IEE) of projects in ECAs, are discussed inChapters 4 and 5, respectively. Chapter 6 sets out therequirements for public participation and consultation,conflict resolution, and determining social acceptabilityof projects, even at the IEE stage. Environmentalcompliance monitoring is the subject of Chapter 7,whilst environmental monitoring funds (to cover theactivities of multi-partite monitoring teams) andenvironmental guarantee funds (for rehabilitation,compensation, funding community projects, and cleanup) are covered in Chapter 8.
The remaining chapters are concerned withadministrative appeals; roles and responsibilities; feesand additional costs for IEE/EIS processing and review;and fines, penalties and sanctions. There are 19annexes comprising official forms, a scoping matrix,screening and review criteria, an official circular onECPs and ECAs, and categories of protected areas.The document is supported by various tables andfigures.Contact: Environmental Management Bureau, Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources, 3rd Floor Topaz Building, 99-101Kamias Road, Quezon City, Philippines 1102.
Environmental Health Service (1997). PhilippineNational Framework and Guidelines forEnvironmental Health Impact Assessment.Environmental Health Service, Department ofHealth, Manila. (xi, 56 p.) ISBN 971 91620 0 7
This document discusses the inadequacies in theenvironmental health impact assessment (EHIA)component of the current environmental impactassessment process in the Philippines, and how to
institutionalise EHIA into the existing EIA process. Itstarts by reviewing the EIA system in the Philippines,and then sets a general framework and guidelines forEHIA. Within this framework, it sets out guidelines forEHIA of proposed development projects, and alsoprovides guidance for the assessment of existingenvironmental situations with a potential healthimpact, and the assessment of the development ofenvironmental policies and programmes. These areasare not currently covered by the EIA system.Contact: Environmental Health Service, Department of Health, SanLazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue, Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines.
QatarThe Draft Law for the Protection of the Environmentcontains several provisions to deliver an EIA system.Article 5(2) will require that any proposal withpotential negative impacts be subjected to an EIA.Articles 21-23 will require an EIA study be taken intoaccount during decision-making for granting licences.The Draft Policy for Environmental Impact Assessment1997 states that the proponent must contact theEnvironment Department initially and screeningconsultations will follow. Review and evaluation of theEIA report (written by the proponent) will beundertaken by a multi-disciplinary expert committeefrom the Environment Department.
Qatar Environment Department (1997).Environmental Impact Assessment: Policy andProcedure. Environment Department, Doha. (16p.)
This document sets out the draft policy for EIA inQatar (1997), provides some definitions of terms, anddescribes the formal EIA procedures. Schedule I givesthe composition of the expert committee whichexamines EIA reports whilst Schedule II lists specificprojects requiring an EIA report in order to obtainclearance. An application form for initialenvironmental authorisation is also included.Contact: Environment Department, Doha, Qatar.
Saudi ArabiaThe Meteorology and Environmental ProtectionAdministration has drafted a guideline/directive forenvironmental assessments and this is awaitingministerial approval (July 1998).
SingaporeRequirements for EIA were introduced in the 1970sunder pollution control legislation (Clean Air Act
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1971, Water Pollution Control and Drainage Act1975), and has been undertaken formally since 1989.Industrial developers must carry out pollution impactand quantitative risk assessments to support theirapplications. A Code of Practice on pollution controlprovides advice on submission requirements. Whilstthere is no specific legislation concerning EIA,individual government departments have ad-hoc in-house arrangements for assessment. The “GreenPlan”, 1992, and the Singapore report to the UNCED,1992, both recommend the use of EIA. The currentEIA planning system allows for EIA to be required formajor developments when considered necessary. Thereare no provisions for public participation.
Government of Singapore (1993). EnvironmentalAudit Handbook. Ministry of the Environment,National Council on the Environment, Singapore.(66 p.)
Government of Singapore (undated). Code ofPractice on Pollution Control. Ministry of theEnvironment, Singapore. (62pp)
This Code of Practice is used instead of EIA guidelines.It provides guidelines to architects, professionalengineers, developers and the public on pollutioncontrol requirements for the submission ofdevelopment proposals and building plans. Thedocument contains guidance on environmentalplanning and building plan requirements; andapplication for permissions, licences and permits.There are numerous useful appendices, e.g. toxicindustrial wastes, allowable limits for trade effluentdischarge, storage of hazardous substances, emissionstandards for air pollutants.Contact: Ministry of Environment, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore 0922.
Solomon IslandsLegislation has been proposed to introduce an EIAsystem in the Solomon Islands. This system will includescreening and scoping by consultation, requirementsfor a draft Public Environmental Report (EIS), reviewby the consenting authority and the EnvironmentConservation Division (in the Ministry of NaturalResources). Procedures will also be established forthe monitoring of impacts after project completion.The ”consent authorities” can be any national/provincial government agency with consentresponsibility.
Environment and Conservation Division (1996).Solomon Islands Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Planners and
Developers. Environment and ConservationDivision, Ministry of Forestry, Environment andConservation, Honaria. (15 p.)
These guidelines provide a background to EIA in theSolomon Islands context, and consider theresponsibilities of the various interested parties. Thesteps in the EIA process are then described.Contact: Environment and Conservation Division, Ministry of Forestry,Environment and Conservation, PO Box G24, Honiara, SolomonIslands.
Sri LankaThe National Environment Act No 47, 1980, providesthe legal and institutional basis for the environmentalprotection system in Sri Lanka. This Act establishedthe Central Environment Agency which has legalresponsibility to enforce screening procedures and tomanage and monitor the EIA system. Amendmentswere introduced by Act No. 56, 1988, which required(under section 23Z) EIA to be applied to “prescribedprojects” determined by the “Minister in charge of thesubject of Environment” (Gazette Extra-ordinary No772/22 1993) and the EIA process to be implementedby “project approving Agencies (PAAs)”. Regulationshave been passed and procedures are co-ordinatedthrough the EIA-PAA Inter-Agency Committee. ThePAAs decide on the terms of reference for the EIAstudy and must obtain information from theproponent before deciding if an initial environmentalevaluation or a full EIA is required. Detailed guidelineshave been prepared by the Central EnvironmentalAuthority to assist the PAAs which, in turn, mustdevelop their own guidance and criteria based uponthe national and donor agency guidelines. Guidelineswere published in 1995 to assist scoping. The CoastalConservation Act No. 57, 1981, and the Fauna andFlora (amendment) Act No. 49, 1993, also containprovisions for EIA. The Coastal Management Plan(revised in 1996) supplements the EIA procedurescontained in the Coastal Conservation Act.
Central Environmental Authority (1995). A Guidefor Implementing the EIA Process. No.1: AGeneral Guide for Project Approving Agencies.(second) Central Environmental Authority,Colombo. (57 p.)
At the time these guidelines were revised, 18 stateagencies had been specified as Project ApprovingAgencies (PAA) by the Ministry of Environmentunder the National Environment Act of 1980. Theseguidelines define the responsibilities of the PAAsunder the broad framework of the Act. Proceduresare described for compliance with EIA regulations.Further sections cover the commenting process,implementing the decision, and terminology.
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Appendices include guidance on preparing terms ofreference for initial environmental examination, acontent and format for EIA reports, a range of officialforms concerned with the EIA process, a schedule ofprojects and undertakings requiring EnvironmentMinistry approval, regulations governing projectapproval, and project approving agencies.
Central Environmental Authority (1995). Guidancefor Implementing the Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Process. No.2: A GeneralGuide for Conducting Environmental Scoping.Central Environmental Authority, Ministry ofTransport, Environment and Women’s Affairs,Colombo. (33 pp)
The EIA system in Sri Lanka is introduced and theprocedure for conducting an initial environmentalexamination and EIA is described. The role of scopingis defined and procedures for its conduct laid out indetail. Sections cover the role and format of bothformal and informal scoping meetings. For formalmeetings, there are sub-sections on identifying affectedor concerned institutions and individuals, workingwith the press and public information groups,provision of materials, defining the affectedenvironment, recommendation of issues to beinvestigated in an EIA, identification of possible projectalternatives, and EIA content. For informal meetings,the issues covered include: preparing for interviews andfield investigations, collation and analysis ofinformation, pitfalls, and follow-up. Annex I providesa schedule of projects and undertakings for whichEnvironment Ministry approval is required. Annex IIlists project approving agencies whilst Annex III definesterminology.
Central Environmental Authority (1997).Environmental Guidelines for Road and RailDevelopment in Sri Lanka. CentralEnvironmental Authority, Colombo. (ix, 56 p.,appendices)
This document is the first in a new series to bepublished by the Central Environmental Authority forvarious sectors. Others in preparation cover: miningand minerals, energy, irrigation and fisheries/aquaculture.
These guidelines are for the use of project proponentsand approving agencies and other parties participatingin the development of road and rail projects.Guidance is provided on documenting and assessingenvironmental impacts, and on avoiding andmitigating significant adverse impacts. Section 1provides an overview of the policies and regulationsgoverning road and railway development. Section 2groups projects into three categories: those prescribed
in the National Environmental Act (NEA); those notso prescribed but likely to have significant impacts;and categorical exclusions (CE) - those expected tohave no significant adverse environmental impacts.Section 3 contains a broad overview of the probableimpacts of the activities discussed in Section 2, andthe mitigation measures available. Section 4 gives anoverview of the purpose, and guidance on thepreparation and submission of, documents to theproject approving agency (preliminary information,initial environmental examination, and EIA report).A general framework for the evaluation ofenvironmental impacts is presented in Section 5, toassist decision-makers and project proponentscompare alternative projects proposals. Section 6 isconcerned with monitoring the mitigation ofenvironmental impacts. There are three appendicesproviding: references, format and contents of EIAreport cover sheet, and gazetted project approvingagencies.
This document is the first in a series of environmentalguidelines to be published by the Central EnvironmentAuthority for various sectors. Other manuals due tobe published shortly include the Mining and MineralIndustrial Sector Manuals, Energy Manual, IrrigationManual and Fisheries/Aquaculture Manual. It isthought that manuals will follow for Agriculture,Tourism and Industry, plus administrative manuals/guidelines for EIA Methodologies, Social ImpactAssessment and Public Participation.Contact: Natural Resources Management, Central EnvironmentalAuthority, Parisara Mawatha, Maligawatte New Town, Colombo 10,Sri Lanka.
World Conservation Union (IUCN) (1993). Manualon Environmental Assessment for SustainableForest Development. EnvironmentalManagement in Forestry Development: AProject of the Forest Department in theMinistry of Lands, Irrigation and MahaweliDevelopment, Sri Lanka. IUCN-The WorldConservation Union, Gland. (65 p.)
This manual was prepared for the United NationsFood and Agriculture Programme as part of theEnvironmental Management in Forestry DevelopmentProject - a project of the Forestry Department,Ministry of Lands, Irrigation and MahaweliDevelopment, Sri Lanka. It sets out guidelines forenvironmental impact assessment applicable to naturalforests and forest plantations in Sri Lanka. Part Idescribes the legal and administrative framework forEIA in Sri Lanka and introduces the process ofenvironmental assessment. Part II examines the ways inwhich this might affect work within the forest sector. Itintroduces procedures to be adopted in the ForestDepartment to deal with the formal requirements ofEIA, and to ensure that environmental considerations
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are taken into account at all levels - in theformulation of policy, in planning and in fieldoperations.Contact: IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Forest ConservationProgrammme, Rue Mauverney 28, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
SurinamThere is no EIA legislation or procedures. Donoragencies may request EIA as a precondition forfunding.
Syrian Arab RepublicA draft Environmental Protection Act and draft EIADecree both awaiting consideration by the People’sAssembly. The draft legislation includes: provisions touse screening lists similar to EC Directive 85/337/EEC;scoping by the proponent; review of EIA documents bythe Commission; and public participation andconsultation at the screening, scoping and reviewstages. The draft Act also provides for the SEA ofplans and programmes. Responsibility for carrying outan EIA study will lie with the proponent. The EIA Unitin the General Commission for Environmental Affairswithin the Ministry of State for the Environment hasresponsibility for implementing the EIA system(including evaluation of the EIA reports) and forproducing guidelines. The EIA system is integratedwith other licensing procedures and the approval/refusal of the proposal is carried out by the licensingauthority, taking into account the recommendationsfrom the EIA Unit. The EIA Unit is currentlydecentralising to the seven water basins and will existas “Decentralised Environmental Directorates”. Eightsector-based Operational Manuals are in preparation.
DHV Consultants BV & Alfa Group (1995).Establishment of an Environmental ImpactAssessment Unit (Syria): GeneralEnvironmental Impact Assessment Guideline,including Draft EIA Decree. Report to Ministryof State for the Environment and GeneralCommission for Environmental Affairs, Syria.Syrian Arab Republic, Damascus. (28 p., 6appendices)
The introduction defines EIA, its purpose and nature.Administrative procedures are described in chapter 2covering: permits, screening, scoping, EIA report,review, decision statement, appeal, monitoring,enforcement, modification of permit conditions andenvironmental auditing, transboundary issues and testperiod. Chapter 3 deals with organisational issues andthe role of the central EIA Unit, other involved agenciesand stakeholders, and the system of communication,
coordination, monitoring and follow-up. The bulk ofthis document comprises the six appendices. Theseinclude: a permit application form, draft EIA Decree,addresses of useful institutes, the legal and policyframework (existing and under preparation),prediction rate of the fate of pollution after discharge,and possible evaluation criteria for acceptable levels ofimpact.
DHV Consultants BV & Alfa Group (1995).Establishment of an Environmental ImpactAssessment Unit (Syria): Procedures andOrganisation. Report to Ministry of State forthe Environment and General Commission forEnvironmental Affairs, Syria. Syrian ArabRepublic, Damascus. (23 p., appendix)
Section 1 sets out administrative procedures for theSyrian central EIA Unit, whilst section 2 detailsorganisation arrangements. The information is muchthe same (but with some minor modifications) as thatgiven in the “General Environmental ImpactAssessment Guideline” ( DHV, March 1995). Inaddition, internal office guidelines of the EIA Unit areset out concerning such matters as the management ofEIAs, environmental auditing and permit revision,monitoring and enforcement, decentralised EIA Units,pilot EIAs, and information flow. An appendixsummarises achievements of the Unit in 1994 and theaction plan for 1995, and includes environmentalpolicies for the Syrian General Commission forEnvironmental Affairs.Contact: Ministry of State for the Environment, Damascus, SyrianArab Republic.
TaiwanThe Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 1994,introduced EIA to Taiwan. Article 4 (2) summarises theprocess which includes prediction, analyses andevaluation procedures. The process involves phase I(preliminary report) and phase II (detailed EIA report),review of documents and post-project monitoring.Implementation Rules for the 1994 Act have beenpublished to allow the system to take place effectively.EIA reports are reviewed by the EIA ReviewCommittees. Public participation is recommended totake place at several stages starting early in the wholeprocess. The Environmental ProtectionAdministration of Taiwan (TEPA), under theExecutive Yuan at central government level, hasoverall responsible for the process. TheEnvironmental Protection Department of theprovincial governments or the appropriate county/city government handle EIA at these levels. Each levelestablishes an EIA Review Committee for the purposeof reviewing EIA reports.
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Government of Taiwan (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Act. EnvironmentalProtection Administration, Tapei. (13 p.)
This English translation sets out the main articles ofthe Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1994,describes the responsibility of the EnvironmentalProtection Administration for EIA at centralgovernment level and other agencies at lower levels,lists development activities for which EIAs shall beconducted, sets out the required content of an EIS andthe official procedure for its review and subsequentaction, requirements for conducting a full EIA anddealing with the EIA report.
Government of Taiwan (1995). ImplementationRules for the Environmental ImpactAssessment Act. Environmental ProtectionAdministration, Tapei. (18 p.)
This English translation describes the jurisdictionalresponsibilities of ‘responsible agencies’ under theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Act 1994, andprovides definitions of terms and clarifications of rolesand responsibilities for actions as prescribed in the Act.Contact: Bureau of Comprehensive Planning, Environmental ProtectionAdministration, 41 Sec. 1, Chung Hwa Road, Taiei, Taiwan 10014,Peoples Republic of China.
ThailandThe National Environmental Act, 1978, provided astatutory basis for EIA in Thailand. This was amendedby the Improvement and Conservation of NationalEnvironmental Quality Act, 1992, which defined theEIA process more explicitly. Screening is carried outusing lists of activities which require EIA. The ReviewCommittee is an important feature and consists of theOffice of Environmental Policy and Planning, thelicensing agency, government experts and otherprofessionals. This is set up after the EIA report issubmitted. Consultants carrying out the EIA, at theexpense of the proponent, must be registered by theNational Environment Board. The Board is housedwithin the Ministry of Science, Technology and theEnvironment. The Office of Environmental Policy andPlanning evaluates the EIA report. Governmentagencies undertake EIAs of government projectswhereas private projects are dealt with by theproponent.
Government of Thailand (1990;1991;1995). EIAGuidelines Series. Office of Environmental Policyand Planning, Bangkok.
The Office of Environmental Policy and Planning hasdeveloped a series of short guidelines for preparingEIA reports. The series includes the following availablein the Thai language only:
Industries (1990, 16 p.),ndustries (1990, 16 p.),ndustries (1990, 16 p.),ndustries (1990, 16 p.),ndustries (1990, 16 p.),Airports (1991, 52 p.),Airports (1991, 52 p.),Airports (1991, 52 p.),Airports (1991, 52 p.),Airports (1991, 52 p.),Expressway (1991, 25 p.),Expressway (1991, 25 p.),Expressway (1991, 25 p.),Expressway (1991, 25 p.),Expressway (1991, 25 p.),Mining projects (1995, 9p.),Mining projects (1995, 9p.),Mining projects (1995, 9p.),Mining projects (1995, 9p.),Mining projects (1995, 9p.),Industrial estates (1995, 9 p.),Industrial estates (1995, 9 p.),Industrial estates (1995, 9 p.),Industrial estates (1995, 9 p.),Industrial estates (1995, 9 p.),Industrial projects (1995, 7 p),Industrial projects (1995, 7 p),Industrial projects (1995, 7 p),Industrial projects (1995, 7 p),Industrial projects (1995, 7 p),Land reclamation (1995, 10 p.),Land reclamation (1995, 10 p.),Land reclamation (1995, 10 p.),Land reclamation (1995, 10 p.),Land reclamation (1995, 10 p.),Hospitals or infirmaries (1995, 11 p.),Hospitals or infirmaries (1995, 11 p.),Hospitals or infirmaries (1995, 11 p.),Hospitals or infirmaries (1995, 11 p.),Hospitals or infirmaries (1995, 11 p.),Residential buildings (1995, 10 p.),Residential buildings (1995, 10 p.),Residential buildings (1995, 10 p.),Residential buildings (1995, 10 p.),Residential buildings (1995, 10 p.),Land allocation for residential or commercialLand allocation for residential or commercialLand allocation for residential or commercialLand allocation for residential or commercialLand allocation for residential or commercialpurposes (1995, 13 p.),purposes (1995, 13 p.),purposes (1995, 13 p.),purposes (1995, 13 p.),purposes (1995, 13 p.),Real estate and residential projects (1995, 8 p.),Real estate and residential projects (1995, 8 p.),Real estate and residential projects (1995, 8 p.),Real estate and residential projects (1995, 8 p.),Real estate and residential projects (1995, 8 p.),Dams and reservoirs (1995, 23 p.).Dams and reservoirs (1995, 23 p.).Dams and reservoirs (1995, 23 p.).Dams and reservoirs (1995, 23 p.).Dams and reservoirs (1995, 23 p.).Two are available in English, and are referencedseparately.
Government of Thailand (1993). Guideline forEnvironmental Impact Assessment Preparationof Industrial Projects. Office of EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning, Bangkok. (10 p.)
This is one of several guidelines for preparing EIAreports for different sectors. It covers details of theproject, existing environment, environmental impactassessment, mitigation measures and monitoring.
Government of Thailand (undated). SupplementalGuideline: Offshore Oil and Gas Project.Drilling Exploration and Production Phase.Office of Environmental Policy and Planning,Bangkok. (7 p.)
This is one of several guidelines for preparing EIAreports for different sectors. It covers: projectdescription (location, equipment, activity),environmental resources (physical, biological, humanuse values, quality of life/socio-economic values),environmental impact evaluation and protectionmeasures, mitigation measures, risk assessment,environmental monitoring, and restoration andimprovement.
Government of Thailand (1997). GeneralGuideline in Preparing EIA Report. Office ofEnvironmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok.(6 p.)
This short guideline is intended as a generalinstruction in preparing an EIA report under the EIAregulations issued by the Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment (MOSTE). Thedocuments sets out basic concepts of EIA reportpreparation, outlines the required contents, anddiscusses other issues to be covered: impacts,preventative and corrective measures, considerationof alternatives, coordination with other governmentagencies, monitoring programme, etc.Contact: Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, 60/1 SoiPibulwatana 7, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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TongaThere is no specific EIA legislation and assessmentsare carried out in accordance with informalprocedures (Cabinet Decision No. 217 in 1985).Guidelines are being prepared with help from theEuropean Union. The lead agency is the Division ofLands and Environmental Planning of the Ministry ofLands, Survey and Natural Resources which alsocarries out the EIA. EIA may undertaken for physicalplanning projectsContact: Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, PO Box 5,Nuku’alofa, Tonga
TurkmenistanEIA is undertaken for Oil and Gas installations underChapter 8 of the Petroleum Law, 1996. A system ofSEE/SER (State Environmental Expertise/StateEnvironmental Review) – based on the Russian modelfor EIA – was introduced by the 1995 StateEnvironmental Review Law.
UzbekistanUzbekistan has retained the former Soviet OVOS(assessment of environmental effects) system and theState Ecological Expertise (SEE) system at thegovernment level. OVOS involves the submission of a“Note of Intention”, then a draft EIS (“ZVOS”), afinal ZVOS, a summary (ZEP) and the OVOS (thefinal document having the same name as the overallprocess). There is emphasis upon continuous dialoguewithin the SEE system. There are sectoral EIAguidelines as well as State environmental protectionguidelines. SEE is also used under RD 18.0027714.22-93 which has been superseded by the “Procedures forOrganisation and Performing of SEE”. The State isresponsible for the SEE system.
VanuatuAn informal EIA procedure is applied on an ad-hocbasis. The Vanuatu Environment Unit, under thejurisdiction of the Department of Physical Planningand the Environment and the Ministry of HomeAffairs, is responsible for the management anddevelopment of the system.
Government of Vanuatu (1987). GeneralGuidelines for the Production of EnvironmentalImpact Statements. Technical Paper No.1.Environment Unit, Ministry of Lands, Energy andRural Water Supply, Port Vila. (6 p.)
These guidelines briefly explain the objectives of anenvironmental impact statement (EIS), outline theenvironmental characteristics to be considered, explainthe standard required, and set out the required contentof an EIS.
Government of Vanuatu (1987). SpecificGuidelines for Mining, Environmental ImpactStatements. Technical Paper No.2. EnvironmentUnit, Ministry of Lands, Energy and Rural WaterSupply, Port Vila. (6 p.)
These guidelines should be read in conjunction withthe “General Guidelines” (Government of Vanuatu,1987). They briefly cover geological and soil,hydrological, meteorological and biologicalinvestigations, land use studies, mining operations,sociological studies, monitoring, reclamation andreview.
Government of Vanuatu (1987). SpecificGuidelines for Coastal Tourism EnvironmentalImpact Statements. Technical Paper No.2.Environment, Port Vila. (5 p.)
These guidelines should be read in conjunction withthe “General Guidelines” (Government of Vanuatu,1987). They briefly cover general considerations, siteidentification, clearance and access, building andconstructions, recreation and utilities (water supply,sewage and solid waste disposal).Contact: Environment Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry,Fisheries and Environment (MALFFE), Port Vila, Vanuatu.
VietnamThe institutional and regulative framework for EIAare provided by the Law on the Organisation of theGovernment, 1992, and the Law on EnvironmentalProtection, 1993 (Article 17 and 18), implementedthrough Vietnam Government Decrees 175/CP, 177/CP and 191/CP. Other EIA regulations are supportedby the Government Decree on Detailed Regulations forthe Implementation of the Foreign Investment Law,1997. The Foreign Investment Law and theinvestment licensing system are key instruments forthe implementation of EIA, and the EIA process islinked to both domestic and foreign investmentprocesses. Proponents of projects which require EIAmay have to submit a Preliminary Report for aninvestment license before a full EIA report isrequired. The National Environmental Agency (NEA)was established within the Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment (MOSTE). At thedistrict level, MOSTE is represented by the DistrictOffice of Science, Technology and the Environment(DOSTE). The MOSTE/DOSTE exerciseadministrative and enforcement functions in the EIA
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system. The Environmental Technology and EIAAppraisal Division of NEA deals with thedevelopment of guidelines and procedures. The NEAappraises the EIS and also is involved in producingguidelines for foreign investment projects. Largedevelopment projects must submit an EIS to theNEA. It is planned that full review procedures andmonitoring arrangements will be strengthened in thefuture. Sectoral guidelines (cement manufacturingand mining operations, thermal power and powertransmission lines, highway and road projects, andindustrial park development projects) were preparedwith assistance from the Asian Development Bank in1996, and await government approval to be used asnational guidelines. Guidelines for seven other sectorscurrently are being prepared with support from theCanadian government (those for hydroelectric arealmost complete, work has begun on those fortextiles).
Vietnamese National Environment Agency (1995).Documents of Setting up a Report onEnvironmental Impact Assessment: Guidelinesfor the Direct Foreign Investment Project.Vietnamese National Environment Agency, Hanoi.(66 p.)
This booklet is an English translation of severalgovernment documents. Firstly, Government Decree(No. 175/CP) on Providing Guidance for theImplementation of the Law on EnvironmentalProtection. Chapters cover: general provisions;responsibility of organizations and individuals forenvironmental protection; assessment ofenvironmental impact; preventing, resisting andovercoming environmental deterioration, pollutionand incidents; financial sources for environmentalprotection; inspection of environmental protection;and provisions for implementation. Appendices setout the required contents of preliminary and detailedEIA reports, and of EIA reports to operating units(i.e. offices and/or organisations responsible for aparticular development). Other appendices list thetype of operating enterprises dealt with by theMinistry of Science, Technology and Environment(MOSTE), and those by its branch offices; list‘precious’ (important) forest plants and animals; andgive emission, vibration and noise standards forvehicles.
Secondly, MOSTE guidance No. 715/QD-MTgconcerns “Setting Up and Appraising the Report ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment to the DirectForeign Investment Project”. The main elementscovered are the implementation stages (applicationfor an investment licence, design and construction;and construction completion) and the appraisalprocess. Appendices list projects not listed for an EIA
report when applying for an investment licence, andset out the required contents of a report oninfluential environmental factors and the EIA report,
Thirdly, MOSTE guidance No. 1420/QD-MTgprovides Instruction for Guiding EnvironmentalImpact Assessment to the Operating Units. Itdiscusses the classification of operating units (i.e.types of development), and describes requirementsfor the quality and appraisal of EIA reports.Appendices set out a required inventory of (polluting)activities that impact the environment (in terms ofproportion), and give the required content for an EIAreport.
Fourthly, MOSTE guidance 1807/QD-MTg sets outRegulations and Organization of the AppraisalCouncil on EIA: Report and Issuing of EnvironmentalLicence.Contact: National Environment Agency, Hanoi, Socialist Republic ofVietnam.
YemenThe Environmental Protection Law 26/1995 (Articles35-42) is the statutory basis for EIA in Yemen.Between 1990 and 1995, 24 other laws and decreeswere approved or amended to contain provisionsrelating to EIA. An EIA Policy document was draftedin 1996. The Environmental Protection Council(EPC) is responsible for implementing screeningprocedures, assisting in scoping, evaluation andapproval of the EIS. The “competent agencies” thatgive permits are co-operating agencies in EIA and, inthis way, EIA is integrated into other existing consentprocedures. The “Licensing Agency” gives the finalpermission for the proposal. Regulations toimplement the laws are still in draft. The Yemen EIAprocess features the requirement for a preliminaryreport, report review, use of guidelines from the EPCor others to determine the terms of reference, EISpreparation and review, and post-project monitoring.The proponent has responsibility to undertake theEIA, but the report may be prepared by theproponent or the competent authority or both. Thedevelopment of sectoral guidelines is planned for thenear future.
Euroconsult in association with BMB and IHE,Arnhem (1996). Environmental ImpactAssessment Policy for the Republic of Yemen.Doc. No. EPC/96/089. Report to theEnvironment Protection Council, Republic ofYemen. Republic of Yemen, Sana’a & DGIS, Ministryof Foreign Affairs, The Hague. (50 p., 3 annexes)
This report presents the EIA policy of the Yemen,formulated by the Environmental Protection Council
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(EPC). Following a general introduction, differenttypes of EIA are described with examples from theYemen. The actual EIA procedure is set out inChapter 3 with detailed information on proceduralaspects in Chapters 4 - 6 covering: screening, scoping,the EIA report, public participation, decision-making,licensing, monitoring, auditing, and legislation.Subsequent chapters deal with the role of EPC,information on institutional and organisationalrequirements, training and capacity-building issues,and financing of EIA processes. A useful list ofreferences is included. Annexes include existing anddraft legislation concerning EIA, draft EIA screeninglists, and EIS review criteria.Contact: Environmental Protection Council, Sana’a, Republic ofYemen.
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AustraliaThe legislation governing Commonwealth (federal-level)EIA is the Environmental Protection (Impact ofProposals) Act 1974. This Act is administered byEnvironment Australia (established in 1996) on behalfof the Department of the Environment. The agency orMinister responsible for a proposal initiates the EIAprocess, after which Environment Australia advises theproponent on the need for a “Public EnvironmentalReport” or an “Environmental Impact Statement”.However the majority of EIAs fall under the legislationof the eight individual States and Territories. To avoidduplication of assessment procedures between theCommonwealth and State/Territory, arrangements havebeen made in accordance with the EIA principles agreedunder the 1992 Intergovernmental Agreement on theEnvironment and the 1996 ANZECC (Australia andNew Zealand Environment and Conservation Council)Basis for a National Agreement on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment. The federal system provides forpreliminary assessments which do not involve publicreview. The content of the EIS is specified by the 1974Act. This includes the consideration of alternatives,predicting indirect and cumulative impacts and alsointentions for monitoring and post-decision analyses –although this stage itself is not mandatory.
In line with the rest of this Directory, the documents inthe Australia section are for federal level only. However,it should be noted that the individual States andTerritories have each produced much useful guidancematerial. For those with Internet access, details of thisincluding contact details for the agencies concerned canbe found on http://www.erin.gov.au/eianet.html
Australian and New Zealand Environment andConservation Council (ANZECC) (1991). A NationalApproach to Environmental Impact Assessmentin Australia. Australian and New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council, Canberra.(32 p.)
Australian and New Zealand Environment andConservation Council (ANZECC) (1996). Guidelines
and Criteria for Determining the Need for andLevel of Environmental Impact Assessment inAustralasia. (Second) Australian and NewZealand Environment and Conservation Council,Canberra. (15 p.)
These guidelines are based on the premise that, on anational basis, it is not possible to provide a standardformula for EIA due to the immense range of naturaland human environmental conditions present inAustralia and the variations in statutory provisions.These guidelines and criteria outline the process andthe factors which provide the basis for decisions onapplying EIA to development proposals. Thedocument accepts that not all the criteria will beapplicable to every proposal in every environment inevery jurisdiction, but it provides a common startingpoint, and common principles for the practice of EIAaround the country.
Environmental Protection Agency & AustralianFederal Environment Agency (now EnvironmentAustralia) (1995-98). Best PracticeEnvironmental Management in Mining.Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Agency (now EnvironmentAustralia), Canberra.
This series of modules was prepared by Australia’sEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) andsubsequently by Environment Australia (theenvironment programme of the Federal Department ofthe Environment, Sport and Territories) workingtogether with representatives of the country’s miningindustry. The series collects and presents informationon a variety of topics that illustrate and explain bestpractice environmental management in Australia’smining sector. The modules address both internationaland domestic needs, are written for both specialistsand non-specialists, and are targeted at managers withenvironmental responsibilities to provide the practicaltechniques and guidance they need to manage theenvironmental impacts of their own operations. Theyaim to “assist all sectors of the mining industry –minerals, coal, oil and gas – to protect the environmentand to reduce the impacts of mining by following theprinciples of ecologically sustainable development” – as
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set out in the 1992 Australian Strategy for EcologicallySustainable Development.
The modules set out practical, cost-effectiveapproaches to environmental protection that exceedthe requirements set by national regulations, andinclude examples of current best practice inenvironmental management in mining. They alsointegrate environmental issues and communityconcerns through all phases of mining fromexploration through construction, operation andeventual closure. Case studies are included whichdemonstrate how best practice can be applied. Themodules are illustrated with maps, diagrams, cartoonsand colour photographs. Each includes an executivesummary and an evaluation questionnaire. EPA hasalso produced a short (10 minutes) promotional videoexplaining its collaboration with the mining industry,the nature of best practice environmental managementin mining and the scope of the modules.
The modules so far available include TailingsContainment (1995, 36p.), Mine Planning forEnvironment Protection (1995, 28 p.), CommunityConsultation and Involvement (1995, 28 p.), Planninga Workforce Environmental Training Program (1995,36 p.), Environmental Monitoring and Performance(1995, 56 p.), Rehabilitation and Revegetation (1995,36 p.), Environmental Auditing (1996, 64 p.),Onshore Minerals and Petroleum Exploration (1996,60 p.), Managing Sulphidic Mine Wastes and AcidDrainage (1997, 84 p.), Hazardous MaterialsManagement (1997, 72 p.), Noise, Vibration andAirblast Control (1998), and Landform Design forRehabilitation (1998). Three other modules which payparticular attention to EIA – Overview of Best PracticeEnvironmental Management in Mining, EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, and Environmental ManagementSystems – are referenced separately below.
Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Agency (1995). Best PracticeEnvironmental Management in Mining:Overview of Best Practice EnvironmentalManagement in Mining. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Australian Federal EnvironmentAgency, Canberra. (18 p.)
This module sets out the importance of the miningsector in the Australian economy, and explains thegoals and objectives of ecologically sustainabledevelopment and the challenge this presents for themining industry, particularly application of theprecautionary principle. Relationships between miningand the environment are discussed with examples ofsuccessful environmental planning and management inthe mining sector. Other modules available in the seriesare briefly described (further modules have been
released). Finally the issue of costs in following bestpractice environmental management is considered.
Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Department (1995). BestPractice Environmental Management inMining: Environmental Impact Assessment.Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Department, Canberra. (28p.)
The Executive Summary describes best practice EIA asincluding “early and comprehensive community andgovernment consultation, cooperation with assessingauthorities on EIS guidelines and levels of assessment,and the preparation of an EIS”. The module comprisessix sections. The first one discusses best practice EIA ,who requires EIA in Australia, the levels of assessmentthat are required - some involving public review, andthe common features that characterise EIA documents.Section 2 deals with a common EIA methodology formining companies, paying particular attention to earlyinformation collection, and scoping and consultation.Legislative requirements are described in Section 3which also includes a useful flow chart ofCommonwealth environmental protection procedures.Section 4 details the basic elements of EIA documents.Sections 5 and 6 briefly outline, respectively, the needto identify immediate and long-term impacts formining projects, and the principles for making the EIAprocess and an environmental management systemeffective. A number of useful boxes are includedillustrating how different mining companies haveapproached different elements of the EIA process.
Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Department (1995). BestPractice Environmental Management inMining: Environmental Management Systems.Environmental Protection Agency, AustralianFederal Environment Department, Canberra. (40p.)
The introduction to this module briefly explains theenvironmental management system (EMS) approach asa quality assurance system to encourage setting targetsand objectives and for periodic performance reviews ofprogress. The module has three short sectionscovering: an overview of the EMS components for themining industry; integration of the EMS into dailyoperations and into strategic planning; andmaintenance of the EMS through periodic internal andexternal reviews. These sections are supported by casestudy boxes. Appendix 1 provides a more detaileddiscussion of the components of an EMS covering:organisational commitment, environmental policy, EIA,community consultation, objectives and targets,environmental management plan, documentation and
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environmental manual, operational and emergencyprocedures, responsibilities and reporting structure,training, environmental impact and compliance audits,and emission performance monitoring. Appendix 2discusses published environmental managementsystems and certification. Appendix 3 includes asummary guide and work sheets.Contact: Office of the Supervising Scientist, Environment ProtectionGroup, Environment Australia, PO Box E 305, Kingston ACT 2604,Australia.
Environment Australia (1997). CommonwealthEIA: An Outline of the Commonwealth EIAProcess. Environment Australia, Canberra. (10 p.)
This leaflet outlines the Commonwealth environmentalassessment process in the context of the EnvironmentalProtection (impact of proposals) Act 1974 andincludes a flow chart of the process.
Contact: Environment Assessment Branch, Environment ProtectionGroup, Environment Australia, 40 Blackall Street, Barton ACT 2600,Australia
New ZealandEIA was introduced under the EnvironmentalProtection and Enhancement Procedures, 1974. Butconsiderable overlap of these procedures with otherenvironmental regulations initiated reform in the late1980s leading to one of the most innovative EIAsystems in the world. The reforms resulted in theResource Management Act, 1991, which integrates theEIA process with the statutory planning system. The1991 Act replaced more than 20 statutes includingthose covering town planning, water and soillegislation and statutes with coverage of mineral andgeothermal resources. The term used is the“Assessment of Environmental Effects” (AEE) andmust be carried out by the proponent whenever anapplication for a “resource consent” is made. There isalso provision for AEE to be applied to plans andpolicies which are produced at the regional level. Sincethe resource consent applications must be evaluated inthe context of the regional plans, the two AEEprocesses are integrated. The Act is administered bylocal government but the proponent is responsible forpreparing the report while the local authority isinvolved in the review (non-mandatory) and in thefinal stages. For government projects which are outsideof the Act, the Environmental Protection andEnhancement Procedures 1972 are still used. TheMinistry for the Environment is preparing guidelineson auditing and preparing AEA under the ResourceManagement Act, for release in late 1998.
Government of New Zealand (1992). Scoping ofEnvironmental Effects. Resource Management.Ministry for the Environment, Wellington. (31 p.)
This guide is intended to assist those parties who willneed to carry out environmental evaluations of theirproposals as part of the consent process under theResource Management Act 1991. It discussesenvironmental impact assessment methods for use bythose involved in environmental decision making. Itdiscusses scoping, which focuses on the identificationof issues and strategies for dealing with issues. Itcontains information about methods of publicconsultation used in scoping, and about ways ofdealing with difficult scientific issues in both thescoping and later stages of assessment.
The guide also discusses the steps of conflict resolutionand impact assessment that usually follow scoping inthe form of negotiation practices and public reviewprocesses. Finally, brief reference is made to thedocumentation required to support the different stagesof assessment.
Government of New Zealand (1996). Assessmentof Environmental Effects: The Legal Contextof the Assessment of Environmental Effects,Working Paper No.4. Ministry for theEnvironment, Wellington. (16 p.)
This internal working paper explains the provisionsfor an Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE)under the Resource Management Act 1991. It looks atthe requirement for an AEE for a resource consentapplication, and notes the case law on the adequacy ofAEE and consultation. Consideration is given to therole local Councils in providing advice to intendingapplicants and summarises the key findings.Contact: Ministry for the Environment, Grand Annex, 84 BoulcottStreet, PO Box 10362 Wellington, New Zealand.
Government of New Zealand (1995). A Guide toHealth Impact Assessment. Public HealthCommission, Ministry of Health, Wellington.(44 p.)
This guide aims to facilitate the integration of healthimpact assessment into the assessment ofenvironmental effects (AEE) as required under theResource Management Act 1991. It describes theapplication of health impact assessment to relevantindividual resource consents, as well as to generalresource management policies, regulations, plans andobjectives of central and local government. It sets out anumber of guiding principles and a systematic processfor health impact assessment and risk analysis. Auseful glossary of terms is included. Appendicesprovide information on: legislative framework – theResource Management Act; other relevant legislation
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and reforms; standards, guidelines and codes ofpractice; and examples of environmental and healtheffects.Contact: Public Health Commission, PO Box 5013, 133 MolesworthStreet, Wellington, New Zealand.
Government of New Zealand (1995). RiskAssessment: A “User Friendly” Guide. PublicHealth Commission, Ministry of Health,Wellington. (22 p.)
This guide is the second in a series relating to healthimpact assessment (HIA) and is complementary to theGuide to Health Impact Assessment (PHC 1995). Itexplains the basic principles of risk assessment asapplied to public health issues, as a central componentof HIA. It is intended to assist public health services,local government agencies, private consultants, andresource consent applicants who are involved withHIA as part of the assessment of effects on theenvironment outlined in the Resource ManagementAct 1991.Contact: Public Health Commission, PO Box 5013, 133 MolesworthStreet, Wellington, New Zealand.
Government of New Zealand (undated). SocialImpact Assessment in New Zealand: APractical Approach. Ministry of Works andDevelopment, Wellington. (16 p.)
This publication suggests a number of steps that canbe taken to protect communities from undesirable andpossibly irreversible social effects arising from majorprojects, without affecting the positive impacts. It setsout the principles of social impact assessment (SIA)and its application in New Zealand, and discusses theassessment of the social impacts of majordevelopments. Appendices provide information ontypes of information about social impacts required fordecision-making, and on the legislative base for SIAprocedures.Contact: Town and Country Planning Directorate, Ministry of Worksand Development, Wellington, New Zealand.
Morgan, R.K. & Memon, A. (1993). Assessingthe Environmental Effects of Major Projects: APractical Guide. Environmental Policy andManagement Research Centre Publication No. 4.University of Otago, Dunedin. (120 p.)
This publication is intended to provide a generalunderstanding of the EIA process, and morespecifically, to provide practical guidance in assessingthe effects of large resource development or utilisationprojects, within the context of the ResourcesManagement Act.
The guide is targeted mainly at professional staff indistrict and regional councils and central governmentagencies, as well as private and public sector developers
and interested members of the public. The guide isintended to be a source of ideas to be considered inrelation to particular situations, rather than as a set ofrigidly-defined procedures. The main emphasis of theguide is on adaptive approaches to EIA. Part Iprovides background information on the theory andconcepts of EIA, while Part II goes on to consider thepractical aspects of EIA including a case study,bibliography and annexes detailing informationsources, EIA techniques and, finally, a classificationof New Zealand EIAs.Contact: Environmental Policy and Management Research Centre,University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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RegionalCaribbean Conservation Association (CCA) (1991).Environmental Guidelines for CaribbeanPlanners. (124 p., appendices). CaribbeanConservation Association, on behalf ofOrganisation of Eastern Caribbean States, theUnited Nations Development Programme, and theUnited Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
This publication is the product of a major UNDP/UNCHS(Habitat) project designed to distillinformation about the environmental assessmentprocesses as they relate to the natural and man-madeenvironment in the Eastern Caribbean. Theseguidelines aim to provide practical and relatively simpleanalytical tools that will enable environmentalconsiderations to be incorporated in the projectplanning process at an early stage, and to permit themerging of environmental and socioeconomicconsiderations into the traditional physical planningprocess.
An introductory chapter outlines the basic steps in theEIA process. Guidance is then provided for each of thekey sectors relevant to the Caribbean economy:agriculture and rural development, tourism, wastemanagement, and coastal zone. Consideration is alsogiven to the social and cultural dimension of EIA in theplanning process, the existing regulatory frameworkand cost-benefit analysis. The document concludeswith a number of case studies from different sectors -tourism, industry, mining and coastal zonemanagement.Contact: Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA), SavannahLodge, The Garrison, St Michael, Barbados.
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) (undated).Procedures for Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Caribbean Development Bank,St Michael. (5 p.)
This short document lists the categories assigned toprojects/components at the screening stage, andidentifies the responsibilities of the project officer.Annex I illustrates the types of projects/componentsthat might be included within the categories.Contact: Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), PO Box 408, Wildey, StMichael, Barbados.
Caribbean/West Indies
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)(1993). Environmental Impact AssessmentHandbook for Physical Planners. Organisation ofEastern Caribbean States, St Lucia.Contact: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), PO Box179, The Morne, Castries, St Lucia, West Indies.
BahamasUp to 1995, EIA was undertaken on an informal adhoc basis. The Bahamas Environment, Science andTechnology Commission (BEST) was then establishedwithin the Office of the Prime Minister and assumedresponsibility for the EIA system. Its members includerepresentatives of agencies with responsibility forvarious aspects of the environment, both public andNGO. From January 1996, every development projectsubmitted was reviewed to determine the necessity foran EIA. In July 1997 EIA became mandatory for allsuch projects. The Bahamas Investment Authoritysubmits proposals to BEST which, in turn, circulatesthem to Commission members for review. If an EIAhas not been submitted, one is requested. These arethen assessed by each member from his/her area ofresponsibility. BEST summarises the findings. TheInvestment Board of the Office of the Prime Ministerrequests any further information needed from thedeveloper and informs the latter of any requiredamendments specified by BEST. Legislation currentlyunder development will require a develop to post abond to cover the cost of an EIA which will becommissioned and supervised directly by BEST.
Under the National Sustainable Development Strategy,the use of EIA became policy and legislation is beingdrafted for presentation to parliament in mid 1998.This will probably be in the form of an amendment tothe 1997 Conservation and Preservation of thePhysical Landscape Act. Separate and more extensiveEIA legislation is expected to be developed later underan Inter-American Development Bank project.Contact: The Bahamas Environment, Science and TechnologyCommission, Office of the Prime Minister, PO Box CB 10980, Nassau,The Bahamas
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BarbadosAt present, there is no statutory basis for EIA inBarbados. However, The Chief Town Planner in theTown and Country Planning Office has power toinitiate an EIA in order to secure “such furtherinformation as he thinks fit”, particularly where anadverse impact from a development project may result.Such EIAs are often initiated at the request of anotherdepartment. An Environmental Management and LandUse Planning for Sustainable Development Projectcurrently is being undertaken. One aim of this is toregularise and establish legal and administrativeprocedures for EIA, and institutional structuresthrough strengthening the Town and CountryPlanning Office. Draft procedures, including EIAguidelines and methodologies currently are beingconsidered by the Environment Division (March1998).Contact: Environment Division, Ministry of Health and theEnvironment, Sir Frank Walcott Building, Culloden Road, St Michael,Barbados
JamaicaThe Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act,1991, granted the Natural Resources ConservationAuthority the power to regulate and stipulateenvironmental protection measures. The Authoritymay also require EIA for new projects or projectsunder major expansion. EIA guidelines currently arebeing prepared with support from the Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank.
Natural Resources Conservation Authority (1993).Guidelines for the Preparation of anEnvironmental Impact Assessment: Draft.Natural Resources Conservation Authority,Government of Jamaica, Kingston. (17 p.,annexes)
Section 1 of these guidelines discusses the philosophyand rationale for EIA in Jamaica, and defines EIAwithin the Jamaican context. It then proceeds with astep by step description of the EIA Report and theTechnical Process. The latter includes: policy, legal andadministrative framework; description of the proposedproject; description of the environment; significantenvironmental impacts; analysis of alternatives;mitigation plan; monitoring plan; NGO participationand inter-agency cooperation; project team; and theEIA Report. Section 2 concentrates on the ScreeningProcess, including the environmental impact statementand guidelines. Two appendices cover the basicChecklist used to compile the description of theenvironmental setting, and examples of the
Environmental Screening Form and Checklists forPreliminary Project Assessment.Contact: Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA), 53 1/2Molynes road, Kingston 10, Jamaica.
St Kitts and NevisThere are no specific policies, legislation or guidelinesfor EIA for either St Kitts or Nevis. EIA in St Kitts isundertaken on a case-by-case basis, using theEnvironmental Impact Handbook for PhysicalPlanners prepared by the Organisation of EasternCaribbean States (OECS 1993). In Nevis, EIAs arerequested for larger proposals or controversialschemes at the discretion of responsible governmentofficers, and the EIS may be reviewed internally or byan outside expert. Currently, the Physical PlanningUnit is in the process of establishing a formal planningsystem and a new planning act is being drafted whichwill contain provisions making EIA mandatory forspecified forms of development. This legislation isexpected to be enacted by mid 1998 after whichguidelines will be prepared.Contact: Premier’s Ministry, Division of Tourism, Trade, Industry,Planning and Development, the Cotton House, Market Street,Charlestown, Nevis
St Vincent and the GrenadinesSt Vincent and the Grenadines use the EnvironmentalImpact Handbook for Physical Planners prepared bythe Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS1993).
Trinidad and TobagoThe Environmental Management Act, 1995,established the Environmental Management Authoritywith authority to impose environmental clearance forcertain projects. Guidelines define projects requiringEIA and specify the content of reports. Other stateagencies have their own procedures. The EIA system isintegrated into the land-use planning system and theTown and Country Planning Division is responsiblefor projects under the Town and Country PlanningAct. Otherwise the proponent is responsible for theEIA.
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RegionalCouncil of the European Communities (CEC)(1985). Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June1985 on the assessment of the effects ofcertain public and private projects on theenvironment. Official Journal No. L 175, 05/07/1985 P.0040 - 0049. Council of the EuropeanCommunities, Brussels, Belgium. (11 p.)
Council of the European Communities (CEC)(1997). Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on theassessment of the effects of certain publicand private projects on the environment.Official Journal No. L 073, 14/03/1997 P. 0005.Council of the European Communities, Brussels,Belgium. (15 p.)Contact: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,L-2985 Luxembourg.
European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment & EC’s PHARE Programme (1994).Investors’ Environmental Guidelines. Grahamand Trotman, London. (540 p.)
These guidelines are designed to clarify theenvironmental requirements in nine Europeancountries: Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Republics,Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland andRomania. For each country, an overview is provided ofthe administrative structure, environmental legislationand other regulatory requirements. The EIA process isdescribed and the environmental requirementsapplicable to industrial and commercial facilities arepresented for air emissions, water use, noise, wastemanagement, and use of chemicals. Annexes for eachcountry detail the key legislation, regulatory bodies,environmental standards and investment projectssubject to EIA.
European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD) (1996). EnvironmentalProcedures. European Bank for Reconstructionand Development, London. (31p.)
This document is a revision of procedures for Bankstaff first published in 1992 and addresses theenvironmental appraisal process. Roles andresponsibilities in this process are described togetherwith types of environmental appraisal work: EIA,environmental analysis, environmental audit, initialenvironmental examination, and environmental actionplans. The environmental appraisal process within theBank is set out in detail with sections covering:operational identification, initial review, environmentalinvestigations, consultation with the public,negotiations/environmental covenants, final review,Board approval, monitoring, completion andevaluation, reappraisal of operations, and workoutand foreclosure. There are five annexes covering:public consultation, sample formats for EBRD EIA andaudit reports, screening categories, and environmentalstandards.Contact: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, OneExchange Square, London EC2A, United Kingdom.
European Commission (CEC) (1993). Report fromthe Commission of the Implementation ofDirective 85/337/EEC on the Assessment of theEffects of Certain Public and Private Projectson the Environment and Annexes for AllMember States. Com (93) 28 final. Commissionof the European Communities, Brussels. (279 p.)
European Commission (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment: Guidance on Scoping.Directorate General for Environment, NuclearSafety and Civil Protection, Luxembourg.
European Commission (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment: Guidance on Screening.Directorate General for Environment, NuclearSafety and Civil Protection, Luxembourg.
European Commission (1997). Checklist for thereview of environmental informationsubmitted under EIA procedures. DirectorateGeneral for Environment, Nuclear Safety and CivilProtection, Luxembourg. (29 p.)
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This checklist was developed as a method for reviewingenvironmental information submitted by developers tothe competent authorities as part of an EIA procedure.Its purpose is to assist reviewers in evaluating thecompleteness and suitability of this information from atechnical and decision-making standpoint. The reviewcriteria are organised in eight review areas, withinwhich are questions that identify the items ofinformation which may need to be provided by thedeveloper to the competent authority.Contact: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,L-2985 Luxembourg Sustainable Development and Natural ResourcesUnit, Directorate General for Development, European Commission,Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049, Brussels, Belgium.
Kristoffersen, H. & Tesli, A. (Eds) (1996).Environmental Impact Assessment in theBaltic Countries and Poland: Screening andQuality Control. Report from a Nordic-Baltic-Polish cooperation project. Nord Environment,Copenhagen. (17 p.) ISBN 92 9120 862 0 ISSN0903 7004Contact: Nordic Council of Ministers, Store Strandstraede 18, DK-1255 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
ArmeniaUnder the Armenian EIA Act (EIAA), 1995, EIA isapplied to a wide range of proposed activities includingpublic and private projects as well as economic andsocial developments. EIA procedures include screeningby use of threshold values, scoping, submission of atleast two alternatives within the EIS, expert review ofthe EIS, mandatory public participation and post-project monitoring. The EIAA also provides for theSEA of specific plans, policies and programs and forthe consideration of transboundary effects.Compliance is mandatory. The Act does not specifywhich state body will supervise and co-ordinate theEIA process, but the EIA Division of the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and Mineral Resources hascarried out EIAs in the past. Under the EIAA, however,the proponent is responsible for the submission of theEIS.
AustriaPrior to 1994, formal provisions for EIA werecontained within Austrian sectoral administrative lawsand applied only to projects specified in Annex I of theEC Directive 85/337/EEC. EIA became mandatorythrough the Federal Act on Environmental ImpactAssessment and Public Participation (EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Act, Federal Law Gazette No. 697/1993), 1994. The Act also introduced a single licensing
procedure - prior to 1994, it was necessary to submitseveral applications to various authorities. Therequirements of the 1994 Act go beyond the minimumrequirements of the EC Directive 85/337/EEC. Theextra provisions include scoping procedures, expertreview, additional public participation stages and post-project monitoring. The “Environmental ImpactExpertise” is a summary of the EIS designed to coverthe impacts in an overall and comprehensive manner.The Ministry of the Environment is responsible at thenational policy level while the Federal EnvironmentAgency holds records of EISs and monitoring data anddirects the process. An “Ombudsman for theEnvironment” has been appointed to settle disputesand handle complaints. There is no explicitrequirement for strategic environmental assessmentbut, in practice, there is increasing consideration ofenvironmental issues in plans and programmes.Compliance with the Act is mandatory. Formalrequirements for SEA are being planned. Otherplanned changes include extending the coverage of EIAto more projects and bilateral agreements to implementthe ECE Convention on Transboundary Impacts.
Umweltbundesamt (Federal EnvironmentalAgency) (1994). Uve-Leitfaden: EineInformation zurUmweltverträglichkeitserklärung fürProjektweber, Planer und die interessierteÖffentlichkeit (EIA Manual: Information onEnvironmental Carrying Capacity for ProjectWorkers, Planners and the Interested Public)Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Jugend undFamilie, Vienna.
This is a general guideline about the EIA procedure inAustria, including the legal basis and legislation, thelegal proceedings of the EIA, the legal authorities,scoping and the preparation of the EnvironmentalImpact Statement. It is planned to produce newguidelines when the Austrian law is modified toharmonize with the European Union Directives. A EC-EIA Review Checklist on Austrian Conditions is duefor publication mid-1998.Contact: Federal Environment Agency, Spittelauer Lande 5, A-1090Vienna, Austria.
BelarusThe Soviet system of SER introduced in 1989 was inplace in Belarus until superceded by nationallegislation: the Law on Environmental Protection(1992) and the Law on State Ecological Expertise(1993). The provisions of the latter were furtherrefined in 1995 by the Ministry of Environment in theInstruction on the Order of Conducting StateEcological Expertise. SER (State Environmental Review
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- dzyarzhaunaya ekalagichnaya ekspertyza) ismandatory for all projects and some developmentplans. Under the 1995 instruction, certain types ofproject, defined by a screening list similar to the one ofthe Espoo convention, requires an OVOS (Assessmentof Environmental Impacts) report to be submitted tothe SER. SER is carried out by staff of the Ministry ofEnvironment at either regional (provincial) or nationallevel. It is paid for by the developer, who is alsoresponsible for submitting all project documentation(including the OVOS report when required) to theSER.
BelgiumInstitutional reforms in 1980 created three regions -Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders – which laterestablished their own EIA laws to comply with the ECDirective 85/337/EEC. Thus there are four EIA systemsin Belgium applying to federal projects and to projectsin the three regions. The federal system is base uponthe Royal Decree 1993 which provides for the EIA ofnuclear installations and storage of radioactivematerials. This system also makes provision for theassessment of development aid projects carried out bythe Belgian government. The only guidelines identifiedto date are for the Flanders region. Therefore althoughthis Directory does n ot generally include subnationalguidelines, it was decided to include these in theabsence of other material for Belgium.
AMINAL - Administratie Milieu-, Natuur-, Land enWaterbeheer, Afdeling Algemeen Milieu- enNatuurbeleid, Cel M.e.r. (1997). Richtlijnenboekvoor het opstellen en beordelen vanmilieueffectrapporten (Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Flanders). AMINAL -Administratie Milieu-, Natuur-, Land enWaterbeheer, Afdeling Algemeen Milieu- enNatuurbeleid, Cel M.e.r., Brussels. (Series of 11guidelines)
This is a series of eleven guidelines for the Flandersregion of Belgium:1. Procedurele aspecten (Procedural aspects)2. Algemene methodologische aspecten (Generalmethodological aspects)3. Methodologie per discipline: mens – gezondheid(Health)4. Methodologie per discipline: mens – ruimtelijkeaspected (spacial aspects)5. Methodologie per discipline: fauna en flora (faunaand flora)6. Methodologie per discipline: bodem (soil)7. Methodologie per discipline: water (water)8. Methodologie per discipline: lucht (air)
9. Methodologie per discipline: licht, warmte, straling(light, heat and radiation)10. Methodologie per discipline: geluid en trillingen(noise and vibration)11. Methodologie per discipline: monumenten enlandschappen en materiele goederen in het algemeen(monuments, landscapes and material goods ingeneral).Contact: Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, DepartmentLeefmilieu en Infrastructuur, AMINAL, Cel Planning, MER en Promotie,Graaf van Ferraris gebouw, E. Jackmainlaan 156, bus 8, 1000Brussels, Belgium.
Devuyst, D. & van Wijngarrden, T. & Hens, L.(1997). Strategische milieueffectrapportage inVlaaneren (Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment in Flanders: Volume 1:Onderzoeksresultaten (Main Report); Volume2: Bijlagen (Annexes); Volume 3: Kortehandleiging (Short guidebook) Human EcologyDepartment, Free University Brussels, Brussels.(Volume 1, 281 p.; Volume 2: Annexes A-M; Volume3: 19 p.)
This document is the product of a project for theMinistry of the Flemish Community to develop a user-friendly methodology for EIA of policies plans andprograms. Specific guidelines and recommendationsare given for screening, scoping, strategicenvironmental assessment and statements, publicparticipation, quality control, post project evaluation,and decision-making for EIA at the strategic level forpolicies, plans and programmes.Contact: Environmental Impact Assessment Centre, Human EcologyDepartment, Free University Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090Brussels, Belgium.
BulgariaThe EIA System in Bulgaria was established under theEnvironmental Protection Act (State Gazette No. 86),1991, amended in 1991(S.G. No. 90), 1992 (S.G. No.100) and in 1995 (S.G. Nos. 31 and 63). Chapter 4,Article 20, of the Environmental Protection Act makesEIA mandatory for specific projects and national andregional programs for development. In 1995, theMinistries of Environment, Territorial Developmentand Construction, Health, and Agriculture and Food,issued Regulation No.1 on Environmental ImpactAssessment. This provides sectoral and generalprocedures in addition to a licensing system for EIAexperts. The system uses a standard EIS content andterms of reference to those laid out in the EIARegulation. Depending on the scale of the project (i.e. ifit overlaps with other municipalities), EIA may beimplemented by the respective Regional EnvironmentalInspectorate or the Minister of Environment.Independent experts licensed by the Ministry of the
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Environment prepare the EIS at the proponent’sexpense. The approval of the EIS is the responsibilityof the Ministry of the Environment or the RegionalEnvironmental Inspectorate.
Ministry of Environment (1995). (1995).Regulation No.1 on Environmental ImpactAssessment, 7th August 1995. In: ReferenceGuide to the Legislation Acts on EnvironmentalProtection in Bulgaria. Ministry of Environment,Ministry of Territorial Development andConstruction, Ministry of Health, Ministry ofAgriculture and Food Industry, Petrov-ConsultPublishing House, Sofia. (pp 43-69)
This regulation sets out the terms and procedures onEIA for projects, facilities and activities under Article20, and No.9 of the Environmental Protection Act1991. There are chapters covering: general provisions,EIA procedures, EIA documentation, public discussionof EIA results, decision on EIA, control of EIAdecision. Additional sections provide definitions ofterms, the scope and contents of the EIA report forconstruction and regulation plans, for projects, andfor operating facilities (environmental auditing). Itcovers all sectors.Contact: Petrov-Consult Publishing House, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Kancheva, M. et al (1997). MethodologicalGuidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment of Territorial and Urban Plans.Ministry of Environment, Sofia. (55 p.)
These are the only sectoral guidelines available, andapply to territorial and urban plans.Contact: Ministry of Environment and Water, Sofia, Bulgaria.
CroatiaThe Law on Physical Planning, 1980, contained legalobligations to undertake EIA. EIA was formallyintroduced in Croatia by the 1997 Decree onEnvironmental Impact Assessment, based on Articles26 and 29 of the 1994 Law on EnvironmentalProtection. The new system uses lists of projects forwhich EIA is obligatory and there are criteria to decideif other proposals require EIA. An “EIA Study” isrequired from the proponent, the content of which islaid out in the 1997 decree. The decree also establishedthe independent Commission for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment which has the responsibility forapproval/refusal of the EIA and for directing publicparticipation (public hearings).Contact: State Directorate for the Protection of Nature andEnvironment, Ulicia Grada Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb, Republic ofCroatia
CyprusEIA was carried out on ad-hoc basis from 1983 forUNDP- and World Bank-sponsored projects. A formalEIA system was introduced in 1991 based, in part, onthe provisions of the EC Directive 85/337/EEC. TheCypriot EIA system is mandatory under a series ofsectoral Acts. The Town and Country Planning Law,1990, integrates EIA with the planning permissionprocess. The Fisheries Law and Regulations requiresEIA for aquaculture projects. EIA is also appliedthrough forestry, mines and quarries legislation andspecific pollution control laws (Control of WaterPollution Law Mo. 69/1991, and Control ofAtmospheric Pollution from Industrial Sources LawNo. 70/1991). The system includes screening based ona series of thresholds and criteria, and a two-stagesystem (preliminary EIA and then full EIA). TheEnvironmental Service Committee provides terms ofreference for EIA studies. The proponent must preparethe preliminary EIA report. These are reviewed by theTechnical Committee for EIA.
Department of Environment (1996). GeneralGuidelines for the preparation ofenvironmental impact studies of variousworks (Greek language version) Ministry ofAgriculture, Natural Resources and Environment(15 p.)Contact: Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment,Nicosia, Cyprus
Czech RepublicThe Czech EIA system is modeled on EC Directive 85/337/EEC and (up to 1996) is based onthree pieces of legislation: (a) the FederalEnvironmental Act No. 17/1992, (b) the CzechRepublic Act on Environmental Impact AssessmentNo. 244/1992 (“EIA Act”) – which specifies the EIAprocedure, and (c) the Decree on ProfessionalQualification in EIA and on the Means and Form ofPublic Discussion of Expert Reports No. 499/1992 –which is concerned with the registration of EIA expertsand sets conditions for public hearings. Theprocedures are similar to the EC Directive with twoscreening lists – one for projects that require EIA andanother for those that require EIA subject to theirpotential impacts (using threshold values). Projects notappearing on either list may require an EIA if thecompetent authority deems it necessary. The competentauthorities are sectorally-based but the Ministry of theEnvironment is responsible for the development anddelivery of the EIA system, represented by the DistrictEnvironmental Offices. The content of the EIS review isgiven in Appendix 3 of the EIA Act. The Act also
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provides for expert review (by experts registered withthe Ministry of the Environment ), public participation,consideration of transboundary impacts (the countryis a signatory to the ECE Espoo Convention) and SEAof developmental concepts, programmes and territorialplans. EIA is not fully integrated into the planningsystem and monitoring can only be required throughthe planning consent system.
Government of the Czech Republic (1992). CzechNational Council Act on Environmental ImpactAssessment. Act No. 244/1992 S.B. Ministry ofthe Environment, Prague.
Guidance on EIA in the Czech Republic is provided inthis Act which regulates EIA of planned constructionsand determines state administrative bodies competentin EIA. Part Two is concerned with the assessment ofconstructions, activities and technologies and describesformal requirements for such issues as the extent ofassessment, notification, documentation, publicationand discussion of documentation, the participation of‘civil initiatives’ (groups each of at least 500 peopleover 18 years of age and supporting a written opinion)and civil associations, the elaboration of expertopinion, public discussion, the issue of a Statement,costs and records, and transboundary EIA. Otherparts deal with the assessment of concepts andproducts, and define competent authorities.Appendices set out developments within thecompetence of the Ministry of the Environment andwithin the jurisdiction of District Offices, and list therequired content of EIA documentation and of aStatement of Impact Evaluation.Contact: Ministry of the Environment, Prague. Czech Republic.
Kocikova, P. (ed.) (1993). EnvironmentalHandbook for Industry, Volume II. (Second)Environmental Management Office, s.r.o,Mininberg and Associates, Prague. (128 p.)
This handbook updates the first edition (published in1992) and provides basic environmental informationfor Czech and foreign businessmen. Chapter 1describes the state administration dealing withenvironmental issues and provides contact details fororganisations. Chapter 2 reviews the legal regulationsfor environmental protection with short sectionsdealing with the legal requirements for EIA, when andhow to perform EIAs, procedures for obtaining apermit for a construction activity project once an EIAis complete, and EIA procedures for the review of‘concepts’ for projects and the compliance of productswith environmental regulations and standards.Chapter 3 covers economic instruments used inenvironmental protection. Chapter 4 is concerned withprivate businesses and the environment (discussingbasic legislation on privatization, providing addressesand descriptions of companies manufacturing
environmental technology, and outlining the Programof Environmental Care). Chapter 5 lists internationalagreements to which the country is a signatory.Chapter 6 gives basic information on the structure ofthe European Community environmental policy andstandards, and the final chapter provides informationon contributors to the handbook.Contact: Trizonia Publishing House, Archaeologicka 2256, 155 00,Prague 5 - Luziny, Czech Republic.
DenmarkEIA in Denmark was introduced in 1989 byamendments to the regional planning framework.Compliance with the EC Directive 85/337/EEC wasachieved by the Planning Act No. 388 in 1991.Subsequent legal provisions include the ConsolidatedPlanning Act No 746, 1994, and several otherExecutive Orders (Numbers 379, 520, 847, 848, 849)which implement the Directive fully. Strategicenvironmental assessment is provided underAdministrative Order No 12, 1995. Although not alaw, this is deemed to be mandatory. The Ministry ofthe Environment has overall managementresponsibilities for the EIA system but projects areassessed by the relevant government agency.Requirements for EIA are derived from four sources:amendments to regional plans, national planningdirectives, legislation requiring EIA for specific projectsin coastal waters, and projects adopted by nationallegislation. Once EIA is required, the main features ofthe Danish system are public participation during theearly stages, preparation of draft EnvironmentalImpact Statements (by the proponent) which arereviewed by public and ministerial bodies, and final EISpreparation prior to decision-making. Monitoring isnot part of the EIA system but is required under otherenvironmental protection legislation.
Ministry of Environment and Energy (1993).Guidance on Procedures for EnvironmentalAssessments of Bills and Other GovernmentProposals. Ministry of Environment and Energy,Copenhagen. (13 p.)
This pamphlet sets out the requirements of anAdministrative Order (26 Feb 1993) from the PrimeMinister’s Office regarding Bills and other governmentproposals, requiring the preparation of a statement ontheir environmental consequences if they are likely tohave significant environmental effects. The pamphletcontains sections which set out the required contentsof such a strategic environmental assessment (SEA), theenvironmental effects to be described, how todetermine the need for an SEA, and includes a check-list to help determine which Bills/proposals may havesignificant environmental effects and which maytherefore require a more detailed assessment.
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Ministry of Environment and Energy (1995).Environmental Impact Assessment inDenmark. Ministry of Environment and Energy,Copenhagen. (16 p.)
This brochure sets out the rules for EIA in Denmarkwhich were established by three separate ministerialorders issued in September 1994. The rules cover onlyprojects likely to affect the environment significantly.EIA procedures follow the provisions of the PlanningAct (as amended in 1994) on supplements to regionalplans, and the regional authorities. The documentbriefly describes the benefits of EIA to developers andthe public. It then outlines types of projects definitelyrequiring an EIA, and others (new projects only) whichmay require an EIA if they fail to fulfil all of a set offive criteria. Annexes provide lists of projects fallinginto these categories. Other sections discuss thepreparation of an EIS and public consultation.
Ministry of Environment and Energy (1995).Strategic Environmental Assessment of Billsand Other Government Proposals. Examplesand Experience. Ministry of Environment andEnergy, Copenhagen. (38 p., annexes)
This document aims to facilitate environmentalassessment for Danish government ministries followingthe issue by the Prime Minister’s Office ( Jan 1993) ofan Administrative Order regarding Bills and othergovernment proposals, requiring the preparation of astatement on their environmental consequences if theyare likely to have significant environmental effects. Thefirst two sections of the document give guidance onstrategic environmental assessment (SEA), introducingthe concept and describing the ideal content andfeatures of an SEA process. Section 3 providesexamples and experience related to SEA of Danishgovernment Bills/proposals from the 1993/94 sessionof Parliament. There are three annexes: a checklist fordetermning the need for SEA of a government Bill/proposal; an outline of Denmark’s most importantnational action plans that target improving theenvironment; and a bibliography of useful readings.An index is also provided.
Ministry of Environment and Energy (1996).Vejledning om Planloven (Guide to the Act ofPhysical Planning) Ministry of Environment andEnergy, Copenhagen. (224 p., appendices)
This guide (available only in Danish) contains allguidelines concerning the Planning Act (1992,amended 1994) which sets out the provisions for EIAin Denmark. Also available on the internet.
Ministry of Environment and Energy (1996).Vejledning om tilvejebringelse afregionplantillæg med VVM for svine – ogfjerkræfarme (Guide on Provision of RegionalPlan Addendums with EnvironmentalAssessment for Pig and Poultry Farms. Ministryof Environment and Energy, Copenhagen. (27 p.,appendices)
This guide (available only in Danish) provides specificguidelines for EIA for pig and poultry farms.Contact: Spatial Planning Department, Ministry of Environment andEnergy, Højbro Plads 4, DK 1200 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
EstoniaA government regulation on Environmental ImpactAssessment, 1992, established the framework andprinciples for carrying out EIA. This was strengthenedby a regulation issued by the Minister of theEnvironment in 1994 specifying those projectsrequiring EIA and providing guidance to proponentson the content of environmental statements. Draftlegislation on EIA is under preparation. The currentEstonian EIA system uses licensed experts (registeredwith the Ministry of the Environment), three screeninglists (two lists of state projects and one of regionalprojects). Plans, programmes and policies are allsubject to EIA at state and regional levels, andcompliance is mandatory. For State proposals, theMinistry of the Environment is responsible forensuring that the EIA is carried out. Regionalproposals are the responsibility of the regionalenvironmental authorities. These regional centresinitiate the EIA process and carry out the study at theexpense of the proponent. The proposed legislationwill transfer the responsibility for carrying out EIA tothe developer.
Ecological Studies Institute Estonia (1993).Environmental Assessment Legislation andPolicy in Central and Eastern Europe: Republicof Estonia. European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, London.Contact: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),1 Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, UK.
Ministry of Environment & The World Bank (1995).Environmental Impact Assessment: Manual forEstonian Banks. Ministry for the Environment,Tallin. (30 p.)
Contact: Estonian Ministry for Environment, Tallinn, Estonia.
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FinlandDuring the 1980s, EIA was undertaken on a sectorallevel. When Finland joined the European Communityin 1991, it was required to Directive 85/337/EECrelating to EIA. The Finnish Environmental ImpactAssessment Act was approved in 1994. EIA is nowapplied under this separate law and is not integratedwith other consent procedures. Screening is carried outon a case-by-case basis and by applying general criteriato the details of the proposal. Section 5 defines 18types of projects (based on the provisions of Directive85/337EEC and the ECE Espoo Convention onTransboundary EIA) that require EIA. EIA can also berequired on a case-by-case basis for other proposals,or for changes to existing developments. The Ministryof the Environment has overall responsibility for theEIA system and can also require EIA for certainprojects. The Act requires scoping and provision ismade for internal authority, expert and public reviewof EIA reports. Monitoring arrangements should bespecified in the EIS but there are no post-projectchecks. Public participation is required during thescoping and review stages. There is also provision forthe strategic environmental assessment of policies,plans and programmes and guidelines have recentlybeen released. In all cases, the proponent is required tocarry out the EIA process. Future developmentsinclude research into the treatment of transboundaryimpacts in the EIA process and the development ofguidance for the environmental assessment ofgovernment bills. Finland has also approved the ArcticEnvironmental Protection Strategy in 1997 and hasprovided guidance on EIA carried out in the Arctic.
Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (1995). SVA -opas käytännön näkökulma sosiaalistenvaikutusten arviointiin (SIA guide: a practicalguide on Social Impact Assessment) Ministryfor Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki. (31 p.)
Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (1996). Aguide on the application of the Finnish EIAlaw: the assessment of health and socialimpacts. Draft. Ministry for Social Affairs andHealth, Helsinki.Contact: Ministry for Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki, Finland
Navigation Administration (1995). YVA-lakiväylätöisså merenkulkulaitoksen ylcisohje(The EIA Act in maritime channel works -general guide of the NavigationAdministration) Navigation Administration,Helsinki. (11 p.)Contact: Navigation Administration, Helsinki, Finland.
Hildén, M., Huukskonen, E., Rahikainen, M. &Päivärinne, A-M. (1996). Ympäristövaikutustenlaadunarviointi (Quality evaluation ofenvironmental impact statements) FinnishEnvironment Institute, Helsinki.
Contact: Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, FIN-00251Helsinki, Finland.
Korhonen, S. (1996). Tiehankkeiden yva-menettely (EIA guidelines for road projects)National Road Administration, Helsinki.Contact: National Road Administration, Helsinki, Finland.
Kylä-Harakka-Ruonala, T. (ed) (1992).Teollisuuden ympärustönsuojelun käsikirja(Environmental handbook for Industry)Confederation of Finnish Industry and Employers,Helsinki. (166 p.)
Contact: Confederation of Finnish Industry and Employers, Helsinki,Finland.
Salonen, L. (ed) & Puakkunen, M. (ed) (1996).Ympäristövaikutusten arviointi - parempaansuunnitteluun (Environmental ImpactAssessment – for better planning in Finland)Ministry of the Environment, Finnish EnvironmentInstitute, Helsinki. (22 p.)
Also available in English.Contact: Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, FIN-00251Helsinki, Finland.
Seppala, R. (1995). Energiatuotantolaitostenympäristövaikutusten arvionti (EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of energy production)Ministry of Trade and Industry, Helsinki.
Contact: Ministry of Trade and Industry, Helsinki, Finland.
FranceThe first EIA legislation was within the GeneralImplementation Decree No 77-1141, 1977, amendedby Decree No 93-245, 1993. These decrees are fullyintegrated into existing consent procedures. The basisfor public consultation and public inquiries wasprovided in the Rules Concerning Public Enquiries (12July, 1983) which defined the categories of works andprojects which are subject to EIA. In accordance withprovisions in the EC Directive 85/337/EEC, the EIAsystem involves a screening procedure whichdetermines EIA requirements relating to the degree ofthe impact. Screening may result in a full EIA beingrequired, or a simplified study called a Notice d’Impactfor projects with a less significant potential impact. Theproponent carries the responsibility for the initiation
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of the process while the Ministry of the Environmenttakes overall responsibility for the system delivered bythe local authorities. EIA in France is likely to changein accordance with the implementation of the ECDirective 97/11/EC which will introduce scoping,improve public participation and consultation, andthere is also likely to be an increased emphasis on EIAtraining.
Government of France (1980). Guide pourl’Élaboration des Études d’Impact surl’Environnment del Lotissements (Guidelinesfor the Conduct of an Environmental ImpactAssessment of Housing Sites) Ministère del’Environnement, Neuilly. (56 p.)
Government of France (1980). Étude d’Impactsur l’Environnement Carrière de RochesMassives a Flanc de Coteau, (ImpactAssessment of Hillside Quarries) Ministère del’Environnement, Ministère de la Recherche et del’Industrie, Paris. (29 p.)
Government of France (1980). Étude d’Impactsur l’Environnement Carrière de RochesMassives en Fosse (Impact Assessment forDeep Quarries) Ministère de l’Environnement,Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Industrie, Paris.(30 p.)
Government of France (1980). Études d’Impactdes Stations d’Épuration Urbaines: Odeurs etBruits (Impact Assessment for UrbanSanitation Stations: Smells and Noise)Ministère de l’Environnement, Paris. (70 p.)
Government of France (1980). Étude d’Impactdes Stations d’Épuration Urbaines: 1:Méthodologie (Impact Assessment for UrbanSanitation Stations: 1: Methodology), Paris.(61 p.)
Government of France (1981). Étude d’Impact surl’Environnement Carrière de RochesAlluvionnaires dans la Nappe, (ImpactAssessment of Gravel Pits on the Water Table)Ministère de l’Industrie et de la Recherche,Ministère de l’Environnement, Paris. (28 p.)
Government of France (1982). Étude d’Impactsur l’Environnement Carrière de RochesAlluvionnaires Hors Nappe, (ImpactAssessment of Gravel Pits Above the Water
Table) Ministère de l’Environnment, Ministère de laRecherche et de l’Industrie, Paris. (48 p.)
Government of France (1982). Étude d’Impact desAménagement de Cours d’Eau (ImpactAssessment of Diverting Water Courses).Ministère de l’Environnement, Ministère de laRecherche et de l’Industrie, Paris. (103 p.)
Government of France (1983). Étude d’Impactsur l’Environnement Carrière de RochesMassives Hors Nappe (Impact Assessment ofQuarries Above the Water Table) Ministère del’Environnment, Ministère de la Recherche et del’Industrie, Paris, France. (36 p.)
Government of France (1983). AspectsRadiologiques à Prendre en Compte dans lesÉtudes d’Impact d’Ouverture de TravauxMiniers pour l’Uranium (Radiation Factors inthe Impact Studies of Uranium Mining Works)Ministère de l’Industrie et de la Recherche,Ministère de l’Environnement, Paris, France.(29 p.)
Government of France (1984). Étude d’Impactpour l’Ouverture de Travaux d’Éxploitation deGisements d’Hydrocarbures en Mer (ImpactAssessment for Drilling of HydrocarbonDeposits at Sea) Ministère de l’Environnement,Ministère du Redéploiement Industriel et duCommerce Exterieur, Paris. (40 p.)
Government of France (1985). Étude d’Impactpour l’Ouverture de Travaux d’Exploitation deGisements d’Hydrocarbures à Terre (ImpactAssessment for Drilling of TerrestrialHydrocarbon Deposits) Ministère del’Environnement, Ministère du RedéploiementIndustriel et du Commerce Exterieur, Paris. (81 p.)
Government of France (1988). Pour des Étudesd’Impact en Centre Urbain (Impact Assessmentfor Urban Centres) Ministère de l’Équipement, duLogement, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et desTransports, Paris. (71 p.)
Government of France (1988). Étude d’Impactdes Ports de Plaisance (Impact Assessment forMarinas) Ministère de l’Environnement, Paris.(112 p.)
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Government of France (1989). Étude d’Impactsur l’Environnement des InstallationsHydrauliques de Production d’Électricité(Environmental Impact Assessment forHydroelectric Plants) Ministère del’Environnement, Paris. (83 p.)
Government of France (1990). Guide pourl’Élaboration de l’Étude d’Impact surl’Environnement d’une Décharge Contrôlee(Guidance for Environmental ImpactAssessment of a Controlled Discharge)Ministère de l’Environnement, Paris. (50 p.)Contact: Ministry of Environment, 20 Avenue de Segue, 75302 Paris 7SP, France.
GeorgiaAfter independence in 1992, the Republic of Georgiapassed the Temporary Order for “State EcologicalExpertise” (SEE), but did not grant it legal status. Theaim of SEE is to account for the likely environmentaleffects at the decision-making stage in order to secureecological equilibrium, rational use of resources and toensure sustainable development. The requirement forSEE of a proposal is noted in the 1992 Order (SEEtakes place after the project design is decided upon).The State Ecological Expertise Boards at local, regionaland national level are responsible for overallmanagement and for carrying out the SEE processalthough it is financed by the developer. The SEEsystem requires that initial design features (includingenvironmental information) be submitted to the Boardof Ecological Expertise at the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection. SEE then involves theidentification of impacts and project review followedby a pre-decision made by the Ministry of theEnvironment. The final approval is manifested as an“ecological passport”. There is no requirement formonitoring. A draft Environmental Protection Lawproposes an EIA system similar to the western style(approved in 1996).
Government of Georgia (1996). Law of Georgiaon State Environmental Assessment. Ministryof Environment, Tbilisi.
A law on EIA and draft guidelines are being prepared.In the meantime, the Law on State EnvironmentalAssessment regulates EA to be carried out in the courseof decision-making on the issue of environmentallicences for the bodies performing business, industrialand other types of activities, drafting and developmentof plans, projects for exploitation and use of waters,forests, mineral wealth, land and other natural
resources in Georgia, an also activities required formajor reconstruction and technological renovation ofexisting enterprises.
Government of Georgia (1996). Law of Georgiaon Environmental Permit. Ministry ofEnvironment, Tbilisi.
A law on EIA and draft guidelines are being prepared.In the meantime, the Law on Environmental Permitprovides the legal foundation for the participation ofthe public and for public information in the course ofthe issuance of an environmental permit for theperformance of an activity in Georgia, in the process ofstate ecological examination and EIA in the issuance ofa permit and in decision-making on the issuance of apermit.Contact: Department of Environmental Permit and State EcologicalExpertise, Ministry of Environment, Paliashvili Stereet 87, 380062,Tbilisi, Georgia.
GermanyEIA was made mandatory in 1990 by theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Act ,1990, whichimplemented EC Directive 85/337/EEC. Someindividual States (Landers) have implemented the 1990law; others have used statutory ordinances to deal withproject EIA. The 1990 Act was followed by otherlegislation and amendments relating to land-useplanning, mining and emissions in order to integrateEIA into other consent procedures. Responsibility forthe EIA process for a project is under the jurisdictionof the relevant authority with responsibility for theapproval of that specific project. The proponent mustsubmit information to this authority. The processinvolves the use of screening lists to determine if EIA isnecessary by means of threshold values, followed bynon-mandatory scoping prior to report preparation.The contents of the report are laid down in Section 6of the federal EIA Act and in individual Statelegislation. Reports are reviewed through an internalprocess carried out by the authority responsible for theproposal, while there is provision for publicparticipation at the scoping and review stages. A newplanning act entered into force in January 1998 (Bau-und Raumordnungsgesetz). The changes to the EIAsystem will take account of the EC Directive 97/11/EC.The use of SEA is still being debated.
Federal guidelines cover the screening and scopingstages and there are technical guidelines relating to thevarious development sectors. In addition the GermanEIA Association (UVP-Gesellschaft e.V.) has produceda number of guidelines (two have been published, therest are in draft form). Several States have alsopublished guidelines (e.g. Northrhine-Westfalia,
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Brandenburg, Badem-Württemberg and Bremen).References for these are given in Brösel; 1997.
Brösel, I. (1997). Verwaltungsvorschriften,Richtlinien und Arbeitshilfen für dieUmweltverträglichkeitsprüfung(Administrative regulations, guidelines andworking aids for Environmental ImpactAssessment) In: Storm, P.-Ch. (ed) & Bunge, Th.(ed) Handbuch der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung(EIA Handbook). Berlin, Germany.
The EIA Handbook is a loose-leaf collection, and thereis a section containing references to the large numberof EIA Guidelines issued by German Länderauthorities.Contact: Erich Schmidt Verlag, D-10 785 Berlin, Germany.
Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (German WaterInstitute) (1996).Umweltverträglichkeitsuntersuchungen anBundeswasserstrassen. Materialien zurBewertung von Umweltauswirkungen(Environmental impact studies relating tofederal waterways. Materials for theevaluation of environmental impacts). BfG-Mitteilung No. 9. Bundesanstalt fürGewässerkunde, Koblenz.
Contact: Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen 15-17, Postfach 309, D-56003 Koblenz, Germany.
Bundesministerium für Verkehr (Germany Ministryfor Transport) (1987). Hinweise zurBerücksichtigung des Naturschutzes und derLandschaftspflege beimBundesfernstrassenbau (Instructions forTaking Nature Conservation and LandscapeDevelopment Into Account in FederalHighways Construction). AllgemeinesRundschreiben Strassenbau Nr. 5/1987 vom 23.Bundesministerium für Verkehr (Germany Ministryfor Transport). Verkehrsblatt. Dortmund, Germany.(217 et seq).
These instructions describe in detail the requiredcontent of environmental impact statements inhighway planning and construction, focusing onnature conservation and landscape protection.Provisions are also included for impacts on otherenvironmental factors (e.g. water, soil, flora andfauna).
Bundesministerium für Verkehr (German Ministryfor Transport) (1994). Richtlinien für diePlanfeststellung nach demBundesfernstrassengesetz (Instructions forplan approval procedure under the Federal
Highways Act). Allgemeines RundschreibenStrassenbau Nr. 29/1994 vom 28. Oktober 1994.Bundesministerium für Verkehr (German Ministry forTransport). Verkehrsblatt. Bonn, Germany. (749 etseq).
These instructions contain detailed provisions on theplan approval procedure (the last of three tiers infederal highway planning). Procedural aspects of EIAare also included.
Bundesministerium für Verkehr (German Ministryfor Transport) (1995). Musterkarten fürmweltverträglichkeitsstudien im Strassenbau(Model maps for environmental impactstudies for road projects). Bundesministerium fürVerkehr (Ministry for Transport), Bonn.Contact: Verlags-Kartographie GmbH, Virchowstrasse 7, D-36304Alsfeld, Germany.
Bundesministerium für Verkehr (Germany Ministryfor Transport) (1996). Hinweise zu § 16 FStrG(Instructions relating to sec. 16 of the FederalHighways Act. Allgemeines RundschreibenStrassenbau Nr. 13/1996 vom 15. April 1996.Bundesministerium für Verkehr (Germany Ministryfor Transport). Verkehrsblatt. Dortmund, Germany.(222 et seq).
These instructions deal with the route determinationprocess, the second of three tiers in federal highwayplanning. They contain rules on the content ofenvironmental impact statements in this process.Contact: Verkehrsblatt-Verlag, Hohe Strasse 39, D-44139 Dortmund.
Bundesregierung (Federal German Government)(1995). Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zurAusführung des Gesetzes über dieUmweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPVwV)vom 18. September 1995 (GeneralAdministrative Regulation on Implementingthe Act on Environmental Impact Assessmentof 18 September 1995). Bundesregierung (FederalGerman Government). GemeinsamesMinisterialblatt. Köln, Germany. (671 et seq). ISSN0939-4729Contact: Carl Heymanns Verlag, Luxemburger Str. 449, D-50939 Köln.
Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- undVerkehrswesen (FGSV) (Research Society for Roadand Transport Matters (1990). Merkblatt zurUmweltverträglichkeitsstudie in derFernstrassenplanung (Instruction leaflet forthe environmental impact statement inhighway planning). Forschungsgesellschaft fürStrassen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV) (ResearchSociety for Road and Transport Matters), Koln.
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This document deals with methods to prepare anenvironmental impact statement.
Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- undVerkehrswesen (FGSV) (Research Society for Roadand Transport Matters) (1996). Richtlinien für dieAnlage von Strassen, Teil Landschaftspflege,Abschnitt I: LandschaftspflegerischeBegleitplanung, Ausgabe 1996 - RAS-LP 1(Guidelines for road planning andconstruction, part landscape conservation,section I: landscape conservation planning).Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- undVerkehrswesen (FGSV) (Research Society for Roadand Transport Matters), Köln.
These guidelines prescribe, inter alia, the content ofenvironmental impact statements.
Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- undVerkehrswesen (FGSV) (Research Society for Roadand Transport Matters) (1997). Arbeitshilfe zurpraxisorientierten Einbeziehung vonWechselwirkungen inUmweltverträglichkeitsstudien fürStrassenbauvorhaben, Ausgabe 1997 (Workingaid to include, in a practice-oriented way,interactions between environmental factors inenvironmental impact studies for roadprojects). Document No. B 6524.Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- undVerkehrswesen (FGSV) (Research Society for Roadand Transport Matters), Köln.Contact: Verkehrsblatt-Verlag, Hohe Strasse 39, D-44139 Dortmund.
Hübler, K.H. & Riehl, C. & Winkler-Kühlken, B.(1995). Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in derBauleitplanung – Praxisprobleme undLösungsvorschläge. Vol. 1: Leitfaden zur UVPin der Bauleitplanung mit dem Schwerpunktauf der Ebene der Flächennutzungsplanung(EIA in local development planning – practiceproblems and suggestions to solve them. Vol.1: Guideline on EIA in local developmentplanning, focusing on the level of the zoningplan). Berichte des Umweltbundesamtes No.6/95. Umweltbundesamt (Federal EnvironmentalAgency), Berlin. (104 p.)Contact: Erich Schmidt Verlag, D-10 785 Berlin, Germany.
Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser (LAWA) (1997).UVP-Leitlinien. Arbeitsmaterialien für dieUmweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in derWasserwirtschaft (EIA Guidelines. Workingmaterials for environmental impact
assessment in water management).Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser (LAWA)(German Interstate Working Group on Water).LAWA-Schriftenreihe. Berlin, Germany.
Contact: Kulturverlag GmbH, Sprosserweg 3, D-12351 Berlin,Germany.
Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege undLandschaftsschutz (RDVL) (Rhine Association forMonument and Landscape Protection) (1994).Kulturgüterschutz in derUmweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (Protection ofcultural assets in environmental impactassessment). Rheinischer Verein fürDenkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz (RDVL)(Rhine Association for Monument and LandscapeProtection). Kulturlandschaft 4, Sonderheft 2.Bonn, Germany.
Contact: Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz(RVDL), Ottoplatz 2, D-50679 Köln, Germany.
Ring, M. et al (1996). GrenzüberschreitendeUmweltverträglichkeitsprüfungen(Deutschland – Polen). Ein Vorschlag für dieDurchführung des Verfahrens sowieArbeitshilfen für Behörden, Gutachter,Verbände und Öffentlichkeit (TransboundaryEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA)between Germany and Poland – Proposal for aBilateral Procedure and Helpful Informationfor Carrying out Transboundary EIA for theUse of Public Authorities, EnvironmentalAssociations, Consultants and the Public).Umweltbundesamt (Federal EnvironmentalAgency), Berlin. (152 p.)Full document also available in Polish.Contact: Umweltbundesamt, Zentraler Auskunftsdienst, Bismarckplatz1, D -14169 Berlin, Germany http://www.umweltbundesamt.de.
UVP-Förderverein (1990). Ein Leitfaden fürUnternehmen (Guidelines for Business). UVP-Gesellschaft e.V (German EIA Association), Hamm.
UVP-Förderverein (1993). AnforderungsprofilNo.1: Qualit„tskriterien für die Durchfuhrungder UVP (Guideline No.1: Quality Criteria forEIA). UVP-Gesellschaft e.V (German EIAAssociation), Hamm.
UVP-Förderverein (1995). Merkblatt: Schutzgutliere (Guideline: consideration of fauna withinEIA). Draft. UVP-Förderverein, Hamm.
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UVP-Förderverein (1995). Merkblatt SchutzgutPflanzen/Zur Erhebung vegetationskundlicherund floristischer Daten im Rahmen der UVP(Guideline: consideration of flora/ Guidelinesfor the study of data for flora and faunawithin EIA). Draft. UVP-Förderverein, Hamm.
UVP-Förderverein (1995). Merkblatt:Öffentlichkeitsbeteilgung bei der UVP (PublicParticipation within EIA). Draft. UVP-Förderverein, Hamm.Contact: UVP-Gesellschaft e.V., Ûstingstrasse 13, D-59063 Hamm,Germany.
GreeceEIA was first undertaken in 1977 for hydro-electricpower funded by the Greek Public Power Corporation,although the emphasis was on socio-economic impacts.It was subsequently applied to projects within forestedareas (under Public Law 998/1979) as a conservationinstrument. The Greek EIA system was created in1986, when Law 1650/86 for the Protection of theNatural Environment established a permit systemrequiring EIA of new or modified projects andactivities with potentially significant environmentaleffects. This law was implemented in 1990 after otherministerial decisions were made to allow itsenforcement (Joint Ministerial Decision 69269/5387/25-10-90 for private and public and private projectsexcluding national defence). This also implemented theEC Directive 85/337/EEC. Ministerial decision 75308/5512/26-10-90 deals with EIS publication. TheMinistry of Environment, Planning and Public Worksis responsible for development of the EIA system and isthe competent authority in Greece. This Ministry hasalso published statutory guidance on EIA proceduresand the content of EISs. The EIA system is integratedwith other consent systems since the approval of thesite of the project and approval of “environmentalterms for construction” are integrated with thescreening and primary scoping stages of EIA. Directive97/11/EC is currently receiving consideration in Greeceand changes are expected in the future with regard toits provisions and the potential implementation ofstrategic environmental assessment.
Government of Greece (1986). Law No.1650/86for the protection of the environment, OEK160 A/86 (EIA legal framework). Ministry ofEnvironment, Planning and Public Works, Athens.
Government of Greece (1990). MinisterialDecision 75308/5512/26-10-90, OEK 691 B/90
(Environmental Impact Statements). Ministry ofEnvironment, Planning and Public Works, Athens.
Government of Greece (1994). MinisterialDecision 1661/28-10-94, OEK 786 11/94 (fortourism development). Ministry of Environment,Planning and Public Works, Athens.Contact: Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works, GeneralDirection of Environment Direction, Athens, Greece.
HungaryThe first explicit requirement for EIA in Hungary wasprovided by the Government Decree on the ProvisionalRegulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment ofCertain Private and Public Projects No. 86/1993. ThisDecree was replaced by the Environmental ProtectionAct, 1995, which gave a higher legal status to the EIAsystem in an effort to streamline the process. EIA isrequired for proposals for development as well as forthe decommissioning and cessation of activities. A“Preliminary study” and “Environmental ImpactStudy” may be required. The EnvironmentalInspectorate is responsible for the EIA process.
ÖKO RT (1993). Útmutatók A KörnyezetiHajásvizsgálotok Végzéséhez: KürnyezetiElemek és Rendszerek Kezelése a Khu-Ban(Guidelines for the Preparation of an EIA:Assessment of Environmental Elements andSystems in EIA). Ministry for Environment andRegional Policy, ÖKO RT, Budapest, Budapest.(100 p.)Contact: National Environmental Library, SAS UTCA6, Budapest 1051,Hungary.
IcelandA formal EIA system was introduced in Iceland by theAct on Environmental Impact Assessment, 1994. ThisAct was reviewed in 1997 in order to draft a new EIABill. The existing system uses screening lists similar tothe EC Directive 85/337/EEC. There is also provisionfor ministerial discretion over other projects. Publicparticipation is advised after the documentation issubmitted. The Planning and Building Act, 1998, hasprovisions for assessing land-use plans and individualpolicies and projects within the plans. The NationalPlanning Agency (Skipulag Rikisins), under theMinistry of the Environment, enforces the Act. Theprocess is mandatory and the proponent is responsiblefor the preparation of the EIA study.
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Government of Iceland (1993). Law andRegulations on Environmental ImpactAssessment in Iceland: Law No.63/1993 onEnvironmental Impact Assessment, Law No.100/1993 amending Law No.63/1993,Regulations on Environmental ImpactAssessment. Government of Iceland, Reykjavik.(18 p.)
Hreggviösdóttir, H., Þoroddsson, Þ.F.,Theodörsdóttir, A.H. & Jónsdóttir, S. (1995).Leiöbeiningar viö mat á umhverfisáhrifum(Guidelines for EIA) Skipulag rískisns (NationalPhysical Planning Agency), Reykjavík.
Contact: Skipulagsstofnun (Planning Agency), Laugavegur 166, 150Reykjavík, Iceland.
IrelandEIA became law in Ireland after the enactment of theEuropean Communities (EIA) Regulations 1989(S.I.349, 1989) and the Local Government (Planningand Development) Regulations 1990 (S.I.No.25 1990).These regulations served to implement the EC Directive85/337/EEC and cover all projects except motorwayswhich are subject to the Roads Act, 1993. Severalamendments to these Acts have taken place toincorporate EIA procedures with integrated pollutioncontrol (S.I. 84, 1994), the land use planning system(SI 86, 1994) and afforestation projects (SI 101,1996). The Ministry of Environment and theEnvironmental Protection Agency have overallresponsibility for formulating and implementing EIAregulations and procedures. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency Act, 1992, provides the Agencywith the authority to produce guidelines on the contentof EISs. EIA is also integrated with other regulations(integrated pollution control) but retains separateconsent procedures to avoid duplication. The Irish EIAsystem will respond to changes in European legislation(Directive 91/11/EC and the draft SEA Directive) andthere are initiatives to develop an SEA system.Guidance notes have been published by theDepartment of Environment and the EnvironmentalProtection Agency for use by local authorities. Nocodes of practice, manuals or sourcebooks arerecognised, but some are used.
Department of the Environment (undated).Planning Leaflet No.9 – Environmental ImpactAssessment. Department of the Environment,Dublin, Dublin.Contact: Department of the Environment, Dublin, Ireland.
Department of the Environment (1988). Notes forRoad Authorities on the EuropeanCommunities (Environmental ImpactAssessment) (Motorways) Department of theEnvironment, Dublin. (4 p.)
Contact: Road Policy Section, Department of the Environment,O’Connell Bridge House, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Department of the Environment (1990).Implementation of EC Directive 85/337/EEC onEnvironmental Impact Assessment – PlanningApplications and Appeals. Stationery Office,Dublin. (50 p.)
Contact: Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland.
Environmental Protection Agency (1995). AdviceNotes on Current Practice (in the preparationof Environmental Impact Statements)Environmental Publications, Dublin. (136 p.) ISBN 1899965 09 2
The document provides detailed information topractitioners and proponents on current practice forthe structure and content of Environmental ImpactStatements (EISs) in Ireland. The document is dividedinto 5 sections. Section 1 outlines the information to beincluded in the EIS relating to the description of theproject; Section 2 outlines information required on theexisting environment, impacts of mitigation measuresand the description and analysis of specificenvironmental topics. Section 3 outlines sectoralimpacts associated with 31 generic types of project.Section 4 provides guidance on consultation, andincludes a reference list of relevant governmental andnon-governmental stakeholder groups; and Section 5outlines the most common problems found in currentpractice in EIA preparation in Ireland.
Environmental Protection Agency (1995). DraftGuidelines on the Information to beContained in Environmental ImpactStatements. Environmental Protection Agency,Wexford. (36 p.)Contact: Environmental Protection Agency, Ardcavan, Wexford,Ireland.
ItalyFormal provisions for EIA was introduced by Law No.349, 1986, and through two Decrees of the Presidentof the Council of Ministers (in 1988) which gavepower to Ministry of the Environment to regulate EIA.Laws within individual regions also enabled EIAs to beundertaken. The EC Directive 85/337/EEC wasimplemented in 1996 through a further Decree. This
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established a national EIA framework which could beadopted and implemented at the regional level - asystem similar to that in the EC Directive. TheDecree has been supplemented by regional EIA lawsin eight regions. Compliance is mandatory. Futurechanges to the Italian EIA system are likely toinclude: a focus on training demands; regional lawchanges to account for the EC Directive 97/11/ECand the draft SEA directive. The Ministry of theEnvironment has overall responsible for the process,but the evaluation of the EIS is carried out by the EIACommission. The proponent supplies the EIS.
Colombo, G.C. (ed) & Malcevschi, S. (ed) (1996/97).Guidelines of Environmental Indicators for EIA.1. Indicators for Water; 2. Indicators forVegetation and Flora; 3. Indicators forEcosystems; 4. Indicators for Agricultural andForest Systems. Association of EnvironmentalAnalysts (AAA), Federation of Scientific andTechnical Associations (FAST), Italian EIA Centre,Milan. (4 volumes)Contact: Italian EIA Centre, c/o Fast, P.le Morandi, 2 - 20121 Milan,Italy.
LatviaIn Latvia, EIA is called “Ecological Expertise”. It wasformally introduced following independence under theLaw on State Environmental Impact Assessments(LSEIA), 1990, which develops further the formerSoviet “State Ecological Expertise” system. The processis integrated with the environmental and constructionconsent scheme. EIA involves a preliminary stagesimilar to scoping, a principal stage (preparation of theEIA report or “Technical/Economic Calculations” bythe proponent) and decision-making by the relevantauthority. There are two tiers of control. The EIA ofprojects of regional importance is managed by theRegional Environmental Protection Committee. EIA ofnational level developments are managed by theMinistry of Environmental Protection and theRegional Development’s State EIA board. There isprovision for public participation after the EIAdocumentation is prepared. The Latvian NationalEnvironmental Policy Plan was approved in 1995. Adraft law on EIA based upon the EC Directive 85/337/EEC should come into force in mid-1998. The systemis being set up by Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection with the Ministry of Environment, incollaboration with the with the Finnish EnvironmentalInstitute. The new EIA law will also establish an EIAinstitution for licensed experts to carry out EIAs. Atpresent, the proponent initiates the EIA process andexperts at the EIA board perform the State assessment.
Seglins, V. (undated). Investors Guidelines forPerforming Environmental Due Diligence inLatvia. Ministry of Finance, World Bank, Riga.(28 p.)
The goal of environmental due diligence is to identifyand assess the environmental consequences ofeconomic activity, to determine the environmentalsituation in a particular area, and to develop proposalsto improve environmental quality. In Latvia, this is anecessary requirement prior to the financing orrealisation of any economic activity. These guidelinesexplain the mandatory minimum requirements aninvestor must fulfill, and the EIA process conducted byregional and/or national environmental authorities.Contact: Technical Unit, Ministry of Finance, Smilsu Str.1/4, Riga,Latvia LV 1050.
LithuaniaThe Lithuanian Ministry of Environmental Protectionassumed legal responsibility for EIA under the 1996EIA law. Before that, the Soviet system of SEE (StateEcological Expertise) was in use.Contact: Environmental Protection Ministry, A.Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600Vilnius, Republic of Lithuania
LuxembourgThe EIA system in Luxembourg was established in1990 under a law concerning the control ofdangerous, dirty and noxious installations, known asthe “commodo” procedure. The EC Directive 85/337/EEC was implemented by the Grand-Ducal Regulationof 4 March 1994. Other regulations integrate EIApractice into consents for projects in “green zones”and road projects. The Ministry of the Environmenthas overall responsibility for the EIA system but theproponent is responsible for carrying out the processitself, assisted by a licensed expert. The Grand-DucalRegulation of 31 October 1995 determines the contentof the EIS and makes EIA mandatory for road projects(a preliminary EIA or a “notice d’impact” is required).Screening is carried out using lists, criteria and case-by-case consideration of the proposal. Review of the EIAreport takes place internally. There is provision for themonitoring of impacts. Future changes are likely totake place through EIA training, development ofmonitoring programmes and the treatment ofcumulative effects in EIA.Contact: Ministry of Environment, L-2918 Luxembourg, Grand Duchyof Luxembourg
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MacedoniaThe National Environmental Action Plan, 1997,identified priorities for environmental protection andrecommended the introduction of EIA procedures (thishas yet to happen). The Ministry of Urban Planning,Construction and Environment is responsible forenvironmental protection policies in Macedonia.
MaltaThe Environmental Protection Act, 1991, establisheda formal EIA system and procedures. But noregulations have been issued to implement thesystem. The Environmental Protection Department isresponsible for the implementation of the EIA system,although the proponents have responsibility forcarrying out EIA studies and for post-projectmonitoring. Consultants chosen by the proponent toprepare an EIS must be registered with theEnvironmental Protection Department. Under the1991 Act, three types of project are subject to EIA:those with more than local importance; smallprojects in vulnerable areas; and complex projectswith long-lasting effects. Screening is carried outafter the submission of a Project DescriptionStatement. Then an EIS or an Environment PlanningStatement (for less significant impacts) may berequired. The Planning Authority is involved at thescoping stage (in co-operation with theEnvironmental Protection Department) and duringevaluation of the EIS.
Government of Malta (1993). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Procedures in Malta.Ministry for the Environment, Floriana. (74 p.)
This document recommends procedures for assessingthe environmental impacts of major developmentproposals. The process is central to the developmentpermits system currently operated by the PlanningAuthority and Planning Directorate. An executivesummary is followed by six sections. The first describesthe planning and environmental management system inMalta. The next section discusses environmentalassessment, considering types of EA, environmentalimpact statement (EIS) and environmental planningstatements (EPS), EA of development proposals, publicaccountability, and quality of information. It sets outcategories of project requiring an EIS and EPS. Thefollowing four sections provide an explanation of thesteps in the design and authorization of developmentprojects in which EIA is involved. Section 3 isconcerned with determining the need for anenvironmental assessment. Sections 4 and 5 provideguidance respectively on preparing an EIS and an EPS,whilst the last section describes procedures for
submitting a development application. There are sixappendices: glossary of terms; schedule of projectsrequiring EA; diagram of procedures; checklist of EIAtopics; EIAs recommended in the Structure Plan; andEC Directive on the assessment of the effects of certainpublic and private projects on the environment.
Government of Malta (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in Malta: Policy andDesign Guidance. Planning Authority, Floriana,Floriana. (29 p.)
This brief guide is intended primarily for developers,their architects and the public. It explains the purposeof an EIA, provides definitions of terms, explains whenEIA is needed and the steps involved, describes theresponsibilities the developer, the Planning Authority,Environment Protection Department and the public,and sets out the content of an EIS. An appendix listsprojects requiring an EIS and those needing only anenvironmental planning statement.Contact: Planning Authority, Awtorità ta’ l-lppjanar - Floriana PO Box200, Valetta CMR 01 Malta
MoldovaThe Law on Environmental Protection, 1993, gaveoverall responsibility to conduct “State EnvironmentalReviews” (SER) to the Department of EnvironmentalProtection. SER was inherited from the former SovietRepublic as the government-level decision-makingprocess which accounted for environmental impacts.Article 11 of the Water Code 1993, and Article 36/2 ofthe Soil Code 1993, require SER for activitiesthreatening the respective environmental media. The“Law on Environmental Review and EnvironmentalImpact Assessment”, 1996, established EIAprocedures. State Environmental Expertise (SEE) isrequired for plan and project EIA reports (OVOS –Assessment of Environmental Impacts) includingproposed legislation and environment-relatedinternational conventions and treaties. Publicenvironmental Review is provided by Chapter 3 of theLaw and integrates the results of public review with theSER system.
NetherlandsThe Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and TheEnvironment (VROM) is responsible for drafting andimplementing EIA legislation, regulation and guidance.Individual EIA processes are managed by thegovernment body in charge for the decision (e.g.license, spatial plan) for which the EIA is prepared. Theproject proponent is responsible for preparing the EIS.An independent expert committee (a private
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foundation called the ‘Commission for EIA’) advisesthe competent authority on terms of references for theEIS and reviews its quality after the EIS has beenprepared. EIA was made mandatory by theEnvironmental Management Act, 1987. Provisions forthe application of EIA are laid down in the StartingNote Regulation (Staatscourant 229 of 29 November1993) and the EIA Decree (last modification:Staatsblad 540 of 26 July 1994). No major changesare envisaged or planned. Currently research isunderway to understand how to further improve theeffectiveness of the EIA process in Dutch project andstrategic decision-making. Except for the abovementioned provisions, no national or general ‘formal’guidelines for the preparation of individualenvironmental impact statements have been issued. Foreach individual plan or project, specific guidelines areprepared by the competent authority on the basis ofpublic comments and mandatory advice from anindependent expert committee. In addition to theseguidelines, many technical guidance manuals exist thatmay be helpful in the preparation of environmentalimpact statements.
Commission for EIA (1994). EIA-Methodology inthe Netherlands: Views of the Commission forEIA. Commissie voor de milieu-effectrapportage,Utrecht. (80 p.)
Commission for EIA (1996). EIA in TheNetherlands: Experiences and views presentedby and to the Commission for EIA. Commissionfor EIA, Utrecht. ISBN 90 421 0041 9Contact: Commission for EIA, PO Box 2345, 3500 GH Utrech, TheNetherlands.
Government of the Netherlands (1992).Inventarisatie onderzoek ‘wegen van effecten’(Inventarisation research on ‘how to weighimpacts’) VROM 92394/a/11-92; distributioncode 6163/112. Ministry of Housing, SpatialPlanning and Environment, The Hague.
Government of The Netherlands (1994). TheQuality of Environmental Impact Statements:Measuring, Compiling, Monitoring. Ministry ofHousing, Spatial Planning and the Environment,Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management andFisheries, The Hague. (88 p.)
Government of The Netherlands (1994). Use andEffectiveness of Environmental ImpactAssessments in Decision Making: Report of aPilot Study. VROM 94336/h/12-94; distribution
code 6186/112. Ministry of Housing, SpatialPlanning and the Environment, Ministry ofAgriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries,The Hague. (39 p.)
Contact: Distributiecentrum VROM, P.O. Box 351, 2700 AJ Zoetermeer,Netherlands.
Government of the Netherlands ( 1994). Besluitenvoor een leefbaar Nederland: Handleidingm.e.r. (General Manual on EIA in TheNetherlands) Koninklijke Vermande b.v. Lelystad,The Hague. ISBN 90-5458-155-7
Government of the Netherlands (1995).Handleiding Evaluatie M.E.R.afvalstortplaatsen (Manual on theenvironmental evaluation of land fills) VROM95182/h/4/-95; distribution code 6191/112.Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and theEnvironment, Delft.
Government of the Netherlands (1995). Naarbeter leesbare kaarten in MER: Praktische tipsen voorbeelden (Manual for the preparationof maps in EIA: suggestions and examples)DWW Publicatiemagazijn W-DWW-95-716.Ministry of Transport and Water, Delft.
Government of the Netherlands (1996).Aggregatie van milieueffecten in trajectnota/milieueffectrapporten: handreiking (Manualon methods to aggregate environmentalimpacts in EIA) DWW Publicatiemagazijn W-DWW-96-054. Ministry of Transport and Water,Delft.
Government of the Netherlands (1996).Handreiking evaluatie m.e.r.weginfrastructuur (Manual for theenvironmental evaluation and monitoring inroad infrastructure EIA) DWWPublicatiemagazijn W-DWW-96-045. Ministry ofTransport and Water, Delft.
Government of the Netherlands (1997).Wegwerken van effecten van wegwerken;voorlopige groslijst mitigerende maatregelen(Overview of mitigating measures for roadinfrastructure projects) DWWPublicatiemagazijn, W-DWW-97-016. Ministry ofTransport and Water, Delft.Contact: DWW Publicatiemagazijn, Postbox 5044, 2600 GA Delft,Netherlands.
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Government of the Netherlands (1997). GIS voorplanstudies - Handreiking voor het (laten)toepassen van GIS in trajectstudie enmilieueffectrapportage (Manual for theapplication of geographic information systemsin infrastructure EIA) MDGISMER-9707. Ministryof Transport and Water, Delft.Contact: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, RijkswaterstaatMeetkundige Dienst, Delft, The Netherlands.
SDU/DOP (1990). Brochure over het opstellen vanhet evaluatieonderzoeksprogramma bijmilieueffectrapporten voorafvalstoffenplannen (Preparation of evaluationprogrammes as part of EIA for strategic wastemanagement plans). SDU/DOP, The Hague. ISBN9034623203Contact: SDU/DOP, P.O.Box 20014, 2500 ea Den Haag, Netherlands.
Kessler, J.J. (1997). An Introduction to StrategicEnvironmental Analysis. A Framework forPlanning and Integration of EnvironmentalCare in Development Policies andInterventions. Application for SNV –Netherlands Development Organisation.AIDEnvironment, Amsterdam. (35 p.)
The document provides an introduction to the StrategicEnvironmental Analysis (SEAn) methodology developedby AIDEnvironment in close collaboration with SNV(Netherlands Development Organisation). Theapproach is for implementation of SNV environmentalpolicy in countries where it operates. SEAn is anenvironmental assessment tool which aims to analyseand integrate environmental issues in the formulationor revision of policies, strategies or programmes. Thedocument explains the 10 methodological steps to theSEAn process in four clusters: (I) man-environmentcontext analysis and impact assessment, (ii) problemanalysis and explanation, (iii) opportunity analysis, and(iv) strategic planning and formulation of a sustainabledevelopment policy/action plan with follow-up strategy..The steps are executed in a participatory manner, withsystematic attention for the views and opinions of localstakeholders.
Kessler, J.J. (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAnalysis: Reader with Theoretical Backgroundand Application Guidelines. AIDEnvironment,Amsterdam. (146 p.)
This reader provides a detailed theoretical backgroundto Strategic Environmental Analysis (SEAn). There arefour chapters: introduction; concepts and approachprinciples; basic structure and getting started; andexecuting the 10 methodological steps of SEAn. Thedocument contains numerous case study boxes and
figures, There are six appendices: tools for SEAn,environmental monitoring (guidelines, tools, list ofindicators), checklist for environmental contextanalysis, proposed table of contents of a SEA report,criteria for evaluation on environmental issues, andlist of references.Contact: AIDEnvironment, Donker Curtiusstraat 7 - 523, 1051 JLAmsterdam, The Netherlands.
NorwayThe Planning and Building Act No. 77, 1985,contains the legal EIA provisions for Norway. It wasamended by the Act of 4 August 1995. Royal Decreeof 13/12/96 lists the projects for which EIA ismandatory and provides criteria-based screening lists.It also lists the competent authorities responsible forcarrying out EIA (the ministry which has thestatutory responsibility for approval of a specificproject-type) and the contents required of an EIS. TheEIS is used as a basis for consent decisions for variousother Acts relating to environmental protection. TheEIA process requires a notification document (mini-EIS) to be submitted to assist in the scoping stage andalso to assist the authority in determining if a fullEIA konsekvensutredning) is necessary. Theprovisions of the EC Directive 85/337/EEC wereadopted by Norway in 1997 despite the country notbecoming a member of the European Union.
Government of Norway (undated). Circular on theRules and Regulations on EIA in the Planningand Building Act May 1994. T-1/97. Ministry ofEnvironment, Oslo.
Ministry of the Environment (1996). Act 4 August1995 on Amendments of Act 14 June 1985Chapter VII-a Environmental ImpactAssessment; and Regulations 13 December 1996Relating to Environmental Impact Assessment.Ministry of Environment, Oslo. (40 p.)
The first part of this pamphlet sets out the mainelements of Act 4 August 1995 on amendments of thePlanning and Building Act of 14 June 1985 concerningEnvironmental Impact Assessment. It describes theformal the duties of developers to carry out EIAs andthe procedures that must be followed. The second partsets out the regulations relating to EIA prescribed bythe Act, including specifying project types for which anEIA is mandatory or requires evaluation, andprescribing the content of notifications and EISs.
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Ministry of the Environment (undated).Environmental Impact Assessment Pursuant tothe Planning and Building Act. Ministry of theEnvironment, Oslo. (28 p.)
This document describes the purpose of EIA andoutlines new legislation concerning EIA. The roles ofthe public and various authorities are described.Guidance is provided on projects which require anEIA. The EIA process is discussed: notification; the EIAstudy programme; the preparation of an EIS; publiccomment and inspection; the final document, furtherstudies and monitoring; and final decision-making.Appendices list projects which require a mandatoryEIA and which need evaluation using criteria set outunder the Planning and Building Act. The document isillustrated with colour photographs and figures.Contact: Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), Strímsveien 96,PO Box 8100 Dep., N-0032 Oslo, Norway.
PolandThe National Environmental Policy, 1991, setobjectives which encouraged the establishment of theCommission on Sustainable Development. EIA islinked to the Polish planning system. The legalframework for the present system is provided byseveral instruments: the Environmental Protection Act1980 (amended), the Town and Country Planning Act,1984; and Executive Order of the Minister ofEnvironmental Protection, Natural Resources andForestry, 1990. This ministry is responsible for thedevelopment and implementation of EIA in Poland.New regulations were introduced by the SpacialPlanning Act, 1994, which altered the planning systemand transferred responsibility from central to localgovernment levels. EIA regulations passed in the 1995Executive Order of the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection, Natural Resources and Forestrycomplemented the 1994 Act and harmonised thePolish system with European and “Espoo”convention requirements. The present system usesthresholds of the type and size of developments todetermine EIA requirements. The Executive Act of1995 provides for the simplified application of EIA tolocal land use plans with mandatory status (a form ofSEA). A new Act to introduce a new EIA system isbeing drafted. This will include broader regulationson SEA requiring its application to any major plan/strategy being prepared within government. Poland’sstatus as a signatory to the ECE Espoo Conventionon Transboundary EIA (ratified by Poland in 1997)has been elaborated by the construction of the“ENIMPASS” (environmental impact in thetransboundary context) page on the Internet.
PortugalEIA has been has practiced in Portugal since 1981.EC Directive 85/337/EEC was adopted in 1990(Decree Law No 186/90 and Regulatory Decree No38/90). This legislation was amended in October1997 by Decree Law No 278/97 and RegulatoryDecree No 42/97 which revised the positive list(projects requiring a mandatory EIA) in Annex II.The Ministry of Environment is responsible for theimplementation of the EIA system. In seeking apermit for a project, the proponent is responsible forpresenting the EIA study to the competent authoritywhich then submits it to the Directorate-General ofthe Environment. Draft new project EIA legislationhas been prepared and currently is being reviewedwithin the Ministry of Environment, after which itwill be open to public debate with different sectorsand NGOs. This will introduce completely new EIAprocedures with two different models. Model A hastwo assessment stages (integrated with the two stagesof the licensing process), with mandatory scoping,mandatory public hearings and formal review of theEIA report in stage 1. Model B includes only oneassessment stage with voluntary scoping, publicinvolvement, but not necessarily a public hearing(unless considered necessary), and one review stage ofthe EIA report. This modified legislation does notcover plans, policies and programmes. Publicparticipation in EIA is organised by the Institute forthe Promotion of the Environment, a public instituteof the Ministry of Environment
Direccao - Geral da Qualidade de Ambiente (1988).Estudos de Impacte Ambiental: Directrizes(Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines).Direccao - Geral da Qualidade de Ambiente, Lisbon.(101 p.)Contact: Ministerio do Planeamento e da Administracao do Territorio,Praca do Comercio, P-1100 Lisbon, Portugal.
RomaniaRequirements for EIA were first set out under threeMinisterial Orders; 113 and 170 in 1990; and 619 in1992, although no specific legislation existed at thattime. This first system provided for “PreliminaryStudies” and “Critical Evaluations”. EIA was formallyestablished by Environmental Protection Law No. 137/1995. This framework law was implemented by thePermitting Procedure for Economic and SocialActivities Having an Environmental Impact (MinisterialOrder No. 125/1996). Licensing regulations applyingto the registration of EIA and environmental auditorsis provided by Ministerial Order 278/1996. TheLicensing Commission of the Ministry of Water,Forests and Environmental Protection grants licenses
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to EIA experts and auditors. The Romanian EIAsystem is based upon the structure of EC Directive 85/337/EEC. The Environment Protection Strategy wasapproved in 1996.
Russian FederationPrior to 1985, EIA was not formally practiced in theSoviet Union. Two regulatory concepts weresubsequently developed: State Environmental Review(SER-gosudarstvennaya ekologisheskaya ekspertiza)and Assessment of Environmental Effects or OVOS.SER is mandatory for all projects and non-projectactivities under the Federal Act on the Protection ofthe Natural Environment, 1991. The FederalEnvironmental Review Act, 1995, requires SER to beundertaken by federal or provincial SER Departments.The SER process is managed and undertaken by theMinistry of the Environment but the costs are coveredby the proponent. OVOS is carried out by theproponent for a limited number of projects, specifiedin Order No. 222, 1994, which also introduced theOVOS regulations. New OVOS regulations are beingdrafted by the Ministry and are likely to eliminatescreening and introduce a uniform OVOS procedurefor all projects.
European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD) (1997). Investors’Guidelines for Environment, Health andSafety: Russian Federation. Volumes 1 and 2.European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, London. (Vol 1: xiv, 149 p.; Vol 2: iii,40 p., 5 annexes)
This is the first in a series of guidebooks for potentialinvestors focusing on environmental, health and safetyregulations that should be taken into account inmaking investment decisions in Eastern Europe and thecountries of the former Soviet Union. This documentdeals with the Russian Federation and is intended toenable investors to familiarise themselves with the basicenvironmental regulatory regime related to commercialand industrial greenfield site developments, jointventure operations or company acquisitions in theRussian Federation. The guidebook reviewsinstitutional arrangements for environmental control,legislative requirements and procedures, timeimplications for permitting, public consultationrequirements, liability and sanctions.
The guidebook is organised in two parts. Volume 1contains 15 chapters dealing with the principles ofenvironmental, natural resource and safety regulationsin the Russian Federation. Chapter 4 describes therequirements for and processes of pre-investmentenvironmental investigation and environmental review,
lists the scope of activities subject to such review andprojects requiring EIA, describes documentation andreports required and the issues to be covered, discussesprovisions for public participation, and coversenvironmental audit requirements.
Volume 2 contains a number of case studies whichpresent a view of environmental regulations as they arepractised in various regions of the country. Annexeslist permitting and enforcement authorities, legislativeand normative Acts, proposed legislation, internationalconventions to which Russia is a signatory, andselected regulations on technical and economicsubstantiation (TEO) and EIA.Contact: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, OneExchange Square, London EC2A, United Kingdom.
Iskra, A.A. (1994). Environmental Safety,Principles and Criteria for the Assessment ofDangerous Facilities. Russian Federation Ministryof Atomic Energy, Moscow. (8 p.)Contact: Russian Federation Ministry of Atomic Energy (RFMAE), 33,Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115230, Russian Federation.
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources(1994). Guidelines on Environmental Reviewof Economic Pre-investment and ProjectDocumentation. Ministry of Environment andNatural Resources, Moscow. (22 p.)Contact: State Committee of the Environment, Ul. BolshayaGruzinskaya 4/6, Moscow, Russia.
State Committee for the Environment (1992).Temporary Guidelines on the EnvironmentalSubstantiation of Economic Activities inPlanning Documentation. State Committee forthe Environment, Moscow.Contact: Department of State Environmental Review, State Committeefor the Environment, Ul. Bolshaya Gruzinskaya 4/6, Moscow, Russia.
SerbiaEIA was officially introduced in Serbia in 1991 by theEnvironmental Protection Act, (Official Gazette 66/91).Several sections of the Act refer to EIA, although thereare no requirements for specific procedures. The EIARegulations, introduced in 1992 (Official Gazette 61/91) list projects for which EIA is mandatory and non-mandatory, and define the content of an EIS, reviewprocedures, monitoring (without establishingresponsibility for such monitoring) and post-auditing.The system provides for preliminary and detailed EISsto be requested. The Ministry for EnvironmentalProtection has overall responsibility for the system andfor the evaluation and approval of the EIS documents.Screening is carried out by local or regional
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environmental authorities. Proponents initiate theEIA process when applying for an environmentalpermit from the Environment Authority, and abuilding permit from the Planning Authority.
Slovak RepublicThe former Czechoslovakian Government issued theAct on the Environment No. 17 in 1992 to establish aformal EIA system. Since the division ofCzechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic has enacted itsown EIA legislation. The Environmental ImpactAssessment Act 127/1994 requires EIA for public/private projects and for government developmentplans. A preliminary EIS must be submitted and publicscoping carried out prior to EIS preparation. There is astrong emphasis on public participation. TheMinistry of the Environment has overallresponsibility for the EIA system while the onus ofresponsibility for writing the EIS is on the proponent.
Slovak Ministry of Environment (1994-1998).Methodological Guidelines seriesSince 1994, the Slovak Ministry of Environment,together with the EIA centres in the Slovak Republic (atthe Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University;and the Faculty of Architecture, Slovak TechnicalUniversity) and other institutions and firms, havedeveloped a series of methodological guidelines andhandbooks oriented to general explanation of the EIAAct (Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994), of individualstages of EIA process and preparation of EIAdocumentation; and guidelines for public participation,EIA of particular activities, special guidelines for EIAprocess, and for strategic environmental assessment.These have been published by the Ministry ofEnvironment but are available in Slovak only, and arelisted below.
Antolova S. et al., 1994, published 1995.Methodological Guidelines for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Solid Waste Landfills
Antolova S. et al.,1995, published 1996.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofIncineration
Auxt A. et al., 1995, published 1997.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofSludge Beds
Belcakova I. et al., 1994, published 1995.Handbook for Public Participation to the
National Council of the Slovak Republic Act No.127/1994 on Environmental Impact Assessment
Groidlova A. et al., 1996, published 1997.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofRailways
Kozova M. et al., 1994, published 1995. GeneralMethodological Handbook to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994 on Environmental Impact Assessment
Kozova et al., 1994, published 1995.Methodological Introductory Guidelines forEnvironmental Assessment of Policies,Programs and Plans to the National Council ofthe Slovak Republic
Mocikova et al., 1995, published 1996.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofLinear Construction
Piatrik M. et al., 1994, published 1995.Methodological Guidelines of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Chemical Technologies
Stancik S. et al., 1995, published 1997.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofInstallations for animal Production includingdisposal of side-products
Stancik S. et al., 1996, published 1997.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofAmelioration Works
Banska H et.al. 1997, publication due 1998.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Multicriteria Analysis
Butkovska K. & Urbanova I., 1996, publication due1998. Methodological Guidelines to theNational Council of the Slovak Republic ActNo. 127/1994: Sources of Information
Groidlova A. et al., 1997, publication due 1998.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Environmental Impact Assessment ofRailway Stations (mixed, organisational,tranship of combined transport)
Pavlickova K. et al., 1995, publication due 1998.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/
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1994: A Proposal of the Criteria for theReviewing of the Quality of EIA Documentation
Tomasovic J. et al., 1997, publication due 1998.Methodological Guidelines to the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic Act No. 127/1994: Noise and Vibration
The following are not generally available to the publicbut are used internally by the Ministry ofEnvironment. However, interested parties can borrowthem from the Ministry or some Centres of EIA (seecontact details below):
Banska H. et al., 1994. EnvironmentalMulticriteria Systems for Support ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment
Drdos J. et al, 1996. Methodological Guidelinesto the National Council of the Slovak RepublicAct No. 127/1994: Carrying Capacity
Finka, M. et al., 1996. Elaboration of theGuidelines for Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment of Territorial PlanningDocumentation on the Regional Level
Kozova M. et al., 1996. Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment as a Tool for Implementation ofEnvironmental Policy and Strategy ofSustainable Development in the SlovakRepublic
Kozova M. et al., 1997. MethodologicalHandbook for Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment of Policies and Legislation
Krumpolcova M. et al., 1997. MethodologicalHandbook for Environmental Assessment ofTerritorial Planning Documentation onRegional and Local Levels
Mocikova I. et al., 1994. MethodologicalGuidelines for Water Works on Rivers
Pavlickova K. et al., 1996. The Determination ofthe Criteria for Significant AdverseTransboundary Impacts over the SlovakBoundaries: Analytical StudyContact: Mlynska dolina CH-1, Faculty of Natural Sciences (Centre forEIA), Comenius University (Prirodovedecka fakulta UniverzityKomenshkeho), 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
The following are available from SVET:
Uradnicek, S, Gasparikova & B., Kozova, M(1994). Environmental Impact Assessment PartI: National Council of the Slovak Republic Act127/1994 on EIA with Explanation
Kozova, M. et al (1995). Environmental ImpactAssessment Part II: Explanation of the Process
of EIA in the Slovak Republic with Examples ofRecommended Methods and Approaches.Contact: SVET, Plynarenska 6, PO Box 179, 830 00 Bratislava III, SlovakRepublic
SloveniaArticle 55 of the Slovenian Environmental ProtectionAct No. 32, 1993 states that “EIA shall be carried outto determine the acceptability of the intended activitywith respect to its long and short term, direct andindirect effect on the environment”. An instruction onEIA methodology was issued by the Minister of theEnvironment in 1996. A licence for a developmentinitiative is provided by the relevant authority, basedon approval of an environmental impact report. TheAct specifies the content of the EIA report and requiresthe production of screening lists by the licensingauthority. Provision is given for the SEA of plans inArticle 54 through the “Comprehensive Assessment ofEnvironmental Impact” applied to planningdocuments, sectoral resource management plans andcommunity documents. An “EnvironmentalVulnerability Study” must also be provided for theassessment of plans by the Ministry for theEnvironment. This forms the basis for thecomprehensive study.
SpainNationally, EIA was introduced by the Real DecretoLegislativo 1302/1986, and a procedure forimplementing this was provided by the Real Decreto1131/1988. These laws also implemented theprovisions of the EC Directive 85/337/EEC. TheSpanish laws stipulate that the proponent isresponsible for the execution of the EIA process butthat the overall management responsibility is under thejurisdiction of the Department of EnvironmentalQuality and Assessment. Recent legislation hasextended the coverage of EIA to highways and naturalareas. At the regional level, the EC Directive has beenimplemented more thoroughly in the 17 autonomousgovernments with regard to covering Annex II (in theEC Directive) projects. Since the approval of the ECDirective 97/11/EC, the Spanish EIA system is beingreviewed. Expected future changes will extend thecoverage of EIA, improve scoping, introduce SEA(currently in the regional systems only) and developmethods of treating impacts in accordance with theECE Espoo Convention on transboundary EIA. A newversion of the EIA law was submitted to Parliament in1996 but was not passed due to a change ingovernment.
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Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transportes (1991).Guias Metodologicas para la Elaboracion deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental. 4:Aeropuertos (Methodological Guidelines forthe Preparation of Environmental ImpactStudies. 4: Airports). Ministerio de ObrasPublicas y Transportes, Madrid. (168 p.)
Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transportes (1994).Guias Metodologicas para la Elaboracion deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental. 2: GrandesPresas (Methodological Guidelines for thePreparation of Environmental Impact Studies.2: Large Dams). Ministerio de Obras Publicas yTransportes (200 p.)
Ministerio de Obras Pubilcas y Transportes (1995).Guias Metodologicas para la Elaboracion deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental. 1: Carreterasy Ferrocarriles (Methodological Guidelines forthe Preparation of Environmental ImpactStudies. 1: Roads and Railways). Ministerio deObras Publicas y Transportes, Madrid. (168 p.)
Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transportes (1995).Guias Metodologicas para la Elaboracion deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental. 3:Repoblaciones Forestales (MethodologicalGuidelines for the Preparation ofEnvironmental Impact Studies. 3:Reafforestation). Ministerio de Obras Publicas yTransportes, Madrid. (184 p.)Contact: Centro de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Obras Publicas yTransportes, Paseo de la Castellana 67, 28071 Madrid, Spain.
SwedenEIA was first introduced in the EnvironmentalProtection Law, 1981, followed by the Road Law(v†glagen, VL), 1987 and the Act on the Managementof Natural Resources, 1987:12, which was amendedby the Nature Resource Law (Naturresurslagen, NRL)1991:650 (stating the EIA regulations). The EIARegulations came into force in 1991 and were appliedunder 22 separate Acts by 1994. EIA applies toprojects of all scales with the degree of assessmentbeing adaptable in accordance with the potentialimpact. Sweden incorporated EIA into the Planningand Building Act as Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment in 1994. For detailed plans (detaljplaner)with notable environmental effects, EIA becameobligatory in 1996. However, there is no specific EIAlegislation and, as a result, the regulations are broad in
their application and guidance. Screening is carriedout on a case-by-case basis. The proponent isrequired to submit an environmental impact“description” (Milojokonse Lvensbeskrivning) underthe 1987 Act. In 1998, a new Environment Code(MB) will be put before the parliament. This includesstringent rules on EIA. However some laws will notbe encompassed by the new code (e.g. the PlanningLaw and the Road Law). The influence of EIA ondecision-making under these laws varies: considerableunder the Environmental Protection Law - mainlywhen applications are submitted for formalpermissions, but little under the Planning Law. Thebodies responsible for the Swedish EIA system are theMinistry of the Environment (Miljodeparetementet),the National Board of Housing, Building andPlanning (Boverket), the Swedish EnvironmentalProtection Agency (Naturvardsverket) and theCounty Administrative Board (Lansstyrelse). Butother agencies which are also involved in EIA (andwhich are also preparing their own guidelines)include: the Swedish Road and Rail Administrations,the Central Board of National Antiquities and theRadiation Protection Institute.
Boverket (National Board of Housing, Building andPlanning) (1996). Boken om MKB. Del 1: Attarbeta med MKB för projekt (The Book on EIA.Part 1: Working with project EIA). Boverket(National Board of Housing, Building andPlanning), Karlskrona. ISBN 91-7147-300-9
Boverket (National Board of Housing, Building andPlanning) (1996). The Book on EIA: Part 2 –Regulations and Background. Boverket,Karlskrona.Contact: Boverket, Publication service, Box 534, 371 23 Karlskrona,Sweden.
Riksantikvarieämbetet (National Heritage Board ofSweden) (1997) Kulturvärden och NKB (CulturalHeritage and EIA). Riksantikvarieämbetet,Stockholm. (98 p.). ISBN 91 7209 069 3
Riksantikvarieämbetet (National Heritage Board ofSweden) (1997). Riktlinjer forMiljökonsekvensbedomningar i Bistandet(Historical and Cultural Values of theEnvironment: aims and guidelines for the EIAprocess). Riksantikvarieambetet, Stockholm. (98p.) ISBN 91-7209-069-3
These guidelines from the National Heritage Boardare written for undertakers, engineers, officials andothers responsible for heritage work. Topics includehistorical and cultural heritage as a resource; who
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works with and is responsible for cultural heritage;how to describe the historical and cultural values ofthe environment; which alternatives are advantageousto cultural heritage; what are the right questions toask and at what time; how to deal with prehistoricissues; what are the effects of historical and culturalheritage and how do these influence the values; howto judge and chose amongst different alternatives;what is significant damage and how this can bemitigated; and how to sum up the conclusions. Fiveexamples illustrate how to deal with historical andcultural values by solving problems with new roads,new industries, prehistoric sites, and development ofareas of low population.Contact: Riksantikvarieambetet, Box 5405, 114 84 Stockholm,Sweden.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (1994).Miljönsekvens-beskrivning inom Trafiksektorn– Miljövardsaspekter. Rapport 4334 (EIA in theTransport Sector - Environmental ProtectionAspects. Report 4334). Statens Naturvårdsverk,Solna. (52 p., annexes)
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (1995).MKB I Miljoskydds och Naturvardslagen (EIAGuidelines). Statens Naturvårdsverk(Environmental Protection Agency), Solna. (66 p.)
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (1996).Environmental Impact Assessment in theEnvironment Protection Act and the NatureConservation Act. Report 4666. SwedishEnvironmental Protection Agency, Solna. (22 p.)
This booklet is an abbreviated version of the report“MKB I miljöskydds – och naturvårdslagen. Allmännaråd 95.3) (“EIA in the Environment Protection Actand the Nature Conservation Act. General Guidelines95.3”). The guidelines are aimed primarily at CountyAdministrative Boards and other authorities to assistthem when consulted by development projectapplicants, and for the use of such applicants in theirwork. The document outlines the basis for workingwith EIA with sections on: background and purpose,procedure, important steps, screening and scoping,alternatives, responsibility and roles, participation ofthe general public, reviewing the quality of EIA andEIA for the entire development. It also sets out the EIAregulations within the framework of these two Acts.Contact: Statens Naturvärdsverk (Environmental Protection Agency),Kundtjänst, 171 85 Solna, Sweden.
Swedish National Rail Administration (1992).Miljökonsekvensbeskrivning föjärnvägsprojekt (EIA in Railway Projects).Swedish National Rail Administration, Borlange.
Swedish National Rail Administration & SwedishNational Road Administration (1996). Bedömningav Ekologiska Effekter av Vägar och Järnvägar:Rekommendationer om arbetssätt /Assessment of Ecological Effects of Roads andRailways: Recommendations forMethodology. Swedish National RoadsAdministration, Borlänge. (32 p.) (Available inSwedish and English)
This document presents recommendations which aimto support the assessment of ecological effects in thecontext of EIA in the planning of roads and railways.The recommendations focus on the consideration offunctions and relations in the landscape as well asenvironmental adaptation, in order to promotebiodiversity. Applications are described for threeplanning levels: initial study, road/rail feasibility study,and detailed design. The document is well illustratedwith photographs, figures and maps.
Swedish National Road Administration (1995).Environmental Impact Assessment for Roads:Manual. National Roads Administration, Borlänge.(50 p., appendices)
This manual describes how the regulations issued bythe Swedish National Road Administration on EIA(which came into effect in October 1993) are to beapplied. It replaces “The Environmental Effects ofRoads” (1987) and a review version (Dec 1993). Thedocument is aimed at EIA practitioners, clients andreview bodies. There are seven sections. The firstexplains the aim of EIA and its legislative aspects (thissub-section is excluded in the English version). Thenext is a general section which discusses EIA for Roadsin the planning and decision-making process inSweden, EIA work at different stages of road planning,and effectiveness and quality in EIA. Section 3 focuseson EIA for road projects, covering: roles, organizationand procurement; activities in EIA work; basicinformation; analysis of preconditions andconsequences; mitigation measures; and consultation,firm grounding (working with representatives of publicinterests affected) and reporting. In Section 4,requirements and methods for the Initial Study anddelimitation or scoping of future EIA work aredescribed. Important tasks for EIA in feasibility studiesare dealt with in Section 5, whilst Section 6 isconcerned with EIA in road design. Finally Section 7deals with follow-up work (e.g. monitoring) after aroad becomes operational. A bibliography is providedand there are two appendices covering: SwedishNational Road Administration Regulations on EIA,and definitions. Four other appendices are listed in thecontents (but not included in the English version): GD-policy 1992:1; legislation; international objectives; andpublic interest in EIA.Contact: Road Management Division, Swedish National RoadsAdministration, S-781 87 Borlänge, Sweden.
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SwitzerlandEIA was formally introduced by the SwissEnvironmental Protection Act, 1985. The FederalOrdinance on Environmental Impact Assessment,1989, clarified the procedures involved. EIA is nowintegrated with other existing consent procedures.Screening lists are given in the 1989 Ordinance. Thisalso provides for preliminary studies to be submittedafter which a full EIS may be requested. The“competent authority” is that which has responsibilityfor approving the project. This authority is in co-operation with Environmental Protection Agencies atthe federal/cantonal level which evaluate the EISs.
Government of Switzerland (1989). Le Domainedu Bruit dans le Cadre d’une EIE (EIA andNoise Abatement). Information ConcerningEIA No.2. Office Fédéral de l’Environnement desForêts et du Paysage (Federal Office ofEnvironment, Forests and Landscape), Berne.(24 p.)
Government of Switzerland (1990). Étude del’Impact sur l’Environnement. Manual EIE(Environmental Impact Assessment Manual).Office Fédéral de l’Environnement des Forêts et duPaysage, Berne. (107 p., 5 annexes)
Government of Switzerland (1990). Étude del’Impact dur l’Environnement (EIE). Lorsd’Améliorations Foncières (EIA of GeneralLand Improvements). Information ConcerningEIA No.3. Office Fédéral de l’Environnement desForêts et du Paysage, Berne. (25p., annexes)
Government of Switzerland (1990). Le DomaineProtection des Eaux et Pêche dans le Cadred’une EIE (EIA and Water Protection andFisheries). Information Concerning EIA No.5.Office Fédéral de l’Environnement des Forêts et duPaysage, Berne. (20 p.)
Government of Switzerland (1991). Protection dela Nature et du Paysage et Protection duPatrimoine (N/P + P) lors de l’Élaboration deRapports d’Impact (EIA and the Protection ofNature, Landscape and the Cultural Heritage).Information Concerning EIA No.4. OfficeFédéral de l’Environnement des Forêts et duPaysage, Berne. (42 p., annexes)
Government of Switzerland (1991). SOL-EIE.Recommendations pour l’Élaboration duDomaine “Qualitié des Sols” dans une Repportd’EIE (EIA and Soil Conservation). InformationConcerning EIA No.6. Office Fédéral del’Environnement des Forêts et du Paysage, Berne.(10 p., annex)
Government of Switzerland (1993). EIE etInfrastructures Routières (EIA and RoadInfrastructure). Information Concerning EIANo.7. Office Fédéral de l’Environnement des Forêtset du Paysage, Berne. (vii, 176 p., annexes)
Government of Switzerland (in preparation). EIA ofHydro Power Plants. Office Fédéral del’Environnement des Forêts et du Paysage, Berne.
Government of Switzerland (in preparation). EIAand Contaminated Sites. Office Fédéral del’Environnement des Forêts et du Paysage, Berne.
Government of Switzerland (in preparation).Improving Environmental Impact Assessment:Practical Steps and Recommendations. OfficeFédéral de l’Environnement des Forêts et duPaysage, Berne.
Swiss Government (1989). Stations d’Épurationdes Eaux Usées. Étude de l’Impact surl’Environnement (Environmental ImpactAssessment of Sewage Treatment Plants).Information Concerning EIA No.1. OfficeFédéral de l’Environnement des Forêts et duPaysage, Berne. (23 p.)
Contact: Office Federal de l’Environnement des Forets et du Paysage,Service de Documentation, Hallwylstrasse 4, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
UkraineThe Ukraine still uses the former Soviet EIA systems:State Ecological Expertise (SEE) and Assessment ofEnvironmental Effects (OVOS). SEE is theresponsibility of the Department of EnvironmentReview (ekspertiza) within the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and Nuclear Safety(MEPNS). It is a scientific-practical activity conductedby specially authorized government bodies - theDepartment of State Ecological Expertise in theMEPNS, and ecological expertise subdivisions ofMEPNS local bodies in the autonomous Republic of
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Crimea, and the cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol, as wellas by the analagous subdivisions of Stateinspectorates for the protection of the Black andAzov seas. SEE is based on inter-sectoralenvironmental research, and analysis and assessmentof preliminary design, planning and other documents,the implementation of which can have a negativeimpact on environmental conditions, and examinesthe compatibility of planned activities with normsand requirements of environmental legislation. SEE isregulated by a number of laws, particularly the Lawon Environmental Protection,1991 (Articles 50, 51and 59) which requires the application of SEE to alllevels of economic activity; and the 1995 Law onEnvironmental Expertise (Zakon pro ekologichnuexpertizu), 1995, which stipulates that implementationof certain listed types of project, program or activitywithout positive conclusions of an SEE is prohibited.Article 36 of the latter law sets out the generalrequirements for OVOS (EIA). Details are given inspecial normative-instructional documents: StateConstruction Norms DBNA. 2.2-1-95, issued jointlyby the State Committee on Construction andArchitecture and by the Ministry of Environment, andthe Regulations on the form and content of OVOSmaterials (MEPNS 1992). The proponent isresponsible for the execution of the OVOS process.
United KingdomThe United Kingdom implemented EC Directive 85/337/EEC through amendments to existing legislation:in England and Wales, the Town and CountryPlanning (Assessment of Environmental Effects)Regulations 1988 (SI No 1199); in Scotland, theEnvironmental Assessment (Scotland) Regulations1988 (SI No 1221); and in Northern Ireland, thePlanning (Assessment of Environmental Effects)Regulations 1989). The EA system is overseen by theDepartment of the Environment, Transport and theRegions (DETR) (The Department of the Environment,DoE, before 1997), and by the Scottish Office, WelshOffice and DoE Northern Ireland. Environmentalassessments of projects are carried out by localplanning authorities or, for non-planning projects, bythe relevant government departments. Approximately70% of projects within the scope of Directive 85/337/EEC are dealt with under planning legislation. The restare considered under consent procedures administeredby central government departments. It is theresponsibility of the proponent of the project to carryout the assessment process in accordance withprocedures set out in DoE Circular 15/88“Environmental Assessment” (DoE 1988) (andequivalents in Scotland and Northern Ireland), andadditional guidance provided at the central and localauthority level. The regulations provide screening lists
to determine if a project requires EA, advisevoluntary scoping, require public consultation andparticipation and environmental statementpreparation. The next changes to EA in the UK willbe regulations to implement EC Directive 97/11/ECin March 1999. These changes will include increasingthe coverage of EIA to additional projects, mandatoryconsideration of alternatives and scoping, andimplementing the provisions of the UN ECE EspooConvention on transboundary EIA. At the strategiclevel, local planning authorities are required to carryout environmental appraisal of their owndevelopment plans. Government departments haveguidance on assessment of the environmentalimplications of policies.
Much of the UK statutory guidance is containedwithin Policy Planning Guidelines (PPGs), manyofficial Circulars, and the good practice guides etc,produced by the DETR, (including for NorthernIreland), and the Welsh and Scottish Offices. Aselection of the most pertinent of these is givenbelow. Also included are the current guidelines fromother responsible Ministries, Departments andstatutory agencies, including the Ministry ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Food, Department of Tradeand Industry, Department of Transport (now part ofthe DETR), the Environment Agency, ForestryAuthority, English Nature and the CountrysideCommission. Guidelines are also produced at thesub-national level by District and County Councils,and at the sectoral level by non-governmentalorganisations and institutes, but these are notincluded in this edition of the Directory. The DETRshould be contacted regarding sub-nationalguidelines. Both the EIA Centre at ManchesterUniversity, and the Institute of EnvironmentalAssessment can be contacted for information aboutnon-statutory material (the IEA have themselvesproduced guidelines on Road Traffic, Landscape andVisual Assessment, and Baseline EcologicalAssessment).Contact: Institute of Environmental Assessment, Welton House,Limekiln Way, Lincoln LN2 4US, UK, and EIA Centre, Department ofPlanning and Landscape, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road,Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Department of the Environment (1988). Circular24/88 (Welsh Office 48/88). EnvironmentAssessment of Projects in Simplified PlanningZones and Enterprise Zones. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London. (2 p.)
Department of the Environment (1988). Circular15/88: Environment Assessment. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London. (12 p.)
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Department of the Environment (1991).Environmental Assessment: A Guide to theProcedures. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,London. (64 p.)
This booklet is intended primarily for developers andtheir advisers. It explains how requirements for theenvironmental assessment of major projects have beenincorporated into consent procedures in the UK inresponse to EC Directive 85/337/EEC which came intoeffect in 1988. The effect of the Directive is to requireenvironmental assessment to be carried out, beforedevelopment consent is granted, for certain types ofmajor project which are judged likely to havesignificant environmental effects.
Parts I and II explain the procedures which apply toprojects which fall within the scope of the Directiveand require planning permission in England andWales. They give some general guidance on the natureof environmental assessment, and on the practicalaspects of preparing an environmental statement. PartIII provides a brief account of the procedures whichapply to other projects within the scope of theDirective which are not subject to planningprocedures. It also deals briefly with environmentalassessment procedures in Scotland and NorthernIreland.
Department of the Environment (1991). PolicyAppraisal and the Environment. A Guide forGovernment Departments. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London. (v, 67 p.)
This guide is written for civil servants whoseresponsibility it is to advise ministers on policies whichinvolve allocation of resources and which havesignificant effects on the environment. It is intended toincrease awareness within government of the need toexamine such impacts and offers a systematicapproach to the treatment of environmental issueswithin policy analyses. The book starts with anoverview of policy appraisal and the environment andthen offers more detailed advice about ways ofgathering information on environmental impacts andhow to use it in the development and appraisal ofpolicy. While specifically addressed to decisions aboutpolicies and programmes, much of the advicecontained in the guide is also relevant to the appraisalof projects. Appendices describe a variety of appraisaltechniques including matrices, cost-benefit analysis,weighting and scoring, and monetary valuation.
Department of the Environment (1992). PlanningPolicy Guidance No.12: Development Plansand Regional Planning Guidance. Her MajestysStationery Office, London. (16 p.)
This document provides guidance on the preparationof regional development plans of various types.
Chapter 6 includes more detailed guidance on theenvironmental appraisal of plan proposals.
Department of the Environment (1992). Circular 19/92 (Welsh Office 39/92): The Town and CountryPlanning General Regulations 1992/The Townand Country Planning (Development Plans andConsultation) Directions. Her Majesty’s StationaryOffice, London.
Department of the Environment (1992). Circular 15/92 (Welsh Office 32/92): Publicity for PlanningApplications. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office,London. (10 p.)
Department of the Environment (1993).Environmental Appraisal of Development Plans:A Good Practice Guide. Her Majesty’s StationeryOffice, London. (57 p.)
This guide has been designed to help local planningauthorities carry out environmental appraisals ofplans. It offers guidance on a range of straightforwardtechniques and procedures which can easily be used ateach stage of the plan-making process, without theneed for specialist staff.
The guidelines draw heavily on the general experienceof local planning authorities in England and Wales, onrelevant literature, and on detailed studies of practicein twelve local authorities. The proposed appraisalprocess is intended to be adaptable to every level ofplan. Key stages in the process are clearly described,with extensive use of diagrams, checklists, matrices andexamples from scoping to presentation.
Department of the Environment (1994).Environmental Appraisal in GovernmentDepartments. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,London. (vii, 70 p.)
Department of the Environment (1994).Evaluation of Environmental Information forPlanning Projects: A Good Practice Guide. HerMajestys Stationery Office, London. (56 p.) ISBN 011 753043 3
The main purposes of this guide are two fold. First, toprovide guidance which assists planning authorityofficers and planning committees to consider whetherinformation submitted in the Environmental Statement(ES) is adequate. Second, to help them evaluate thatinformation and any representations made bystatutory consultees and others.
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There are chapters on Setting up an AdministrativeFramework, Initial Vetting of the ES and PlanningApplication, the Process of Consultation, Reviewingthe Adequacy of the ES, Evaluating IndividualEnvironmental Impacts and their Effects, Weighing upInformation to Reach a Decision, and PresentingFindings and Recommendations.
Department of the Environment (1995).Preparation of Environmental Statements forPlanning Projects that Require EnvironmentalAssessment: A Good Practice Guide. HerMajesty’s Stationary Office, London. ISBN 011 753207 X
Department of the Environment (1995). Circular 3/95 (Welsh Office 12/95): PermittedDevelopment and Environmental Assessment.Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Department of the Environment (1995). Circular11/95: The Use of Conditions of PlanningPermissions. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office,London.
Department of the Environment (1995). Circular13/95 (Welsh Office 39/95): The Town andCountry Planning (Environmental Assessmentand Unauthorised Development) Regulations1995. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.Contact: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, PO Box 276, London SW85DT.
Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland)(1989). Development Control Advice Note 10.Environmental Impact Assessment. Departmentof the Environment (Northern Ireland), Belfast.(8 p.)
This Advice Note gives general guidance to intendingdevelopers, their professional advisers and agents. Itprovides advice on the criteria which are used toindicate the types of developments for whichenvironmental assessment may be required. An annexlists indicative criteria and thresholds for a variety ofsectors including agriculture, extractive industries,manufacturing industries, industrial estatedevelopments, urban development, airports,infrastructure and waste disposal.
Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland)(undated). Environmental Assessment. No. 5 ina series of Information Leaflets. Department ofthe Environment (Northern Ireland), Belfast.(leaflet)
This leaflet answers some basic questions about therequirements for environmental assessment in respectof development which requires planning permissionunder the planning procedures in Northern Ireland.The questions addressed include “What isenvironmental assessment?”; “What is anenvironmental statement?” and “What types ofdevelopment are subject to environmentalassessment?”.
Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland)(undated). Your Permitted Development Rightsand Environmental Assessment. No. 1 in aseries of Information Leaflets. Department of theEnvironment (Northern Ireland), Belfast. (leaflet)
This leaflet explains how permitted developmentrights in Northern Ireland may be affected byenvironmental assessment. It answers some basicquestions about which types of development aresubject to environmental assessment.Contact: Planning Service Headquarters, Department of theEnvironment, Clarence Court, 10-18 Adelaide Street, Belfast BT2 8GB,Northern Ireland.
Department of the Environment (Welsh Office)(1992). Planning Policy Guidance No.5:Simplified Planning Zones. Her MajestysStationery Office, London. (16 p.)
This document outlines the general nature and role ofsimplified planning zones (SPZs). Annex A providesinformation on environmental assessment withrespect to SPZs. Appendices 1 and 2 provideexamples of appropriate provisions for inclusionwhere an SPZ scheme would otherwise permitdevelopment requiring and environmentalassessment.
Department of Trade and Industry (1992).Guidelines for the Environmental Assessmentof Cross-Country Pipelines. Her Majesty’sStationery Office, London, UK. (68 p.)Contact: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, PO Box 276, London SW85DT, UK.
Department of Trade and Industry (1998). GuidanceNotes on the Offshore Petroleum Productionand Pipe-Lines (Assessment of EnvironmentalEffects) Regulations 1998. Oil and GasDirectorate, Department of Trade and Industry,London. (33 p.)
These guidance notes are intended to assist licensees,environmental authorities and the public inunderstanding the environmental assessment processintroduced by the EU Regulations on OffshorePetroleum Production and Pipe-lines, the
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requirements of the environmental statement and toprovide detailed explanation of the Regulations. Asummary of the environmental statement process isincluded together with information on the statementitself and its requirements in the context of petroleumproduction and pipe-lines, the consultation processand enforcement. Annexes provide flowcharts toillustrate the process and sample forms.Contact: Department of Trade and Industry, Oil and Gas Directorate,London, UK.
Department of Transport (1992). Assessing theEnvironmental Impact of Road Schemes: TheStanding Advisory Committee on Trunk RoadAssessment. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,London.
Department of Transport (1992). Design Manualfor Roads and Bridges Volume II: EnvironmentalAssessment. Her Majestys Stationery Office,London.
Department of Transport (1992). Transport andWorks Act 1992: a Guide to Procedures forobtaining orders relating to transportsystems, inland waterways and worksinterfering with rights of navigation. HerMajesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Contact: HMSO Publications Centre, PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT,UK.
English Nature (1995). EnvironmentalAssessment: English Nature’s role and a guideto best practice. English Nature, Peterborough. (6p.)
The aim of this brief publication is to provide guidanceon English Nature’s involvement throughout theenvironmental assessment process and to highlightstandards and best practice at each stage of the EIAprocess.Contact: English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA,UK.
Environment Agency (1995). Scoping GuidanceNotes - Series. Scoping Guidance Notes. HerMajesty’s Stationery Office, London. (Series of 61documents)
Subjects covered in this series include: generic impactsof construction work, reservoirs, marinas, barrages,fish farms, pipelines, sea outfalls, points of largeabstraction, points of large discharge, sewagetreatment works – extension and installation, largeresidential developments, large industrial/manufacturing developments and operations, golf
courses, power stations, wind farms, hydroelectricpower, oil refineries/oil exploration, forestry,redevelopment of contaminated land, wastemanagement, mineral extraction – mining andquarrying, restoration of mineral extraction sites,roads and road widening, railways, airports,cemeteries, navigation issues, navigation works,channel works, flood diversion channels, fluvialdredging, bank protections, flood storage area, floodembankment, culverts and tunnels, barriers/bridges/weirs, off line ponds and reservoirs, coastal protection,beach nourishment, suction dredging, restoration andenhancement of river channels, conservationenhancements, water-based recreation, off roadrecreation activities, vegetation management, deliberateintroduction of species, groundwater abstraction,interbasin transfer of flow, agriculture, kennels/catteries/stables, intensive livestock/poultry units,tipping/dumping, camping and caravan sites, septictanks/cesspits etc., vehicle parks/plant hire, swimmingpools, chemical storage units, petrol stations, peatextraction, bait digging, pest control species.
Environment Agency (1996). EnvironmentalAssessment: Scoping Handbook for Projects.Her Majestys Stationery Office, London. (25 p.)ISBN 0 11 31011 2
This handbook has been produced for EnvironmentAgency staff; developers and other consultants; localplanning authorities and others who are involved inpromoting and appraising projects and activities whichare likely to affect the water environment. Thepublication aims to encourage consultation with theEnvironment Agency, now widely termed the ‘scoping’stage. The series of Scoping Guidance Notescomplement the handbook.
Environment Agency (1997). Best PracticeEnvironmental Option Assessments forIntegrated Pollution Control. TechnicalGuidance Note (Environment) No.E1. Volume I:Principles and Methodology, Volume II:Technical Data (for consultation) TechnicalGuidance Note (Environment). Her MajestysStationery Office, London. (Volume I: 35 p.;Volume II: 123 p.)Contact: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, PO Box 276, London SW85DT.
Environmental Resources Ltd (1994). NatureConservation in Environmental Assessment.English Nature, Peterborough. (50 p.)
This handbook is intended to provide guidance on thetreatment of nature conservation issues to developers,local authorities and others involved in the
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environmental assessment process. It introducesmethods and techniques that constitute good practicein nature conservation assessment and illustratesthese with examples taken from English practice. Thehandbook is in three parts. Part A looks atenvironmental assessment procedures and the role ofEnglish Nature. Part B discusses how natureconservation concerns should be dealt with during thevarious stages of the environmental assessmentprocess. Part C consists of appendices coveringprojects subject to environmental assessment and abibliography.Contact: English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA,UK.
The Forestry Authority (1993). EnvironmentalAssessment of New Woodlands. The ForestryAuthority, Edinburgh. (9 p.)
This document provides an overview of theenvironmental assessment procedure under TheEnvironmental Assessment (Afforestation) Regulations1988. It is aimed at those applying to The ForestryAuthority for grants for planting new woodlands.Brief information is given on preparing anenvironmental statement and the consultation process.An appendix gives details of the type of informationthat must be provided in an environmental statement.Contact: The Forestry Authority, 231 Cortorphine Road, EdinburghEH12 7AT, UK.
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1996).Code of Practice on Environmental Proceduresfor Flood Defence Operating Authorities.Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, TheWelsh Office, London. (37 p.)
This document provides a practical guide to help theEnvironment Agency, Internal Drainage Boards andlocal authorities follow good environmental practicewhen considering and carrying out flood defenceworks, including sea defence works. It concentrates onactions directly connected with the flood and seadefence functions of the operating authorities. TheCode sets out a strategic framework and then followsthis up with a procedural framework for individualschemes. The final chapter looks at practicalconsiderations relating to maintenance operationsincluding dredging, habitat management andvegetation control. Annexes provide details of the legalframework and statutory powers, environmentaldesignations and other relevant legislation and agri-environmental land management schemes.Contact: HMSO Publications Centre, PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT,UK.
Penny Anderson Associates (1994). Roads andNature Conservation - Guidance on Impacts,Mitigation and Enhancement. English Nature,Peterborough. (81 p.)
This document provides guidance on handling natureconservation resources in the context of planning anddesign of new road schemes. It first examines thenature of the site resources and the need to adoptprinciples of sustainability in dealing with highlyvalued sites. It then identifies how a road might impacton nature conservation interests before setting out themost appropriate mitigating measures for habitat lossand fragmentation, hydrological effects, geologicalissues, air pollution and construction effects. The finalsection describes scheme enhancement through habitatcreation. A bibliography is provided.Contact: English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA,UK.
Scottish Development Department (1988). CircularNo 26/1988. Environmental Assessment ofProjects in Simplified Planning Zones andEnterprise Zones. Scottish DevelopmentDepartment, Edinburgh. (3 p.)
This circular provides advice on the action whichplanning authorities need to take to ensure thatdevelopments within simplified planning zones andenterprise zones created since 15 July 1988 are subjectto environmental assessment where necessary. Itexpands on previous advice given in Circular 13/88.
Scottish Development Department (1988).Circular No 13/1988. EnvironmentalAssessment: Implementation of EC Directive -The Environmental Assessment (Scotland)Regulations 1988. Scottish DevelopmentDepartment, Edinburgh. (11 p., annexes)
The Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Regulationsimplement the requirements of the EuropeanCommunity Directive No 85/337 on the assessment ofthe effects of certain private and public projects on theenvironment. This circular gives a general introductionto the Regulations. Annexes A and B explain theprovisions of the Regulations in more detail whileAnnex C gives guidance on the scale and type ofdevelopment likely to require environmentalassessment. The Regulations apply to projects whichrequire planning permission, electricity applications,specific developments in New Town DevelopmentCorporation areas, drainage works, and trunkroads.
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Scottish Development Department (1994). Circular26/1994. The Environmental Assessment(Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1994.Planning Series. Scottish Development Department,Edinburgh. (6 p.)
This Circular explains the provisions of theEnvironmental Assessment (Scotland) AmendmentRegulations 1994, which amend the 1988 Regulations.The amendment Regulations add additional categoriesof project requiring environmental assessment andmake some minor technical amendments. Theadditional categories are wind generators, motorwayservice areas and coast protections works.Contact: The Scottish Office, Development Department, Victoria Quay,Edinburgh EH6 6QQ, UK.
Stiles, R. & Wood, C. & Groome, D. (1991).Environmental Assessment - The Treatment ofLandscape and Countryside Recreation Issues.Countryside Commission, Cheltenham. (52 p.)
This guide provides advice on the way in whichlandscape and countryside recreation issues should betreated within the environmental assessment process.It is also intended to be of assistance to localauthorities and other bodies that are involved inreviewing environmental statements. The openingchapter outlines the role of the CountrysideCommission in the environmental assessment process.The guide then discusses the various stages involved incarrying out an environmental assessment fromscreening to monitoring, highlighting how landscapeand countryside recreation issues should beincorporated at each stage. Case examples are usedthroughout.Contact: The Countryside Commission, John Dower House, CrescentPlace, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 3RA, UK.
Therivel, R. & Thompson, S. (1996). StrategicEnvironmental Assessment and NatureConservation. English Nature, Peterborough. (76p.)
This report reviews strategic environmentalassessment (SEA) practice and evaluates how best itcan be used to further nature conservation interests.The report begins with an overview of SEA andreviews the need for SEA in relation to natureconservation. It then discusses existing and proposedsystems of SEA and how these treat the subject ofnature conservation with a focus on British andEuropean Commission guidance. The document thendiscusses the various stages in the SEA process,reviewing at each stage how nature conservationissues can be addressed and giving a range ofexamples of how this has been done in practice. Thereport concludes with advice from practitioners onhow to approach the process of carrying out an SEA.Contact: English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA,UK.
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RegionalAsistencia Recíproca Petrolera EmpresarialLatinoamericana (ARPEL) (Latin American OilBusiness Joint Assistance) (undated).Lineamientos Ambientales (EnvironmentalGuidelines). ARPEL, Montevideo & ALCONSULT,Alberta.
This document was developed by experts of theCanadian oil industry and reviewed by theEnvironment, Health and Industrial Safety Committeeof ARPEL. It covers a wide range of legislation,protocols, internal and external guides, regulationsand standards for environmental protection in the oilindustry, and includes consideration of differentproject phases from design to implementation as wellas the location of sites.
Asistencia Recíproca Petrolera EmpresarialLatinoamericana (ARPEL) (Latin American OilBusiness Joint Assistance) (undated). Guía para laConducción de Auditorías Ambientales paraOperaciones Petroleras en Tierra (Guide toConducting Environmental Audits of OnshorePetroleum Operations). Asistencia RecíprocaPetrolera Empresarial Latinoamericana,Montevideo & ALTCONSULT, Alberta. (113 p.)
These guidelines aim to help auditors and companypersonnel to evaluate the effectiveness ofenvironmental protection measures in onshore oilproduction operations. The audit procedure sets out aseries of questions for an operation review. Eachquestion is followed by a “helping guide” to orient theauditors. The document includes guidelines forauditing, environmental planning and management;seismic surveying; drilling, production processes;refining and transport.
Asistencia Recíproca Petrolera EmpresarialLatinoamericana (ARPEL) (Latin American OilBusiness Joint Assistance) (1992). Normas para laAdministración Ambiental del Diseño,Construcción, Operación y Mantenimiento deOleoductos (Guidelines for the EnvironmentalManagement of the Design, Construction,
Operation and Mantainance of Oil Pipelines).ARPEL, Montevideo & ALCONSULT, Alberta.
This document provides general guidance to membersof ARPEL on identifying the environmental effects ofoil pipeline projects arising during their design,construction, operation and maintenance phases; andon analyzing measures to prevent or mitigate suchimpacts, including during the preconstruction phases.A glossary and various appendices are included. Thereare checklists for environmental planning,considerations for risk assessment, mitigation, andgeneral measures for environmental protection.Contact: Secretario General de ARPEL, Javier de Viana 2345, (11200 ),Montevideo, Uruguay, & ALCONSULT, P.O. BOX 6632, Station D,Calgary, Alberta, Canadá.
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) (1990).Procedures for Classifying and EvaluatingEnvironmental Impacts of Bank Operations.Inter-American Development Bank, Washington,D.C. (5 p.)
These procedures formalise the established practice ofthe Environmental Management Committee of earlyidentification of those Bank operations that may havesignificant environmental impacts. Bank operations areclassified according to their environmental impacts asfollows: Category I - operations which are designedspecifically to improve environmental quality and, ingeneral, do not require an EIA; Category II -operations that have no direct or indirectenvironmental impact and, therefore, do not require anEIA; Category III - operations which may have amoderate impact on the environment and those thathave recognised and well-defined solutions, usuallyrequiring a preliminary EIA (in some cases with a fullEIA for specific components); and Category IV -operations which may have significant negative impactsand require a full EIA.Contact: Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 1300 New YorkAvenue NW, Washington DC 20577, USA.
Organization of American States (OAS) (1990).Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xv, 80 p.)
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Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Primer on Natural Hazard Management inIntegrated Regional Development Planning.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xvii, 416 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Desastres, Planificacion y Desarrollo: Manejode Amenazas Naturales para Reducir losDanos (Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss)Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xviii, 80 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1993).Manual Sobre el Manejo de Peligros Naturalesen la Planificacion para el Desarrollo RegionalIntegrado (Primer on Natural HazardManagement in Integrated RegionalDevelopment Planning) Organization ofAmerican States, Washington D.C.
Organization of American States (OAS) (undated).Plan Hemisferico de la Guia de ManejoAmbiental de Corredores de Transporte Vial(Hemispheric Plan for the Guide toEnvironmental Management of RoadTransport Corridors) 180 p.. Organization ofAmerican States, Washington D.C. (xv, 80 p.)Contact: Organization of American States, Department of RegionalDevelopment and Environment, 17th Street and Constitution
Weitzenfeld, H. Ing. (1996). Manual Básico sobreEvaluación del Impacto en el Ambiente y laSalud de Acciones Proyectadas (BasicHandbook for Environmental and HealthImpact Assessment for ProposedDevelopment) (Second edition). CentroPanamericano de Ecología Humana y Salud(CEPIS), Organización Panamericana de la Salud(OPS), & World Health Organization (WHO),México. (350 p.)
This book extends and updates the first editionpublished in 1990. It reflects the author’s experiencegained during the development of short trainingcourses on EIA in different countries in the region. Thedifferent technical aspects of Environmental HealthImpact Assessment (EHIA). are presented. Part Onecovers: EHIA as a framework for health andenvironmental development, environmentalmanagement, the project cycle, and evaluation. PartTwo analyses the preparation of an EHIA study(general aspects of the study, project description,impact identification, initial environmental description,
prediction of impacts, importance or significance ofimpacts, mitigation, selection of alternatives,environmental monitoring, environmental auditing,and the statement). The final part reviews analyticaltools, and provides information on relevantorganisations and international agreements.Contact: ECO/OPS, Apartado Postal 37-473, 006696 Mexico, D.F.Mexico.
ArgentinaAdministración de Parques Nacionales (1994).Reglamento para la Evaluación de ImpactoAmbiental en Areas de la AdministraciónNacional de Parques Nacionales (Regulationfor Environmental Impact Assessment inNational Parks Administration Areas).Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN),Secretaría Recursos Naturales y DesarrolloSustentable de la Nación, Buenos Aires. (10 p.)
This regulation describes the requirements forpreparing, and sets out the contents of EnvironmentalImpact Studies (EIS’s). for developments withinnational parks. An annex lists projects and initiativesrequiring EIA. The National Parks Administration(APN). is responsible for the evaluation and control ofthese procedures.Contact: Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN), Avda. Santa Fe690, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Dawidowski, L., Gomez, D. & Reich, S. (1997).Guía Metodológica para la Evaluación delImpacto Ambiental Atmosférico(Methodological Guidelines for Evaluating theEnvironmental Impact of Gaseous Emissionson Air Quality). Honorable Cámara de Diputadosde la Nación, & Comisión Nacional de EnergíaAtómica, Buenos Aires. (50 p.)
This publication provides guidance on evaluating theimpact of gaseous emissions on air quality. It coversdata management, the selection of appropriatesimulation models and the presentation of results anddocumentation. Risk assessment is not considered.The different pollutants to be taken into account andthe limits established by the Secretariat of Energy fortherma plants are analysed. Consideration is alsogiven to the different stages (survey and detailed studyphases). of an EIA study, particularly those for powerstations.Contact: Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, Riobamba 25,piso 11, Of. 1108. (1025), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1987). Manual de Gestión Ambiental paraObras Hidráulicas con AprovechamientoEnergético (Environmental Management
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Handbook for Hydropower Development).Secretaría de Energía de la Nación, Buenos Aires.(268 p.)
This handbook summarizes the experience gained bydifferent environmental and sectoral research teams inArgentina and the Region. It sets out theenvironmental procedures for the planning, design andoperation of hydropower projects. A glossary isincluded, and an annex which describes the basicrequirements for public opinion consultation, listsenvironmental indicators, and discusses generalconsiderations concerning health and hydraulic works.The National Secretariat for Energy is responsible forevaluating and controlling this procedure.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1990). Manual de Gestión Ambiental paraCentrales Eléctricas Convencionales paraGeneración de Energía Eléctrica(Environmental Management Handbook forPower Station Development). Secretaría deEnergía de la Nación, Buenos Aires. (59 p.)
This handbook sets out the environmental proceduresfor the planning, design and operation of fossil fuelpower stations. The National Secretariat for Energy isresponsible for evaluating and controlling thisprocedure.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1992). Manual de Gestión Ambiental delSistema de Transporte Eléctrico de Extra AltaTensión (Environmental ManagementHandbook for High Voltage TransmissionLines). Secretaría de Energía de la Nación, BuenosAires. (23 p.)
This handbook sets out the environmental proceduresfor the planning, design and operation of high voltagetransmission lines. It includes a glossary, and an annexthat reviews the effects of electro-magnetic fields,interference radii, audible noise and toxic gasproduction. The National Secretariat for Energy isresponsible for evaluating and controlling thisprocedure.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1993). Consideraciones Ambientales para laActividad Petrolífera y Gasífera. Manual deProcedimientos (EnvironmentalConsiderations for Oil and Gas Development.Handbook of Procedures). Secretaría de Energíade la Nación, Buenos Aires.
This document sets out the obligations to undertakeEIA studies and remedial/mitigatory actions related toall phases of oil and gas development projects,
including exploration, construction, operation,transport and decommissioning. The NationalSecretariat for Energy is responsible for evaluatingand controlling this procedure.Contact: Secretaria de Energia, Hipilito Yrigoyen 250, 1310 BuenosAires, Argentina
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1993). Manual de Evaluación y GestiónAmbiental de Obras Viales (EnvironmentalAssessment and Management Handbook forPublic Roads). Secretaría de Energía de laNación, Buenos Aires. (180 p.)
This handbook contains three sections. Section I(Environmental Planning and Assessment of RoadWorks) is aimed at contractors and the general public,and describes the basic concepts and methodologies ofEIA. Section II (Internal Management) is aimed attechnicians and officials of the National Directorate ofPublic Roads, and discusses the role of theEnvironmental Unit. The section sets out themethodology for rapid environmental assessment andclassification of public road projects, and describes thespecific procedures to be followed. Section III (ExternalManagement) is also aimed at contractors and thepublic, and considers possible measures forenvironmental impact mitigation and fiscal and controlmechanisms. The handbook includes lists of thepossible environmental impacts, and the impacts of theenvironment on infrastructure. The NationalDirectorate for Public Roads is responsible forevaluating and controlling this procedure.Contact: Validad Nacional, Julio A Roca 731, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1996). Declaración de Impacto Ambiental deActividades Portuarias (Environmental ImpactDeclaration for Harbour Facilities).Administración General de Puertos, Buenos Aires.
As a complementary rule for the National Law No.24.093/93 (Port and Harbour Activities), thisdeclaration sets out the basic contents required for anEnvironmental Impact Declaration (DIA) for allprojects concerned with the construction of new portand harbour facilities, or the expansion of existingfacilities. The Port General Administration (AGP) isresponsible for the evaluation and control of theseprocedures.Contact: Administración General de Puertos, Ing. Huergo 431, 1107Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos(1996). Código de Minería. TítuloComplementario: De la Protección Ambientalpara la Actividad Minera (Mining Code.Environmental Protection Associated with
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Mining Activities). Secretaria de Minería de laNación, Buenos Aires.
This is complementary to the Mining Code (NationalLaw No. 24.585). Section Two sets out the obligationto undertake an environmental impact study beforeany of the following activities: survey, exploration,exploitation, development, preparation, extraction andstorage of mineral substances, including abandoningand closing mines. The responsible authority isdetermined by each provincial government, and isresponsible for evaluating the Environmental ImpactReport and approving it through an EnvironmentalImpact Declaration for each project phase. If requiredby the proponent, an Environmental QualityCertificate may be issued. Section Three provides forthe creation of both a National Register ofConsultants and a register of organisations, companiesor individuals who fail to respect the guidelines. Thechapter also sets out the minimum contents requiredfor Environmental Impact Reports for survey,exploration and exploitation phases.Contact: Secretaría de Industria, Comercio Minería de la Nación, Av.Julio A. Roca 651, 1322 Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y DesarrolloSostenible (SRNyDS), & Banco de Inversión yComercio Exterior (BICE) (1995). Guía Generalpara Proyectos de Inversión Pública (GeneralGuide for Public Investment Projects).Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y DesarrolloSostenible, Banco de Inversión y Comercio Exterior,Buenos Aires. (15 p.)
This document presents general guidelines for publicinvestment projects. It sets out the scope ofEnvironmental Impact Studies (EIAs), and suggest twokind of formats for Environmental ImpactDeclarations giving the basic contents for each. Theseguidelines will be applied for the management of creditgiven by different national and subnational banksthrough the Banco Interamericano Comercio Exterior(BICE).Contact: Banco Interamericano Comercio Exterior, 25 de Mayo 526,Buenos Aires, Argentina.
BelizeEIA was introduced formally in Belize under theEnvironmental Protection Act 1992, a framework lawimplemented by regulations approved in 1995 whichspecified the projects that should undergo EIA andwhich described the procedures in the EIA process (S.I.No. 107/1995). Compliance with the regulations ismandatory. The regulations established the NationalEnvironmental Appraisal Committee (NEAC) - amulti-disciplinary team responsible for the review ofthe EIA documents and for decision-making. EIAs are
commissioned by the Department of the Environmentor carried out in co-operation with an other competentauthority. Following scoping, an EIA should becompleted by a “competent team”. Detailed guidelineshave been prepared by the Department of theEnvironment, which specify that EIA applies togovernment-sponsored as well as private sectorprojects and activities because this is not made explicitin the Act.
Government of Belize (1994). Procedures for thePreparation of an Environmental ImpactAssessment. Department of the Environment,Ministry of Tourism and the Environment,Belmopan. (iii, 56 p.)
A general introduction sets out the objectives of EIA inBelize and the requirements to be met by a projectdeveloper. The guidelines are then presented in eightsections. The first deals with general matters such asthe role of the public, appeals, and a timetable forcompletion of the EIA process. The next section coversscreening. Section 3 lists types of projects under threecategories, as prescribed under the 1992 EnvironmentProtection Act: schedule I (full EIA required), scheduleII (full EIA or some environmental analysis, dependingon location, size, etc.), and schedule III (no EIArequired). Further sections provide guidance onscoping, the content of an EIA report, the decision-making process, the development planning process,and monitoring. There are three appendices whichprovide a basic checklist to describe an environmentalsetting, a screening form and checklists for preliminaryproject assessment, and a list of permitting agencies.Contact: Department of the Environment, Ministry of Tourism and theEnvironment, 19 Mayflower Street, Belmopan, Belize.
McCalla, W. (1995). Guide for Developers.Department of the Environment, Ministry ofTourism and the Environment, Belmopan. (vii, 211p.)
This document is a guide to developers and applicantsfor planning permission. It provides information todevelopment professionals and technicians on the laws,regulations and requirements for all types ofdevelopment, and aims to facilitate the physicalplanning, design and development of projects in Belize.Details of the legal framework are set out in Chapters 2and 3. Chapters 4 - 15 contain guidelines (includingrules and regulations given in government instruments)covering: planning and building, subdivision, EIA,effluent, mangrove clearance, archaeological sites, fishprocessing establishments, factories, fiscal incentives,national land leases, tourist developments, and mining.There are 30 appendices providing a wide range ofsupporting information.Contact: Department of the Environment, Ministry of Tourism and theEnvironment, 19 Mayflower Street, Belmopan, Belize.
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BoliviaResponsibility for managing the EIA system and fornational standards lies with the Director General of theEnvironment, Policies and Regulations (DGMAPN)within the Ministry of Sustainable Development andthe Environment. EIAs are undertaken by DGMAPNin coordination with prefecture departments (forregions), town councils and sectors. EIA was formallyintroduced with the Law of the Environment No.1333(27/04/1992), particularly through Articles 24 and 28,but became more widely applied with the enactment ofthe Regulation for Environmental Protection andControl (08/12/1995). General Regulations forEnvironmental Management (1996) provideinstitutional guidelines for the management ofenvironmental quality. Development promoters mustsubmit an Environmental Form which is used to assessin which category a project falls: category 1(comprehensive EIA required), 2 (specific EIA analysisneeded), 3 (requires only a statement of mitigationmeasures and an environmental monitoring plan) and4 (no EIA required). Category 1 or 2 activities (ifapproved) are granted an Impact AssessmentCertificate by the Competent Authority. Category 3 or4 activities (if approved) are granted a Certificate ofDispensation. These constitute an EnvironmentalLicence - a legal administrative documentguaranteeing compliance with Law 1333 and thecorresponding regulations.
Valle, H.C., Vaquez, E.L. & Ballester, W.V. (1993).Manual de Evaluación de Impacto Ambientalpara Proyectos de Desarollo Urbano - SeguridadIndustrial-Control Ambiental: Salud e HigieneOcupacional (Environmental Impact AssessmentManual for Urban Development - IndustrialSafety-Environmental Control: OccupationalHealth and Hygiene). Fondo Nacional deDesarrollo Regional, La Paz. (2 volumes)
This manual was developed to promote the inclusionof an “integral protection component” in projectsfunded by the National Fund for RegionalDevelopment (Fondo Nacional de Desarollo Regional -FNDR). It covers health and hygiene, industrial safety,and environmental control and protection issues.
Volume One covers general issues and EIAmethodologies. The introduction describes FNDRenvironmental policies and strategies. A variety ofmethodologies are examined including Leopold,Delphi, Characteristic Indicators, Weight & ScaleTechniques. An “Environmental Questionnaire forUrban Development Projects” is provided which isintended to allow comparisons between projectactivities and FNDR policies.
Volume Two includes specific guidelines for the mostcommon types of project funded by FNDR. Each set ofguidelines has two sections: a) Environmental Analysis:this includes a list of activities, an environmentalanalysis matrix, a descriptive list of identified impactsand typical mitigation measures; and b) EnvironmentalAssessment: this indicates the studies and activities thatthe project proponents must carry out for predictingand evaluating impacts identified throughenvironmental analysis.
Guidance is provided for the following sectors:transportation infrastructure; basic sanitation; energyprojects (including hydropower, thermoelectricstations, substations and networks); urban planning;urban cleaning; food industries.Contact: SEMTA, c Alfredo Arrunz 2675, Telf 360042, Casilla 15041,La Paz, Bolivia.
Gobierno de Bolivia (1993). EnvironmentalImpact Guidelines (series). Secretaria General delMedio Ambiente, La Paz.
This series of “Environmental Impact Guidelines”includes guidelines for EIA of projects in variousindustrial sectors. They are complemented by the“General Directive on Environmental Assessment”described in Valle et al (1993).
Each of the sector guidelines contains the followinginformation: a list of project types within that sector; adescription of the different activities associated withdifferent phases of the project - for exampleconstruction, operation, etc.; a generic“environmental analysis matrix” for each sector; adescription of the potential environmental impactsand mitigation measures; and a list of essentialinformation that should be included in environmentalassessment reports.
Sectors included are: Food Industry Projects,Transport Sector, Tanning Industry Projects, the MetalIndustry, Thermoelectric Projects (Substations andNetworks), Mining Projects, and Hydroelectric Dams.Contact: Secretaria General del Medio Ambiente, Edificio Batallon,Colorados 162, Piso 3, La Paz, Bolivia.
Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y MedioAmbiente (1996). Implementación del SistemaNacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambientaly Control de Calidad Ambiental(Implementation of a National EnvironmentalImpact Assessment and Environmental QualityControl Systems). Ministerio de DesarrolloSostenible y Medio Ambiente, Secretaria Nacional deRecursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Subsecretariade Medio Ambiente, La Paz. (64 p.)
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This document was prepared under the framework ofthe “Implementation Plan for the National System ofEnvironmental Protection and Control” managed bythe Bolivian National Secretary for the Environment asa support for human resources training onenvironmental management issues. It includes fivechapters which deal with: the sustainable developmentmodel in Bolivia (Chapter I); the legal-institutionalframework (Chapter II); the country environmentalproblematique (Chapter III); the legal-technical toolsestablished by the National Environmental Law; andpolicy tools and administrative procedures forenvironmental prevention and control (Chapter IV).Contact: SEDI, Casilla de Correos 3136, La Paz, Bolivia.
BrazilDuring the 1970s, EIA was practised at the individualState level and for projects which were dependent onexternal funding. An EIA system was introducedformally by the Brazilian National EnvironmentalPolicy of 1981. The National Council for Environment(Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente-CONAMA) issued Directives in 1986 to apply EIA tothe environmental licensing system. At the federallevel, these directives covered screening lists, thecontents of the environmental impact study andreport, and public participation. The NationalEnvironmental Policy also instructs individual Statesto develop their own detailed EIA regulations andguidelines to reflect their particular environment andinstitutional structure. The Brazilian Institute for theEnvironment and Renewable Resources (IBAMA)supports the State agencies if their capacity todevelop their own systems is limited.
Government of Brazil (1993). Manual deProcedimentos de Avalicao de ImpactoAmbiental (Manual of Procedures forEnvironmental Impact Assessment). SpecialSecretariat for the Environment (SEMA), StateFoundation for Engineering and the Environment(FEEMA), Brasilia. (350 p.)Contact: Special Secretariat for the Environment (SEMA),Superintendencia do Recursos Hidricos e Meio Ambiente, RuaEngenheiros Reboucas 1206, 80215-100 Curitiba - PR - Brazil.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dosRecursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA), &Secretaria Nactional de Irrigacao (SENIR) (1992).Directrices Ambientales para el Sector deIrrigación (National Environmental Guidancefor the Irrigation Sector). Instituto Brasileiro doMeio Ambiente e dos Recursos NaturaisRenovaveis (IBAMA), Secretaria Nactional deIrrigacao (SENIR), Programa das Nacoes Unidas
para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD), OrganizacaoMeterological Mundial (OMM), Brasilia. (164 p.)
This document is intended mainly for technicians ofthe different irrigation and environmental agencies atnational and sub-national levels. Its main aim is toprovide guidance for environmental conservationactivities in the irrigation sector, in particular inconnection with the identification, feasibility study,implementation and operation stages of irrigationprojects. The document also discusses the scope ofenvironmental studies required for proposed activitiesduring each project phase, the extent of the initiative,and the scale of potential impacts involved.
There are three main chapters. The first concernsprotection and mitigatory measures anticipated for theplanning, implementation and operation phases, andthe establishment of institutional measures toaccomplish each phase. The second chapter covers theenvironmental studies required during the global/regional planning phase. The last chapter presents theterms of reference for environmental studies during thefeasibility, basic project, executive project andoperation phases.Contact: IBAMA/DIRPED/DEDIC/DITEC, Divisão de Divulgacão Técnico-Científica SAIN, Av. L 4 Norte, s.n.,Edificio -Sede- Ibama - CEP: 70800-200 - Brasilia, D.F., Brazil.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos RecursosNaturais Renováveis (IBAMA). (Brazilian Institute forEnvironment and Natural Resources). (1995).Avaliacão de Impacto Ambiental: AgentesSociais, Procedimentos e Ferramentas(Environmental Impact Assessment: SocialAgents, Procedures and Tools). Ministerio doMeio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hidricos e daAmazônia Legal, Instituto Brasileiro do MeioAmbiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis(IBAMA), Divisão de Desenvolvimento deTecnologias Ambientais, Brasilia. (134 p.)
This document is the first attempt by IBAMA(Brazilian Institute for Environment and NaturalResources) to provide basic guidance to the differentsocial actors involved in conducting EIA participatoryprocesses, including responsible environmentalagencies and affected groups. The document isorganized in two main parts. The first presents ananalysis of the EIA process in the context of nationalenvironmental management (history, instruments,theoretical background and demands). The secondgives a basic orientation to the EIA process on a phase-by-phase basis, analyzing the present situationconcerning the involvement of social actors,procedures, tools and alternatives for each of theseelements.Contact: IBAMA/DIRPED/DEPES/DITAM, Divisdão de Desenvolvimentode Tecnologia Ambiental, SAIN, Av. L/4 Norte, s.n. Bloco B, Edificio-Sede-IBAMA CEP, 70800-200-Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
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Chile(No.19.300), 1994, which has been fullyimplemented since 1997. This law contains a fullchapter on the Environmental Impact AssessmentSystem (“SEIA”). The National EnvironmentCommission (Comision Nacional del MedioAmbiente- CONAMA) was established in 1990,under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the SecretaryGeneral to the Presidency, as the co-ordinating bodyfor EIA across all sectors and State ministries. It alsoexists as decentralised Regional EnvironmentCommissions (COREMAs). The EIA processestablished in the 1994 Law stipulates a series ofprojects and activities subject to EIA and allenvironmental permits for these activities are grantedthrough this system. If the proposal is deemed (by theproponent) to have no negative impacts upon the listedcomponents, then an “Environmental ImpactDeclaration” must be submitted by the proponent. Ifnegative impacts after mitigation are predicted, then an“Environmental Impact Study” (EIS) is required. The1994 Law does not state specific terms of reference forthe EIS and, in practice, these are determined by theproponent and the authority. The regulations whichimplemented the Framework Law in 1997 (which alsomade compliance mandatory) provide for communityparticipation and post-project monitoring and control.Guidelines on the implementation are published byCONAMA.
Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (1993).Instructivo Presidencial: Pauta para laEvaluación del Impacto Ambiental deProyectos de Inversión (PresidentialInstruction: Guidelines for EnvironmentalAssessment of Investment Projects). ComisiónNacional del Medio Ambiente, Santiago.Contact: Commision Nactional del Medio Ambiente (CIPMA), AvdaHolanda 1515, Casilla 16362, Santiago 9, Chile.
Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente(CONAMA) (Forthcoming series 1998). GuíasMetodológicas (Methodological Guidelines).Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente.
This forthcoming series of guidelines will address theEIA of the following project types: production, storage,transport, disposal or re-utilization of toxic, explosive,radioactive and inflammable substances; production ofpaper and paper pulp, timber, processing, and chipplants and sawmills; bus terminals; trucks andrailways; railroads; metropolitan trains and gasstations; hydrobiological resources culture andprocessing; forestry development and exploitation;manufacturing and agro-industry projects; andenvironmental sanitation projects.
Contact: Depto. Evaluación Impacto Ambiental, Comisión Nacional deMedio Ambiente (CONAMA), Obispo Donoso 6, Providencia, Santiago,Chile.
ColombiaColombia was the first Latin American country toinitiate a formal EIA system. Under the National Codeof Renewable Natural Resources and Protection of theEnvironment, 1974, a wide range of policies wereissued covering all aspects of environmental protection,including the provision for “environmental impactstatements” for public and private projects. TheMinistry for the Environment is responsible foroverseeing the EIA system in Colombia.
Interconexión Eléctrica SA (1991). Manual deEtapas: Definición de Actividades Ambientalesen las Etapas de un Proyectos Hidroeléctrico(Stages Manual: Definition of theEnvironmental Activities in the Stages of aHydroelectric Project). Environment Office,Ministry of Mines and Energy, Medellin. (99 p.)
Interconexión Eléctrica SA (1991). Metodologíapara la Evaluación Ambiental del Plan deExpansión del Sector Eléctrico Colombiano(Methodology for the EnvironmentalAssessment of the Expansion Plan for theColombian Electricity Sector). EnvironmentOffice, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Medellin,Colombia. (28 p.)
The document outlines a technique termed “multi-objective analysis” which is used to predict the impactof electricity generation projects. The techniqueemploys the use of biophysical and socioeconomicobjectives, qualitative and quantitative indicators andtheir variables. The method itself and the associatedweighting factors have been approved by the electricitysector companies in Colombia, and have also beentested using information from operating power plants.It is an original approach for environmental andsocioeconomic assessment in Latin America.Contact: Interconexion Electrica SA (ISA), Calle 12 sur No 18-168,Medellin. PO Box 8915/8762, Colombia.
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Terms of reference produced by the Ministeriodel Medio Ambiente
TTTTTerererererms of rms of rms of rms of rms of referefereferefereference for assessing alterence for assessing alterence for assessing alterence for assessing alterence for assessing alternativesnativesnativesnativesnativesThe Terms of Reference for the next 4 documentsdescribe the general and specific objectives as well asthe scope and contents to be covered by theenvironmental assessment, including: executivesummaries, technical descriptions, description ofalternatives, environmental characterisation of thestudy area, identification and evaluation of impacts,preliminary environmental management plan for eachalternative, and comparison and selection ofalternatives.
(1997). Términos de Referencia para DiagnósticosAmbientales de Alternativas en Construcción deProyectos Viales (Terms of Reference forAssessing Alternatives for Road and HighwayProjects). Sector Vial, Ministerio de MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. ( 8 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para DiagnósticosAmbientales de Alternativas de Lineas deTransmisión y Subestaciones (Terms of Referencefor Assessing Alternatives for ElectricTransmission Lines and Substations). SectorEnergía, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (7p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para DiagnósticosAmbientales de Alternativas en CentralesTermoeléctricas (Terms of Reference forAssessing Alternatives for ThermoelectricPlants). Sector Energía, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (11 p.)
(1998). Términos de Referencia para DiagnósticosAmbientales de Alternativas en Proyectos deAprovechamiento Hidroeléctrico (Terms ofReference for Assessing Alternatives forHydropower Projects). Sector Energía, Ministeriodel Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (12 p.)
Terms of reference for Environmental ImpactStudiesEach of the Terms of Reference for the following 8documents describes the general and specific objectivesas well as the scope and contents to be covered byEnvironmental Impact Studies, and includes sectionscovering: introduction, description and projectanalysis, environmental characterisation, impactidentification, evaluation and description, and theEnvironmental Management Plan.
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Construcción deProyectos Viales (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Studies for Road andHighway Projects). Sector Vial, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (29 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Construcción de Puentesy Viaductos (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Studies for Bridges andViaducts). Sector Vial, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (28 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Construcción de Tunelespara Vías (Terms of Reference for EnvironmentalImpact Studies for Tunnels for Roads andRailroads). Sector Vial, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá, Bogotá. (29 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Proyectos deMejoramiento Vial que Involucren unMovimiento de Tierra Superior a 15.000 m3/km(Terms of Reference for Environmental ImpactStudies for Road Improvement Projects whichinvolve land movements greater than 15.000m3/km ). Sector Vial, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente,Bogotá. (22 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Bloques de ExploraciónSísmica de Hidrocarburos (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Studies for Seismic OilExploration Programs). Sector Energía, Ministeriodel Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (10 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Areas de PerforaciónExploratoria de Hidrocarburos (Terms ofReference for Environmental Impact Studies forExploratory Drilling for Oil). Sector Energía,Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (19 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para Perforación de Pozos deDesarrollo o Producción y sus Líneas de Flujo(Terms of Reference for Environmental ImpactStudies for Oil Well Drilling and Pipelines). SectorEnergía, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá.(33 p.)
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(1997). Términos de Referencia para Estudios deImpacto Ambiental para CentralesTermoeléctricas (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Studies forThermoelectric Plants). Sector Energía, Ministeriodel Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (37 p.)
Terms of reference for EnvironmentalManagement PlansFor Environmental Management Plans, the Terms ofReference include more specific, detailed anddemanding requirements than usually demanded of anEIA.
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Planes deManejo Ambiental para Programas deExploración Sísmica de Hidrocarburos (Terms ofReference for Environmental Management Planfor Seismic Oil Exploration Programs). SectorEnergía, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (9p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Planes deManejo Ambiental para Perforación de PozosExploratorios (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Management Plans for Drillingof Exploratory Oil Wells). Sector Energía,Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (20 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Planes deManejo Ambiental para Construcción yOperación de Lineas de Flujo (Terms ofReference for Environmental ManagementPlans for Construction and Operation of OilPipelines). Sector Energía, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (18 p.)
Terms of reference for environmentalmanagement and assessment documents
These Terms of Reference describe the general andspecific objectives as well as the scope and contents tobe covered by the Environmental Management andAssessment Documents.
(1997). Términos de Referencia paraDocumentos de Evaluación y Manejo Ambientalpara Pavimentación de Vías (Terms of Referencefor Environmental Management andAssessment Documents for Road Surfacing).Sector Vial, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá.(11 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental paraProyectos de Rehabilitación Vial (Terms ofReference for Environmental Management andAssessment Documents for Road RehabilitationProjects). Sector Vial, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,Bogotá. (13 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental paraProyectos de Mejoramiento Vial (Terms ofReference for Environmental Management andAssessment Documents for Road ImprovementProjects). Sector Vial, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,Bogotá. (14 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental para laConstrucción de Puentes en dos Apoyos que nointervengan en forma directa en el cauce de laCorriente Hídrica (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Management and AssessmentDocuments for Bridge Construction withSupports that are Not Directly Involved with theBed of the River). Sector Vial, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (13 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental paraPerforación de Pozos Exploratorios (Terms ofReference for Environmental Management andAssessment Documents for Drilling ofExploratory Oil Wells). Sector Energía, Ministeriodel Medio Ambiente, Bogotá. (19 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental paraPerforación de Pozos de Desarrollo o Produccióny sus Líneas de Flujo (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Management and AssessmentDocuments for Oil Wells Drilling and Pipelines).Sector Energía. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente,Bogotá. (20 p.)
(1997). Términos de Referencia para Documentosde Evaluación y Manejo Ambiental paraProgramas de Exploración Sísmica deHidrocarburos (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Management and AssessmentDocuments for Seismic Oil ExplorationPrograms). Sector Energía, Ministerio del MedioAmbiente, Bogotá. (18 p.)
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Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (1997). Términos deReferencia para el uso, aprovechamiento oafectación de los recursos naturales parabloques de exploración sísmica de hidrocarburos(Terms of Reference for the Use and Degradationof Natural Resources for Seismic HydrocarbonsExploration). Ministerio del Medio Ambiente,Bogotá. (2 p.)
These Terms of Reference set out the main issues to beconsidered for the assessment of natural resourcespotentially affected during project development - waterresources, forestry, and air quality. Information isprovided on the status, availability and restrictions forhuman intervention, as well as on quantifying resourcesuse and exploitation.
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (1997). Términos deReferencia para el Estudio de Impacto Ambientalpara la Explotación de Campos Petroleros y deGas, y el Uso, Aprovechamiento o Afectación delos Recursos naturales (Terms of Reference forthe Environmental Impact Study for theExploitation of Oil and Gas Fields and the Use orDegradation of Natural Resources). Ministerio delMedio Ambiente, Bogotá. (33 p.)
The first part of these Terms of Reference set out thecontents for environmental impact studies focusing onenvironmental management for oil and gas exploitation,site selection, analysis of alternatives and selection oftechnological alternatives. The second discusses thoseaspects to be considered during the assessment ofnatural resources potentially affected as a consequenceof project development.Contact: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá, Colombia.
Costa RicaThe Law on the Organisation of the Environment,Article No 19, provides the legislative framework forEIA in Costa Rica. The Secretaria Tecnica NacionalAmbiental (SETENA) at the Ministry of theEnvironment (MINAE) is responsible for the EIAsystem. EIA is required for all projects that pose a riskof adverse impact upon the environment. SETENAissues lists of project which require mandatory EIA andis responsible for technical evaluation.
Astorga, A. (undated). Manual deProcediementos Ambientales de la SecretariaTecnica Nactional Ambiental (SETENA). (Manualof Environmental Procedures for the NationalEnvironmental Technical Secretariat). LaSecretaria Tecnica Nactional Ambiental, Ministeriodel Ambiente y Energia, San José. (84 p.)
Contact: Comision Gubernamental de Control y Evaluacion deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales,Avda 8-10, Calle 25, Apdo 10.104, 1000 San Jose, Costa Rica.
Mata Jimenez, A. (1995). Evaluaciones deImpacto Ambiental. Guía de Preparación(Environmental Impact Assessment.Preparation Guide). Centro Científico Tropical,San José. (66 p.)
This document provides a conceptual background andanalysis of the role of EIA, taking into account theNational Government norms. It covers the projectcycle, methodologies for different levels of theenvironmental studies required, data analysis andintegration, and provides examples, criteria andprocedures to be considered in the development of anEIA.Contact: Apartado Postal 366. 2100, Guadalupe, San José, CostaRica.
Ministerio de Recursos Naturales. Guías para laElaboración Estudios de Impacto Ambiental(Guides for Conducting Environmental ImpactStudies) (series). Comisión Gubernamental deControl y Evaluación de Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, SanJosé.
This series of sectoral guides indicates relevant issuesto be considered by project proponents forenvironment impact studies. Each guide has a similarstructure, providing a general description of sectoralinformation needed for addressing the requirements ofthe “Governmental Commission for EnvironmentalImpact Studies Control and Evaluation”. The seriesprovides general information to be considered forpublic works planning and execution.
(1992). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para ProyectosTurísticos (Guide for ConductingEnvironmental Impact Studies for TourismProjects). (9 p.)
(1993). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para la Ejecución deObras Públicas: Carreteras y Ferrocarriles(Guide for Conducting Environmental ImpactStudies of Public Works: Roads and Railways.(12 p.)
(1993). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para la Ejecución deObras Públicas. Muelles (Guide for ConductingEnvironmental Impact Studies of Public Works.Ports). (4 p.)
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(undated). Guía Básica para la Elaboración deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental Para ActividadesAgrícolas (Basic Guide for ConductingEnvironmental Impact Studies for AgriculturalActivities). (5 p.)
(undated). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental de Proyectos Avícolas,Para Más de 5000 Animales (Guide forConducting Environmental Impact Studies forAviculture Projects of more than 5000 Animals).
(undated). Guía Básica para la Elaboración deEstudios de Impacto Ambiental de ProyectosUrbanísticos (Basic Guide for ConductingEnvironmental Impact Studies for UrbanProjects). (3 p.)
(undated). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para Actividad Industrial(Guide for Conducting Environmental ImpactStudies for Industrial Activities). (5 p.)
(undated). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para Proyectos de Salinasen Refugios de Vida Silvestre y Humedales(Guide for Conducting Environmental ImpactStudies of Saltland Projects in Wildlife Reservesand Wetlands). (2 p.)
(undated). Guía para la Elaboración de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental Para Proyectos deAcuacultura en Refugios de Vida Silvestre yHumedales (Guide for ConductingEnvironmental Impact Studies of AquacultureProjects in Wildlife Reserves and Wetlands). (5p.)
(undated). Borrador de Guía de Estudio deImpacto Ambiental Para Explotación de Caucesde Dominio Público (Draft Guide forEnvironmental Impact Studies of PublicWatersheds). (8 p.)Contact: Comision Gubernamental de Control y Evaluacion de Estudiosde Impacto Ambiental, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Avda 8-10,Calle 25, Apdo 10.104, 1000 San Jose, Costa Rica.
EcuadorThe Ministry of Environment (Ministerio de MedioAmbiente- MMA) has overall responsibility for EIA.
Within the MMA, the Comision Asesora Ambientalde la Presidencia de la Republica (CAAM) issuespolicy. In 1996, CAAM issued the “Strategy for theImplementation of a National System for EIA inEcuador” (“Estragia para la Implantacion del SistemaUnico Nacional de Evaluacion de Impacto Ambientalen el Ecuador). It describes the process needed todevelop an action plan and a regulatory framework forEIA, although neither has been established to date.However, EIAs have been carried out since 1989 undera variety of sectoral regulations. Approval of aproposal requiring EIA is the responsibility of therelevant Ministry. The developer must submit terms ofreference for the EIA which are reviewed by anindependent commission. Public participation is notcompulsory although, in practice, it usually occurs.Due to the lack of a framework law or procedures,EIAs vary in their coverage of environmentalconditions and prediction of impacts.
Paez, J.C. (1991). Introduccion a los Metodos deEvaluacion de Impactos Ambientales:Recomendaciones para los GobiernosSeccionales del Ecuador (Introduction toEnvironmental Impact Assessment Methods:Recommendations for the RegionalGovernments of Ecuador). Fundacion Natura:Programa de Asesoria Ambiental para la RegionAndina, Quito. (55 p.)
This document discusses the importance of includingEIA in development projects planned or carried out byEcuadorian sectoral governmental organisations atmunicipal and provincial levels. It aims to raiseawareness of the EIA process amongst public officialsand technicians. Some recommended methodologiesare described including review lists, cause-effect matrix(Leopold), mapping systems, and quantitative methods(Batelle). Advantages and disadvantages of the variousmethods are compared, and their applicability toprojects in Ecuador is assessed.Contact: Fundacion Natura, Avda America 5653 y Voz Andes, Casilla17-01-253, Quito, Ecuador.
Paez Zamora, J.C. & Espinoza, G. (in press).Tópicos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambientalpara Ecuador (Topics for Environmental ImpactAssessment in Ecuador). Comisión AsesoraAmbiental, Presidencia de la República deEcuador, Quito.
This document sets out a national framework for EIAand sustainable development, information systems andthe use of environmental indicators. It includes acomprehensive discussion of civil society participation -analyzing methodologies to facilitate participationand conflict resolution in the EIA process. The basiccontents of EIA studies, techniques and methods aredescribed. A review and classification of EIA studies
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is presented and follow up activities for control andmonitoring are considered. The document includesmatrices and diagrams.Contact: Subsecretario de Gestión Ambiental. Ministerio de MedioAmbiente, Avenida 10 de Agosto Nº 3560, Edificio Metrocar, Piso 3,Quito, Ecuador.
GuatemalaComisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente(CONAMA). (1991). Guía para los Estudios deImpacto Ambiental (Environmental ImpactStudies Guide). Comisión Nacional de MedioAmbiente, Ciudad de Guatemala.
Contact: La Programa de Legislación Ambiental de la ComisiónCentroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo. 7a. Avenida 13-31, Zona 9- Edificio Cúpula, Nivel II, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
HondurasThe EIA system in Honduras is not mandatory interms of compliance and its application has no legalstatus as yet. EIA legislation is integrated into otherresource protection and pollution control laws. A setof regulations exist as Reglamento del SistemaNacional de Evaluacion de Impacto Ambiental(SINEIA) which serve as tools for pollution control.The Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente(SERNA) is the co-ordinating unit for EIA and ishoused at the Ministry of the Environment. SERNAhas administrative responsibility for enforcement ofEIA regulations using a licensing system. All projectsmust be submitted to SERNA for approval. DireccionGeneral de Evaluacion de Impacto y ControlAmbiental (DECA) is the review and scoping agency.
MexicoThe Environmental Protection Law, 1982, establishedthe Ministry of Ecology and Urban Development(SEDUE) and introduced the mandatory EIA system.In 1988, the “Ecological Equilibrium andEnvironmental Protection Law” (LGEEPA)restructured the Environment Ministry into theMinistry of Social Development. In 1992, a legalenforcement body was created in the form of the“Environmental Protection Attorney” (PROFEPA).Under the 1988 law, one of three types of EIA may berequired depending on the impact. EIA has also beenlegislated at State level since 1988. The InstitutoNacional De Ecologia (INE) is responsible for EIApolicy, regulations and procedures. This is part of theMinistry of the Environment, Natural Resources andFishing which also carries out EIA of federal projects.
Instituto Nacional de Ecología (undated). Guía parala elaboración de Estudios de Riesgo Ambientalde Ductos Terrestres (Guidelines for thePreparation of Environmental Risk Studies ofTerrestrial Pipelines). Dirección General deOrdenamiento Ecológico e Impacto Ambiental,Mexico City. (8 p.)
This guideline summarizes issues to be considered inthe preparation of formal documents, includingappropriate methodologies for Environmental RiskAssessment studies.
Instituto Nacional de Ecología (undated). Instructivopara la Elaboración del Resúmen Ejecutivo de laManifestación de Impacto Ambiental(Instructions for the Preparation of theExecutive Summary for the EnvironmentalImpact Study). Instituto Nacional de Ecología,Dirección General de Ordenamiento Ecológico eImpacto Ambiental, Mexico City. (2 p.)
This instruction sets out the required contents andscope of the Executive Summary included in theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Study.
Instituto Nacional de Ecología (undated). Guía parala elaboración de Estudios de Riesgo Ambiental.Modalidad Informe Preliminar de Riesgo(Guideline for the Preparation of EnvironmentalRisk Studies. Environmental Risk PreliminaryReport). Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Mexico City.
Instituto Nacional de Ecología (undated). Guía parala elaboración de Estudios de Riesgo Ambiental.Modalidad Análisis de Riesgo (Guideline for thePreparation of Environmental Risk Studies.Environmental Risk Analysis). Instituto Nacional deEcología, Dirección General de OrdenamientoEcológico e Impacto Ambiental, Mexico City. (12 p.)
Instituto Nacional de Ecología (undated). Guía parala elaboración de Estudios de Riesgo Ambiental.Modalidad Análisis Detallado de Riesgo(Guideline for the Preparation of EnvironmentalRisk Studies. Detailed Environmental RiskAnalysis). Instituto Nacional de Ecología, MexicoCity. (12 p.)
Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología (1989).Instructivo para desarrollar y presentar laManifestación de Impacto Ambiental en lamodalidad general a la que se refieren losartículos 9 y 10 del Reglamento de la LeyGeneral del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección
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del Ambiente en Materia de EIA (Guideline forthe Development of the Environmental ImpactDeclaration regarding articles 9 and 10 of theRegulation for the General Law for EcologicalEquilibrium and Environmental Protectionrelated with EIA). In: Gaceta Ecológica, 1:3 (88 p.).Secretaría de Desartrollo Social.
This document lists the issues that must be covered inan Environmental Impact Declaration.
Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología (1989).Instructivo para desarrollar y presentar laManifestación de Impacto Ambiental en lamodalidad intermedia que se refieren losartículos 9, 10 y 11 del Reglamento de la LeyGeneral del Equilibrio Ecológico y laProtección al Ambiente en materia de EIA(Guideline for the Development of theEnvironmental Impact Declaration regardingthe intermediate mode established in articles9, 10 and 11 of the Regulation for the GeneralLaw for Ecological Equilibrium andEnvironmental Protection related with EIA). In:Gaceta Ecológica, 1:4 (28-37 p.). Gobierno deMéxico, Secretaría de Desarrollo Social.
This document sets out the required contents of anImpact Assessment Declaration covering: generalinformation, project description, general aspects of thenatural and socio-economic environment,identification and description of environmentalimpacts caused by different stages of projectimplementation, and preventative and mitigatorymeasures.
Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología (1989).Instructivo para desatrrollar y presentar laManifestación de Impacto Ambiental en lamodalidad específica a que se refieren losartículos 9 y 12 del Reglamento de la LeyGeneral del Equilibrio Ecológico y laProtección del Ambiente en Materia de EIA(Guideline for the Development of theEnvironmental Impact Declaration regardingthe articles 9 and 12 of the Regulation for theGeneral Law for Ecological Equilibrium andEnvironmental Protection related with EIA). In:Gaceta Ecológica, 1:4 (38-51 p.). Secretaría deDesarrollo Social.
This document sets out the required contents of theImpact Assessment Declaration covering: descriptionof the proponent, project description and justification,environmental scenario before project implementation,analysis of present and projected environmentalquality, identification and evaluation of environmental
impacts, preventative and mitigatory measures, andend of activities and project decommissioning.
Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología (1989).(September 1989). Instructivo para laFormulación del Informe Preventivo delReglamento (arts. 7 y 8). de la Ley General delEquilibrio Ecológico y la Protección alAmbiente en Materia de EIA (Guidelines forthe Formulation of the Precautionary Report.Regulation for the General Law for EcologicalEquilibrium and Environmental Protectionrelated with EIA). In: Gaceta Ecológica, 1:3,Mexico City. (88).
This document lists the information that must beincluded in the Precautionary Report, including generalinformation, location, project and processdescription.Contact: Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Subdirección de RiesgoAmbiental, Avenida Revolución 1425 (Planta Baja), 01040 México, D.F.
ParaguayMinisterio de Agricultura y Ganaderia (MAG),Subsecretaria de Estado de Recursos Naturales yMedio Ambiente (SSERNMA) & DeutscheGesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)(1996). Manual de Evaluación de ImpactosAmbientales (MEvIA): Proyecto EstrategiaNacional para la Proteccion de los RecursosNaturales (ENAPRENA) (Environmental ImpactAssessment Handbook. Project: NationalStrategies for the Protection of NaturalResources and the Environment). Ministerio deAgricultura y Ganaderia (MAG), Subsecretaria deEstado de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente(SSERNMA), Deutsche Gesellschaft fur TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ), Asunción.
This handbook is intended as a working tool forundertaking and preparing Environmental ImpactAssessment studies and Environmental ImpactReports. It includes papers by several authors and isdivided in three main thematic sections. Section 1 is ageneral vision of EIA as a tool for environmentalprotection and sustainable development. Section 2provides an analysis of EIA procedures as applied inParaguay, the sectors involved and theirresponsibilities. Section 3 gives an analysis of EIAmethods from different perspectives: EIA proceduresfor landscape analysis; method for the assessment ofhydrological balance components; environmentalmonitoring systems; basic concepts; methods for theanalysis of aquatic environments; methods forsedimentology studies and monitoring for EIA;
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methods for the assessment of riverine water quality;and methods for the characterization of flora andwildlife.
The following references are papers from the manualThe following references are papers from the manualThe following references are papers from the manualThe following references are papers from the manualThe following references are papers from the manualwhich have been chosen for their particular relevancewhich have been chosen for their particular relevancewhich have been chosen for their particular relevancewhich have been chosen for their particular relevancewhich have been chosen for their particular relevanceto environmental impact assessment guidance:to environmental impact assessment guidance:to environmental impact assessment guidance:to environmental impact assessment guidance:to environmental impact assessment guidance:
Dias, P.L.F. (1996). Términos de Referencia para laElaboración y Presentación del Estudio deImpacto Ambiental (Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Assessment StudyPreparation and Presentation). (0900:1-14 p)
These Terms of Reference set out the basic requiredcontents of EIA Reports covering: a) projectcharacterization; b) project integration withgovernmental plans and policies; c) environmentaldiagnosis (physical, biological and anthropogenicenvironment in the area influenced by the project; d)impacts analysis; e) environmental management plans;f) technological and site alternatives and g)environmental reports (Relatorios de ImpactoAmbiental: RIMAs). The obligations of the proponentare discussed as well as the role of the Dirección deOrdenamiento Ambiental (EnvironmentalManagement Directorate).
Dias, P.L.F., de Oliveira, N.M. & dos Reis Branco, S.M.(1996). Participación de la Comunidad en elproceso de Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales(Community Participation in the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Process). (0970: 1-6 p.)
This document discusses community participation inthe EIA process (sectors directly or indirectly affected),and public audiences (meetings with the communityand public audience structure).
Dias, P.L.F. (1996). Criterios para la Selección deProyectos, Aceptación, Acompañamiento yAnálisis de Estudios de Impacto Ambiental yRelatorios de Impacto Ambiental (Criteria forProject Selection, Approval, Monitoring andAnalysis of Environmental Impact Studies andEnvironmental Impact Reports). (0930: 1-12 p.)
This paper discusses methods and criteria for theselection of projects to be subjected to EIA (ad-hocselection, check-lists, environmental screening). andprovides a list of activities which require an EIA underthe National Law for Environmental ImpactAssessment. The document also presents criteria to beconsidered by the institutions responsible for givingenvironmental permission (Dirección de OrdenamientoAmbiental), and for the acceptance, monitoring andanalysis of the environmental studies and reports.
Molinas, A. & Oporto, O. & Duarte, E. (199).Análisis de la Aplicación del EvIA en Paraguay(Procedures for Environmental ImpactAssessment on the basis of the presentsituation in Paraguay). Proyecto ENAPRENA(SSERNMA/MAG-GTZ), Asunción. (0700: 1-16 p.)Contact: Proyecto ENAPRENA, Ruta II “Mcal. Estigarribia”, Km. 11-San Lorenzo, Asunción, Paraguay.
Oporto, O. & Urué, D. (in press). La Explotaciónde Canteras en el Marco de la Evaluación deImpacto Ambiental (The Exploitation of Minesunder the Environmental Impact AssessmentFramework). Dirección Nacional de MedioAmbiente, Asunción.
This document analyses the main characteristics ofquarry exploitation in Paraguay (exploitation regime,legal and institutional aspects), and sets out theprocedures for EIA. Different environmental impactsof quarry exploitation are discussed, as are mitigatorymeasures.Contact: Departamento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental.Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente, 25 de Mayo 640, Asunción,Paraguay.
PeruThe Environment and Natural Resources Code, 1990,set out a legal requirement for federal-level EIA andgave responsibilities for EIA to various ministries: theMinistry of Energy and Mines - which has developedthe most advanced EIA legislation, includingprovision for public participation (unlike the otherministries); and the Ministries of Fishing,Agriculture, Industry, Transport and Housing, andDefence. Directive No. 757, 1991, requires thesesectoral competent authorities to screen projects todetermine which need EIA. Each ministry has its ownsectoral regulations to require EIA as part of theirconsent procedures. The relevant sectoral authoritiesdevelop the terms of reference and keep registers ofprojects that have been subjected to an EIA. There isno central EIA authority but the Consejo Nacionaldel Ambiente (CONAM), which acts as a co-ordinating authority for the preparation of theNational Environmental Action Plan, is likely toassume a similar responsibility for EIA. In addition tothe federal system, the Municipality of Lima has alsoadopted procedures for EIA.
Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA)(1995). Guia para la formulacion de Terminosde Referencia de Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental en el Sector Agrario (Guidelines forthe formulation of Terms of Reference forEnvironmental Impact Studies in the
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Agricultural Sector). Direccion de Evaluacion yOrdenamiento Ambiental, Ministerio de Agricultura,Lima. (5 p.)
This document comprises three sections. The first is aguide for technicians and practitioners to thepreparation of terms of reference for EIA studies ofagricultural projects. The second section analyses thecontents of, and issues to be developed in, such studies.The third section covers methodologies and evaluationtechniques for assessing agricultural activities.Contact: Direccion de Medio Ambiente del Instituto Nactional deRecursos Naturales, (INRENA), Calle 17/Los Petirrojos 335, El Palomar,Lima 27, Peru.
Ministerio de Energía y Minas (1994). Guía paraElaborar Estudios de Impacto Ambiental:Subsector Minería (Guide for EnvironmentalImpact Studies Elaboration: Mining Sector).Dirección General de Asuntos Ambientales, Lima.(87 p.)
This document presents general procedures for thepreparation of an EIA Study in the mining sector. Theguide has nine sections covering the different phases ofEIA with the main emphasis on the EIA Study.
Ministerio de Energía y Minas (1995). Guía paraelaborar Programas de Adecuación y ManejoAmbiental. Sub Sector Minería (Guide forEnvironmental Compliance and Management.Mining Sub Sector). Dirección General deAsuntos Ambientales, Lima. (45 p.)
The purpose of this guide is to help users in thepreparation and implementation of PAMAs in order tocontrol and mitigate environmental impacts related tomining activities. The document includes sectionscovering: a). requirements for the presentation ofPAMAs; b). information to be included in PAMAs; c).mitigation measures and implementation plan; d).abandonment plan; e). emission and effluentmonitoring; and f). specific PAMA requirements foroperations/activities.Contact: Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Dirección General de AsuntosAmbientales Avenida Las Artes 260, San Borsa, (41). Lima, Peru.
Ministerio de Pesquería (1994). Lineamientospara la Elaboración de los Estudios deImpacto Ambiental (EIA) para Acuicultura(Guidelines for the Elaboration of AquacultureEnvironmental Impact Studies). ComisiónAmbiental Permanente para la Protección del SectorPesquero, Dirección Nacional de Acuicultura, Lima.(1 p.)
These guidelines specify the required contents ofenvironmental impact studies for aquaculture projects.All projects need the approval of the NationalDirectorate of Aquaculture (Permanent Environmental
Commision for Fishing Sector). beforeimplementation.
Ministerio de Pesquería (1994). Lineamientos parala Elaboración de los Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental (EIA) para la Siembra, Introducción yTraslado de Especies Hidrobiológicas(Guidelines for Environmental Impact Studiesfor Seeding, Introduction and Moving ofHydrobiological Species). Comisión AmbientalPermanente para la Protección del Sector Pesquero,Dirección Nacional de Acuicultura, Lima. (1 p.)
These guidelines specify the required contents ofenvironmental impact studies for fisheries projectsconcerned with the seeding, introduction, and movingof fish and different hydrobiological species. Allprojects need the approval of the National Directorateof Aquaculture (Permanent Environmental Comisionfor Fishing Sector). before implementation.
Ministerio de Pesquería (1994). Lineamientospara la Elaboración de Programas deAdecuación y Manejo (PAMAs) para laAcuicultura (Guidelines for Assessment andManagement Programs for Aquaculture).Comisión Ambiental Permanente para laProtección del Sector Pesquero, Dirección Nacionalde Acuicultura, Lima. (1 p.)
These guidelines provide guidance on issues to becovered when assessing the environmental impacts ofaquaculture projects. PAMAs must be approved by theNational Directorate of Aquaculture (PermanentEnvironmental Comision for Fishing Sector).
Ministerio de Pesqueria (1994). Terminos deReferencia para la Elaboración de Estudios deImpact Ambiental en el Sector Pesquero(Terms of Reference for the preparation of EIAStudies for the Fishing Sector). Ministerio dePesqueria, Lima. (112 p.)
This document specifies the required contents of EIAstudies in the fishing sector.Contact: Ministerio de Pesqueria, Direccion de Medio Ambiente, CalleUmo Oeste 060, Urbanizacion Corpac, Lima 27, Peru.
Ministerio de Transportes, Comunicaciones,Vivienda y Construcción (1995). Términos deReferencia Para Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental en la Construcción Vial (Terms ofReference for Environmental Impact Studiesfor Roads and Highways). Dirección General deMedio Ambiente, Lima. (12 p.)
These Terms of Reference specify the required contentsof Environmental Impact Studies for all road
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and highway projects. All projects need the approval ofthe General Directorate for the Environment (Ministryof Transport, Communications, Housing andConstruction), before implementation.Contact: Ministerio de Transportes, Comunicaciones, Vivienda yConstrucción, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Avenida 28 deJulio 800, Lima 1, Perú.
Ministerio de Defensa (1996). Lineamientos parael Desarrollo de Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental Relacionados con Proyectos deConstruccion de Muelles, Embarcaderos yotros similares (Guidelines for theDevelopment of Environmental Impact Studiesfor Piers, Wharfs and similar facilities).Ministerio de Defensa, Lima. (1 p.)
These guidelines specify the required contents ofenvironmental impact studies to be presented byorganisations, institutions, companies or industriesconcerned with the construction of piers, wharfs,breakwaters, landing places and similar harbour oraquatic (marine, river or lakes). facilities, under thejurisdiction of the General Directorate of Capitanias yGuardacostas.Contact: Ministerio de Defensa, Av. Arequipa 291, Lima, Peru.
Ministerio de Defensa (1996). Lineamientos parael Desarrollo de Estudios de ImpactoAmbiental Relacionados con los efectos quepudiera causar la evacuacion de residuos portuberias a los cuerpos de agua (Guidelines forthe Development of Environmental ImpactStudies on the effects of residues dischargedby pipelines to water bodies). Direccion deMedio Ambiente de la Direccion de Capitaniasand Guardacostas, Lima. (1 p.)
These guidelines include terms of reference forenvironmental impact studies to be presented byorganisations, institutions, companies or industriesthat plan discharge systems for liquid effluents (orliquids mixed with solids), through underwaterpipelines with final disposal in the sea or other waterbodies.Contact: Direccion de Medio Ambiente de la Direccion de Capitanasand Guardacostas, Constitucion 150, Callao, Lima, Peru.
UruguayThe Ministry of Housing, Land Use Management andEnvironment (MHLUME) was established in 1990,after which EIA was undertaken informally. The Lawon Environmental Impact Assessment (No. 435/994)1994, made EIA mandatory for a prescribed range ofpublic and private activities. Competent ministries havethe responsibility to evaluate projects in theirjurisdiction. MHLUME is responsible for the
development of EIA policy and its implementationwhile proponents must undertake the process andsubmit full documentation to the NationalEnvironmental Directorate (DINAMA) withinMHLUME for review and in order to obtain priorauthorisation for the activity. As yet, no EIA guidelineshave been produced.
VenezuelaEIA is integrated with land use planning in theOrganic Law of the Environment 1976 (La LayOrganica del Ambiente) and the Organic Law of theLand Use Planning (La Ley Organica de Ordenaciondel Territorio). The Regulation on EnvironmentalImpact Studies, Decree 2213 in 1992 (Reglamento delos Estudios de Impacto Ambiental), reorganised thesystem. The Ministry of Environment and RenewableNatural Resources (Ministerio del Ambiente y de losRecursos Naturales Renovables) is responsible for EIAand land-use planning. The EIS must be carried out bythe proponent. The present EIA system uses screeninglists to decide if an EIS is required. Requirements for anEIS are also made by sectoral ministries. Publicparticipation and consultation is limited toconsultations with non-governmental organisations.
Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos NaturalesRenovables (MARN). Guía para la Aplicación delDecreto No. 1257 sobre Evaluación delImpacto Ambiental (Guide for the applicationof Decree No. 1257: Implementation ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment). Ministeriodel Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Renovables(MARN), Caracas.
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los RecursosNaturales Renovables (1996). Guía para laAplicación del Decreto 1257 relativo a“Normas sobre Evaluación Ambiental deActividades Susceptibles de Degradar elAmbiente” (Guidelines for the Application ofDecree No. 1257: “Rules for the EnvironmentalAssessment of Potentially DegradableActivities). Dirección General Sectorial de CalidadAmbiental, Ministerio del Ambiente y los RecursosNaturales, Caracas. (44 p.)
These guidelines aim to facilitate the understandingand application of National Decree No.1257. Theycover ordinary procedures, procedures for mining andoil activities, and procedures for urban areas. Thedocument also includes project-specific guidelines forenvironmental assessment, assessing impact potentialand the vulnerability of the local environment inrespect of three categories of assessment:
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), SpecificEnvironmental Assessment (EAE), and Specific Care(RECAUDOS). Procedures are included for citizenparticipation, supervision, monitoring andenvironmental control, and the National Register ofEnvironmental Consultants is described.
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos NaturalesRenovables (1996). Normas sobre Recaudos parala Evaluación Ambiental de Programas yProyectos Mineros y de Exploración yProducción de Hidrocarburos (Rules for SpecificAttention for Environmental Assessment ofMining and Oil Programmes and Projects).Despacho del Ministro, Ministerio del Ambiente y losRecursos Naturales, Caracas. (33 p.)
Under the Decree No.1257, these rules specify therequired basic contents of an EnvironmentalQuestionnaire which must be completed and presentedfor approval when land will be occupied for miningactivity or for oil exploration and exploitation. Thedocument also sets out the information to be includedin the authorization form for the “affect on naturalresources” during the exploration phase of miningactivities and during the seismic prospecting phase ofhydrocarbon exploration.Contact: Dirección de Calidad Ambiental, Ministerio del Ambiente y losRecursos Naturales Renovables, Torre Sur, Centro Simón Bolivar, ElSilencio, Caracas, Venezuela.
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North America RegionalOrganization of American States (OAS) (1990).Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xv, 80 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Primer on Natural Hazard Management inIntegrated Regional Development Planning.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xvii, 416 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Desastres, Planificacion y Desarrollo: Manejode Amenazas Naturales para Reducir losDanos (Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss)Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xviii, 80 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1993).Manual Sobre el Manejo de Peligros Naturalesen la Planificacion para el Desarrollo RegionalIntegrado (Primer on Natural HazardManagement in Integrated RegionalDevelopment Planning) Organization ofAmerican States, Washington D.C.
Organization of American States (OAS) (undated).Plan Hemisferico de la Guia de ManejoAmbiental de Corredores de Transporte Vial(Hemispheric Plan for the Guide toEnvironmental Management of RoadTransport Corridors) 180 p.. Organization ofAmerican States, Washington D.C. (xv, 80 p.)
Contact: Organization of American States, Department of RegionalDevelopment and Environment, 17th Street and Constitution Avenue,Washington D.C. 20006, USA.
CanadaThe Environmental Assessment and Review Process(EARP) was introduced in Canada in 1973.Compliance with EARP guidelines became legallybinding in 1989. The Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act, 1992, provided a statutoryfoundation for the EIA system and sets of regulationswere issued to implement the Act. This system is almostentirely separate from other legal provisions. TheCanadian Environmental Assessment Act, 1995,created the Canadian Environmental AssessmentAgency (CEAA) which directs and administers theprocess. Both federal and provincial governments areresponsible for EIA. The provinces have EIA principlesembodied in relevant acts and guidelines, but onlyOntario has specific EIA legislation (EnvironmentalAssessment Act 1975). A key feature of the presentCanadian system under the 1995 Act is a set of fourregulations covering mandatory screening, scoping,reporting, review (by public and expert bodies) andpost-project monitoring. All stages are covered byAgency procedural guidelines. The Agency expects tomake increasing the use of SEA for policy decisionsmade at the federal level in the future. The rights ofindigenous peoples is an issue also being integratedinto the EIA system.
In line with the rest of this Directory, the documentslisted in the Canadian section are for federal level only.Many of the provincial governments have producedguidance material, much of which is referenced in theCanadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA)Directory of Environmental Impact AssessmentPractices in Canada (1995). For those with Internetaccess, the CEAA Directory, some of their otherguidelines, and related information can be found onhttp://www.ceaa.gc.ca.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (1995). TheResponsible Authority’s Guide to the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act/Le guide desautorités responsables sur la loi canadiennesur l’évaluation environnementale. Agricultureand Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa.
Contact: Agriculture Canada, Policy Branch, Environment Bureau,Ottawa, Canada.
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Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA)(undated). Biological Diversity andEnvironmental Assessment. CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Agency, Hull, Quebec.
This guide was prepared as a collaborative effort bythe Agency and the Biodiversity Convention Office ofEnvironment Canada. The guide provides anoverview of the legal responsibilities for biodiversityunder the United Nations Convention on BiologicalDiversity and biodiversity considerations in projectand policy planning. It also provides general guidanceto EA practitioners in considering biodiversity withincurrent EA approaches, regardless of jurisdiction.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA)(1994). The Responsible Authority’s Guide to theCanadian Environmental Assessment Act/Guidedes autorités responsables sur la loi canadiennesur l’évaluation environnementale. CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Agency (CEAA), Hull,Quebec. (162 p.)
This guide is one part of the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act Procedural Manual, a set of referencematerials designed to provide guidance on theapplication of the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act to federal government departmentsand agencies, provincial and municipal governments,private sector developers and members of the project.The guide interprets the legal framework establishedby the Act and provides guidance to responsibleauthorities for conducting environmentalassessments. It consists of separate guides formanagers and environmental assessmentpractitioners, and includes a set of detailed ReferenceGuides on specific assessment topics includingCumulative Environmental Effects, Public Registries,Determining whether a project is likely to causeSignificant Adverse Effects, and Federal CoordinationRegulations.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA) (1995). Directory of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Practices in Canada.Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA), Hull, Quebec. (ii, 47 p.)
This directory provides a listing of various EIA legaland policy instruments and guidelines in Canada, atfederal, sectoral, provincial, and territorial levels. Itidentifies the EIA legislation and regulation in variousjurisdictions and the EA policy statements anddirectives of government departments andorganizations. It also has an appendix listing contactsfor the producers of the guides and otherdocumentation. Although some of the information isout of date, this Directory remains nonetheless avaluable and comprehensive source for Canadian EIAguidelines and related information. It is understood
that the section on guidelines produced by federaldepartments is currently being updated, includingtheir contact details (June 1998).
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA)(1995). Procedures Guide. Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Agency, Hull, Quebec. (227 p.)
This document provides policy and proceduralguidance for CEAA staff in meeting CEAA’sresponsibilities under the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act. It is organised into six chapters:public registry, class screening, comprehensive study,mediation, panel reviews and participant funding. Eachchapter briefly reviews the scope and nature of theCEAA’s obligations as set out in the Act, presents theCEAA’s major cross-cutting policy guidelines, providesstep-by-step explanations of the procedures thatCEAA staff should follow, and presents resourcematerial including checklists and guidelines for manyof the procedures.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA) (1996). Reference Guide: AssessingEnvironmental Effects on Physical andCultural Heritage Resources (second edition).Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Hull.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA) (1997). Procedures for an Assessmentby a Review Panel: A guideline issued by theHonourable Christine S. Stewart, Minister ofthe Environment pursuant to s. 58(1)(a) of theCanadian Environmental Assessment Act.Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Hull,Quebec. (29 p.)
This document sets out the procedures to be applied toall assessments of a project, by a review panel fromthe responsible authority or the Minister of theEnvironment, for the period beginning from referral(including pre-referral notice) and ending atgovernment response to the report of the panel. Theprocedures are intended to be followed by all federalreview panels. Annexes include a list of documents in apanel review, federal-provincial harmonisationagreements, and a detailed flow chart of the panelprocess.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA) (1997). Guide to the Preparation of aComprehensive Study for Proponents andResponsible Authorities. CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Agency, Hull, Quebec.(70 p.)
This document offers guidance to those involved inplanning, conducting, documenting, reviewing and
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participating in the comprehensive study of projects,in accordance with the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act. A comprehensive study is a fullenvironmental impact assessment applied to projectsthat require a more intensive assessment than ascreening. Such projects tend to be large-scale and havethe potential to result in significant environmentaleffects and/or to generate considerable public concern.The guide is divided into three phases. Phase 1 outlinesthe steps required to prepare for a comprehensivestudy. Phase 2 discusses the steps necessary to conductthe comprehensive study and to prepare thecomprehensive study report. Phase 3 explains theprocess followed by the CEAA and the Minister of theEnvironment for the review and approval of thereport.Contact: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA), 200Sacre Coeur Blvd, Hull, Quebec, K1A 0H3, Canada.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency(CEAA) (1998). Guide to InformationRequirements for Federal EnvironmentalAssessment of Mining Projects in Canada.Draft. Canadian Environmental AssessmentAgency, Hull, Quebec. (ii, 42 p., appendices)
This guide is intended to offer a common and widelyaccepted reference point on environmental assessmentinformation requirements and report preparation formining projects that are subject to the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act. It also providesadditional guidance on key steps in preparing EIAreports for mining projects. Part I of the documentreviews EIA in relation to mining projects and providesan overview of legislative requirements. Part II consistsof guidance on preparing an environmental assessmentreport. Appendices contain additional process andtechnical information.
Cumulative Effects Assessment Working Group &Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd (1997).Cumulative Effects Assessment PractitionersGuide: Draft for Discussion. CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Agency (CEAA), Hull,Quebec. (x, 68 p., 5 appendices)
This guide is intended primarily for practitioners whoare responsible for preparing Cumulative EffectsAssessments (CEAs) for project review. It provides anoverview and clarification of current understandingabout the practice of CEA; suggestions on practicalapproaches to complete CEAs that meet statutoryrequirements and best professional practice; and casestudies that provide examples of approaches that havebeen used by project proponents for their CEAs. Theguide focuses on CEA in the context of project-specificassessments rather than regional planning and dealsstrictly with biophysical effects. While it providessome specific information and case studies related to
the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, theguide is intended to be helpful for the conduct ofCEA in any environmental assessment frameworkacross the country.
Department of Canadian Heritage (1995). CanadianHeritage Procedures for Complying withCanadian Environmental Assessment Act.Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa.Contact: Department of Canadian Heritage, EnvironmentalConservation, Natural Resources Branch, 25 Eddy Street 4th Floor,Hull, Quebec, K1A 0M5 Canada.
Department of the Environment (1995).Department of the Environment CEAAHandbook. Environmental Assessment, NationalPrograms Directorate, Department of theEnvironment, Ottawa.Contact: Environment Canada, Environmental Assessment Branch,National Programs Directorate, Place Vincent Massey, 351 St JosephBlvd., Hull, Quebec KIA 0H3, Canada.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans Departmentof Fisheries and Oceans Guide to theImplementation of CEAA. Department ofFisheries and Oceans, Ottawa.Contact: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Marine Environmentand Habitat, 200 Kent Street 11th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G2,Canada.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (1995).Environmental Screening Guide. Department ofFisheries and Oceans, Small Craft HarboursDirectorate, Ottawa.Contact: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Marine Environmentand Habitat, 200 Kent Street 11th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G2,Canada.
Department of Foreign Affairs and InternationalTrade (1995). Property Manual. Department ofForeign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa.
The parts of this Manual concerned with EIA are:Chapter 8 Protecting the Environment; Appendix 21Environmental Assessment: Exclusion Test; Appendix23 Environmental Assessment of PropertyConservation; and Appendix 24 Screening ReportForm. The manual is currently being updated, andthe revised version is expected to be available bySeptember 1998.Contact: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Officeof the Coordinator for Environmental Assessment and Stewardship,Lester B Pearson Buidling, 125 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G2,Canada.
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Department of Indian Affairs and NorthernDevelopment (1991). Northern AffairsProgramme Guide to the EnvironmentalAssessment and Review Process. Department ofIndian Affairs and Northern Development, NaturalResources and Economic Development Branch,Ottawa.
Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada(1995). Implementation of the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act at India Oiland Gas Canada. India Oil and Gas CanadaInformation Letter IL95-1. India and NorthernAffairs Canada, Alberta.
Contact: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Northern AffairsProgram, Environment and Renewable Resources Directorate, Room644 - 10 Wellington Street, Hull, Quebec K1A 0HA, Canada.
Emery, A. & Patten, L. (1997). Guidelines forEnvironmental Assessments and TraditionalKnowledge. Prototype. Centre for TraditionalKnowledge, World Council of Indigenous People,Ottawa, Ontario. (vii, 67 p.)
These prototype guidelines derive from a processinvolving the Centre for Traditional Knowledge, theWorld Council of Indigenous People, EnvironmentCanada, and the Canadian International DevelopmentAgency. They are based on a broad search of theliterature and the internet, on discussion withaboriginal leaders in the field, and on responses fromover 50 reviewers of a first draft. The aim is to test theguidelines in mock development projects during aseries of six workshops around the world, and then toproduce a revised set in a series of different media: text,video, audio tapes, and possibly a theatre piece.
The document is presented in five sections The firstprovides a context for the guidelines, definingindigenous people and describing the nature oftraditional knowledge and particularly such knowledgeheld by women, comparing it with “scientificknowledge” and dealing with traditional rights toresources issues. Relationships between indigenouspeople and development projects are discussed and therole of traditional knowledge in EAs.
Section 2 provides guidelines for indigenous people,detailing how they can cooperate with non-indigenousgroups planning development projects in their areasand involve themselves in the EIA process. Section 3gives guidelines for corporations to assist them tounderstand the ways of indigenous people and to beespecially sensitive to their values and needs, and howto interact with and involve indigenous people.Section 3 focuses on governments, their role inmanaging natural resources and sets outrecommendations for how they should relate to and
involve indigenous people. Finally, Section 5 is asynoptic summary of the guidelines.Contact: Centre for Traditional Knowledge, Box 3443, Stn D, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4.
Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office(FEARO) (1988). Manual on Public Involvementin Environmental Assessment: Planning andImplementing Public Involvement Programs.Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office,Ottawa.Contact: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 13th Floor,Fontaine Building, Hull, Quebec, Canada K1A 0H3.
National Defence (1996). DND EnvironmentalAssessment Manual. National Defence, Ottawa.
Contact: National Defence Headquarters, Environmental Protection/Resource Conservation, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2, Canada.
Natural Resources Canada (1995). NaturalResources Canada (NRCAN’s) EnvironmentalAssessment Manual. Natural Resources Canada,Ottawa.
Manuel sue l’evaluation environnementale desRNCan.Contact: Natural Resources Canada, Office of Environmental Affairs,Environmental Assessment, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0E4, Canada.
Task Force reporting to the Federal, Provincial,Territorial Committee on Environmental andOccupational Health, Health Canada (1997). ACanadian Health Impact Assessment Guide.Volume 1: The Beginners Guide. Draft. HealthCanada, Ottawa, Ontario. (v, 80 p., appendix)
This draft guide defines health assessment andenvironmental assessment, provides an outline of thestages of an environmental assessment, and outlinesthe determinants of health. Information onenvironmental assessment within a Canadian,aboriginal and international is also provided. Thisdocument is due to be followed by a second documentfor practitioners which will provide details on how tocarry out, and who should be involved in, a healthassessment.Contact: Office of Environmental Health Assessment, Health Canada,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
United States of AmericaEIA was first required by the National EnvironmentalProtection Act (NEPA), 1969, which is the source ofthe majority of modern EIA systems. The Council onEnvironmental Quality (CEQ) has been central instrengthening the system by promoting many of the
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procedures and guidelines in the USA. At the federallevel, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) isresponsible for the management of the system whileEIAs are undertaken by the developer and the “leadagency”. This “lead agency” is responsible for decidingif a project requires a preliminary “EnvironmentalAssessment” or a full “Environmental ImpactStatement” (EIS). A preliminary assessment may lead tothe request for a full EIS or a “Finding of NoSignificant Impact” (FONSI) being declared. Manyindividual States also have their own EIA systemswhich are usually similar to the NEPA system. Thecurrent federal EIA practice has recently undergone anextensive review and changes are expected due to theincreasing interest in cumulative environmental impactassessment and strategic environmental assessment.The review has also noted the increasing use ofenvironmental assessments rather than the fullEnvironmental Impact Statements and moreidentification of impacts needing mitigation.
In line with the rest of this Directory, the guidelineslisted below cover the USA federal level only. However,responses to our requests for documents from relevantfederal agencies varied and coverage may not becomplete. Contact details of NEPA liaisons in allrelevant federal agencies are provided in a list availablefrom the Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ)(also available on the Internet at http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/.Many States have also produced their own guidelines,and individual State contacts are also available fromthe CEQ. Many of these also have their own Websiteson the Internet, and a useful Internet site linked to theindividual responsible State agencies can be found onthe Australian government website at http://environment.gov.au/portfolio/epg/other_govt.html.The EPA website is http://www.epa.gov/.
Bass, R.E. & Herson, A.I. (1993). Mastering NEPA: AStep-by-Step Approach. Solano Press Books, PointArena, California. (233 p.)
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is theUnited States’ broadest environmental law. It appliesto all federal agencies and most of the agencies theymanage, regulate that effect the environment. It requiresall agencies to disclose and consider the environmentalimpact of their proposed actions, through thepreparation of an environmental impact statement(EIS).
This guidebook provides the users with a simplifiedframework for understanding NEPA andincorporating it into their agencies’ day-to-dayactivities, helping them obtain maximum benefit fromthe environmental review process.
The first chapter provides background to NEPA, andthe steps involved in its implementation. The
following three chapters examine in depth thepreparation of an EIS, from how to determinewhether to prepare one to a detailed analysis of therequired contents. The final two chapters coverNEPA’s role in federal agency decision-making, andjudicial review. Appendices include guidance onscoping, Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)regulations and guidelines, and sources ofinformation.Contact: Solano Press, PO Box 773, California 95468, USA.
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1981).Memorandum for General Counsels, NEPALiaisons and Participants in Scoping. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, Washington D.C. (15 p.)
Based on the experience of many agencies and otherparticipants in scoping, this document providesadvice on what does and does not work. It does notestablish new requirements, but is intended toencourage the use of better techniques for ensuringpublic participation and efficiency in the scopingprocess. It leads government agencies step-by-stepthrough the scoping process, highlights the pitfalls,provides practical methods for analysis and givesadvice for public participants.
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1983).Memorandum for Heads of Federal Agencies.Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Officeof the President, Washington D.C. (12 p.)
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1992). TheCouncil on Environmental Quality RegulationsImplementing the Procedural Provisions of theNational Environmental Policy Act. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Washington D.C. (46 p.)
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1993).Incorporating Biodiversity Considerations intoEnvironmental Impact Analysis under theNational Environmental Policy Act. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, Washington D.C. (vii, 29 p.)
This report provides a background to the complexsubject of biodiversity, and outlines some generalconcepts that underlie biodiversity analysis andmanagement. It describes how the issue is currentlyaddressed in National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA) analyses, and gives recommendations forimproving the consideration of biodiversity in theseanalyses. Examples of biodiversity indicator variablesare given in an appendix.
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Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1997).Considering Cumulative Effects Under theNational Environmental Policy Act. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, Washington D.C. (xii, 64, 2 appendices)
This handbook presents the results of research andconsultations by the Council on EnvironmentalQuality (CEQ) concerning the consideration ofcumulative effects in analyses prepared under theNational Enviromental Policy Act (NEPA). Itintroduces the issue of cumulative effects, outlinesgeneral principles, and then discusses basic steps forthe incorporation of cumulative effects analysis intothe various stages of environmental impactassessment - scoping, describing the affectedenvironment and determining the environmentalconsequences. The last chapter discusses developing acumulative effects analysis methodology that drawsupon existing methods, techniques and tools. Anappendix provides brief descriptions of 11 cumulativeeffects analysis methods.
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (undated).Environmental Justice: Guidance under theNational Environmental Policy Act. Council onEnvironmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, Washington D.C. (ii, 28 p.)
This document provides guidance on howenvironmental justice issues (as described in ExecutiveOrder 12898) should be considered under theNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). It lays outgeneral principles, and then considers environmentaljustice in specific phases of the NEPA process, fromscoping to mitigation. An appendix provides guidanceon key terms in Executive Order 12898.Contact: Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of thePresident, 722 Jackson Place NW, Washington D.C. 20503, UnitedStates of America.
Department of Housing and Urban Development(1991). The Noise Guidebook. Department ofHousing and Urban Development, WashingtonD.C.
Department of Housing and Urban Development(1991). Environmental Review Guide forCommunity Development Block GrantPrograms. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington D.C.
Department of Housing and Urban Development(1994). A Guide to HUD Environmental Criteriaand Standards contained in 24 CFR 51(Handbook 1390.4) Department of Housing andUrban Development, Washington D.C.
Department of Housing and Urban Development(1995). Environmental Assessment Guide forHousing Projects (Handbook 1390.2)Department of Housing and Urban Development,Washington D.C.
Department of Housing and Urban Development(1998). Training Manual For HUD Staff toConduct an Environmental Review. Departmentof Housing and Urban Development, WashingtonD.C.Contact: US Department of Housing and Urban Development,Washington D.C., United States of America.
Department of the Interior (1980). DepartmentalManual: Environmental Quality, Part 516National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.Department of the Interior, Washington D.C. (75p.)
This manual establishes the Department’s policies andprocedures for complying with the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA), and also theregulations of the Council on Environmental Quality(CEQ) implementing the procedural provisions ofNEPA.Contact: Department of the Interior, MS 2340 Interior Building, 1849C Street NW, Washington D.C., United States of America.
Environmental Protection Agency (undated). EPAProcedures for Implementing theRequirements of the Council onEnvironmental Quality in the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (40 CRF Part 6)Environmental Protection Agency, WashingtonD.C. (59 p.)
This document is set out in 10 parts, each of whichdeals with a specific aspect of the Council ofEnvironmental Quality’s requirements. These includecontent of EISs, coordination with otherenvironmental review and consultation requirements,and public and other federal agency involvement. Itthen addresses the environmental review proceduresfor a number of sectors including wastewatertreatment, the new source National PollutantDischarge Elimination System (NPDES) programme,Office of Research and Development projects, solidwaste demonstration projects, and EPA facility supportactivities. The final part deals with the assessment ofthe environmental effects abroad of EPA actions.
Environmental Protection Agency (1984). Policyand Procedures for the Review of FederalActions Impacting the Environment.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.(28 p.)
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This document establishes policies and procedures forcarrying out the EPA’s responsibilities to review andcomment on Federal actions affecting the quality of theenvironment. It assigns specific responsibilities andoutlines mechanisms for resolving problems that arisein the environmental review process. As well asconsidering the review process for environmentalimpact statements, the document covers monitoringand follow-up, review of documents other thanenvironmental impact statements and referrals to theCouncil on Environmental Quality. An appendixprovides a summary of rating definitions and follow-up action.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1991).Checklist for NEPA Reviewers - Non-Coal MineSites. Final Draft. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington D.C. (i, 76 p.)
These guidelines are intended to assist EPA staff inproviding scoping comments on NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents for non-coal mining activities. The guidelines focus on EPA’smajor concerns with surface and groundwater, air, andsensitive receptors of impacts - as related to mining.The document provides an overview of site operations,potential environmental impacts associated with theoperation, possible mitigation measures and types ofquestions that the EPA should raise. The document isintended to cover all major non-coal mining sectorsincluding gold and silver, base metals and phosphate.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1992).Background for NEPA Reviewers: Crude Oiland Natural Gas Exploration, Developmentand Production. Draft., Washington D.C. (95p.)
This document is intended to assist EPA staff inproviding scoping comments on NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents. Itfocuses on the EPA’s major concerns with surface andgroundwater, air, and ecosystems and sensitivereceptors as related to oil and gas. It does not discusshuman health risks in any detail since such risks arevery site-specific. Also, it addresses only onshoreoperations and does not deal with offshore drillingand development. The document provides a generaldescription of site operations, potential environmentalimpacts associated with each operation, possiblemitigation measures, and types of questions to beraised by the EPA. The document focuses on thoseoperations that have significant impact on theenvironment, including reserve pits, drillings fluids/cuttings management, water disposal, well site androad construction, pipelines and storage tanks, andproduction operations.
Environmental Protection Agency (1993).Sourcebook for the Environmental Assessment(EA) Process. United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington D.C. (400 p.)
This sourcebook was developed in response to anincreasing demand for information on the EA processin the United States by foreign governments, states andothers. Although the sourcebook reflects the U.S.experience in implementing the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA), the processdescribed is widely applicable.
The focus is on project-level EA, and the book isorganised around the major EA components, includingscoping, assessment, decision-making and post-decision analysis. Each section contains a descriptionof the activity followed by subsections describing therelevant needs, tools, issues, linkages and references. Inaddition attachments to each section provideinformation that is often not widely available e.g.internal reports, pertinent journal articles etc.
The sourcebook is intended to be an easy to usereference manual. It is in a loose-leaf format, designedto facilitate frequent updating. A supplement isprovided on diskettes.
Southerland, M. & Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) (1993). Habitat Evaluation: Guidance forthe Review of Environmental ImpactAssessment Documents. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington D.C. (vii, 129p.)
This document is designed to assist NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA) reviewers inevaluating the ecological risks associated with theimpacts of federal activities. In particular it is intendedto help reviewers recommend mitigations to preventthe loss of habitat. The document starts with a generaldiscussion of habitat issues relevant to environmentalassessment, including habitat values, degradingactivities, impacts and mitigations. Eight regionalhabitat evaluation sections, representing the six majorhabitat regions of the US plus Alaska and Hawaii,provided more specific information. Each regionaldiscussion includes a list of habitats of concern,activities impacting on habitats and recommendedmitigations for habitat conservation. The focus of thedocument is on terrestrial habitats, and it is notintended to serve as complete guidance or as asimplified checklist for environmental project review.
Southerland, M. & Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) (1994). Evaluation of Ecological Impactsfrom Highway Development. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington D.C. (iv, 69p.)
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This report builds on the guidance provided inHabitat Evaluation: Guidance for the Review ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment Documents, andprovides specific information on the ecologicalimpacts associated with highway development. Thedocument focuses on the potential mitigations thatmay be implemented during highway planning,design, construction and operation. The documentillustrates how the evaluation of ecological impactsmeets existing requirements for NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA) analyses. It thendiscusses the many specific impacts on ecosystemsthat result from highway development activities andgoes on to provide a framework for addressingecosystem conservation through evaluation ofhighway impacts. Specific methods for evaluatingthese impacts are presented along with mitigationmeasures. A bibliography is included.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994).Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelinesfor New Source NPDES Permits. Ore Miningand Dressing and Coal Mining and PreparationPlants Point Source Categories. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington D.C. (vii, 325 p.)
These guidelines provide background information forEPA staff to assist them in consulting with, anddirecting, applicants for new source NationalPollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permits. The document sets out the scope and contentsof environmental information documents (EIDs) and isa reference to assist the identification and evaluation ofthe potential impacts of proposed mining projects. Theguidelines consider the requirements and provisions ofthe National Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA). They then provide an overview of oremining and dressing; commodity-specific mining(including precious metals, iron, uranium and othermetals); coal mining and processing. Environmentalissues and impacts associated with mining operationsare then considered, including: acid rock drainage,cyanide heap leaching, structural stability of tailingsimpoundments, sedimentation/erosion, pollutants, airquality, subsidence and methane emissions. A sectionon impact analysis describes specific NEPArequirements and needs, building on the informationpresented in the previous sections. A final sectionlooks at the statutory framework, describing thepurpose and broad goals of the various Federalstatutes that are applicable to the mining industry.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994).Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelinesfor New Source NPDES Permits. Pulp, Paper, andPaperboard and Timber Products Processing
Point Source Categories. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington D.C. (vi, 258 p.)
These guidelines provide background information forEPA staff, and for applicants, for new source NationalPollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permits on the scope and content of environmentalassessments. The document is a supplement to themore general Environmental Impact AssessmentGuidelines for Selected new Source Industries, whichprovides general guidance for preparing environmentalassessments. An historical overview of the 1969National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is given,including the information required from permitapplicants and EPA’s review procedures. The documentgoes on to provide an overview of the pulp and paperand timber industries, including major processes,process wastes, control technologies and pollutionprevention measures. The major environmental issuesassociated with the industries are described, includingimpacts on water quality and quantity, impacts on airquality, solid waste management impacts, issues relatedto siting and construction, socioeconomic issues,aesthetics and noise. Guidance is then provided on theNEPA requirements for impact analysis. Finally, aregulatory overview gives information on the variousstatutes that affect the pulp and paper and timberindustries.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994). EIAGuidelines for New Source PetroleumRefineries and Coal Gasification Facilities.Environmental Protection Agency, WashingtonD.C. (xii, 128 p.)
These guidelines are arranged in three parts. Aregulatory overview outlines the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Water Actunder which National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES) permits are granted, and otherrelevant laws and statutes that provide the regulatorycontext for the guidelines. A technology overviewcovers the processes and pollution control activitiesthat are used in petroleum refining and coalgasification. Finally, a section on environmentaldocumentation sets out the structure of a typicalenvironmental impact statement. Emphasis is onqualitative and quantitative approaches foridentifying the occurrence, magnitude andsignificance of specific impacts.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994).Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelinesfor New Source Fossil Fueled Steam ElectricGenerating Stations. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington D.C. (viii, 95 p.)
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These guidelines are in three parts. A regulatoryoverview outlines the National Environmental PolicyAct (NEPA), the Clean Water Act under whichNational Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) permits are granted, and other relevant lawsand statutes that provide the regulatory context for theguidelines. A technology overview covers the processesand pollution control activities that are used in fossilfueled steam electric generating stations. The final parton environmental documentation follows the structureof a typical environmental impact statement. Emphasisis on qualitative and quantitative approaches foridentifying the occurrence, magnitude and significanceof specific impacts.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994).Background for NEPA Reviewers - Grazing onFederal Lands. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington D.C. (iii, 39p.)
This document is intended to assist EPA staff inproviding scoping comments and comments onNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentsassociated with grazing on federal lands, such asgrazing environmental impact statements and resourcemanagement plans. The document focuses on the EPA’smajor concerns with surface and groundwater, soilsand ecosystems as related to livestock overgrazing andprovides technical background material explainingthese issues. The document includes a technicaldescription of grazing; potential environmentalimpacts, direct and indirect, associated with grazing;possible mitigation measures; types of questions thatshould be raised by the EPA; and an explanation of thestatutory and regulatory framework under whichgrazing on federal land occurs.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1994).Energy Efficiency Reference for EnvironmentalReviewers. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington D.C. (ii, 46p.)
This document provides background information onthe ways that the environmental review processrequired by the National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA) and the environmental oversight provisionsof Section 309 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) can beemployed to prevent pollution and save valuablenatural resources through the promotion of energyefficiency. The document describes a number ofprocesses and methodologies for energy impactassessment and provides an overview of the regulatoryand policy framework relating to energy conservation.An appendix gives details of a number of energyconservation programmes in practice.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & ScienceApplications International Corporation (1995).Pollution Prevention - Environmental ImpactReduction Checklists for NEPA/309 Reviewers.Environmental Protection Agency, WashingtonD.C. (110 p.)
This guidance was prepares to assist NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA)/Section 309 CleanAir Act reviewers in incorporating pollutionprevention into each step of the environmental reviewprocess, including scoping, mitigation, monitoring andenforcement. Following a brief introduction to theconcept of pollution prevention, the documentprovides 30 sectoral checklists for environmentalimpact reduction. These cover the following: energymanagement; habitat protection; landscaping; pestmanagement; siting; vehicle maintenance; water use;irrigation; airports; construction; chemicaldemilitarization; coal-fired power plants; dams,hydropower and water supply reservoirs; defensetesting; dredging; flood control; forestry; grazing;hazardous waste incinerators, storage and treatmentfacilities; highways and bridges; military base closure;mining; natural gas pipelines; nucleardecommissioning; oil and gas; recreation and tourism;rockets and missiles; landfills; and waste siteinvestigations and cleanup activities.
Environmental Protection Agency (1995). DraftGuidance for Consideration of EnvironmentalJustice in Clean Air Act 309 Reviews.Environmental Protection Agency, WashingtonD.C. (10 p.)
This guidance is intended to help EPA environmentalreviewers achieve two goals in reviewing environmentaleffects of proposed actions under section 309 of theClean Air Act. Firstly, to ensure the full analysis ofenvironmental effects on minority communities andlow-income communities, including human health,social and economic effects, as directed in the ExecutiveOrder signed by President Clinton in February 1994Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice inMinority Populations and Low-Income Populations.Secondly, to identify project impacts, alternatives andmitigation measures that minimize environmentaleffects, including identifying and addressing impactsto minority communities and low-incomecommunities, as mandated by the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA). The documentnotes that the issues associated with environmentaljustice are complex and diverse and that every regionwill encounter unique situations. This guidance istherefore not intended to be the definitive guide onthe subject.
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Environmental Protection Agency (1997). InterimFinal Guidance for Incorporating EnvironmentalJustice Concerns in EPA’s NEPA ComplianceAnalyses. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington D.C. (iv, 57 p.)
This document provides guidance on how toimplement environmental justice goals into the EPA’spreparation of environmental impact statements andenvironmental assessments under the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA). It highlightsimportant ways in which EPA-prepared NEPAdocumentation may help to identify and addressenvironmental justice concerns by considering the fullpotential for disproportionately high and adversehuman health or environmental effects on minoritypopulations and low-income populations. Methodsand tools for identifying and assessing such effects areillustrated and mechanisms to enhance publicparticipation are considered.Contact: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of FederalActivities, 401 M Street, SW, Washington DC 20460, USA.
Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) (1986). Policiesand Procedures for Considering EnvironmentalImpacts. Federal Aviation Authority, Departmentof Transportation, Washington D.C. (54 p.)
This document establishes policy and procedure forassuring FAA compliance with environmentalprocedures as set forth in the Council onEnvironmental Quality regulations for implementingthe procedural provisions of the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA). It provides adviceon the various stages of the environmental assessmentprocess, from preliminary procedures to preparationof environmental impact statements. Appendicesprovide further information on specific activitiesincluding airports, air traffic and environment andenergy.Contact: Federal Aviation Authority, Department of Transportation,800 Independence Avenue SW, Washington D.C. 20591, United Statesof America.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)(undated). FEMA’s NEPA Desk Reference. FederalEmergency Management Agency, WashingtonD.C. (53 p.)
This document is a student reference which isdistributed to FEMA training course participants andis at present the only guidance on EIA produced bythe Agency. It provides an overview of the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA), how this isimplemented by FEMA, and when and how FEMAshould conduct an environmental assessment.Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 500 C Street SW,Washington D.C. 20472, United States of America.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)(undated). 44 CFR Part 10: EnvironmentalConsiderations. Federal Emergency ManagementAgency, Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This document implements the Council onEnvironmental Quality’s regulations. It provides policyand procedures to enable FEMA officials to beinformed of, and take account of, environmentalconsiderations when authorising or approving majorFEMA actions that significantly affect the environmentin the United States.Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 500 C Street SW,Washington D.C. 20472, United States of America.
Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines andPrinciples for Social Impact Assessment (1994).Guidelines and Principles for Social ImpactAssessment. NOAA Technical MemorandumNMFS-F/SPO-16. U.S. Department of Commerce,Washington, D.C. (29 p.)
This monograph presents the central principles ofsocial impact assessments (SIA) and some operationalguidelines for use by federal agencies. Social impactsare defined in terms of efforts to assess or estimate inadvance, the social consequences that are likely tofollow from specific policy actions and specificgovernment actions, particularly in the context of theUS National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of1969.
The document is the first systematic andinterdisciplinary statement to offer guidelines andprinciples to assist government agencies and privatesector interests in using SIA to make better decisionsunder NEPA. A broad overview on SIA is provided,focusing less on methodological details - although thebasic steps in the SIA process are laid out - and moreon the guidelines and principles for the preparation oftechnically and substantively adequate SIA’s withinreasonable time and resource constraints.Contact: International Association for Impact Assessment, PO Box 70,Belhaven NC 27810, USA.
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AntarcticThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to theAntarctic Treaty of 1991 (“the Madrid Protocol”) wassigned by Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France,Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, the UnitedKingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States.Fourteen other countries are now “consultativeparties”. The Protocol is being implemented by thetreaty nations through their own domestic legislation.The Committee of Managers of National AntarcticPrograms (COMNAP) has published practicalguidelines to assist those preparing initial andcomprehensive assessments.
Her Majesty’s Stationary Office (1992). Protocol onEnvironmental Protection to the AntarcticTreaty, with Final Act of the EleventhAntarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting,4th October 1991, Madrid. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London. (38 p.)
This Protocol was agreed by the Antarctic Treatynations in 1991 and includes requirements that EIAmust be applied in the planning and operation of allactivities undertaken in Antarctica. Article 8 providesfor the EIA of specified activities listed in Annex I. TheProtocol identifies three levels of EIA: Preliminary,Initial Environmental Evaluation, and ComprehensiveEnvironmental Evaluation. These relate to the degreeand type of impact that the proposal may produce.The detailed requirements for EIA set out in Annex 1cover issues such as initial and comprehensiveenvironmental evaluation, monitoring, circulation ofinformation, and cases of emergency.Contact: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, PO Box 276, London SW85DT, United Kingdom.
Council of Managers of National AntarcticProgrammes (CONMAP) (1992). The AntarcticEnvironmental Assessment Process: PracticalGuidelines. (second edition) Council of Managersof National Antarctic Programmes (CONMAP),Washington D.C. (11 p.)
This guide provides general advice to managers ofnational Antarctic programmes on the implementationof EIA procedures in Antarctica. Such procedures are
called for by the Protocol on EnvironmentalProtection to the Antarctic Treaty (see HMSO 1992).The guidelines are meant to encourage flexibility andcreativity in the preparation of both initial andcomprehensive environmental evaluations (IEEs andCEEs). The document reiterates and then elaborateson the Protocol’s requirements for IEE and CEEdocumentation. Various issues are covered:description of proposed activity, existingenvironment, methods and data, analysis of expectedimpacts, alternatives, mitigation, monitoring,unavoidable impacts, potential impacts on researchand other uses, timetable for the EA process, andaudit arrangements. A set of definitions of terms isincluded.Contact: CONMAP Secretariat, GPO Box 824, Hobart, Tasmania 7001,Australia.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1995). Guideto Environmental Impact Assessment ofActivities in Antarctica. Foreign andCommonwealth Office, London. (14 p.)
This guide is a simple introduction to EIA inAntarctica and the requirements for EIA under the UKAntarctic Act 1994, and the Antarctic Regulations1995. The document describes the principles of theEnvironmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty 1991,briefly describes the main provisions of the AntarcticAct, provides details of the EIA procedures requiredby the Antarctic regulations,and gives advice on bestpractice in carrying out EIA.Contact: Polar Regions Section, South Atlantic and AntarcticDepartment, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street,London SW1A 2AH, United Kingdom.
ArcticEIA is legislated in all of the eight countriessurrounding the Arctic (Denmark/Greenland, Finland,Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, USA (Alaska) andRussia). In 1991, the Arctic Environment ProtectionStrategy (AEPS) was agreed by the arctic nations. TheArctic Council, established in September 1996,assumed control of the AEPS and other activities. EIAguidelines were published in 1997. EIA will be anintegral part of the Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas
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Guidelines prepared under PAME (Protection ofArctic Marine Environment, AEPS).
Ministry of the Environment (1997). Guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessment in the Arctic:Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy.Ministry of the Environment, Helsinki. (50 p.)
These guidelines are the result of an internationaleffort involving all of the Arctic countries,representatives of indigenous peoples and the WWFArctic Programme. They give practical guidance forEA in the northern circumpolar areas, especially forlocal authorities, developers and local people. Theguidelines raise issues that are unique to arcticassessments - such as permafrost - but they alsoemphasise universal issues that are particularlyimportant in the Arctic - such as public participationand the use of traditional knowledge.
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The introduction explains the aim of the guidelinesand the key tasks and objectives of an Arctic EIAprocess, explaining why EIA in the arctic is specialand what are its important elements. Subsequentsections consider when an EIA should be undertakenand the scope of an assessment, and review the needfor baseline information. Types of impact, cumulativeimpacts, impact prediction, and evaluation of impactsare also discussed. Further sections cover mitigationand monitoring, the EIA document, publicparticipation, traditional knowledge andtransboundary impacts. There are several appendicescovering: common Arctic features, areas demandingparticular attention, definitions, and sources ofinformation.Contact: Finnish Ministry of the Environment, PO Box 399, FIN-00251Helsinki, Finland.
AgencyGuidelines
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African Development BankAfrican Development Bank (AFDB) (1995).Environmental Sectoral Policy Guidelines forthe Industrial Sector. African Development Bank,Abidjan. (30 p., 6 appendices)
This report contains environmental sectoral policy(ESP) guidelines for the industrial sector which areintended as a working tool for Bank staff, officials inRegional Member Countries (RMCs) and managersof industry projects financed by the Bank Group. Theguidelines are based on the Bank’s EnvironmentalPolicy paper of 1990 and its EnvironmentalAssessment Guidelines (AFDB 1992). They presentgeneral principles for integrating environmentalconcerns into industry projects and introduce toolsfor obtaining environmental information from thissector.
The environmental situation in RMCs is reviewedand the main environmental issues encountered inindustry projects are presented. Principles ofresponsible environmental management are restatedwith special emphasis on environmental managementsystems (EMS). A number of methods and measuresfor improving environmental performance of industryprojects and mitigative measures are discussed:cleaner production, principles for pollution control,monitoring and data collection, and clean-up ofcontaminated sites. The EA procedure of the Bank isreviewed and two new tools are introduced forimproving environmental information needed forcategorization and ensuring an environmentallyacceptable project design: Initial EnvironmentalExamination Checklist (IEEC), and environmentalaudit methodology. There are six appendices forindustry projects covering: environmental guidelinevalues; IEEC; environmental audit protocol; modelfor an EMS; suggested terms of reference and asuggested report format for an environmental audit.
These guidelines are complemented by separatesectoral guidelines, which are referenced separatelybelow.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1995).Environmental Guidelines for Mining Projects.
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African Development Bank, Abidjan. (75 p., 2annexes)
These guidelines are structured in nine sections. Theenvironmental policy of the Bank is outlined and thebasis for the categorization of projects into threedistinct categories of environmental impactclassification is presented. The EA system for miningprojects is described: identification, preparation,appraisal, implementation and post-evaluationphases. Guidelines on EA during the pre-mining,operational and rehabilitation phases are outlined forsmall-, medium-, and large-scale mining activities.Socio-economic and cultural issues related to miningactivities such as noise and dust levels, wastedisposal, water pollution, work conditions, anddisruption of social infrastructures, are discussed andmitigative measures suggested. The importance ofadequate legislative measures to guarantee adherenceto the environmental mining guidelines isemphasized. Recommendations for legislation inmining are provided. An environmental impactchecklist and sensitivity index score sheet is includedto facilitate impact assessment by Bank andgovernment officials. The guidelines conclude withannexes including internationally approved limits forair and water pollution and well as recommendedlimits for noise and vibration.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1995).Guidelines on Involuntary Displacement andResettlement in Development Projects. AfricanDevelopment Bank, Abidjan. (54 p.)
These guidelines, presented in four sections, areprimarily for internal use by Bank staff. They areintended as flexible procedures to be regularlyrevised. The document sets out basic policy principlesand operational procedures to apply when addressingdevelopment-induced involuntary resettlement for theBank Group. The introductory section providesbackground and objectives. It is followed by adiscussion of involuntary resettlement by sector(agriculture, industry and infrastructure, publicutilities, transportation, and parks and protectedareas) and also covering the role of NGOs. Section 3deals with general considerations for plannedresettlement. The final section is concerned withdevelopment-oriented resettlement planning and
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covers: alternative project design; developmentapproach (including the legal framework); valuationand compensation (including land ownership, tenureand acquisition, shelter, infrastructure and socialservices), environmental protection and management,and cost estimation.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines: Fisheries.African Development Bank, Abidjan. (viii, 35 p., 5appendices)
The sector overview sets out the Bank’s priorities andexisting and future projects. Chapter 3 deals withenvironmental issues in this sector and discusses:resources and problems; benefits associated with thesector; and issues and impacts in respect of capture-based and aquaculture fisheries.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines: Energy.African Development Bank, Abidjan. (viii, 69 p., 5appendices)
The sector overview sets out the Bank’s priorities fornon-renewable (oil and gas, coal and nuclear) andrenewable (hydropower, solar, wind, biomass) energysources. Energy use, potential and production is alsodiscussed. Chapter 3 deals with environmental issuesand impacts in this sector and examines: alternativeenergy - both non-renewable energy sources (includingthermoelectric projects) and renewable sources(hydropower, solar energy systems, wind energy,geothermal energy and biomass); transmission anddistribution (oil and gas pipelines, electricaltransmission lines).
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines: CropProduction. African Development Bank, Abidjan.(viii, 68 p., 5 appendices)
The sector overview sets out the Bank’s objectives,describes its crop production programmes, provides arationale for EA of crop production and considersspecific issues related to food crops and export/industrial crops. Chapter 3 deals with environmentalissues in this sector and examines: environmentalimpacts, mitigation and enhancement; physical issues(soil and water quality); biological issues (particularlyhabitat loss and decreased biodiversity); and socialissues (health, resettlement, land tenure, alternativeland use, and cultural resources).
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines: Forestryand Watershed Management. African DevelopmentBank, Abidjan. (viii, 96 p., 5 appendices)
The first chapter is an introduction. The second is asector overview which discusses forest and watershedresources, describes the Bank’s priorities and projectsand provides a rationale for EA. Chapter 3 deals withenvironmental issues in this sector and examines:macroeconomic policies; biodiversity, wildlands andwetlands; and WID perspectives. A tabular frameworkfor EAs is presented with potential environmentalimpacts for each of four types of project (planting,harvesting, processing, and watershed improvement)divided into physical, biological and social effects.Potential mitigation measures are listed for eachnegative impact, and potential enhancement measuresare listed for each positive effect. Further sub-sectionsdiscuss the impacts of these four types of projects.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines:Education. African Development Bank, Abidjan. (viii,63 p., 5 appendices)
The first chapter is an introduction. The second is asector overview which sets out priority areas for Bankeducational projects. Chapter 3 deals withenvironmental issues in this sector and presents arational for EA. It examines potential environmentalimpacts, mitigation and enhancement, and discusseseducational infrastructure and the positive impacts ofeducational programs covering: environmentalcurriculum components, teacher training, cross-sectoral collaboration, literacy programs, skills andon-the-job training, micro-credit lending, and incomegenerating activities.
African Development Bank (AFDB) (1997).Environmental Assessment Guidelines:Irrigation. African Development Bank, Abidjan. (viii,73 p., 5 appendices)
The first chapter is an introduction. The second givesan overview of the irrigation sector. Chapter 3 dealswith potential environmental impacts and mitigationin this sector. There are sub-sections covering physicaland chemical impacts (in relation to such matters assoils, management of nutrients in irrigation,groundwater, return irrigation flows quality, etc.);biological impacts; human and cultural impacts;impacts and mitigation during construction and duringoperations and maintenance; education on the practiceof irrigation and drainage projects; and remote sensingand GIS. Chapter sets out questions to be asked ateach stage of the project cycle and the final chapterdiscusses technical and institutional resources andconstraints. Appendices provide: a list of AFDBenvironmental and policy documents; outline ofCategory I and II environmental impact studies;environmental documentation for Category IIIprojects; ‘women in development’ perspectives in EA;and technical guidance.
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African Development Bank (AFDB) (1995).Environmental Assessment Guidelines onCoastal and Marine Resources Management.African Development Bank, Abidjan. (vi, 136 p., 6annexes)
These guidelines are primarily for use by Bank staffand are intended as flexible procedures to beregularly revised. They are organized in six chapters.Chapter 1 is an introduction which also outlines theBank’s overall environmental policy. Chapter 2discusses the main issues in coastal zones andintroduces the concept of integrated coastal zonemanagement. It briefly focuses on demographic andinfrastructural pressure and global sea rise. The nextchapter provides an overview of coastal habitats andresources, their distribution and uses, and anassessment of development trends for Africa as awhole as well as for selected countries. Chapter 4addresses the need for strengthening environmentaland other institutions related to the management ofcoastal and marine resources. Guidelines of particularrelevance for coastal and marine resources are givenin Chapter 5, organised by sector. The final chapterpresents the project cycle adopted by the AFDB.There are six annexes covering: a list of literature,sample terms of reference for EA, sample lists ofcontents for an EIA report, the AFDB checklist forinitial environmental examination, sample table ofcontents for a coastal zone management plan, and theMontreal Guidelines on Land-Based Pollution.Contact: African Development Bank, BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Coted’Ivoire.
Asian Development BankAsian Development Bank (ASDB) (1987). Handbookon the Use of Pesticides in the Asia-PacificRegion. Asian Development Bank, Manila. (294 p.)
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) 1988). Guidelinesfor Integrated Regional Economics-cum-Environmental Development Planning: AReview of Regional Environmental PlanningStudies in Asia. I: Guidelines, II: Case Studies.Asian Development Bank, Manila (xi, 125 p., casestudies)
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1987).Environmental Guidelines for SelectedAgricultural and Natural ResourcesDevelopment Projects. Asian Development Bank,Manila. (iv, 115 p.)
This manual is one of a series of three prepared bythe Asian Development Bank for use by the Bank’sproject divisions. The other two volumes cover
industrial and power development projects, andinfrastructure projects. It is understood that all threeare currently under revision (July 1998).
The purpose of the guidelines is to enable Bankproject staff to prepare an initial environmentalassessment. The sectors considered are irrigation,fisheries/aquaculture, watershed development, coastalzone development, forestry and land clearance. Foreach sector, the required procedure for conducting theinitial assessment is detailed with a checklist ofenvironmental parameters to be considered, examplesof mitigation measures and an outline for a full EIA.As in the other manuals the final annex containsguidelines for all types of projects includingresettlement, encroachment and noise abatement.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1991).Environmental Guidelines for SelectedInfrastructure Projects. Asian Development Bank,Manila. (xiv, 128 p.)
This manual is one of a series of three prepared bythe Asian Development Bank for use by the Bank’sproject divisions. The other two volumes coveragricultural and natural resource developmentprojects, and industrial and power developmentprojects. It is understood that all three are currentlyunder revision (July 1998).
The guidelines are designed for use by Bank projectstaff, to enable them to prepare an initialenvironmental assessment (IEE) for the proposedproject. Annexes set out guidelines, checklists andreport formats for the IEE for specific projects:airports, highways and roads, ports and harbours,sewerage and excreta disposal, community watersupply systems and urban development. As in theother manuals in the series, the final annex providesguidelines relevant to all types of projects, coveringissues such as environmental standards and criticalparameters.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1990).Environmental Guidelines for SelectedIndustrial and Power Development Projects.Asian Development Bank, Manila. (xiii, 154 p.)
This manual is one of a series of three prepared bythe Asian Development Bank for use by the Bank’sproject divisions. The other two volumes in the seriescover agricultural and natural resource developmentprojects, and infrastructure projects. It is understoodthat all three are currently under revision (July 1998).
The purpose of the guidelines is to assist Bank projectstaff to prepare an initial environmental assessment(IEE) for the proposed project. The annexes of themanual set out guidelines, checklists and reportformats for the IEE for specific projects. These
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include: dams, reservoirs and hydropower; thermalpower development; industries; fertilizer; mining;cement manufacturing plants; power transmissionlines; oil and gas distribution lines. The final annexprovides guidelines relevant to all types of projects,covering issues such as resettlement, pollution controland monitoring.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1991).Environmental Evaluation of Coastal ZoneProjects: Methods and Approaches. ASDBEnvironment Paper. Asian Development Bank,Manila. (ii, 72 p.)
The material in this paper supplements that providedin several previous ASDB documents: “EnvironmentalGuidelines for Selected Agricultural and NaturalResources Development Projects” (1987);“Guidelines for Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning” (1988); and“How to Assess Environmental Impacts of TropicalIslands and Coastal Areas” (prepared by the East-West Centre, Hawaii, 1989).
Key features of selected coastal habitats are describedfor non-technical readers, followed by a fullertreatment of the potential impacts of developmentprojects at the level of an initial environmentalassessment (IEE). These are presented in the form ofimpact matrices covering three broad categories ofprojects: managed ecosystems (agriculture, wetlandforestry, nearshore fisheries, and aquaculture/mariculture); infrastructure (roads, ports andharbours, and residential urban development); and,industry (location, design, construction, andoperations). Cross-sectoral impacts and interactionsare also considered.
The document then applies the integrated planningapproach (discussed in “Environmental Guidelinesfor Selected Agricultural and Natural ResourcesDevelopment Projects” mentioned above) to coastalzone development. It discusses regional and localcoastal resource plans and gives country examples ofcoastal resource management approaches.Appendices include an ASDB checklist for IEE ofcoastal zone projects and a list of organisationsdealing with wetlands and coastal habitats in ASDB’sdeveloping member countries.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1991).Environmental Risk Assessment: Dealing withUncertainty in Environmental ImpactAssessment. ASDB Environment Paper. AsianDevelopment Bank, Manila. (vii, 182 p.)
This paper, prepared by the East-West Centre,Honolulu, is one of a series published by the AsianDevelopment Bank dealing with environmental andnatural resources planning and management in theAsian and Pacific region. It is a training and referencedocument intended to help project managers in theBank and in developing countries to applyenvironmental risk assessment (ERA) in decision-making. The document provides a good, though brief,account of ERA and its application.
The several parts of the document are designed fordifferent uses. Part 1 presents the state-of-the-art (in1990) of ERA and serves as a reference forunderstanding the procedures and guidelines in Part2. The Guidelines themselves (Part 2) are a stepwiseapproach to setting Terms of Reference for an ERA.The logic diagrams and checklists screen projects toselect which require ERA and set the scope of theanalysis. Part 3 comprises case examples thatillustrate the Guidelines.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1991).Environmental Considerations in EnergyDevelopment. Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1993).Environmental Assessment Requirements andEnvironmental Review Procedures of the AsianDevelopment Bank. Asian Development Bank,Manila. (43 p.)
Asian Development Bank (ASDB) (1993). Guidelinesfor Incorporation of Social Dimensions in BankOperations. Asian Development Bank, Manila. (viii,39 p.)
These guidelines supersede the 1991 Guidelines forSocial Analysis of Development Projects. They aim toencourage the incorporation of social dimensions inthe formulation of development strategies, in thetranslation of strategies into operationalprogrammes, and in the design, implementation andevaluation of development programmes and projects.
The guidelines are for use by Bank staff, consultants,member countries and other practitioners, andprovide an overall framework for incorporation ofsocial issues and associated processes in all the Bank’soperations. Detailed instructions for incorporatingspecific social dimensions are provided in thecompanion volume Handbook for Incorporation ofSocial Dimensions in Projects (1995).Contact: Asian Development Bank (ASDB), PO Box 789, 1099 Manila,Philippines.
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ASDB (1995). Handbook for Incorporation ofSocial Dimensions in Projects. Asian DevelopmentBank, Manila. (104 p.)
This handbook is a supplement to Guidelines forIncorporation of Social Dimensions in BankOperations (1993) and provides detailed suggestionsfor incorporating social dimensions into projects. Itpresents an overview of the elements which arecovered in a social analysis, describes a frameworkfor application of this analysis and provides guidanceon conducting the analysis. Checklists are providedfor 19 subsectors including forestry, water supply andsanitation, health and education, and development ofsmall scale enterprises.
Birley, M.H. & Peralta, G.L. (1992). Guidelines forthe Health Impact Assessment of DevelopmentProjects. AsDB Environment Paper No. 11. AsianDevelopment Bank, Manila. (45 p. + Appendices)
This is one of a series of documents produced by theAsian Development Bank describing tools for use inthe field. It is aimed at a non technical audience andprovides a methodological framework. The documentguides readers to more detailed information via thereading lists. This approach makes for a clear andsuccinct guide.
The main text contains five chapters describing healthand its rationale for inclusion, types of health hazard,their identification, Initial Health Examination (IHE),and Health Impact Assessment (HIA). IHE aims toscreen projects for health hazards as part of an InitialEnvironmental Examination (IEE). If projects pose apotential health a full HIA will be required. Thisinvolves three main tasks - the identification of thehazard, interpreting the health risk, and riskmanagement. Stress is placed on the need for goodcollaboration between organisations and experts andon the need for community involvement.
Appendices outline the background to HIA and covercross-boundary issues, (e.g. malaria, nutrition,mobility, resettlement and construction) as well assectoral impacts such as agriculture, energy, industry,mining, transport and communication, urbanrenewal, water supply and sanitation, and tourism.
Carpenter, R.A., Maragos, J.E., Asian DevelopmentBank (ASDB) & South Pacific Regional EnvironmentProgramme (SPREP) (1989). How to AssessEnvironmental Impacts on Tropical Islands andCoastal Areas. South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Programme Training Manual.Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center,Honolulu. (xiii, 345 p.)
This manual is a scientific training guide whichrecommends various techniques of EIA, whilststressing the need to develop an individual approachtowards each project. Its theme is the prediction offuture environmental conditions resulting fromeconomic development and technological change.
The manual explains how to design an EIA, andsuggests key references to assist the practitionerundertake a full assessment. The documents providesa framework for drawing up terms of reference forEIA consultants, and also as a useful standard forEIA reviews. It is a useful desk reference work,providing definitions of common terms, examples ofimpacts and mitigative measures. Specific sectorscovered by the manual include: agriculture, forestry,fisheries, tourism, energy, mining, wastemanagement, construction, ports and harbours.
Dixon, J.D. et al. (1988). Economic Analysis of theEnvironmental Impacts of DevelopmentProjects. Asian Development Bank, & Earthscan,London.
Contact: Asian Development Bank (ASDB), PO Box 789, 1099 Manila,Philippines.
Caribbean Development BankCaribbean Development Bank (CDB) (undated).Procedures for Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA). Caribbean Development Bank,St Michael. (5 p.)
This short document lists the categories assigned toprojects/components at the screening stage, andidentifies the responsibilities of the project officer.Annex I illustrates the types of projects/componentsthat might we included within the categories.Contact: Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), PO Box 408, Wildey, StMichael, Barbados.
Development Bank of SouthernAfricaBaskind, P., Holland, J., McKenzie, C. & Weilbach,D.J. (1994). Environmental Analysis:Requirements and Monitoring Procedures:Internal Operating Guideline Paper No.1.Environmental Policy Programme, DevelopmentBank of Southern Africa, South Africa. (15 p.)
This document sets out the environmental analysisrequirements of the Development Bank of SouthernAfrica (DBSA). It is intended to serve as a guide tothe Bank’s project staff and to provide information toBank borrowers. It illustrates the extent and depth of
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analysis required at each stage of the project cycleand other necessary compliance mechanisms. DBSA’sprocedures are compatible with the South AfricanDepartment of Environmental Affairs’ IntegratedEnvironment Management Guidelines, and also aimto be compatible with internationally acceptedprocedures - in particular those of the World Bankand Asian Development Bank.
The guidelines are in two sections covering principlesof environmental analysis, and environmentalanalysis and the project cycle, supported by flowdiagrams. Appendices provide a categorisation ofprojects based on potential environmental impact, alist of designated and demarcated areas as a guide toprojects requiring sensitive analysis, suggestedcontents for an initial environmental examinationreport and for an environmental assessment report,and a list of projects for which initial environmentalmatrices have been prepared.Contact: Corporate Affairs Division, Development Bank of SouthernAfrica, PO Box 1234, Halfway House 1685, South Africa.
European Bank forReconstruction and DevelopmentEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development& EC’s PHARE Programme (1994). Investors’Environmental Guidelines. Graham and Trotman,London. (540 p.)
These guidelines are designed to clarify theenvironmental requirements in nine Europeancountries: Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Republics,Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland andRomania. For each country, an overview is providedof the administrative structure, environmentallegislation and other regulatory requirements. TheEIA process is described and the environmentalrequirements applicable to industrial and commercialfacilities are presented for air emissions, water use,noise, waste management, and use of chemicals.Annexes for each country detail the key legislation,regulatory bodies, environmental standards andinvestment projects subject to EIA.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD) (1996). Environmental Procedures.European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, London. (31p.)
This document is a revision of procedures for Bankstaff first published in 1992 and addresses theenvironmental appraisal process. Roles andresponsibilities in this process are described togetherwith types of environmental appraisal work: EIA,environmental analysis, environmental audit, initial
environmental examination, and environmentalaction plans. The environmental appraisal processwithin the Bank is set out in detail with sectionscovering: operational identification, initial review,environmental investigations, consultation with thepublic, negotiations/environmental covenants, finalreview, Board approval, monitoring, completion andevaluation, reappraisal of operations, and workoutand foreclosure. There are five annexes covering:public consultation, sample formats for EBRD EIAand audit reports, screening categories, andenvironmental standards.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD) (1997). Investors’ Guidelines forEnvironment, Health and Safety: RussianFederation. Volumes 1 and 2. European Bank forReconstruction and Development, London. (Vol 1:xiv, 149 p.; Vol 2: iii, 40 p., 5 annexes)
This is the first in a series of guidebooks for potentialinvestors focusing on environmental, health andsafety regulations that should be taken into accountin making investment decisions in Eastern Europeand the countries of the former Soviet Union. Thisdocument deals with the Russian Federation and isintended to enable investors to familiarise themselveswith the basic environmental regulatory regimerelated to commercial and industrial greenfield sitedevelopments, joint venture operations or companyacquisitions in the Russian Federation. Theguidebook reviews institutional arrangements forenvironmental control, legislative requirements andprocedures, time implications for permitting, publicconsultation requirements, liability and sanctions.
The guidebook is organised in two parts. Volume 1contains 15 chapters dealing with the principles ofenvironmental, natural resource and safetyregulations in the Russian Federation. Chapter 4describes the requirements for and processes of pre-investment environmental investigation andenvironmental review, lists the scope of activitiessubject to such review and projects requiring EIA,describes documentation and reports required and theissues to be covered, discusses provisions for publicparticipation, and covers environmental auditrequirements.
Volume 2 contains a number of case studies whichpresent a view of environmental regulations as theyare practiced in various regions of the country.Annexes list permitting and enforcement authorities,legislative and normative Acts, proposed legislation,international conventions to which Russia is asignatory, and selected regulations on technical andeconomic substantiation (TEO) and EIA.Contact: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, OneExchange Square, London EC2A, United Kingdom.
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Inter-American DevelopmentBankInter-American Development Bank (IADB) (1990).Procedures for Classifying and EvaluatingEnvironmental Impacts of Bank Operations.Inter-American Development Bank, Washington,D.C. (5 p.)
These procedures formalise the established practice ofthe Environmental Management Committee of earlyidentification of those Bank operations that may havesignificant environmental impacts.
Bank operations are classified according to theirenvironmental impacts as follows: Category I -operations which are designed specifically to improveenvironmental quality and, in general, do not requirean EIA; Category II - operations that have no director indirect environmental impact and, therefore, donot require an EIA; Category III - operations whichmay have a moderate impact on the environment andthose that have recognised and well-definedsolutions, usually requiring a preliminary EIA (insome cases with a full EIA for specific components);and Category IV - operations which may havesignificant negative impacts and require a full EIA.Contact: Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 1300 New YorkAvenue NW, Washington DC 20577, USA.
World BankHaeuber, R. (1992). A Citizen’s Guide to WorldBank Environmental Assessment Procedures.World Bank, Washington D.C.
Brief precis of world Bank EA procedures.
Seglins, V. (undated). Investors Guidelines forPerforming Environmental Due Diligence inLatvia. Ministry of Finance, World Bank, Riga.(28 p.)
The goal of environmental due diligence is to identifyand assess the environmental consequences ofeconomic activity, to determine the environmentalsituation in a particular area, and to developproposals to improve environmental quality. InLatvia, this is a necessary requirement prior to thefinancing or realisation of any economic activity.These guidelines explain the mandatory minimumrequirements an investor must fulfill, and the EIAprocess conducted by regional and/or nationalenvironmental authorities.
World Bank (1989). Operational Directive 4.00Annex B: Environmental Policy for Dam and
Reservoir Projects. World Bank, Washington D.C.,USA. (25 p.)
World Bank (1990). Operational Directive 4.30:Involuntary Resettlement. World Bank,Washington D.C. (88 p.)
World Bank (1991). Operational Directive 4.01:Environmental Assessment. World Bank,Washington, D.C. (Includes Attachment 2, 1995.)
World Bank (1991). Local Participation inEnvironmental Assessments of Projects.Environmental Assessment Working Paper; 2.Environment Division, Africa Region, World Bank,Washington, D.C. (11 p.)
The World Bank’s Environmental AssessmentOperational Directive (OD 4.00) calls for theinvolvement of affected groups and NGOs in projectdesign and implementation, and particularly in thepreparation of EA reports. It is recognised, however,that conditions for effective local participation varysignificantly between regions of the developingworld, between countries within a region, and evenbetween different parts of the same country. Theseguidelines are thus intended to promote the mosteffective local participation possible in the context ofthe Africa region.
The guidelines were prepared to assist regional staff,consultants, and borrower staff in planning for localparticipation in project environmental assessments.They are intended to complement the instructionsgiven in Operational Directive 4.00, Annex A, andthe more extensive guidance provided in Chapter 7 ofthe Bank’s Environmental Assessment Sourcebook(World Bank 1991). A short checklist for TaskManagers follows the guidelines, a more detailedversion of which may be found in Chapter 7 of theSourcebook.
World Bank (1991). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook. World Bank, Washington D.C. (3volumes)
This Sourcebook collects World Bank policies andprocedures, guidelines, precedents and practicesregarding the environment into a three volume set ofdocuments (referenced separately below). It is areference manual which contains the informationneeded to manage the process of EA according to therequirements of the Bank’s Operational Directive onEA (OD 4.00 Annex A, October 1989). It isspecifically designed to assist EA practitioners,project designers and Bank task managers, but is of
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interest and value to environmentalists in general andto all those concerned with EA or involved inestablishing EA guidelines. The Sourcebook sets outto assist task managers in their advisoryresponsibilities, through discussion of fundamentalenvironmental considerations (with emphasis onthose with relatively more impact); summaries ofrelevant Bank policies; and analyses of other topicsthat affect project implementation (e.g. financialintermediary lending, community involvement,economic evaluation).
The contents have been organised to be individuallyaccessible. The focus is on those operations withmajor potential for negative environmental impact,such as new infrastructure, dams and highways.Projects with less negative potential, such asmaintenance and rehabilitation, are not examined indetail. The updates issued to date are referencedseparately below. The most up-to-date version isavailable electronically to those able to access theBank’s “All-in-one” electronic mail.
Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues. World Bank Technical Paper 139(1991). (227 p.)
Chapter 1 is recommended reading for thoseresponsible for a Bank-supported project withpotential significant environmental impacts. Itsummarises Bank EA requirements and outlines theBank’s environmental review process - from projectscreening, at the time of identification, to post-completion evaluation. A number of ‘boxes’ illustratedifferent applications of EA in development activities.OD 4.00, Annex A is provided as an appendix withother Bank operational policy and proceduraldocuments relevant to EA. Annex 1-3 offers astandard format for Terms of Reference for an EA.
Chapters 2 and 3 consider ecological and socio-cultural issues, respectively, which are likely to arisein EA. In contrast, Chapters 4, 5 and 6 deal with‘methods’: economic evaluation; institutionalstrengthening; and sector and financial intermediarylending. Chapter 7 discusses the implications of OD4.00, Annex A, with respect to communityinvolvement and the role of NGOs.
Volume II: Sectoral Guidelines. World BankTechnical Paper 140 (1991). (282 p.)
Chapters 8 and 9 in this volume, and Chapter 10 inVolume 3, outline general considerations and otherrelevant topics. The topics are indicated in thecontents and are cross-referenced throughout theSourcebook. The balance of each chapter coversspecific types of projects chosen primarily because
they have potentially significant environmentalimpacts. Projects are described briefly, potentialimpacts summarised and special issues noted.Possible alternatives to the project are outlined, andmanagement and training needs discussed along withmonitoring requirements. Each review provides atable of potential impacts and mitigatory measures.Sample terms of reference for the various projecttypes are given.
Chapter 8 is concerned with agriculture and ruraldevelopment with sections covering: management ofagricultural production; integrated pest managementand use of agrochemicals; agroindustry; dams andreservoirs; fisheries; flood protection; natural forestmanagement; plantation development/reforestation;watershed development; irrigation and drainage;livestock and rangeland management; and ruralroads.
Chapter 9 covers population, health and nutrition,transportation, urban development, water supply andsewerage. The following sections are included: publichealth and safety; environmental considerations fordevelopment projects in urban areas; roads andhighways; inland navigation; port and harborfacilities; large-scale housing projects; solid wastecollection and disposal systems; tourismdevelopment; water supply; and wastewatercollection, treatment, reuse, and disposal systems.
Volume III: Guidelines for EnvironmentalAssessment of Energy and Industry Projects.World Bank Technical Paper 154. ( xiii, 237 p.)
This volume contains Chapter 10, which discussesenergy and industry and includes 20 sections:industry hazard management; hazardous materialmanagement; plant siting and industrial estatedevelopment; electric power transmission systems, oiland gas pipelines; oil and gas development - offshoreand onshore; hydroelectric projects; thermoelectricprojects; financing nuclear power (options for theBank); cement; chemical and petrochemical industry;fertilizers; food processing; small- and medium-scaleindustries; iron and steel manufacturing; nonferrousmetals; petroleum refining; pulp, paper and timberprocessing; and mining and mineral processing.
World Bank (1993). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.1: The World Bank andEnvironmental Assessment: An Overview. WorldBank, Washington D.C. (4 p.)
This first update provides a brief review of WorldBank efforts to integrate environmental concerns intothe mainstream of its lending activities during the lasttwo decades. It also gives a summary of the main
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findings and conclusions of the first EA AnnualReview, and institutional responsibilities forimplementing the EA process in Bank operations.
World Bank (1993). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.2: EnvironmentalScreening. Environment Department, World Bank,Washington D.C. (4 p.)
This update covers the Bank’s requirements forscreening, determining the level of EA, selectingappropriate EIA instruments, criteria for making theclassification decision, project type and scale, projectlocation, sensitivity of issues, nature and magnitudeof impacts, screening operations with multiple sub-projects, and outputs of screening. It replaces thescreening section in Chapter 1 of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1993). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.3: GeographicInformation Systems for EnvironmentalAssessment and Review. EnvironmentDepartment, World Bank, Washington D.C. (4 p.)
GIS was not discussed in the EA Sourcebook. Thisupdate offers an overview of what GIS is anddiscusses the advantages of GIS and applications inEA, and also GIS as a tool for supporting resourceinventories and baseline surveys, for impactassessment and analysis of alternatives, and forenvironmental monitoring.
World Bank (1993). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.4: SectoralEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(8 p.)
This Update expands on information in Chapter 1(pp. 14-17) of the EA Sourcebook. It describessectoral environmental assessment in terms ofadvantages, operational context, selection criteria,and components. It also discusses some of thechallenges associated with sectoral environmentalassessment preparation and how it is used in Bankoperations.
World Bank (1993). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.5: Public Involvement inEnvironmental Assessment - Requirements,Opportunities and Issues. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(8 p.)
This Update describes information disclosure,consultation and participation requirements in theEA process. It replaces the EA Sourcebook’s Chapter7 “Community Involvement and the Role of Non-
governmental Organisations in EnvironmentalReview”.
World Bank (1994). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.6: Privatization andEnvironmental Assessment: Issues andApproaches. Environment Department, The WorldBank, Washington D.C. (8 p.)
This Update belongs in Chapter 2 of the EASourcebook, “Global and Cross-Sectoral Issues inEnvironmental Review”. It seeks to: (i) present themain environmental issues frequently associated withprivatization; (ii) show how these issues can beaddressed in preparation and implementation ofprivatization schemes within the framework of theBank’s Environmental Assessment OperationalDirective (OD 4.01); and (iii) suggest options forensuring appropriate implementation of the requiredor recommended actions. Due to the different natureof the privatization operations of the InternationalFinance Corporation (IFC), the Update only addressesthe operations supported by the Bank (IBRD/IDA).
World Bank (1994). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.7: Coastal ZoneManagement and Environmental Assessment.Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (8 p.)
This Update expands on Chapter 1 (Vol 1, pp. 87-91)of the EA Sourcebook. It focuses on the use ofenvironmental assessment as a coastal zonemanagement tool in Bank-funded projects andprogrammes. Important subsystems of the coastalzone are described and examples given of relevantapproaches in EA work.
World Bank (1994). Environmental AssessmentUpdate No.8: Cultural Heritage inEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(8 p.)
This update draws attention to the importance ofcultural heritage in the EA process and suggests waysin which EA can help protect heritage. Sectionsdiscuss cultural heritage in international and nationallaw, in World Bank work, in the EA report, and alsopublic consultation. It replaces the guidance providedon this subject in Chapter 3 of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1995). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.9: ImplementingGeographic Information Systems inEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(8 p.)
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This Update builds on EA Sourcebook Update No. 3and discusses in practical terms how GIS might beintroduced institutionally and technologically in theproject context.
World Bank (1995). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.10: InternationalAgreements on Environment and NaturalResources, Relevance and Application inEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C. (8 p.)
Since 1991, significant developments have taken placein the area of international environmental law,particularly with regard to global concerns: climate,biological diversity, and the high seas. This Updaterevises the EA Sourcebook (pp. 63-65) on theseconventions and provides more in-depth informationon some particularly important agreements.
World Bank (1995). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.11: EnvironmentalAuditing. Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This Update discusses the principles of environmentalauditing and different types of audits: complianceaudits, liability audits, environmental managementsystems, auditing company environmental statements,and specialised audits. The Update also covers howaudits can be used in the context of Bank projects anddescribes the various stages of an environmental audit.Useful boxes provide examples of terms of referencefor a liability audit, a checklist of relevant auditactivities and examples of audit processes in practice.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentUpdate No.12: Elimination of Ozone DepletingSubstances. Environment Department, The WorldBank, Washington D.C. (8 p.)
This update provides guidance on the issues associatedwith the use of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) andthe application of EA to control such substances. Italso provides a comprehensive introduction toalternative technologies, processes or chemicals whichmay be employed to control the release of ODSs fromexisting or proposed developments.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.13: Guidelines for MarineOutfalls and Alternative Disposal and ReuseOptions. Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This update focuses on assessing the potentialenvironmental impacts of proposed sewage outfalls oncoastal waters and estuaries. It is intended to assistthose involved in managing coastal wastewater
discharges and planning appropriate levels ofpollution. It complements EA Sourcebook Updatesnos. 2, 7 and 10 concerned respectively withenvironmental screening, coastal zone managementand international environmental agreements. Thisupdate is not a design manual, nor is it a definitivestatement on the international or regional agreementsgoverning discharges to the oceans. It expands on pp.231-236, Vol II, of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.14: EnvironmentalPerformance Monitoring and Supervision.Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (8 p.)
Environmental performance monitoring (EPM)incorporates technical and institutional activities tomeasure and evaluate environmental changes inducedby a project. This Update defines EPM and discussesits objectives. It considers the process of implementingEPM and supervision of Bank projects covering:project preparation and appraisal considerations,developing a performance monitoring programme,preparing a supervision plan, implementation,institutional issues, public consultation andinvolvement, and the role of panels of experts. Theadvantages for EPM of sectoral and regional EAs isalso discussed.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.15: RegionalEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(10 p.)
Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) is a toolused by the World Bank to help development plannersdesign investment strategies, programmes and projectsthat are environmentally sustainable for a region as awhole. REAs take into account the opportunities andlimitations represented by the environment of a regionand assess on-going and planned activities from aregional perspective. This Update describes REA interms of its nature and purpose, advantages,operational context, selection criteria, and keycomponents. It also discusses challenges associatedwith REA preparation and offers examples fromWorld Bank experience. The Update expands uponexisting information in Chapter 1, pp. 12-14 in the EASourcebook.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.16: Challenges ofManaging the EA Process. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C. (8 p.)
This Update attempts to identify the most importantchallenges that face individuals and institutions
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responsible for managing and preparing environmentalassessments (EAs), particularly in relation to theirimplementation. It covers the selection andmanagement of EA teams, impact identification andprediction, evaluation of impact significance, andinformation presentation, and suggests approaches foraddressing the challenges. This Update supplementsinformation in Chapter 1 of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1996). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.17: Analysis ofAlternatives in Environmental Assessment.Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This Update builds on lessons learned from the SecondEA Review of World Bank-financed projects, andoutlines how analysis of alternatives (designs, sites,technologies and operational alternatives) can beundertaken at different levels of development planning,through project-specific, sectoral and regional EAs.Although it does not attempt to provide a thoroughreview of decision methods for comparative assessmentof alternatives, this Update aims to provide broadguidance on comparative assessment and anintroduction to systematic methods for comparingalternatives. The Update expands on existing materialin Chapter 1 of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1997). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.18: Health Aspects ofEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(10 p.)
This update provides guidance to task managers andborrowers on systematically integrating public healthand safety concerns into EA. There are sections onhealth hazards, risks and impacts; screening projectsfor health hazards; health risk assessment; and healthrisk management.
World Bank (1997). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.19: Assessing theEnvironmental Impact of Urban Development.Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This update discusses how environmental assessment(EA) can contribute to improved urban developmentand environmental planning at the project and policylevels, and introduces analytical tools to support suchplanning. It expands on Volume II, pages 153-167 ofthe EA Sourcebook, and provides background for aforthcoming update on urban environmental auditing,a tool to determine baseline environmental conditionsin urban areas.
World Bank (1997). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.20: Biodiversity andEnvironmental Assessment. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(10 p.)
This update provides an introduction to the policyframework for protection or enhancement ofbiodiversity, the relevant project contexts wherebiodiversity may be adversely impacted (orconversely, projects which offer opportunities forconserving or enhancing biodiversity), and guidelinesfor integrating biodiversity concerns into EA. Itcomplements Chapter 2 of the EA Sourcebook.
World Bank (1997). Environmental AssessmentUpdate No.21: Environmental Hazard and RiskAssessment. Environment Department, The WorldBank, Washington D.C. (10 p.)
This update provides an introduction to hazard andrisk assessment, outlines some availablemethodologies, and discusses the use of thesetechniques in assessing environmental liability.
World Bank (1998). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.22: EnvironmentalAssessment of Mining Projects. EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C.(12 p.)
This update provides an introduction to theenvironmental issues associated with miningactivities, the relevant contexts where the World Bankmight be involved with mining projects, and theextent to which environmental issues should beaddressed by private or public sector organisationsseeking World Bank Group support for such projects.The primary focus is on physical environmentalissues and only brief mention is made of socialimpacts. The Update complements material inChapter 10, pages 179-194 of the EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook.
World Bank (1998). Environmental AssessmentSourcebook Update No.23: EconomicAssessment and Environmental Assessment.Environment Department, The World Bank,Washington D.C. (14 p.)
This Update replaces guidance provided in Chapter 4of the EA Sourcebook. It discusses the relationship ofEA and economic analysis and gives guidance on howthe latter might incorporate environmental costs andbenefits.
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World Bank (1994). Incorporating SocialAssessment and Participation into BiodiversityConservation Projects. Environment Department,The World Bank, Washington D.C. (10 p.,
2 annexes)
This best practice note is intended primarily forGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) and World Banktask managers working on various types ofbiodiversity conservation projects, but is useful morewidely. The main body of the document discusses thesocial challenges of preparing biodiversityconservation projects: in particular, ways of designingprojects where ecological requirements are met at thesame time that human needs are addressed. Sectionscover the purposes of social assessment andparticipation, key considerations in the design ofsocial assessments, and incorporating socialassessments into the project cycle. There are twoannexes: data gathering and analysis techniquescommonly used in social assessment of biodiversityconservation projects; and a useful set of references.
World Bank (1996). Introduction toEnvironmental and Social AssessmentRequirements and Procedures for World Bank-Financed Projects. Environment Department, TheWorld Bank, Washington D.C. (222 p.)
This booklet was prepared primarily to assist theeconomic transition of Kazakhstan, but is useful in ageneral context also. It provides an introduction, forboth professionals and the public, to the World BankGroup and the Bank’s environmental and socialpolicies and activities. It is intended to help in-
country project managers use environmental andsocial assessment effectively to aid project design andimplementation. The booklet describes the Bank’sstructure and its various institutions, its strategy forassisting countries to move towards sustainabledevelopment, the elements of its project cycle and therole of EA and SA in this. The Bank’s environment-and social-related policies and procedures are listed,and original texts of these are included in full.
World Bank (1997). Pollution Prevention andAbatement Handbook: Toward CleanerProduction. The World Bank Group, UNIDO, UNEP,WHO, Washington D.C. (vi, 544 p.)
This handbook replaces Environmental Guidelinespublished by the World Bank in 1988. It is based ontechnical documents from UNEP, UNIDO andcommissioned consultant reports. The documentcomprises three parts. Part I summarises key policylessons in pollution management, Part II providesgood practice notes on the implementation of policyobjectives, and Part III includes detailed guidelines tobe applied in preparing World Bank Group projectswhere a full EIA is not deemed to be warranted and/or as a starting point for an environmentalassessment. The guidelines cover some 40 industrialsectors, and provide numerical targets for reducingpollution as part of production processes, as well asmaximum emission levels that are normallyachievable through a combination of cleanerproduction and end-of-pipe treatment. Some sectionsof Part II are still in draft or under reviewed and willbe included in the final published version in 1998.Contact: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433, USA.
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Australia / AUSAIDAustralian Agency for International Development(AusAID) (1996). Environmental AssessmentGuidelines for Australia’s Aid Program.Australian Agency for International Development,Canberra. (25 p., 9 appendices)
This booklet sets out new guidelines for undertakingEA of activities in Australia’s aid program. Itsupersedes the “Environmental Assessment forInternational Development Cooperation -Incorporating Environmental Screening Guidelines:Activity Guideline No.1, 1991”, and incorporateslessons learned since 1991. AusAID also draws on thesector guidelines in the World Bank’s EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook. A background sectiondescribes the policy context for the guidelines anddiscusses the Australian legislative framework forEIA. The main part of the document deals with EA inthe activity cycle for bilateral country or regionalprograms. There are sections covering strategicenvironmental assessment, initial screening, proposalassessment (scoping), activity design and feasibility,appraisal, implementation, completion andevaluation, and other programs. There are nineappendices covering: major issues for theEnvironmental Protection Agency in assessingenvironmental impact, OECD environmentalchecklist, Activity Management System (AMS)environment markers and generic field codes,international environmental conventions, World BankAssessment Sourcebook contents, environmentalmanagement plans, acronyms, and general references.Contact: Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID),GPO Box 887 Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia.
AustriaMinistry of Foreign Affairs (1998). EnvironmentalAssessment of Projects of the AustrianDevelopment Cooperation: Explanation in briefof the Assessment Procedure regarding Socio-Ecology, Gender Equality and Ecology. AustrianMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Vienna. (30 p.)
This document briefly explains the overallenvironmental assessment procedure of the Austrian
Development Cooperation agency, and covers socio-ecology, gender equality and ecology.
Grunberg, F., Fahrenhorst, B. & Krausnecker, E. (eds)(1997). Explanations of Socio Ecology:Interrelations between the social, cultural,economic and economic factors. Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Vienna. (30 p.)
This document is concerned with the interrelationsbetween social, cultural, economic and ecologicalfactors and provides ‘socio ecology’ screening list.Contact: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Section VII), Minoritenplatz, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
Canada / CIDACanadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(undated). Guide for Proponents Preparing aSubmission to CIDA-INC: Integration ofEnvironmental Considerations. Draft. CanadianInternational Development Agency, Hull, Quebec.(31 p.)
This draft document is a guide for proponentsseeking financial support under CIDA’s IndustrialCooperation Programme (CIDA-INC) to assist inintegrating environmental considerations in order tosatisfy CIDA’s prerequisites. Section 1 providesguiding principles and a general introduction toenvironmental assessment. Section 2 gives briefexamples of INC funding mechanisms and theintegration of environment. Section 3 reviews CIDA-INC EA implementation in relation to the projectcycle. Section 4 provides an overview on how theproponent might prepare an EA work plan. Section 5discusses basic technical requirements for EA reports.Section 6 concerns environmental management plans.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1989). La Procédure Interne d’Examen desRisques d’Impact sur l’Environnement (InternalProcedure for Examining the Risks of Impact onthe Environment). Agence Canadienne deDéveloppement International, Direction Généraledes Ressources Naturelles, Secteur Forestière
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(Canadian Agency for International Development,Directorate General for Natural Resources, ForestrySector), Hull, Quebec. (51 p.)
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1995). Implementation of the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act (CEAA) CanadianInternational Development Agency, Hull, Quebec.(170 p.)
This document, presented in both French andEnglish, is a tool kit on the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act (CEAA) in eight sections providinginformation on: management of EA and compliancein CIDA; attached posters (3) describing the EAprocess; EA forms and instructions; public registryinformation; transition from the EnvironmentalAssessment and Review Process Guidelines Order(EARPGO) to the CEAA; copies of the CEAA andamendments; the Inclusion List, Exclusion List andComprehensive Study List regulations; and a guide tothe latter lists.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1995). Guide to Integrating EnvironmentalConsiderations into CIDA’s Policies andPrograms. 2nd Draft. Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency, Hull, Quebec. (84 p.)
This guide was developed to help staff in all Branchesof CIDA to clearly and objectively integrateenvironmental considerations into their policy andprogram activities. It comprises three parts: “TheBasics” which sets out a five step analytical approachto be taken; a “Work Book” with work sheets to helpstaff work through an assessment; and “GoingFurther” which contains more detailed informationincluding specialized advice for assessing Countryand Regional Development Policy Frameworks,Branch Strategic Plans, Corporate Policies andSectoral Reviews and Guidelines.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1995). The Geographic Program Road Map.Revision No.4. Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency, Hull, Quebec. (99 p.)
This ‘Road Map’ summarizes current CIDAinformation on the project cycle. Its contents arerevised and updated as required. Chapter 1 providesan overview of the document. Chapter 8 indicateshow issues such as environmental analysis and riskanalysis should be addressed in the project cycle, andChapter 9 describes the procedures relating to theapplication of the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act (1995) to bilateral projectmanagement.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1996). Manual on the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Act for the Canada Fund andMission-Administered Funds. EnvironmentalAssessment and Compliance Unit, Policy Branch,Canadian International Development Agency, Hull,Quebec. (43 p.)
This manual is designed to assist CIDA field staff tointegrate EA into small-scale development projects indeveloping countries. It provides practical guidanceon how to meet the spirit and intent of the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act (CEAA) within thecontext of the Canada Fund and other Mission-administered funds. The information in the manual isintended to be updated as field operations and EApractices evolve. An overview on implementingCEAA covers preliminary assessment, screening andusing EA processes other than the CEAA. Advice onmaintaining a public registry of EA records forprojects is provided and a framework is set out forroles and responsibilities within Missions/Embassies.Guidance is included on how to complete EA formsand critical environmental factors to be considered inthe project planning process are presented. There isalso a useful glossary of terms. There are severalannexes including a list of projects excluded from theCEAA, sample EA forms, sample mitigation measuresand EA design criteria, and generic terms of referencefor an EA.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)(1997). Environmental Assessment at theCanadian International Development Agency /Les Évaluations Environnementales a l’AgenceCanadienne de Développement International.Canadian International Development Agency, Hull,Quebec. (23 p.)
This pamphlet is introduced as the first in a series ofdocuments (yet to be published) that will include adetailed guide on procedures and practices within theCanadian International Development Agency (CIDA).This first ‘primer’ defines CIDA’s commitment to EA.It describes the principles of EA and how it hasdeveloped. It touches on Canada’s international andnational obligations in terms of EA and shows howthe process is implemented at CIDA and in othercountries. Finally, it summarises the future prospectsfor EA. This primer will be of interest to those whohave not had much experience with EA. It also aimsto be a guide for using EA as part of sustainabledecision-making in all CIDA branches.Contact: Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 200Promenade du Portage, Hull K1A 0G4, Quebec, Canada.
Emery, A. & Patten, L. (1997). Guidelines forEnvironmental Assessments and TraditionalKnowledge. Prototype. Centre for Traditional
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Knowledge, World Council of Indigenous People,Ottawa, Ontario. (vii, 67 p.)
These prototype guidelines derive from a processinvolving the Centre for Traditional Knowledge, theWorld Council of Indigenous People, EnvironmentCanada, and the Canadian International DevelopmentAgency. They are based on a broad search of theliterature and the internet, on discussion withaboriginal leaders in the field, and on responses fromover 50 reviewers of a first draft. The aim is to testthe guidelines in mock development projects during aseries of six workshops around the world, and thento produce a revised set in a series of different media:text, video, audio tapes, and possibly a theatre piece.
The document is presented in five sections The firstprovides a context for the guidelines, definingindigenous people and describing the nature oftraditional knowledge and particularly suchknowledge held by women, comparing it with“scientific knowledge” and dealing with traditionalrights to resources issues. Relationships betweenindigenous people and development projects arediscussed and the role of traditional knowledge inEAs.
Section 2 provides guidelines for indigenous people,detailing how they can cooperate with non-indigenous groups planning development projects intheir areas and involve themselves in the EIA process.Section 3 gives guidelines for Corporations to assistthem to understand the ways of indigenous peopleand to be especially sensitive to their values andneeds, and how to interact with and involveindigenous people. Section 3 focuses on governments,their role in managing natural resources and sets outrecommendations for how they should relate to andinvolve indigenous people. Finally, Section 5 is asynoptic summary of the guidelines.Contact: Centre for Traditional Knowledge, Box 3443, Stn D, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4.
Lazier, J.R. (1994). A Framework for theAssessment of Impacts in Natural ResourceBased Projects. Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA), Hull, Quebec.(iii, 46 p.)
The document provides a methodology for assessingthe impact of CIDA natural resource projects basedon the standard CIDA logical framework matrix. Thereport provides a framework of simple methodologiesand indicators of impact which can be readily andinexpensively utilised to assess impact in agroforestryand other natural resource based programs. The studydraws heavily on the on-going work of the USAID,the World Bank, the NGO community and otherresearch and development organisations.
Pallen, D. ( 1996). Environmental AssessmentManual for Community Development Projects.Draft. Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA), Hull, Quebec. (74 p., annexes)
This practical and open-ended reference documentoffers a clear and simple strategy for assessing theenvironmental impact of small communitydevelopment projects. It complements existing CIDAguidance materials and is primarily for use by projectmanagement personnel working in CIDA missionsand Canadian NGOs. The manual makes no attemptto define ideal community development practice, butdoes review established approaches in order to laythe groundwork needed for effective use of EA at thecommunity level. It should, therefore, be of assistanceto environmental specialists and others with limitedexperience in community development work
Chapter 1 discusses the emergence of a newconsciousness concerning community developmentand the environment and the impact of smallprojects, and considers why it is necessary to gobeyond the basic requirements of the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act. Chapter 2 introducesthe reader to “best practices” and outlines key issuesassociated with the EA of community developmentprojects. Brief discussions are included aboutacceptable environmental impact, the role of science,the importance of trial and error, and the timing,duration and cost of the EA process,. Tips forconducting an EA and preparing a report areprovided. Chapter 2 deals with buildingenvironmental assessment capacity, the role of allparties involved and support mechanisms, andincludes a checklist for project managers. Chapter 4focuses on working with a community and howcommunities can take part in the EA process,stressing the value of local and traditionalknowledge. The nature and role of ParticipatoryRural Appraisal (PRA) is described and explained.Chapter 5 presents three fictional case studies whichillustrate the process of community-based EA.Guidance notes for manual users provide a summaryof the main recommendations of the manual, and avery useful bibliography is included. Annex 1 givessuggestions for undertaking studies of local andtraditional knowledge in rural areas. Annexes 2 and 3provide a list of indigenous knowledge resourcecentres and PRA contacts, respectively.Contact: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 13th Floor,Fontaine Building, Hull, Quebec, Canada K1A 0H3.
Denmark / DANIDADanish International Development Agency (Danida)(1994). Environmental Assessment for
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Sustainable Development. Danish InternationalDevelopment Agency, Copenhagen. (37 p.)
This document describes Danida’s environmentalassessment procedures. It outlines the responsibilitiesand decisions appropriate to different stages of theproject cycle, as defined in Guidelines for ProjectPreparation (Danida 1992). The aim of theseguidelines is to examine the environmental effects(adverse and beneficial) of development projects andprogrammes, and to ensure that these effects aretaken into account in an appropriate way at all stagesof the project cycle.
The primary target groups for the guidelines areembassy staff and country desk officers. In additionthey may be used by project proponents, governmentofficials, consultants, representatives of NGOs andothers involved with Danida in development projectsor programmes.
The guidelines describe various environmentalassessment techniques and procedures in a practical,user-friendly format. The presentation is in the formof a ‘tool kit’ for each stage in the assessmentprocess, from initial screening to review. The tool kitsinclude sector checklists, sample terms of reference,World Bank procedures, and suggestions of questionsto be considered. Environmental assessment isdescribed by these guidelines as “.. a managementexercise involving some technical inputs, rather thana pure technical exercise involving managementinputs”.
Danish International Development Agency (Danida)(1998). Guidelines for Sector ProgrammeSupport. Danish International Development Agency,Copenhagen. (126 p.)
This document describes Danida’s Sector ProgrammeSupport (SPS) strategy. SPS is the operationalapproach applied by Danida for providing sector-wide bilateral development support. Annex 2contains a short section on the environmentalassessment of the impact of the SPS proposal on thehuman and physical environment., includingscreening, categorisation (Category A require a fullEIA, Category B require a partial EIA), and how EIA’srelate to the Environmental Management Plan for theproposal.Contact: Danish International Development Agency (Danida), 2Asiatisk Plads, DK 1448 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Finland / FINNIDAFinnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA)(1989). Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment in Development Assistance. Finnish
International Development Agency, Helsinki. (20sections each ca. 10-14 p.)
The guidelines are presented in two parts - generalEIA guidelines and sectoral guidelines. The generalguidelines set out the EIA procedure to be followed inFINNIDA-funded projects. A number ofmethodologies are introduced including checklists,matrices and models. The sectoral guidelines focus onthe types of projects most important in FINNIDA’sdevelopment assistance programme. The sectorscovered are forestry and agriculture; humansettlements and basic services development;transport; mining; electrification; and fisheries andaquaculture. Within each sector, the main types ofenvironmental problems and the potential negativeimpacts are considered, and mitigation measuressuggested.
The guidelines are intended for use in FINNIDA’sdevelopment assistance programme by projectplanners, administrators and implementing agencies,both in the recipient country and in Finland. It is alsohoped that the guidelines will be used by NGOs,commercial companies and multilateral agencies.
Finnish Department for International DevelopmentCorporation (1998). Guidelines for ProgrammeDesign, Monitoring and Evaluation. FinnishInternational Development Agency, Ministry forForeign Affairs, Helsinki. (79 p., 12 annexes)
Although concerned mainly with project design,monitoring and evaluation, this document includesthe principle requirements for EIA revised since the1989 Guidelines for EIA in Development Assistance(and also the 1991 Guidelines for Project Preparationand Design).Contact: Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA),Katajanokanlaituri 3, 00160 Helsinki, Finland.
Germany / BMZ, GTZ, & KfWBundesministerium für wirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) (GermanFederal Ministry for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment) (1995). Environmental Handbook:Documentation on Monitoring and EvaluatingEnvironmental Impacts. Vols.1-III. FriedrichVieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig.
This handbook in three volumes is a revised versionof the 1987 publication “Materialen zur Erfassungund Bewertung von Umweltwirkungen in Vorhabender wirtscaftlichen Zusammenarbeit” (documentationon monitoring and evaluating the environmentalimpacts of economic cooperation projects). Thedocuments were compiled in cooperation with theDeutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische
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Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), the Kreditanstalt furWiederaufbau (KfW) and other German organisations.They incorporate new technical developmentsconcerning environmental protection and experiencegained using the original publication.
Volume I: Introduction, Cross-Sectoral Planning,Infrastructure. (591 p)
The first section provides guidelines for conducting acomprehensive study of a project’s environmentalaspects. Under the theme of cross-sectoral planning areseven briefs covering: spatial and regional planning;locations for trade and industry; overall energy; waterframework; transport and traffic; tourism; andanalysis, diagnosis and testing. The last section oninfrastructure contains 19 briefs covering: provisionand rehabilitation of housing; public facilities (schools,health care, hospitals); urban water supply; rural watersupply; disposal of wastewater, solid waste andhazardous waste; erosion control; road building, andmaintenance and building of rural roads; road traffic;railways and railway operation; airports; river andcanal engineering; rural hydraulic engineering; large-scale hydraulic engineering; inland ports; shipping oninland waterways; ports and harbours, portconstruction and operations; and shipping.
Volume II: Agriculture, Mining/Energy, Trade/Industry (736 p.)
This volume incorporates three sections. The firstconcerns agriculture with 8 briefs covering: plantproduction; plant protection; forestry; livestockfarming; veterinary services; fisheries and aquaculture;agricultural engineering; and irrigation. The nextsection on mining and energy contains a further 9briefs dealing with: reconnaissance, prospecting andexploration of geological resources; surface andunderground mining; minerals (handling andprocessing); petroleum and natural gas (exploration,production, handling storage); coking plants, coal-to-gas plants, gas production and distribution; thermalpower stations; power transmission and distribution;and renewable sources of energy. The third sectioncovers trade and industry with 16 briefs on:nitrogenous fertilisers (raw materials, ammonia, andurea production, starting materials and end products);cement and lime, gypsum; ceramics (fine, utilitarianand industrial); glass; iron and steel; non-ferrousmetals; mechanical engineering, workshops andshipyards; agro-industry; slaughterhouses and meatprocessing; mills handling cereal crops; vegetable oilsand fats; sugar; timber, sawmills, wood processing andwood products; pulp and paper; and textile processing.
Volume III: Compendium of EnvironmentalStandards (660 p.)
This volume contains information about environmentalstandards, but those described in full and the scope of
the related information are still limited. In theintroduction it is recognised that it should not beviewed as an exhaustive compendium, but rather amanual still in the process of being compiled. It has amodular structure to permit both the addition offurther information to existing sections and theinclusion of new or supplementary sections. Themain sections are: guidelines for the user; standardsfor influences on the environment; standards forenvironmental quality; chemical substances andgroups of substances/register of substances; andinternational environmental legislation.Supplementary lists include the WHO recommendedclassification of selected pesticides according tohazards, and the FAO/UNEP Joint Programme onPrior Informed Consent (PIC) Import Decisions fromparticipating countries (as of July 1994). Abibliography, list of abbreviations, and units andmeasures are also included.
Bundesministerium für wirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) (GermanFederal Ministry for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment) (1995). Environmental ImpactAssessment in Development CooperationProjects. Bundesministerium für wirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Bonn. (19 p.)
This document provides guidance on the role andapplication of EIA within German developmentcooperation, and comprises a series of short sections.The first two set out the origins and role ofenvironmental protection within Germandevelopment policy and introduce the basic elementsof EIA. Section 3 focuses on EIA in developmentcooperation, discussing the historical context and theaim and structure of EIA, whilst section 4 isconcerned with key issues in assessing environmentalimpacts. Subsequent sections deal with projectclassification (BMZ uses 5 categories), the use of theER (environmental and resource protection) ‘label’ asan administrative tool in annual project planning, theuse of EIA within the project process, and applyingEIA in practice within BMZ and its implementinginstitutions. Reference is made to other documentsand sources of information, including the three-volume BMZ manual (BMZ 1995) - its contents arelisted in Annex 2. Section 8 considers problems in theapplication and development of EIA.Contact: Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit(BMZ), Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 114-116, D-5300 Bonn, Germany.
Petermann, T. (1996). Environmental Appraisalsfor Agricultural and Irrigated LandDevelopment. Deutsche Stiftung für internationaleEntwicklung (DSE) (German Foundation forInternational Development), Zentralstelle fürErnährung und Landwirtschaft (ZEL) (Food and
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Agriculture Development Centre), DeutscheGesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)(German Agency for Development Cooperation),Zschortau. (iv, 60p., working aids, annexes)
These guidelines are intended to help agriculturalplanners, environmental specialists, administrators,and project managers. They provide a set of methodsand tools to be used in planning and managingenvironmentally sound projects, and set out sector-specific guidance on how to undertake environmentalappraisal and how to follow-up through anenvironmental management plan. The guidelines areapplicable to agricultural and irrigated landdevelopment and associated activities such as floodcontrol, drainage and land development. Theysupplement a related document: “A Review ofEnvironmental Issues, Part II: EnvironmentalConsiderations in Planning and Operation”(Petermann, T, 1993, GTZ).
The document is divided into three parts. Section 1 ofPart 1 describes the aim of the guidelines anddescribes the procedure of rapid environmentalappraisal. Section 2 discusses the role ofenvironmental appraisal - particularly in developmentcooperation terms, priority concerns, rationales andfocus for environmental appraisal, links with projectappraisal and integration into project developmentprocesses, scales and boundaries, specialconsiderations for agricultural and irrigationdevelopment, and stakeholder involvement and localparticipation. Sections 3 - 7 deal with the scope ofEIA, screening, scoping, the focus and content of anEIA study, working steps of an EIA study. Section 8provides a sample outline of an EIA study whileSection 9 considers personnel and time requirements.A very useful reference list follows. The text is wellsupported by figures and boxes. The second part of thedocument comprises 16 working aids. The final partof this document is a set of annexes containingchecklists and matrices.Contact: German Foundation for International Development (DSE),Leipziger Str.15, D-04509 Zschortau, Federal Republic of Germany.
IrelandDepartment of Foreign Affairs (1996).Environmental Guidelines for Irish Aid. Draft.Economic Division, Department of Foreign Affairs,Dublin. (23 p.)
An introduction puts environmental issues in contextand considers Irish aid and the environment. The restof this document is presented in two parts. Part Onesets out the major environmental issues and the IrishAid response. Part Two is concerned with goodpractices for environmental assessment, covering suchissues as project and environmental appraisal,
managing environmental issues, project identification,concept appraisal, monitoring, and project review. It alsosuggests five project categories: EO - no environmentalimpact; E1 - marginal impact - environmental statementneeded; E2 - modest but manageable impact -environmental justification required; E3 - environmentalimpact likely - preliminary EA or full EIA required; andE4 - considerable negative impacts - project should notbe considered unless acceptable mitigation measures areagreed - full EIA required. Further sections discussmitigation measures and provide an environmentalchecklist.Contact: Department of Foreign Affairs, Economic Division, 76-78 HarcourtStreet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Japan / JICAJapanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(1990). Environmental Guidelines for DamConstruction Projects. Japanese InternationalCooperation Agency, Tokyo. (Japanese and Englishversions available)
These guidelines are presented in five chapters. The firstprovides an outline of environmental considerations indam construction and indicates how these areincorporated in JICA’s survey and study operations.Chapter 2 deals briefly with screening whilst Chapter 3is concerned with scoping and contains variouschecklists, matrices and explanatory tables. Chapter 4discusses items for consultation with the government of arecipient country at the implementation of screening andscoping, and considers laws and regulations concerningEA. It also covers the type and accuracy ofenvironmental data in preliminary study and sets outsurvey methods, as well as discussing the use of localknowledge. Finally, Chapter 5 sets out the requirementsfor and contents of EA reports. A set of definitions ofterms is provided.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (1992).Environmental Guidelines for InfrastructureProjects - series. Japan International CooperationAgency, Tokyo
This series of guidelines was prepared to enable JICAproject preparatory study members to conduct screeningand scoping of environmental impacts effectively andefficiently while maintaining a dialogue with theircounterparts and officials concerned in the host countriesfor the purpose of predicting environmental problemscaused by the infrastructure projects and to incorporateadequate environmental consideration into the projects.The series comprises guidelines for 13 sectors, each ofwhich are available in both Japanese and English.
Each guideline in this series and follows an identical fourchapter format. Chapter 1 discusses the basic concept of
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EIA, the process in relation to the project cycle andenvironmental considerations for the sector concerned.Chapter 2 deals with project and site description whilstChapters 3 and 4 cover screening and scoping,respectively. Each document contains numerous tables,figures, formats for organising and presentinginformation, checklists, matrices, evaluation forms,tabulated explanatory notes, and a flow chart ofenvironmental impacts, and also contains a set ofdefinitions of terms.
I. Ports and HarborsI. Ports and HarborsI. Ports and HarborsI. Ports and HarborsI. Ports and HarborsII. AirportsII. AirportsII. AirportsII. AirportsII. AirportsIII. RoadsIII. RoadsIII. RoadsIII. RoadsIII. RoadsIVIVIVIVIV. Railways. Railways. Railways. Railways. RailwaysVVVVV. River and Er. River and Er. River and Er. River and Er. River and Erosion Controsion Controsion Controsion Controsion ControlololololVI. Solid WVI. Solid WVI. Solid WVI. Solid WVI. Solid Waste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste ManagementVII. SewerageVII. SewerageVII. SewerageVII. SewerageVII. SewerageVIII. Groundwater DevelopmentVIII. Groundwater DevelopmentVIII. Groundwater DevelopmentVIII. Groundwater DevelopmentVIII. Groundwater DevelopmentIX. WIX. WIX. WIX. WIX. Water Supply Developmentater Supply Developmentater Supply Developmentater Supply Developmentater Supply DevelopmentX. Regional DevelopmentX. Regional DevelopmentX. Regional DevelopmentX. Regional DevelopmentX. Regional DevelopmentXI. TXI. TXI. TXI. TXI. Tourism Developmentourism Developmentourism Developmentourism Developmentourism DevelopmentXII. TXII. TXII. TXII. TXII. Transporransporransporransporransportation Developmenttation Developmenttation Developmenttation Developmenttation DevelopmentXIII. Urban TXIII. Urban TXIII. Urban TXIII. Urban TXIII. Urban Transporransporransporransporransportation Developmenttation Developmenttation Developmenttation Developmenttation Development
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(1992). Environmental Guidelines on JICADevelopment Study for Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Projects. Japanese InternationalCooperation Agency, Tokyo. (Available in Japaneseand English)
These guidelines aim to assist screening and scopingduring the environmental impact review of JICAdevelopment studies for projects in the agriculturalsector. They are intended to be an easy-to-use referencemanual, and will be reviewed on the basis of commentsand suggestions by users. Chapter 1 discusses basicconcepts of JICA’s ‘environmental consideration’process (screening, scoping, initial environmentalexamination and EIA) and relates these to the projectcycle. Chapter 2 outlines how to use the guidelines.Chapter 3 is concerned with preparing project and sitedescription forms. Initial screening and scoping aredealt with in Chapter 4, and checklists and referencematrices are provided. Chapter 5 focuses on jointscreening and scoping procedures with checklists againincluded. Appendix A presents significantenvironmental impacts and issues concerningagricultural and rural development projects, withsections on significant natural and social environments.Appendix B provides information on key internationaltreaties and international declarations for theagricultural environment. A final appendix is anextensive glossary of terms. An index is also included.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (1993).Environmental Guidelines for JICA Development
Study on Fishery Development Projects. JapanInternational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo. (Available inJapanese and English)
These guidelines aim to assist JICA staff and missionmembers in screening and scoping during theenvironmental impact review of JICA developmentstudies for projects in the fisheries sector. Theintroduction sets out the scope of the guidelines in thecontext of JICA’s ‘environmental consideration’ process(screening, scoping, initial environmental examinationand EIA). Chapter 1 outlines the basic concept of thisprocess and relates it to the project cycle. It alsodiscusses the components of fisheries developmentprojects and related environmental impacts. Chapter 2presents the main guidelines with introductory notes ontheir use. A section is devoted to preparing project andsite description forms for fisheries projects, with a list ofthe major types of operation. Other sections deal withinitial screening and joint screening and scoping(supported by checklists and reference matrices), overallevaluation, and the preparation of a preparatory studyreport. A further and substantial section considers thepossible significant environmental impacts to be assessedfor projects in the fisheries sector, with definitions anddiscussion of major potential impacts, developmentactivities generating impacts, special considerations forenvironmental assessment, mitigative measures, andrelated studies required. Environmentally-sensitive areasrequiring special attention are also described. A glossaryof terms is included.
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(1993). Environmental Guidelines on JICADevelopment Study for Mining DevelopmentProjects. Environmental Guidelines forInfrastructure Projects (JR 93-120) JapaneseInternational Development Agency, Tokyo. (307 p.)
These guidelines are mainly in Japanese. Project and sitedescriptions sheets, check lists for screening and scoping,and a questionnaire on mining development, areprovided in English.
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(1993). Environmental Guidelines on JICADevelopment Study for Industrial DevelopmentProjects. Environmental Guidelines forInfrastructure Projects (JR 93-119) JapaneseInternational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo. (269 p.)
These guidelines are mainly in Japanese. Project and sitedescriptions sheets, check lists for screening and scoping,and a questionnaire on industrial development, areprovided in English.
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(1993). Environmental Guidelines on JICADevelopment Study for Power Plant Development
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Projects. Environmental Guidelines forInfrastructure Projects (JR 93-121) JapaneseInternational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo. (269 p.)
These guidelines are mainly in Japanese. Project andsite descriptions sheets, check lists for screening andscoping, and a questionnaire on power development,are provided in English.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (1994).Environmental Guidelines for JICA DevelopmentStudy on Forestry Development Projects. JapanInternational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo. (Japaneseand English versions available)
These guidelines aim to assist screening and scopingduring the environmental impact review of JICAdevelopment studies for projects in the forestry sector.Chapter 1 discusses basic concepts of JICA’s‘environmental consideration’ process (screening,scoping, initial environmental examination and EIA)and relates these to the project cycle. Chapter 2outlines how to use the guidelines. Chapter 3 isconcerned with preparing project and site descriptionforms, and describes types of forestry developmentprojects. It discusses initial screening and scoping, jointscreening and scoping, and provides checklists andreference matrices. Procedures for overall evaluationare outlined and guidance is given on the presentationof a study report. An appendix sets out the majorenvironmental impacts to be assessed for projects inthis sector and describes significant natural and socialenvironments. A glosssary of terms is included.Contact: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICE Desk,Shinguku MAYNDS Tower, 1-1, Yoyogi 2-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo,Japan 151
Netherlands / NEDA (formerlyDGIS)Directorate General for International Cooperation(DGIS) (1990). Environmental Impact Assessmentin Development Cooperation: A Practical Tool forInitial Screening of Development Projects andProgrammes. Directorate General for InternationalCooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague.(31 p.)
Directorate General for International Cooperation(DGIS) (1993). Environmental Impact Assessmentin Development Cooperation. Directorate Generalfor International Cooperation, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, The Hague. (31 p.)
This publication is intended to present a procedure forthe initial environmental screening of developmentprojects, not the complete EIA process. It containsinformation and some practical guidelines for the
identification of impacts at the early stages of projectdevelopment. The material is based partly onstatements reports and recommendations of the WorldBank, OECD and bilateral donors as well as oncurrent policy documents of the Netherlands Ministryof Foreign Affairs. The document is intended for use ofembassy staff involved in the identification andappraisal of projects and programmes, country deskofficers, consultants and counterpart staff. The EIAprocess is described in general terms, with morespecific details on the Netherlands project cycleprocess which stresses that EIA should beimplemented at an early stage of project identificationand is relevant for all phases of the project cycle. Aprocedure for initial screening of projects andprogrammes is described.
Directorate General for International Cooperation(DGIS) (1994). Gender Assessment Study: A Guidefor Policy Staff. Special Programme Women andDevelopment, Directorate General for InternationalCooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague.
The purpose of this guide is to explain what a genderassessment study is, why and when it can be useful,and which methodologies can be used. The guide isintended to be used within the Netherlands’ bilateralaid programme and is primarily intended for DGISstaff. It also provides useful information for otherpolicy staff and development officers seeking toincorporate gender concerns in the planning ofdevelopment projects. Chapter one of the guide setsthe policy context for gender assessment. Chapter twodescribes the objectives of the study, and outlines thekey features including its relationship to the projectcycle. Chapter three describes the design andorganisation of the study while the final chapter setsout a methodology. Annexes provide furtherinformation on research methods and techniques.
Directorate General for International Cooperation(DGIS) (undated). Explanatory Notes on“Development Screening” of Project Assistance.Special Programme Women and Development,Directorate General for International Cooperation,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague. (56 p.)
Bisset, R. & Verbeek, L. Directorate General forInternational Cooperation (DGIS) (1998). Guide forEnvironmental Appraisal for use in DevelopmentCooperation: Options for Action. Draft(WW124801) Directorate General for InternationalCooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague,The Netherlands. (57 p.)
This draft guide provides practical advice andinformation to ensure that environmental issues areincluded in Netherlands Development Assistance
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(NEDA) development cooperation activities. Theoverall goal is to improve current practice and ensurethat there is a clear sequence of decisions showing howenvironmental issues were incorporated throughout allstages of a specific development cooperation activity.The guidance is based on the types of situation whichare most often faced by NEDA staff, and includesadvice on the selection of environmental actions/toolsand subsequent management and coordination. Theguide is compatible with NEDA policy documents,guidelines and working instruments.Contact: Netherlands Development Assistance, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, PO Box 20061, 2500 EB The Hague, The Netherlands.
Kessler, J.J. (1997). Strategic EnvironmentalAnalysis: Reader with Theoretical Backgroundand Application Guidelines. AIDEnvironment,Amsterdam. (146 p.)
This reader provides a detailed theoretical backgroundto Strategic Environmental Analysis (SEAn). There arefour chapters: introduction; concepts and approachprinciples; basic structure and getting started; andexecuting the 10 methodological steps of SEAn. Thedocument contains numerous case study boxes andfigures, There are six appendices: tools for SEAn,environmental monitoring (guidelines, tools, list ofindicators), checklist for environmental contextanalysis, proposed table of contents of a SEA report,criteria for evaluation on environmental issues, and listof references.Contact: AIDEnvironment, Donker Curtiusstraat 7 - 523, 1051 JLAmsterdam, The Netherlands.
Norway / NORADNorwegian Agency for Development Cooperation(NORAD) (1988). Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) of Development Aid Projects:Check Lists for Initial Screening of Projects.Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation,Oslo, Norway. (29 p.)
This is the first of a series of booklets compiled toassist project planners and desk officers to integrateenvironmental considerations into various types of aidprojects at an early stage in the planning process. Thisvolume describes the role and scope of environmentalimpact assessment in development planning, togetherwith a brief outline of the main components of the EIAprocess. Check lists for initial screening of projects areincluded. These cover: agriculture; animal husbandry;forestry; fisheries; aquaculture; hydro-electric power;water supplies; irrigation; transport; industry; mining;waste treatment and disposal; development of denselypopulated or urban areas; use of chemical pesticides.Separate volumes in the series have now been preparedfor eleven of these project categories (agriculture;animal husbandry; forestry; fisheries; aquaculture;
hydropower development; water supply, wastewater,irrigation; transport; industry and energy; mining andextraction of sand and gravel; and waste management.Two more are due to be published later in 1995 coveringdevelopment of densely populated areas and use ofchemical pesticides.
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation(NORAD) (1990-1996). Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) of Development Aid Projects:Initial Environmental Assessments (series).Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Oslo,Norway.
Each of the following sectoral guidelines, publishedbetween 1990 and 1996, outlines the characteristics ofthat sector and reviews the potential impacts of thesector on the environment. The final section includes achecklist to assist project planners to assess and evaluatepotential impacts.
1. Agriculture1. Agriculture1. Agriculture1. Agriculture1. Agriculture (32 p.)2. Animal Husbandry2. Animal Husbandry2. Animal Husbandry2. Animal Husbandry2. Animal Husbandry (30 p.)3: Forestry3: Forestry3: Forestry3: Forestry3: Forestry (28 p.)4: Fisheries4: Fisheries4: Fisheries4: Fisheries4: Fisheries (21 p.)5: Aquaculture5: Aquaculture5: Aquaculture5: Aquaculture5: Aquaculture (23 p.)6: Hydropower Development6: Hydropower Development6: Hydropower Development6: Hydropower Development6: Hydropower Development (21 p.)7: W7: W7: W7: W7: Water Supplyater Supplyater Supplyater Supplyater Supply, W, W, W, W, Wastewaterastewaterastewaterastewaterastewater (33 p.)8: T8: T8: T8: T8: Transporransporransporransporransporttttt (35 p.)9: Industry and Energy9: Industry and Energy9: Industry and Energy9: Industry and Energy9: Industry and Energy (36 p.)10: Mining and Extraction of Sand and Gravel10: Mining and Extraction of Sand and Gravel10: Mining and Extraction of Sand and Gravel10: Mining and Extraction of Sand and Gravel10: Mining and Extraction of Sand and Gravel (29 p.)11: W11: W11: W11: W11: Waste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste Management (31 p.)12. Urban12. Urban12. Urban12. Urban12. Urban (37 p.)13. Plant Protection13. Plant Protection13. Plant Protection13. Plant Protection13. Plant Protection (30 p.)14. Oil and Gas14. Oil and Gas14. Oil and Gas14. Oil and Gas14. Oil and Gas (35 p.)
Contact: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), POBox 8034 Oslo Dep, 0030 Oslo 1, Norway.
Sweden / SIDASwedish International Development Agency (SIDA)(1991). Riktlinjer for Miljokonsekvensbedomningari Bistandet (Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment) Swedish International DevelopmentAgency, Stockholm. (39 p.)Contact: Swedish International Development Agency, Birjir Jarsgeten 61,S10525 Stockholm, Sweden.
Switzerland / SDCSwiss Development Cooperation (SDC) (1994). ImpactHypotheses. Development and its EnvironmentalImpacts. Swiss Development Cooperation, Berne.(101 p.)
Although not strictly EIA guidelines, this document setsout hypotheses on environmental impact and describesinteractions in man-environment systems. It makes
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projections about how these interactions might beaffected by development activities. These are intendedas a tool to be used for assessing potentialenvironmental risks at an early stage. Following theintroduction is a section describing the local setting,discussing social order, modes of production, andcultural values and norms. The next section deals withsectoral interventions: renewable resources, industrialproduction, the service sector, infrastructure, healthand education. The final section covers transectoralinterventions: energy, training and advisory services,research, technology transfer, political dialogue andstructural adjustments, institutional and legaldevelopment, financial assistance, and humanitarianaid. The document, originally published in German, isalso available in French.Contact: Environmenmt & Forestry Service, Swiss DevelopmentCooperation (SDC), 303 Berne, Switzerland.
United Kingdom / DFID (formerlyODA)Overseas Development Administration (ODA) (1993).Social Development Handbook: A Guide to SocialIssues in ODA Projects and Programmes. OverseasDevelopment Administration, London, UK. (93 p.)
This first edition supplements advice on how toaddress social issues described in ODA’s Guide to AidProcedures. Part 1 explains what is meant by socialdevelopment and social issues, and can be used eitheras an introduction to the rest of the manual or as astand-alone document. Part 2 summarises the basicquestions for social impact assessment. This part of thehandbook is designed for use by administrators andadvisers during project identification and design, sectorreviews and project appraisal. Part 3 outlines the wayin which social issues should be identified andaddressed in ODA aid procedures, and this isexpanded in Part 4 which examines social issues invarious sectoral and non-sectoral aspects of ODA’swork. Nine sectoral checklists are provided (primarilyintended for use by professional advisers working inthose sectors) to help identify and address social issuesin projects. The final part of the handbook is alsoavailable as a separate document. It summarisesODA’s approach to gender planning as a means ofenhancing women’s participation in development,providing examples of how to incorporate thisapproach into project design.
Overseas Development Administration (ODA) (1996).The Manual of Environmental Appraisal. OverseasDevelopment Administration, London. (v, 135 p.)
This five part document is an expanded revision of amanual first published in 1989 and updated in 1992. It
gives practical guidance to ODA staff to addressenvironmental issues early in the decision cycle ofprojects and programmes. Section 1 provides a simple,step-by-step procedure to identify the environmentalimpacts of development projects and to take steps toalleviate and manage them, supported by checklists.Section 2 considers ways of valuing the environment indecision-making, describing the most importantmultilateral environmental agreements and looks indetail at special habitats and the most commondegradation processes. Section 3 gives an outline ofenvironmental analysis and audit. Its annexes deal withnatural resources, infrastructure, urban development,industry and mining, and tourism. Section 4 considersfurther practical methods of environmental appraisalwhilst Section 5 deals with commissioning, managing,monitoring and evaluating an EIA, and includesguidance on public participation in EIAs and involvingNGOs.Contact: Environment Policy Department, Department for InternationalDevelopment, 94 Victoria Street, London SW11E 5JL.
United States of America / USAIDUnited States Agency for International Development(USAID) (1980). 22 CFR 216: EnvironmentalProcedures. AID Handbook 3 (US Government FederalRegister). United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Washington D.C.. (Appendix 2D).
USAID uses the guidelines/procedures laid out in22CFR 216 Environmental Procedures for the majorityof its projects. However, when a project has a directsignificant impact on the environment of the U.S (forexample a project in Mexico along the US border) or onthe global commons, USAID uses regulations/guidelinesof the Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ), andEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA). USAID hasresisted issuing formal guidelines that explain how toimplement 22 CFR 216 because of the legal ramificationthat a US government agency may not change a FederalRegulation other than by the very lengthy and difficultformal amendment process. Issuing official guidelineson how to implement 22 CFR 216 would be challengedin court.
This document sets out the procedures to be followed inthe development of USAID programmes to ensure thatenvironmental factors and values are integrated intoUSAID decision-making processes. They are FederalRegulations and are intended to implement therequirements of the National Environmental ProtectionAct (1969) as they affect the USAID programme. Thesection on procedures covers requirements for initialenvironmental examination, threshold decision, negativedeclaration, scope of EA or impact statement,preparation of EAs and EISs, processing and reviewwithin USAID, environmental review after
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authorization of financing, revisions, other approvaldocuments, and pesticide procedures. Other sectionsprovide more specific guidance on the content ofenvironmental assessments and EISs, and publichearings.
United States Agency for International Development(USAID) (undated). Major Functional Series 200:USAID Programme Assistance. ADS 204Environmental Procedures. United States Agencyfor International Development, Washington D.C.. (7p.)
This chapter provides policy and essential proceduresabout how to apply CFR 216 to the USAIDassistance process in order to ensure that assessmentsof the environmental consequences of all progams,activities, and substantive amendments are in fullaccordance with the requirements of Title 22 of theCode of Federal Regulations, Part 216.
Bottrell, D.G. & Mann, J.B. et al (1991). How toprepare environmental assessments ofpesticide use in AID agriculture projects.Consortium for International Crop Protection,United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Washington D.C.. (v, 54 p.)
Kenning Massa, A. (1992). Planning andProduction of Environmentally Sound Housing:Environmental Impact Assessment for HousingDevelopment Projects. Office of Housing andUrban Programs Working Paper. United StatesAgency for International Development, WashingtonD.C.. (71 p.)
Knausenberger, W.I., Booth, G.A., Bingham, C.S. &Gaudet, J.J. (Eds) (1996). EnvironmentalGuidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa:Environmentally Sound Design for Planningand Implementing Humanitarian andDevelopment Activities. Technical Paper No.18,SD Publication Series. Productive Sector Growthand Environment Division, Office of SustainableDevelopment, Bureau for Africa, United StatesAgency for International Development (USAID),Washington D.C.. (xiii, 126 p., appendices)
The purpose of these guidelines is to promoteenvironmentally sound development activities thatbuild on the principles of sustainable naturalresource management. They are intended for use byprivate voluntary organisations (PVOs), non-governmental organisatyions (NGOs) and otherrecipients of USAID grants as a tool for activitydesign, implementation and monitoring.
Guidelines are presented for 18 diverse butinterrelated sectors. Individual sectors coveredinclude: agriculture (soil and water resources,including irrigation); timber harvesting andproduction; livestock and range management;fisheries management; ecotourism; small-scale ruralenterprises; small industry; rural roads and energy.Multisectoral guidelines are provided for:agroforestry; integrated conservation anddevelopment projects; agricultural pest management;water supply and sanitation; construction; wastemanagement; environmental mitigation duringrefugee relief; resettlement activities and theenvironment; and food aid, humanitarian relief, andthe environment. For each sector, key questions andsuggested actions are included.
The document also outlines the principles of EIA andUSAID’s environmental review procedures, anddescribes the USAID African Bureau’s ActivityCategorization process for NGO/PVO grants andsubgrants. Two appendices provide guidelines for safepesticide use and integrated pest management.Another appendix describes the classification ofproject activities during activity planning and initialenvironmental assessment. An EnvironmentalScreening and Reporting Form (ESF) is included, andother appendices set out pertinent USAIDenvironmental procedures and strategies andregulatory documents, and a useful list of keycontacts and reviewers. Finally, a list of usefulgeneral references and others specific to the sectorscovered is also provided.
Phelps, R.P. (1981). Environmental Considerationsin Aquaculture. International Center forAquaculture, Auburn, Alabama. (97 p.)
This manual provides planners with a background toenvironmental issues associated with donor-fundedaquaculture development. It is principally intendedfor use by United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (AID) program staff. The documentdescribes basic procedures and methods associatedwith aquaculture development, and reviewsenvironmental aspects of aquaculture. The latterincludes impacts on soils, hydrology, land usepatterns, water quality, natural resources, air quality,and economic, social and cultural effects. A checklistof environmental effects is included and specialconsiderations for brackish water aquaculture arediscussed.
Tillman, R. (1981). Environmental Guidelines forIrrigation. United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Washington D.C. (74 p.)
Contact: United States Agency for International Development (USAID),320 21st Street NW, Washington DC 20523, USA.
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Department of TechnicalCooperation for DevelopmentUnited Nations Department of TechnicalCooperation for Development (UN/DTCD) &Development and Development Policy Forum of theGerman Foundation for International Development(DSE) (1992). Mining and the Environment: TheBerlin Guidelines. Mining Journal Books, London.(xi, 180 p.)
This volume contains a selection of the paperspresented at the Berlin Round Table of June 1991,organized by the Department of TechnicalCooperation for Development, United Nations andthe Development Policy Forum of the GermanFoundation for International Development. The mainpurpose was to formulate international principles,guidelines and national regulatory standardsregarding mining, with particular emphasis ondeveloping countries. Chapters include:Environmental Regulations; Environmental Aspectsof Non-Ferrous Mining; Small-scale Mining inDeveloping Countries; Mining and EnvironmentalTaxes; Economic Aspects of EnvironmentalProtection; Socio-Cultural Impacts; EnvironmentalStandards; and the Berlin Guidelines themselves.Contact: Mining Journal Books, 60 Worship Street, London EC2A 2HD,UK.
United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)(1992). Handbook and Guidelines forEnvironmental Management and SustainableDevelopment. United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, New York. (72 p.)
This document comprises three main parts. Part Ipresents the general concepts and ideas relevant toenvironmental management and sustainabledevelopment, setting out basic environmentalinformation needed by a general developmentpractitioner. Separate sections discuss: (a) policies,legislation, institution-building, and environmentalmanagement strategies; (b) economic development,
conservation, socio-economic appraisal and economicanalysis; (c) socio-economic development, basic needs,women, children and the workplace; and (d)population growth, the urban environment, industry,education and information, and communityparticipation.
Part II consists of a set of operational guidelines thataim to assist UNDP professionals to introduce the“environmental dimension” systematically into allUNDP technical co-operation activities. Sectionscover: (a) environmental management steps (technicalassistance, country programme cycle, project cycle),(b) environmental management tools (checklists,environmental overviews, screening, environmentalmanagement strategies), (c) integration of steps andtools, (d) appraisal of UNDP-sponsored activities, and(e) reducing environmental impact in UNDP offices.Part III is a bibliography of selected environmentalassessment and management guidelines covering:general references, agriculture, water, conservation/biodiversity, industry, chemicals and metals, planning,economics, and regional and national EA studies.
There are four annexes. The first discusses varioustechniques for environmental assessment andmanagement. The use of particular techniques are notspecifically recommended, but information isprovided on existing alternatives. The other annexesprovide an environmental overview of a sampleUNDP country programme and an overview andenvironmental management strategy for a sampleproject.Contact: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1 UnitedNations Plaza, New York NY 100017, USA.
Economic and Social Commissionfor Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1985). Environmental ImpactAssessment: Guidelines for Planners andDecision-Makers. United Nations, New York. (viii,196 p.)
Part One is concerned with concept, procedures andmethodologies, and includes five sections:
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organisation of EIA, methodologies, environmentalimpacts of sectoral development, the situation in theAsian and Pacific region, and summary andconclusions. There are six appendices: guidelines forIEE, terms of reference for preparing an EIS,recommended format for preparing EIS proposals,actions and environmental items in Leopoldinteraction matrix, reference checklist for the EIAprocess, and a glossary. Part Two presents nine EIAcase studies.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for AgriculturalDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 51p.)
These guidelines were written to assist governmentagencies concerned with environmental protection indeveloping countries (specifically the Asia-Pacificregion) in the planning and execution of EIAs foragricultural development projects, in particular landclearance projects. A brief overview is given of theEIA process, as well as its application to agriculturaldevelopment projects. Summaries of current EIAmethodologies are recommended. Annexes provideproject case studies and sample terms of reference.This document is one of a series of four. Othervolumes cover industrial development, waterresources and transport.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for IndustrialDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Bangkok. (viii, 61 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection indeveloping countries in the planning and execution ofEIAs for industrial development projects. Theysummarise general assessment methodologies,identify data collection and evaluation methodologiesfor assessing the quality and quantity of keyparameters, and present the typical impacts andpathways relevant to industrial development projectsbased on literature references and case studies.Annexes provide sample terms of reference forindustrial development EIA studies, and case studiesof industrial development projects. This document isone in a series of four - the other volumes coveragriculture, transport and water resources.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for TransportDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.(viii, 99 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection in developingcountries in the planning and execution of EIAs fortransport development projects. Like other ESCAPguidelines, these guidelines summarise existingmethodologies. The impacts and managementrequirements of the transport sector are discussed withreference to port and harbour projects, highways androads, and airports. Annexes give sample terms ofreference for these types of projects. This document isone of a series of four. The other three volumes coverwater resources, agriculture and industrialdevelopment.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1990). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Water ResourceDevelopment. ESCAP Environment andDevelopment Series. United Nations Economic SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. (viii,119 p.)
These guidelines aim to assist government agenciesconcerned with environmental protection in developingcountries in the planning and execution of EIAs forwater resource development projects. They summarisegeneral EIA methodologies, and discuss typical impactsrelated to water resources including rivers, lakes andestuarine areas. Marine waters per se are notconsidered. The document is one in a series of four.The other volumes cover agriculture, transport, andindustrial development.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1992). Assessment of theEnvironmental Impact of Port Development: AGuidebook for EIA of Port Development. UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Asiaand the Pacific, New York. (iv, 73 p., appendices)
This guidebook provides port planners with basicinformation on EIA of port development. It comprisesfive sections: requirements for EIA, environmentalimpacts of port development, environmental indicatorsand criteria, methods for survey and impact prediction(water pollution, coastal hydrology, marine and coastalecology, air quality, noise, odour and visual pollution),and methods for pollutionless dredging andreclamation. There are 13 appendices includingchecklists of potential adverse effects of portdevelopment and operation.
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Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) (1995). Planning Guidelines onCoastal Environmental Management. UnitedNations, New York. (vi, 116 p.)
Chapter 7 of these planning guidelines discusses theenvironmental impact of development activities incoastal areas. The rationale for assessing suchimpacts is considered and significant impacts ofvarious types of activities on the coastal environmentare briefly set out. Checklists of such impacts areprovided for fisheries development, tourism, coastalenvironments, and ports and harbours. Amethodology for assessing the impacts of futuredevelopment activities on the coastal environment issuggested. Annexes to this chapter provide EIAguidelines (from the Sri Lanka Coast ConservationDepartment), a listing of cross-sectoral interactionsand impacts associated with coastal zone projects,and planning and management guidelines formanaging coastal habitats without degradation.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific, United Nations (ESCAP) (1995). Guidelineson Environmentally Sound Development ofCoastal Tourism. United Nations, New York. (vii,124 p.)
These guidelines attempt to identify the cause-effectrelationship between tourism and the environment incoastal locations, and to illustrate remedial andpreventive measures that can be adopted to promotethe environmentally sound and sustainabledevelopment of coastal tourism. They focus mainlyon tools and methodologies, but also bring togetherthe experience of selected countries in promotingsustainable tourism development in coastal areas ofthe Asia and Pacific region. Two chapters are ofparticular interest in the context of EIA. Chapter IIdiscusses the environmental impacts of coastaltourism development, covering impact types and theirextent, and the impacts of components of coastaldevelopment. Chapter IV deals with managementthrough EIA with an introduction on measures topromote EIA in the region, and sections on: costs andbenefits; the project cycle; the EIA process coveringscreening, initial environmental examination, andfull-scale EIA; methodologies; presentation of theEIA; management and evaluation; constraints in EIAimplementation and recommendations to overcomethese. Annexes include EIA guidelines for existingbeach resort hotels, coastal water quality and effluentstandards in Thailand, and noise emission and airquality standards in Thailand and Malaysia.Contact: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia andthe Pacific (UNESCAP), UN Building, Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok10200, Thailand.
Economic Commission for Europe(ECE)United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(1987). Application of Environmental ImpactAssessment: Highways and Dams.Environmental Series No.1, ECE/ENV/50. UnitedNations Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva.(xix, 149 p.)
This report was prepared for the UNECE by a taskforce, led by The Netherlands, which analysedpractical experience with the application of EIA tohighways and dam projects. Part One gives abackground to the study. Part Two describes thelegal/administrative systems (then applying) for thecountries participating in the study: Canada, Finland,Germany (Federal Republic of), Netherlands,Norway, and USA. Part Three gives summarydescriptions of 11 case studies (6 highway and 5 damcases), whilst Part Four analyses these and sets outconclusions and recommendations related to: the EIAprocess, the content of an EIA, and the link betweenEIA and decision-making. Details of the case studiesand the legal systems are presented in annexes.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1990). Post-Project Analysis inEnvironmental Impact Assessment.Environmental Series No.3, ECE/ENVWA/11.United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,Geneva. (v, 42 pp. 2 annexes)
This report was prepared for the UN ECE by a taskforce, led by Canada, which analysed practicalexperience with the application of post-projectanalyses (PPAs). Chapter I provides definitions ofPPA, EIA processes and various types of monitoring,and discusses two types of classification of PPAs: byuse or purpose (project management or EIA processdevelopment); and by type of study (scientific andtechnical, or procedural and administrative). ChapterII gives summary descriptions of 11 case studies. Thefinal chapter presents the results of the analysis withconclusions and recommendations. Annex 1 containsinformation provided by ECE member countries onPPA practices. Annex 2 gives a more detaileddescription of the approach taken by the task force,and Annex 3 provides a glossary of terms.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1991). Policies and Systems ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment.Environmental Series No.4, ECE/ENVWA/15.United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE), Geneva. (v, 35 p., annex)
This report describes trends and experience gainedregarding policies and systems of EIA in the ECE
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region, with information from the followingcountries: Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Finland,France, Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary,Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain,Sweden, UK and USA. It includes informationcomplementary to that contained in two earlierreports in this series (Nos. 1 and 3) and therecommendations should be read in connection withthose in these earlier reports.
Chapter I presents recommendations to ECEgovernments on EIA. Chapter II gives information onlegal frameworks and systems of EIA, and coversprocedures by which alternatives are generated inEIA. Chapter III describes experience on criteria fordetermining the environmental significance ofprojects in the ECE region. Examples of types ofactivities and criteria used in determining the latterare given in Annex 1.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1992). Application of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Principles to Policies, Plansand Programmes. Environmental Series No.5,ECE/ENVWA/15. United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe, Geneva. (v, 39 p.)
This report was prepared for the UNECE by a taskforce, led by USA, to help develop a framework forincluding environmental considerations in decision-making at the national, regional and local levels. Thereport begins with an introduction followed by thefindings of the task force. Annex I contains asummary description of 10 case studies covering theEIA of policies, plans and programmes (PPP) onvarious activities. Annex II presents a description ofthe (then) legal and administrative systems for EIA ofPPPs in the participating countries: Canada,Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK andUSA.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1996). Guidelines on Access toEnvironmental Information and PublicParticipation in Environmental Decision-Making. ECE/CEP/24/Rev.1. United NationsEconomic Commission for Europe, Geneva. (9 p.)
These short guidelines are presented in separatesections in English, French and Russian. They weredeveloped by an ECE Task Force on EnvironmentalRights and Obligations and endorsed by the ThirdMinisterial Conference in Sofia in October 1995. Thedocument sets out principles on access toenvironmental information and on publicparticipation in environmental decision-making.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1996). Convention on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in a Transboundary Context.United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,Geneva.
The Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo,1991) stipulates the obligations of Parties to assessthe environmental impact of certain activities at anearly stage of planning. It also lays down the generalobligation of States to notify and consult each otheron all major projects under consideration that arelikely to have a significant adverse environmentalimpact across boundaries. This document includesthe full text of the convention, its main proceduralsteps, status of the convention, and documentsprepared under the convention - Bilateral andMultilateral Cooperation on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context, SpecificMethodologies and Criteria to Determine theSignificance of Adverse Transboundary Impact, andthe Final Report of the Task Force on Legal andAdministrative Aspects of the Practical Application ofRelevant Provisions of the Convention.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) (1996). Current Policies, Strategies andAspects of Environmental Impact Assessment ina Transboundary Context. Environmental SeriesNo.6, ECE/CEP/9. United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe, Geneva. (viii, 76 p.)
The preface provides background to the Conventionon EIA in a Transboundary Context, adopted atEspoo, Finland in 1991, and discusses the obligationsand actions to date of Signatories. This four partpublication provides a thorough description ofcurrent practice and state-of-the-art knowledge (in1995) regarding ‘transboundary EIA’ and completesinformation provided in other UNECE publications.
Part One deals with policies and strategies promotingEIA. There are chapters on legal and administrativemeasures for the application of EIA, mechanisms forthe implementation of the Convention, experienceswith transboundary EIA, and bilateral andmultilateral agreements related to the Convention. Afurther chapter discusses EIA principles, researchinitiatives and national centres on EIA. Annexesprovide lists of projects in relation to EIA in theUNECE region, detail transboundary EIA experiencesin the Netherlands, and give the addresses of someEuropean centres of expertise in EIA.
Part Two focuses on legal and administrative aspectsof the subject with chapters on time limits fornotification and submission of information, thecontent of notification, responsibility for procedural
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steps to ensure public participation, responsibility fortranslations, and organisational questions. Part Threediscusses specific methodological issues concerningtransboundary EIA, with sections on theidentification of proposed activities requiring EIA,“significance” of adverse transboundary impacts, andharmonisation of methods and standardisation,supported by eight tabular annexes on various relatedissues. Part Four is concerned with bilateral andmultilateral cooperation on transboundary EIA,setting out key elements for its effective application.A final annex details the main elements for anagreement on transboundary EIA between Austriaand Slovakia.Contact: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais desNations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)The UNEP documents listed below are thoseidentified as being mainly concerned with providingdirect guidance on environmental impact assessmentprocedures. However, it should be noted many otherUNEP guidelines refer in part to environmentalimpacts and how they can be managed. For example,there are four series of reports and publications:Technical Reports (TR), Industrial PollutionManagement (PM), Tourism Programme (T), andEnvironmental Technology Assessment (TA), whichare all either available or indexed on their website.The TR series regroups the Guidelines, Overviews,Technical Reviews and Workshop Proceedings, andincludes the UNEP Environmental ManagementGuidelines - a series of twenty environmentaloperational guidelines prepared between 1982-1990to identify and offer measures to minimise thepossible adverse environmental impacts across themain sectors of development activities.
Ahmad, Y.J. & Sammy, G.K. (1987). Guidelines toEnvironmental Impact Assessment inDeveloping Countries. UNEP Regional SeasReports and Studies 85. United NationsEnvironment Programme, Nairobi. (44 p.)
These guidelines were originally printed by Hodderand Stoughton in 1985. They have been reprinted byUNEP as part of its Regional Seas Programme. Theauthors explain the history of EIA in developedcountries and how it has been adopted in the ThirdWorld. The first chapters explain the importance ofEIA to developing countries. Subsequent chaptersoutline steps in EIA, from information gathering andanalysis through to project monitoring. Commonproblems encountered in EIA are illustrated and
examples provided of ways in which they havesometimes been solved.
An important instrument for environmental decision-making is cost-benefit analysis. Some of the problemsthat arise when cost-benefit analysis is used as acomponent of EIA, or as a separate exercise, areconsidered. The document also discusses theimportance of fostering relationships between thevarious institutions that need to work together, toimprove the use of EIA as a decision-making tool indeveloping countries. The book concludes with aperspective on the future of EIA in developingcountries.Contact: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box30552, Nairobi , Kenya
Carter, T.R., Parry, M.L., Nishioka, S., Harasawa,H.,United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)& WMO (1992). Preliminary Guidelines forAssessing Impacts of Climate Change.Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford(UK) and Center for Global Environmental Research(Tsukuba, Japan), (28 p.)
Climate impact assessment has two mutually-dependent objectives: first, to construct a firmscientific basis for evaluating the interactions ofclimate, environment and society; and second, toprovide the best possible information to policy-makers, decision-makers and managers at all levels ofgovernment and industry to enable them to developresponses to future environmental and socio-economic consequences.
This report is the outcome of the work of an expertgroup established by the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC). It is a preliminary reportwhich IPCC intends to develop and improve. It doesnot seek to prescribe a single preferred method forthe assessment of the impacts of climate change, butprovides an analytical outline that comprises sevensteps, with a range of methods identified at each stepwhich can yield comparable results. The reportoutlines a basic framework for the study of climate-environment-society interactions, with a particularemphasis on assessing the impacts of possible futurechanges in climate due to the enhanced greenhouseeffect.Contact: Environmental Change Unit, 1a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13TB, UK.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)(1988). Environmental Impact Assessment: BasicProcedures for Developing Countries. UnitedNations Environment Programme, Nairobi. (16 p.)
This booklet is an explanation of the EIA process.Sections include: What is Environmental Impact
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Assessment; EIA is a Management Tool; Who isInvolved in the EIA process; Important Principles inManaging an EIA; the EIA Process; and ResourcesNeeded for an EIA.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)(1990). An Approach to Environmental ImpactAssessment for Projects Affecting the Coastaland Marine Environment. UNEP Regional SeasReports and Studies 122. UNEP Regional SeasReports and Studies: 122. United NationsEnvironment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. (35 p.)
This document provides simple procedures andguidelines for the preparation of EIAs in the contextof regional agreements on the protection of themarine environment adopted in support of UNEP’sRegional Seas Programme. The approach is limited toa narrowly defined, practical and easily applicableEIA methodology for certain types of project: amarina, a tourist complex, and sewage treatmentplants of testing of the approach on case studies.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),International Labour Office (ILO), and United NationsEnvironment Programme Industry and EnvironmentProgramme Activity Centre (1991). EnvironmentalAspects of Selected Non-Ferrous Metals OreMining: A Technical Guide. Technical ReportSeries No.5. United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, International Labour Office, Geneva,Switzerland. (Xvii, 116 p.)
This technical guide gives an overview of the methodsand technologies that can be applied to achievemining at an acceptable environmental cost. Chaptersinclude among others: Potential Impacts of Miningon the Environment; Potential Sources ofContaminants; and Procedures for EnvironmentalControl (including Environmental Assessment).
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)(1997). The Environmental Management ofIndustrial Estates. IE Technical Report No.39.Industry and Environment Centre, United NationsEnvironment Programme, Paris. (140 p.)
This publication derives from two workshops andprovides advice for estate planners, operators andmanagers. It proposes a practical set of options forday-to-day work activities based on best currentexperience. The document is presented in two parts.Part I provides background information includingdefinitions and general consideration ofenvironmental impacts and environmental, healthand safety concerns, and sets out some key issues. Italso discusses guiding principles and approaches andthe key aspects of establishing an environmental
management framework. Part II containsenvironmental guidelines for both new and existingindustrial estates. The guidelines for new estatescover such matters as site selection, evaluatingpotential environmental and socio-economic impacts,designing the site, using environmentally-sensitiveconstruction methods, developing environmentally-appropriate infrastructure, and planning foroperations. The guidelines for existing estates dealwith assessing existing environmental conditions,developing environmental management performanceobjectives, and implementing environmentalmanagement systems and projects. A series ofworksheets are also included for use in actualsituations. The document contains references andrecommended further reading and various usefulappendices.Contact: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box30552, Nairobi , Kenya
Food and AgricultureOrganisation (FAO)Barg, U.C. (1992). Guidelines for the Promotionof Environmental Management of CoastalAquaculture Development. FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper No.328. FAO Fisheries TechnicalPaper No. 328. Food and Agriculture Organisation ofthe United Nations, Rome. (122 p.)
This document is aimed at aquaculture developmentspecialists, coastal resource use planners andgovernment officials involved in the planning andmanagement of coastal aquaculture developmentwithin the wider context of resource use in coastalareas. Guidelines are given for improvedenvironmental management of coastal aquaculturebased on an overview of selected publishedexperiences. The potential adverse environmentaleffects of coastal aquaculture practices are outlinedand the main socio-economic and bio-physical factorsare considered. Methodologies for the assessment andmonitoring of environmental hazards and impacts ofcoastal aquaculture are presented. Finally, selectedenvironmental management options are described forapplication both at policy-level and farm-level.
Burbridge, R., Norgaard, R.B. & Hartshorn, G.S.(1988). Environmental Guidelines forResettlement Projects in the Humid Tropics.FAO Environment and Energy Paper No. 9. FAOEnvironment and Energy Paper; 9. Food andAgriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome. (vii, 67 p.)
These guidelines are designed to serve two purposes.The first is to assist in identifying potential adverse
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effects inherent in proposed resettlement projects,and the second is to identify ways in which thedesign, implementation and on-going management ofproposed projects could be improved. Part Onepresents an overview of the impact of resettlementprojects in the humid tropics. Part Two providesenvironmental principles and checklists for theformulation and assessment of such projects,including guidance on how to review and evaluate theinitial environmental assessment.
Dougherty, T.C. & Hall, A.W. (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Irrigation and DrainageProjects. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 53. Foodand Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations,Rome. ISBN 92 5 103731 0
The aim of this publication is to provide guidanceenabling personnel working in irrigation anddrainage to take environmental impacts into account.The main focus of the document is on the process ofundertaking environmental impact assessment. Majorenvironmental and draining projects are discussed indetail.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UnitedNations (FAO) (1982). Environmental ImpactAssessment and Agricultural Development.Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UnitedNations, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (1984).Cage and Pen Fish Farming: Carrying CapacityModels and Environmental Impact. FAOFisheries Technical Paper No.255. FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper; 255., Rome, Italy. (131 p.)
The purpose of this report is to review what is knownabout the environmental impacts of inland water cageand pen fish culture, and to examine possiblemethods for estimating carrying capacity. Effortshave been made to deal not only with intensiveculture in temperate countries, but also with themore extensive methods practiced in the tropics, andto choose predictive models which are comparativelysimple and inexpensive to use.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UnitedNations (FAO) (1996). Environmental ImpactAssessment and Environmental Auditing in thePulp and Paper Industry. Food and AgricultureOrganisation of the United Nations, Rome. (89 p.)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UnitedNations (FAO) (1996). Assessing forestry projectimpacts: issues and strategies. Forestry Papers
114. Food and Agriculture Organisation of theUnited Nations (FAO), Rome. (78 p.) ISBN 92 5103428 1
Wrammer, P. (1987). Procedures forEnvironmental Impact Assessment of FAO’sField Project. Food and Agriculture Organisation ofthe United Nations, Rome.
Zimmerman, R.C. (1992). Environmental Impactof Forestry: Guidelines for its Assessment inDeveloping Countries. (2nd ed.) ConservationGuide Vol. 7. Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO), Rome. (85 p.)
Contact: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Via Terme diCaracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy.
United Nations High CommissionFor Refugees (UNHCR)United Nations High Commission For Refugees(UNHCR) (1994). Interim Guidelines forEnvironment-Sensitive Management of RefugeeProgrammes. United Nations High Commission ForRefugees, Geneva. (15 p.)
These Interim Guidelines aim to assure theintegration of the environmental perspective into theplanning and implementation of UNHCR’sprogrammes. The main thrusts of the Guidelines are:to institute environmental reporting, surveys,monitoring and studies; to define environmentalcriteria for selection and design of a refugee site; topromote environment-orientated projects andprogramming; and to define the technical andoperational support available from UNHCRheadquarters. A technical support document, Manualfor Environmental Surveys and Studies, is attached.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR) (1996). Environmental Guidelines.United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,Geneva. (68 p.)
These guidelines are concerned with refugee-relatedenvironmental impacts. An initial overview sectionprovides the context for the guidelines in relation torefugee situations (and associated problems) evolvingthrough three distinct phases: emergency, care-and-maintenance, and durable solutions. It also sets outthe objectives of the guidelines to assist UNHCR staffin identifying and designing their interventions. Othersections briefly consider environmental problemsassociated with refugee assistance, and set out bothenvironmental and operational principles of
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UNHCR’s activities. The main section coversenvironment-related measures, including institutionalmeasures, that need to be applied to all phases ofrefugee assistance programmes. Various technicalissues are discussed: supplies and logistics, physicalplanning, water, sanitation, health, food, domesticenergy, forestry, agriculture, livestock, communityservices, education, income generation, garbageclean-up and disposal, site rehabilitation, ecosystemrehabilitation, repatriation and reintegration, andlocal integration. Six appendices are includedcovering: UNHCR environmental project categories;draft terms of reference for an environmentalspecialist, environmental coordinator, and localenvironmental task force; the role and content ofenvironmental planning; and factors in developing arehabilitation scheme.Contact: United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), CP-2500, CH 1211 Geneva 2 Depot, Switzerland.
United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organisation(UNIDO)United Nations Industrial Development Organization(1986). Environmental United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (1986). EnvironmentalAssessment and Management in the Productionof Six Non-Ferrous Metals (Aluminium, Nickel,Copper, Lead, Zinc and Tin). Sectoral StudiesNo.30. United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization, Vienna. (xii, 163 p.)
This document presents an overview of the mainenvironmental implications of the production of sixof the most important non-ferrous metals:aluminium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc and tin. Itsurveys the main technical aspects of the variousproduction processes, from mining to metal refining,with specific emphasis on the impact of the existingand emerging production technologies on theenvironment. In the chapters covering the individualmetals, additional aspects of the manufacturingprocesses are also considered including: thepossibilities of metals production from by-productutilization, potential for metal recycling, costimplication for pollution control or reduction,environmental standards recommended for emissionsof pollutants, and worker health, safety andprotection. In each chapter a case study is presentedfor the metal under consideration giving examples ofactual application of the concepts expressed in thedocument.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization(1988). First Guide for UNIDO Officers in
Evaluating the Environmental Impact ofIndustrial Projects. United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization, Vienna. (25 p.)
This document provides guidance on industrialproject evaluation with respect to environmentalimpact. It contains: a checklist for assessment ofpollution possible at the level of specific industrialprojects; black-list and grey-list materials andsubstances requiring steps for pollution control;pollution control parameters listed by 28 industrialsubsectors; and annexes with a synopsis ofenvironmental guidelines issued by variousinternational organizations.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization(1990). EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)Models for UNIDPLAN. United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization, Vienna. (10 p.)
This is a report from experts concerning theintroduction of models designed at facilitatingenvironmental impact assessment. It covers: thestructure of such models surveying the transport,distribution, transformation etc. of chemicals andpollutants and their effect problems; priorityindustries in the UNIDO environmental programme,such as metalworking, pulp and paper, cement,textiles and low-grade coal power plants, and therecipients of such industrial effluents; and acharacterization of special models requirements fordifferent purposes.
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation(UNIDO) (1990-1991). Project Design ReferenceFile. Volume II: Guidelines for EnvironmentalAppraisal. Vol. 2, No. 2. United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organisation, Vienna.
This file brings together a number of papers onenvironmental assessment, previously published as aseries of separate guidelines for the Project AppraisalSection of UNIDO. They are technical guidelinescovering different industrial sectors, and they havethe following objectives: (a) to provide guidance toBackstopping and AREA officers in the introductionof environmental considerations in the design anddevelopment of projects under the auspices ofUNIDO; and (b) to help the Project Appraisal Sectionjudge whether appropriate environmental measureshave been included in the project in order torecommend, on environmental grounds, whether ornot the project should proceed as planned.
Part I looks at the Environmental Appraisal ofCategory A Projects, defined as technical assistanceprojects with no capital implications and which donot produce direct environmental impacts. Theenvironmental appraisal for Category A projectstherefore concentrates on environmental awareness
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and the development of technical and institutionalcapabilities. The guidelines are intended to be used byUNIDO officers as a checklist at the projectformulation stage, and as an appraisal tool at thereview stage.
Part II considers the Environmental Appraisal ofCategory B, defined as those with primary orsecondary environmental impacts. The guidelineswere designed in order to allow UNIDO officers toverify, at a glance, whether or not a project isenvironmentally sound and what can be done toimprove it. They take the reader through theindustrial process, highlighting the points whereenvironmental impacts are likely to occur, thereceptors that may be affected, and the measures tominimise the impact at each stage. UNIDO notes thatsince environmental impacts of most industrialsectors are readily identifiable, and there is sufficientinformation available regarding clean practices andwaste treatment and disposal, most assessments willbe completed at the project formulation stage, andonly exceptionally will a full EIA be required. Theguidelines are presented in the form of tables whichcan be used for any type of capital project. Howeverin order to facilitate the appraisal of projects mostfrequently sponsored by UNIDO, a series of sector-specific guidelines have been developed covering thefollowing:IIIA. Tanneries and Leather Finishing Industries(1990), 28 pagesIIIB. Iron and Steel (1990, 42 p.)IIIC. Fertilizers (1990, 29 p.)IIID. Food Agro-Industries (1991, 32 p.)Each of these sectoral guidelines contains adescription of unit processes and operations; workingtables for environmental appraisal; annotationssupporting the tables; a glossary and references.Contact: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO),PO Box 200, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD)United Nations International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD) (1994). AdministrativeProcedures for Environmental Assessment.President’s Bulletin 94/03 of 12/08/1994.International Fund for Agricultural Development,Rome. (59 p.)
This document sets out the environmental assessmentprocedures applying to IFAD projects from 1994.These follow the IFAD project cycle and areimplemented mainly by project development teams,particularly project controllers. The basic steps ofIFAD’s EA process are outlined: screening and
scoping, environmental assessment (for Category Aprojects), EA review and project appraisal, Boardapproval, supervision and ex-post EA. Generalprovisions are set out including the basicresponsibilities of borrowers, arrangements forprojects initiated by co-financing institutions,consultation, and disclosure of documentation. Arange of supporting materials is also included:environmental principles and criteria, recommendedinformation for inception papers, criteria for projectcategorization (following the World Bank process),recommended format for environment screening andscoping note, steps for formal explicit environmentalassessment, recommended format for EA reports,sample terms of reference for EA, recommendedcontent of environmental implementation notesection of appraisal reports, screening and scoping ofproject components, and technical review of EA. Inaddition, the document incorporates brief non-binding operational statements, to assist inenvironmental screening and scoping, covering:irrigation, rural roads, pesticides, fertilizers,wetlands, biodiversity and protected areamanagement, fisheries, forest resources, and rangeresources.Contact: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Viadel Serafico 107, 00142 Rome, Italy.
World Health Organisation(WHO)Birley, M.H. (1991). Guidelines for Forecastingthe Vector-Borne Disease Implications of WaterResources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series;2. Joint WHO/FAO/UNEP/UNCHS Panel of Experts onEnvironmental Management for Vector Control(PEEM), Geneva. (115 p.)
This paper outlines a methodology for a rapidlyassessing the health risks associated with waterdevelopment projects in the tropics or sub-tropics. Ituses a minimum number of questions which shouldprovide reasonably accurate answers, and it assumesthat local information will be available. Earlyinvolvement at the planning stage is advocated. Threemain components are outlined: communityvulnerability, environmental receptivity and vigilanceof the health services. The document outlines what todo, how to do it and who to involve, and providesbackground information on vector-borne diseases. Italso provides a useful summary for non-healthspecialists, grouped into topics: geophysical; biotic -plants and animals; demographic and socio-cultural,infrastructure; and disease management by vectorcontrol. The document is supplemented by references,worksheets, factsheets and pull out flow charts.
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Go, F.C. (1988). Environmental ImpactAssessment: Operational Cost Benefit Analysis.An EIA Guidance Document. MARC Report; 42.Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre,London & World Health Organization, Geneva.(60 p.)
Phillips, M., Mills, A. & Dye, C. (1993). Guidelinesfor Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of VectorControl. PEEM Guidelines Series; 3. Joint WHO/FAO/UNEP/UNCHS Panel of Experts onEnvironmental Management for Vector Control(PEEM), Geneva. (192 p.)
Cost is an important issue in selecting controlmethods for vector-borne diseases. This guide isaimed at health planners and managers of vectorcontrol programmes. It provides guidelines on theprinciples and methods of cost-effectiveness analysisand their application to the control of diseasevectors. There are separate chapters on planning acost-effective study, procedures for estimating thecosts and the effectiveness of vector control, and dataanalysis and presentation. Two case studies areincluded: one from India concerning malaria control;the other examining schistosomiasis in Ghana. Fiveappendices give clear guidance on particular issues.
Sloan, W.M. (1993). Site Selection for NewHazardous Waste Management Facilities. WHORegional Publications European Series No. 4-6.World Health Organization Europe, Copenhagan.(xiv, 118 p.)
Tiffen, M. (1991). Guidelines for theIncorporation of Health Safeguards intoIrrigation Projects Through IntersectoralCooperation. PEEM Guidelines Series; 1. JointWHO/FAO/UNEP/UNCHS Panel of Experts onEnvironmental Management for Vector Control(PEEM), Geneva. (81 p.)
Turnbull, R.G.H. (1992). Environmental andHealth Impact Assessment of DevelopmentProjects: A Handbook for Practitioners. ElsevierApplied Science: London (on behalf of the Centrefor Environmental Planning and Management,Aberdeen and the World Health Organisation,Geneva), London. (xi, 282 p.)
This handbook is based on 29 papers which werewritten in 1987 and 1988 as part of a series oftraining seminars. Aimed at EIA and EnvironmentalHealth Impact Assessment (EHIA) practitioners, itassumes experience in environmental or publichealth, toxicology or ecotoxicology. Seven chapters
outline EIA and its method of approach, highlightinghealth considerations which should be included.Health issues are outlined and fitted intoenvironmental and public health impact assessment.The handbook deals with effects on local inhabitantsas well as workers and emphasises the need toconsider groups which may be more sensitive, such asthe young, the elderly or women. Research needs arediscussed and the book ends with a variety of casestudies examining how health can be incorporatedinto EIA. These cover irrigation, water provision,industrial areas, and iron smelting drawing onsituations in Africa, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey,Poland, Brazil and Italy.
World Health Organisation & Regional Office forEurope (1987). Health and Safety Component ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment. ReportNo.15. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
World Health Organisation (WHO) & United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) (1990). PublicHealth Impact of Pesticides used in Agriculture.World Health Organization, Geneva. (128 p.)
This publication reviews current knowledge on theeffects of pesticides on health together with the levelsof exposure of various groups. It is intended for useby national health officials responsible for pestmanagement and by researchers working on theepidemiology of pesticide poisoning. Individualchapters cover the production and use of pesticides,their toxic effects, short- and long-term healtheffects, sources and indicators, populations at risk,the public health impact and prevention. It ends withproposals and recommendations.Contact: World Health Organisation (WHO), 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
OtherBiswas, A.K. & Geping, Q. (1987). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment for Developing Countries.UN University Series: Natural Resources and theEnvironment Series Vol. 19. Tycooly International forthe United Nations University, London. (232 p.)
This book is now out of print although old copiesmay be available from the United Nations Universityor from libraries. The book is the result of aworkshop sponsored by the United NationsEnvironment Programme, the International Societyfor Ecological Modeling and the United NationsUniversity. It includes a state-of-the-art report onEIA, case studies from developing countries, andcomprehensive guidelines on processes and
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techniques that can be adopted, especially bydeveloping countries.Contact: Tycooly International, Cassell Plc, Villiers House, 41-47Strand, London WC2N 5JE, UK.
Environmental Resources Management, UnitedNations System & United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (1990). Environmental AssessmentProcedures in the UN System. EnvironmentalResources Limited, London. (vii, 80 p.)
This study focuses on the organisational aspects ofenvironmental decision-making within the specificcontext of the UN system. It aims to identify andassess the procedures by which environmentalconsiderations are incorporated into the UN agencydecision making, and examines agency/governmentand inter-agency coordination in this area. Optionsfor improving environmental procedures andcoordination are identified. The type of EAprocedures pertinent to the UN system is assessed,and the current procedures identified and assessed.The final section looks at an assessment of the needfor change, the constraints to change, and thepractical options for improvement.Contact: Environmental Resources Management (ERM), 8, CavendishSquare, London W1H 0ER, UK.
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects ofMarine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) (1994).Guidelines for Marine EnvironmentalAssessments. GESAMP Reports and StudiesNo.54. Joint Group of Experts on the ScientificAspects of Marine Environmental Protection,London. (20 p., annexes)
These guidelines are intended as a common basis forthe design and conduct of regional marineenvironmental assessments (MER). MER is defined as“the collection, analysis and interpretation ofinformation with the purpose of assessing the qualityof marine areas” - not conventional EIA but a“comprehensive process comprising the collection ofreliable physical, chemical and biological informationof spatial and temporal variability”. The guidelineshave five sections comprising: introduction, criteriafor environmental quality, content and structure ofthe assessment report, process (teams, data quality,sources of information, drafting the report, etc.), andpreparing an action plan. There are three annexes:guide to information needed for assessing change andquality of marine areas; guide to quality assuranceprocedures for marine environmental data; andprimary considerations in the design of marinemonitoring programmes.Contact: Marine Environment Division, International MaritimeOrganisation, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UnitedKingdom.
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects ofMarine Pollution & IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA (1991). Reducing Environmental Impacts ofCoastal Aquaculture. Food and AgricultureOrganisation of the United Nations, Rome. (35 p.)
Contact: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Via Terme diCaracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy.
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Commonwealth DevelopmentCorporationCommonwealth Development Corporation (CDC)(1996) (second edition). Statement ofEnvironmental Policies and Procedures.Commonwealth Development Corporation, London(9 pages).
This document sets out the environmental policy ofthe Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC)and provides definitions of environment andsustainability. It describes issues of relevance to CDC:pollution, biodiversity and sustainability. Othersections provide discussions of internationalenvironmental policies and strategies, andenvironmental standards. The document also detailsCDC procedures including business investigation andapproval, and monitoring and evaluation. Appendicesdescribe CDC’s environmental classification andenvironmental screening, and list internationalconventions adopted by the British government.
Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC)(forthcoming 1998). CDC Procedures for SocialAssessment. Commonwealth DevelopmentCorporation, London.
Contact: Commonwealth Development Corporation, One BessboroughGardens, London SW1V 2JQ, United Kingdom.
Commonwealth SecretariatEnvironmental Resources Management (1993).Environmental Impact Assessment: A PracticalHandbook. Commonwealth Secretariat (v, 171 p.)
This document was commissioned by the GeneralTechnical Assistance Services Division of theCommonwealth Secretariat and is primarily designedfor middle/senior level staff in policy making andplanning. It introduces the key issues involved in EIAin its broad sense as an important environmentalpolicy management tool, both as an overall processand as a formal procedure for investigating thepotential impacts of projects.
The document reflects the lessons of EIA experienceat the project level and focuses on key issues in theapplication of EIA to specific types of developmentprojects. It also emphasises the importance of EIA inoverall environmental management. Chaptersinclude: Overview: Sustainable Development andEnvironmental Impact Assessment; Role of EIA inEnvironmental Management; InstitutionalFramework for EIA; EIA Procedures; EIA Methods;and Key Principles in Managing an EIA.Contact: Commonwealth Secretariat, Malborough House, Pall Mall,London SW1Y 5HX, UK
European Community (EC)Commission of the European Communities (CEC)(1993). Sectoral Environmental AssessmentSourcebook. Environment Manual. Directorate-General for Development, Commission of theEuropean Communities, Brussels. (415 p.)
This Sourcebook is designed to support theenvironmental appraisal system established for theLome IV Convention, laid out in an accompanyingUsers Guide. The Sourcebook is an editedcompilation of existing environmental guidelinesproduced by the donor community. It has beendesigned to assist government authorities in Asian,Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries to prepareterms of reference (TOR) for an EIA, incorporate EIAinto the TOR for a project or programme feasibilitystudy, appraise the results of an EIA, and placemonetary values on environmental impacts.
Part I is a guide to the economic valuation ofenvironmental costs and benefits. Part II comprisessixteen sections, setting out guidelines for each sectorwithin the Commission’s development programme.The sectors covered are rural and urban water supplyand sanitation; solid waste management; urbaninfrastructure development; transport infrastructure;ports and harbours; energy; agriculture; irrigation;forestry; fisheries and aquaculture; livestock; mining;industry; tourism; resettlement; pesticides andfertilisers. For each sector there is a checklist,intended to assist in the preparation of the TOR foran EIA, background notes to provide non-technical
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explanations of the key environmental issues in eachsector, and references to existing environmentalguidelines. The sector checklists and backgroundnotes are each divided into four sections - sources ofimpacts, receptors of impacts, significance ofenvironmental impacts and mitigating measures. Thefinal part of the document is a bibliography of cross-sectoral and miscellaneous environmental assessmentguidelines.
Commission of the European Communities (CEC)(1993). Report from the Commission of theImplementation of Directive 85/337/EEC on theassessment of the effects of certain public andprivate projects on the environment, and annexfor the United Kingdom. Directorate-General forEnvironment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection,Brussels. (107 p.)
This is a report of the Review of the application andeffectiveness of EC Directive 85/337/EEC, coveringthe period 1985 to 1991. The review is presented intwo parts, the Report and the Member State Annexfor the UK. The Report contains the principalfindings and recommendations and incorporates acomparative analysis of the EIA Directive in each ofthe twelve Member States up to July 1991. Chapter 2briefly explains the purpose and main provisions ofthe Directive. The Structure of the remainder of theMain Report closely follows the main topicsaddressed in the Review: formal compliance,practical application; and final considerations andaction to be taken.
The Member State Annex contains a shortIntroduction followed by separate chapters reviewingthe implementation of the EIA Directive in the UK,and addresses five main topics: the extent of formalcompliance by the UK concerned with therequirements of the Directive; the criteria and/orthresholds adopted by the UK for the selection ofAnnex II projects to be subject to assessment; thenature and extent of practical compliance with theDirective; specific aspects of the Directive’stranslation into UK legislation and practice; and anoverall assessment of the effectiveness of theDirective’s implementation in the UK.
Commission of the European Communities (CEC)(1993). Environmental Procedures andMethodology Governing Lome IV DevelopmentCooperation. Environment Manual. Commissionof the European Communities, Directorate Generalfor Development, Brussels. (8 sections, diskette)
The guide sets out the recommended methodology forthe initial screening of projects funded under LomeIV into three categories according to the potentialsignificance of their environmental effects: Category
A projects that are unlikely to have significantenvironmental impacts and require no EIA; CategoryB projects that have potential to cause somesignificant impacts and require a preliminary EIA;Category C projects that are highly likely to havesignificant impacts and therefore require a full EIA. APreliminary Environmental Assessment methodologyis set out, and sectoral checklists provided. The guidealso describes a methodology to undertake a full EIAstudy. Later parts of the Users Guide set outmethodologies for review and evaluation of the EIA,monitoring and project evaluation. A separateSectoral Environmental Assessment Sourcebookprovides sector checklists for a full EIA study, whichis supplied on diskette with the User’s Guide.
This guide is a response to commitments onsustainable development and environment protectionin the Lome IV Convention. It is based on a numberof similar texts, including the OECD Good Practiceson Environmental Assessment, Communitylegislation, environmental assessment procedures ofthe Member States and the World Bank OperationalDirectives.
Council of the European Communities (CEC) (1985).Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 onthe assessment of the effects of certain publicand private projects on the environment.Official Journal No. L 175, 05/07/1985 P.0040 -0049. Council of the European Communities,Brussels, Belgium. (11 p.)
Council of the European Communities (CEC) (1997).Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997amending Directive 85/337/EEC on theassessment of the effects of certain public andprivate projects on the environment. OfficialJournal No. L 073, 14/03/1997 P. 0005. Council ofthe European Communities, Brussels, Belgium.(15 p.)
European Commission (1996). Forests inSustainable Development. Guidelines for ForestSector Development Co-operation. Vol I:Strategic Approach; Vol II: Tools for ProjectCycle Management. Directorate General forDevelopment, Directorate General for ExternalRelations and North-South Co-operation,Luxembourg. (Vol I: xv, 208 pp. including annexes.Vol II: 9 parts)
These two inter-related volumes providecomplementary information. Volume 1 outlines thestrategic approach of the European Community toforest sector development co-operation. Volume II
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addresses the needs of those dealing directly with ECforest programmes and projects. Each part of thisvolume is a stand-alone module. Parts H and I set outmethodological guidelines and procedural steps forSocial Impact Assessment and EIA, respectively, withnumerous checklists. Annexes contain backgroundnotes and discuss economic valuation ofenvironmental costs and benefits.
A compilation of support material for use by targetgroups is provided on diskette, annexed to Vol.1 (inEnglish and French, Word for Windows 6.0). Thesecomprise: standardised terms of reference for forestsector country studies, feasibility and pre-feasibilitystudies in the forest sector; various checklists forsocial impact analysis, environmental appraisal(including EIA), and programming of forest sectordevelopment co-operation; a logical frameworkmatrix sheet; and action report forms for the variousphases of the project cycle. It is intended that theguidelines will be updated at regular intervals.
European Commission (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment: Guidance on Scoping.Directorate General for Environment, Nuclear Safetyand Civil Protection, Luxembourg.
This document is directed at competent authoritiesand developers, and provides guidance on scoping -identifying potential impacts and potentialalternatives, consultation, and criteria for evaluatingthe significance of impacts.
European Commission (1996). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment: Guidance on Screening.Directorate General for Environment, Nuclear Safetyand Civil Protection, Luxembourg.
This document is directed at responsible authoritiesand developers. It defines screening, and explains thestages in the screening process. A checklist isprovided of questions concerning project type,location, impact and wider considerations.
European Commission (1997). Checklist for thereview of environmental informationsubmitted under EIA procedures. DirectorateGeneral for Environment, Nuclear Safety and CivilProtection, Luxembourg. (29 p.)
This checklist was developed as a method forreviewing environmental information submitted bydevelopers to the competent authorities as part of anEIA procedure. Its purpose is to assist reviewers inevaluating the completeness and suitability of thisinformation from a technical and decision-makingstandpoint. The review criteria are organised in eightreview areas, within which are questions that identify
the items of information which may need to beprovided by the developer to the competent authority.Contact: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,L-2985 Luxembourg Sustainable Development and Natural ResourcesUnit, Directorate General for Development, European Commission, Ruede la Loi 200, B-1049, Brussels, Belgium.
European Commission, Directorate General 1B(1997). Environmental Impact Assessment DGIBGuidance Note. European Commission, Brussels.(28 p., annexes) (Also available in French andSpanish.)
This note deals with the environmental aspects ofsustainability, and specifically with DGIB’s internalprocedures for EIA in development cooperation. Itsummarises current EIA practice and requirements inDGIB, and compiles and explains the most relevantof the instructions and support material issued sinceEIA procedures were first introduced in 1992. Itincludes a step by step description of DGIB’sprocedures including Identification (initial screeningand preliminary EIA), Formulation/appraisal(environmental impact studies, and their review andintegration into project design), Financing,Implementation (monitoring) and Evaluation.Annexes include EC legislation and resolutions, andstandard TORs and checklists to be used in the EIAprocess.Contact: European Commission, DGIB, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049Brussels, Belgium.
Joint Group of Experts on theScientific Aspects of MarineEnvironmental Protection(GESAMP)Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects ofMarine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) (1994).Guidelines for Marine EnvironmentalAssessments. GESAMP Reports and StudiesNo.54. Joint Group of Experts on the ScientificAspects of Marine Environmental Protection,London. (20 p., annexes)
These guidelines are intended as a common basis forthe design and conduct of regional marineenvironmental assessments (MER). MER is defined as“the collection, analysis and interpretation ofinformation with the purpose of assessing the qualityof marine areas” - not conventional EIA but a“comprehensive process comprising the collection ofreliable physical, chemical and biological informationof spatial and temporal variability”. The guidelineshave five sections comprising: introduction, criteriafor environmental quality, content and structure ofthe assessment report, process (teams, data quality,
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sources of information, drafting the report, etc.), andpreparing an action plan. There are three annexes:guide to information needed for assessing change andquality of marine areas; guide to quality assuranceprocedures for marine environmental data; andprimary considerations in the design of marinemonitoring programmes.Contact: Marine Environment Division, International MaritimeOrganisation, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UnitedKingdom.
International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA)International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1989).Evaluating the Reliability of Predictions MadeUsing Environmental Transfer Models.International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.(106 p.)
This publication provides guidance on the availablemethods for evaluating the reliability ofenvironmental transfer model predictions. It providesa practical introduction to the subject, and particularemphasis is given to worked examples in the text.The document is intended to supplement existingIAEA publications on environmental assessmentmethodology.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1995).Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases.Proceedings Series. International Atomic EnergyAgency, Vienna. (874 p.)
This document is the proceedings of a symposiumheld in Vienna in May 1995 and deals with thetransfer of radionuclides in the environment. Itreviews information that has become available inrecent years, particularly since the Chernobylaccident but also gained from studies of thedischarges from civil and military nuclear facilities.This information has been used for improving thereliability of environmental model predictions. Thecontents cover global impact assessments, new rolesfor environmental monitoring, radionuclide releasesto the atmosphere and the aquatic environment,radionuclides in the terrestrial environment andradionuclide transfer in the freshwater environment,environmental model testing, radiological impactassessment (including risk impact assessment), andenvironmental remediation.Contact: Division of Publication, International Atomic Energy Agency,Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
International Tropical TimberOrganisation (ITTO)International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO)(1993). Guidelines for the Establishment andSustainable Management of Planted TropicalForests. Policy Development Series No.4.International Tropical Timber Organisation,Yokohama. (38 p.)
These guidelines provide a summary of the majorissues and principles that need to be addressed in theplanning, establishment and management of plantedforests in tropical environments. Section 3.1 includesbrief recommendations for environmental assessmentduring pre-planting feasibility investigations, andhighlights key environmental, socio-economic andinstitutional issues that need to be considered.Contact: International Tropical Timber Organisation, InternationalOrganisations Centre, 5th Floor, Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato-Mirai Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220, Japan.
North Atlantic TreatyOrganisation (NATO)North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) (1994).Methodology, Focalization, Evaluation andScope of Environmental Impact Assessment.Second Report: Methodological Aspects.Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society,North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Antwerp. (xiv,246 p.)Contact: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, B-1110, Brussels,Belgium.
Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development(OECD)Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) (1989). Good Practices forEnvironmental Impact Assessment ofDevelopment Projects. Guidelines onEnvironment and Aid No.1. DevelopmentAssistance Committee, Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development, Paris. (17 p.)
The guidelines are designed for policy-makers andpractitioners in donor agencies and developingcountries. The first part of the document describesthe basic purpose of EIA, and the second part goes onto set out a number of ‘good practices’ for thevarious steps in the EIA process.
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) (1992). Guidelines for AidAgencies on Involuntary Displacement andResettlement in Development Projects. OECDDevelopment Assistance Committee Guidelines onEnvironment and Aid; 3. Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development, Paris. (15 p.)
This document provides guidance on the basicelements to consider in preparing a resettlementaction plan, how to involve the local community, andeffective sequencing of steps in planning andimplementation. The guidelines aim to ensure thatproject designers and implementors follow bestpractices so that people displaced by projects receivebenefits from them, and are re-established on a soundproductive basis.
The document is one a series of Guidelines onEnvironment and Aid produced by the DevelopmentAssistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD. Theguidelines are designed to help policy-makers andpractitioners in developing countries and donoragencies prepare strategies to address seriousnational, regional and international environmentalconcerns.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) (1994). EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Roads. DevelopmentAssistance Committee, Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development, Paris.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) (1996). Coherence inEnvironmental Assessment: Practical Guidanceon Development Cooperation Projects.Development Assistance Committee, Organisationfor Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.(106 p.) ISBN 92 64 14798 5
The Working Party on Development and theEnvironment of the OECD’s Development AssistanceCommittee has prepared this guide as an aid forofficials in bilateral donor agencies and theircounterparts in developing countries. Its aim is topromote a more coherent approach to theimplementation of the varying assessment proceduresand methodologies used by the different agencies,which should be similar in principle as a result ofprevious DAC work. A parallel activity undertakenby the main multilateral financial institutions is alsoreferred to, together with recommendations by bothgroups that the two should get together. The relatedUNEP EIA programme is seen as being a vehicle forresponse to the OECD proposals.
The main sections of the guide are: terms of referencefor environmental assessment of developmentprojects; guidelines for managing environmentalassessment of development projects; summaries ofDAC member states’ policies and procedures; andother recommendation of the task force.
The framework Terms of Reference that are includedand the guidelines for managing the EA process areboth relatively independent of individual agencyprocedures, and may be used in parallel with them.The individual donor agency summaries cover boththeir legal and policy base and proceduralrequirements, which are grouped under each of themain areas of the project cycle. Other considerationsin the guide include: a comparison of factorsinfluencing EA decisions between the differentagencies; a review of the status of StrategicEnvironmental Assessment among the agencies;comparisons of training arrangements; comparisonsof EA evaluation mechanisms; the role of non-governmental organisations.Contact: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), Development Cooperation Directorate, 2 rue Andre-Pascal,Paris 75016, France.
Organization of American States(OAS)Organization of American States (OAS) (1990).Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xv, 80 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Primer on Natural Hazard Management inIntegrated Regional Development Planning.Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xvii, 416 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1991).Desastres, Planificacion y Desarrollo: Manejo deAmenazas Naturales para Reducir los Danos(Disasters, Planning, and Development:Managing Natural Hazards to Reduce Loss).Organization of American States, Washington D.C.(xviii, 80 p.)
Organization of American States (OAS) (1993).Manual Sobre el Manejo de Peligros Naturalesen la Planificacion para el Desarrollo RegionalIntegrado (Primer on Natural Hazard
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Management in Integrated RegionalDevelopment Planning). Organization of AmericanStates, Washington D.C.
Organization of American States (OAS) (undated).Plan Hemisferico de la Guia de ManejoAmbiental de Corredores de Transporte Vial(Hemispheric Plan for the Guide toEnvironmental Management of Road TransportCorridors). 180 p. Organization of American States,Washington D.C. (xv, 80 p.)Contact: Organization of American States, Department of RegionalDevelopment and Environment, 17th Street and Constitution Avenue,Washington D.C. 20006, USA.
Organisation of EasternCaribbean States (OECS)Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)(1993). Environmental Impact AssessmentHandbook for Physical Planners. Organisation ofEastern Caribbean States, St Lucia.Contact: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), PO Box179, The Morne, Castries, St Lucia, West Indies.
Overseas Economic CooperationFund (OECF)Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1995). OECF Environmental Guidelines. (secondedition) Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund,Tokyo. (118 p.)
This document updates the first edition published in1989. The guidelines give guiding principles for theenvironmental assessment of OECF-funded projects,and set out the environmental matters to beconsidered and steps to be taken by recipientcountries in the planning and preparation stages of aproject. Lists of project types are given, classifiedinto three categories: A - EIA report required; B - noEIA report needed, but project must be appraisedfollowing the guidelines; and C - no EIA or appraisalrequired. Environmental checklists are provided for arange of project types, e.g. roads and railroads,thermal power, forestry, etc. The document alsocontains reference materials including OECDrecommendations on environmental assessment,Japanese environmental standards, and examples ofenvironmental conventions.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1995). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Thermal Power Generation
Sector). The Overseas Economic Cooperation, Tokyo.(71 p.)
This guide summarises the objectives of EIA, discussesa selection of issues to be covered in an EIA of athermal power station, sets out the required contents ofan EIS, and explains survey. prediction and assessmentmethods. Two appendices provide environmentalquality standard values relating to the atmosphere andair pollutant emission standards.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1996). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Hydropower GenerationSector). The Overseas Economic Cooperation, Tokyo.(91 p.)
This guide comprises four sections. Section I discussesthe objectives and procedure of EIA in relation to theproject cycle. Section II focuses on EIA in hydropowerprojects (determining environmental factors, classifyingimpacts on environmental elements, assessing therelative importance of resulting changes, and selectionof EIA criteria requiring forecasting). Section III isconcerned with methods for implementing EIA onimportant criteria. The final section describes thecomposition and content of an EIA report.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1996). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Waste Disposal Sector). TheOverseas Economic Cooperation, Tokyo. (80 p.)
This guide comprises four sections. Section I discussesthe objectives and procedure of EIA in relation to theproject cycle. Section II focuses on EIA in wastedisposal operations (determining environmental factors,classifying impacts on environmental elements,assessing the relative importance of resulting changes,and selection of EIA criteria requiring forecasting).Section III is concerned with methods for implementingEIA on important criteria. The final section describesthe composition and content of an EIA report.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1997). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Road Sector). The OverseasEconomic Cooperation, Tokyo. (106 p., appendix)
This guide is designed to assist recipient countries inwhich an EIA system has not been fully established.Chapter 1 describes potential impacts of road projects,the relationship between EIAs and such projects, issuesto be considered and the benefits of an EIA. Chapter 2discusses general EIA procedures applied in manycountries procedures (screening, scoping, assessing,examination of alternatives and mitigation, EIA reportpreparation, reviewing, monitoring and environmentalmanagement) including issues to be considered and
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examples for each step in the preparation of an EIA.Chapter 3 covers important issues to be consideredduring the preparation of an EIA for a road projectincluding potential impacts, key points and contentconsiderations. An appendix gives sample terms ofreference for an EIA. The document containsnumerous boxes, tables and matrices.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1997). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Railroad Sector). TheOverseas Economic Cooperation, Tokyo. (110 p.,appendix)
This guide is designed to assist recipient countries inwhich an EIA system has not been fully established.Chapter 1 describes potential impacts of railroadprojects, the relationship between EIAs and suchprojects, issues to be considered and the benefits of anEIA. Chapter 2 discusses general EIA proceduresapplied in many countries procedures (screening,scoping, assessing, examination of alternatives andmitigation, EIA report preparation, reviewing,monitoring and environmental management) includingissues to be considered and examples for each step inthe preparation of an EIA. Chapter 3 coversimportant issues to be considered during thepreparation of an EIA for a railroad project includingpotential impacts, key points and contentconsiderations. An appendix gives sample terms ofreference for an EIA. The document containsnumerous boxes, tables and matrices.
The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF)(1997). A Guide to Preparing an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Irrigation Sector). TheOverseas Economic Cooperation Fund, Tokyo. (117p., appendix)
This guide is designed to assist recipient countries inwhich an EIA system has not been fully established.Chapter 1 describes potential impacts of irrigationprojects, the relationship between EIAs and suchprojects, issues to be considered and the benefits of anEIA. Chapter 2 discusses general EIA proceduresapplied in many countries procedures (screening,scoping, assessing, examination of alternatives andmitigation, EIA report preparation, reviewing,monitoring and environmental management) includingissues to be considered and examples for each step inthe preparation of an EIA. Chapter 3 coversimportant issues to be considered during thepreparation of an EIA for an irrigation projectincluding potential impacts, key points and contentconsiderations. An appendix gives sample terms ofreference for an EIA. The document containsnumerous boxes, tables and matrices.Contact: OECF, Environment and Social Development Division, ProjectDevelopment Department, 1-4-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100,Japan.
South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Programme (SPREP)South Pacific Regional Environment Programme(SPREP) (undated). Environmental ImpactAssessment Guidelines for Mine Developmentand Tailings Disposal at Tropical Coastal Mines.South Pacific Regional Environment Programme,Honolulu.
South Pacific Regional Environment Programme(SPREP) (undated). Environmental guidelines forfish processing plant discharges into the sea.South Pacific Regional Environment Programme,Honolulu.
Carpenter, R.A., Maragos, J.E., Asian DevelopmentBank (AsDB), & South Pacific Regional EnvironmentProgramme (SPREP) (1989). How to AssessEnvironmental Impacts on Tropical Islands andCoastal Areas. South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Programme Training Manual.Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center,Honolulu. (xiii, 345 p.)
This manual is a scientific training guide whichrecommends various techniques of EIA, whilststressing the need to develop an individual approachtowards each project. Its theme is the prediction offuture environmental conditions resulting fromeconomic development and technological change.
The manual explains how to design an EIA, andsuggests key references to assist the practitionerundertake a full assessment. The documents providesa framework for drawing up terms of reference forEIA consultants, and also as a useful standard forEIA reviews. It is a useful desk reference work,providing definitions of common terms, examples ofimpacts and mitigative measures. Specific sectorscovered by the manual include: agriculture, forestry,fisheries, tourism, energy, mining, wastemanagement, construction, ports and harbours.
Morgan, R.K. (1993). A Guide to EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in the South Pacific. SouthPacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP),Apia, Western Samoa. (51 p.)
The main purpose of this booklet is to provide aguide for using EIA as a planning and managementtool for decision making for the South Pacific Region.It is primarily for government officials, and also forprivate developers, non-government officials andinterested individuals. The guide discusses the valuesand importance of the EIA process for governmentdecisions about development, outlines the main steps
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involved in an EIA study, and assists in implementingEIA procedures. It draws on the extensive experiencegained from EIA in-country workshops, and isexpected it will be revised as more experience withEIA accumulates.Contact: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), POBox 240, Apia, Western Samoa.
The World Conservation Union(IUCN)IUCN, Norwegian Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Swedish International DevelopmentAgency, & Australian International DevelopmentAssistance Agency (1991). EIA Guidelines for thePakistan Energy Sector. IUCN-The WorldConservation Union (on behalf of the Environmentaland Urban Affairs Division, Government ofPakistan), Gland, Switzerland. (42 p.)
These guidelines provide comprehensive informationon EIA for the energy sector in Pakistan. They areintended for use in connection with the World Bankloan to Pakistan for energy sector projects, but alsohave general application. The document is in twoparts. Part 1 provides background informationincluding an introduction to EIA, the legalrequirement for EIA in Pakistan, a perspective on thePakistan energy sector and the sensitivity ofPakistan’s environment to disturbance bydevelopment projects. Part 2 includes a generalisedprocedure for the EIA of all energy sector projectsexcept nuclear power proposals, gives guidance onthe environmental issues associated with each specifictype of energy sector development, and provideschecklists of factors which need to be taken intoaccount in their assessment.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) (1991). OilExploration in the Tropics: Guidelines forEnvironmental Protection. IUCN-The WorldConservation Union, Gland. (vi, 30 p.)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) (1993). Oiland Gas Exploration and Production inMangrove Areas: Guidelines for EnvironmentalProtection. IUCN-The World Conservation Union,The Oil Industry International Exploration andProduction Forum, Gland. (vii, 47 p.)
A working party from the Oil Industry InternationalExploration and Production Forum (E&P), andIUCN, has prepared this guide to assist people fromthe oil industry, and officials, to plan for and managethe exploration and production of oil and gasresources found in mangrove areas in a manner that
minimises potentially adverse environmental impacts.The purpose of the guidelines is to provide practicaldirection to achieve conservation of mangroves andenhance protection of marine ecosystems. There arechapters on: the major features of mangrove forestswhich can influence planning and implementation ofoil and gas operations; environmental managementand planning (including EIA procedures); andenvironmental management of field operations inmangrove areas.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) (1993). Oiland Gas Exploration and Production in Arcticand Subarctic Onshore Regions. IUCN-The WorldConservation Union, The Oil Industry InternationalExploration and Production Forum, Gland. (viii,56 p.)
The purpose of these Oil and Gas Guidelines is toestablish internationally acceptable goals andguidance on environmental protection during oil andgas exploration and production operations in theonshore Arctic and Subarctic. There are chapters on:Description of the Environment; Overview of the Oiland Gas Exploration and Production Process;Potential Environmental Impacts; EnvironmentalManagement (including EIA procedures); andEnvironmental Protection.
World Conservation Union (IUCN) (1993). Manualon Environmental Assessment for SustainableForest Development. EnvironmentalManagement in Forestry Development: AProject of the Forest Department in theMinistry of Lands, Irrigation and MahaweliDevelopment, Sri Lanka. IUCN-The WorldConservation Union, Gland. (65 p.)
This manual was prepared for the United NationsFood and Agriculture Programme as part of theEnvironmental Management in Forestry DevelopmentProject - a project of the Forestry Department,Ministry of Lands, Irrigation and MahaweliDevelopment, Sri Lanka. It sets out guidelines forenvironmental impact assessment applicable tonatural forests and forest plantations in Sri Lanka.Part I describes the legal and administrativeframework for EIA in Sri Lanka and introduces theprocess of environmental assessment. Part IIexamines the ways in which this might affect workwithin the forest sector. It introduces procedures tobe adopted in the Forest Department to deal with theformal requirements of EIA, and to ensure thatenvironmental considerations are taken into accountat all levels - in the formulation of policy, in planningand in field operations.Contact: IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Forest ConservationProgrammme, Rue Mauverney 28, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
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SectoralGuidelinesMiscellaneous
SECTORAL GUIDELINES
MISCELLANEOUS
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The guidelines in this section are for sectors only andare not listed elsewhere in this Directory. Anpaginated Matrix on pages [page numbers to be[page numbers to be[page numbers to be[page numbers to be[page numbers to beinserted post-pagination]inserted post-pagination]inserted post-pagination]inserted post-pagination]inserted post-pagination] shows where to find thesectoral guidelines listed in other sections. Note thatthe guidelines in this section are not the results of adedicated literature search for sectoral guidelines. Itis acknowledged that may be many others notidentified in this edition.
General/MultisectoralBiswas, A.K. & Agarwala, S.B.C. (1992).Environmental Impact Assessment forDeveloping Countries. Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford, UK. (249 p.)
This book is based on selected papers presented at anInternational Conference on Environmental ImpactAssessment, held at New Delhi, India. Part I consistsof overviews and general considerations. Part IIfocuses on environmental impact analyses of differentsectors, while Part III looks at a variety of differentnational experiences. Part IV provides a summary ofthe conference and the recommendations it produced.Contact: Butterworth-Heinemann, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, OxfordOX2 8DP, UK.
Coastal/MarineBerwick, N.L. (1983). Guidelines for the Analysisof Biophysical Impacts to Tropical CoastalMarine Resources. The Bombay Natural HistorySociety Centenary Seminar: Conservation inDeveloping Countries: Problems and Prospects.The Bombay Natural History Society (122 p.)
This paper focuses on the mangrove-seagrass-coralreef complex and is intended to provide a generalframework for the collection and assessment ofecological information for the management of thesetropical coastal resources. Topics reviewed include:interactions between the three coastal ecosystems; theinfluences of the configuration of the land mass,coastal terrain and substratum, as well as watercurrent patterns on these ecosystems; the criticalenvironmental parameters necessary for the
maintenance of each ecosystem; the major sources ofenvironmental stress; an approach to environmentalassessment; current methodologies for resourceinventories and baseline surveys; andrecommendations for applied research related todevelopment of realistic coastal zone managementstrategies.Contact: Conservation Systems, 102 Seventh Street N.E, WashingtonDC 20002, USA.
Construction IndustryConstruction Industry Research and InformationAssociation (CIRIA) (1993). EnvironmentalAssessment: A Guide to the Identification,Evaluation and Mitigation of EnvironmentalIssues in Construction Schemes. Pre-publicationDraft. Construction Industry Research andInformation Association, London. ( iii, 270 p.)
This document is targeted at construction andenvironmental groups. It aims to raise awareness ofthe interaction between development schemes andtheir related activities, and the environment. It isstressed that, while most building and constructionactivities will lead to long-term benefits to thecommunity and society as a whole, the location ofthese developments, and the way they are planned,designed, constructed and operated can haveenvironmental implications. Information is providedon the engineering and operational activitiesassociated with a range of different developmentschemes, together with their likely environmentaleffects. Guidance is given on available techniques toidentify the nature and extent of these effects and,where potentially adverse impacts are identified, andon measures likely to avoid or minimise their impactwith reference to case studies. Where appropriate, thedocument also describes opportunities forenvironmental enhancement. The document isapplicable to developments of all scales, irrespectiveof whether formal environmental assessment isrequired, and is aimed at a broad readershipincluding government agencies, planning authorities,developers and environmental interest groups.
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Construction Industry Research and InformationAssociation (CIRIA) (1996). EnvironmentalAssessment: Special publication. ConstructionIndustry Research and Information Association,London.
Contact: Construction Industry Research and Information Association(CIRIA), 6 Storeys Gate, London SW1P 3AU, UK.
HealthBirley, M.H. & Wooldridge, R. (1991). Methods ofForecasting the Vector-borne DiseaseImplications in the Development of a WaterResources Project. Techniques forEnvironmentally Sound Water ResourcesDevelopment. Pentech Press, London, UK. (pp.50-63)Contact: Hydraulics Research (HR) Wallingford Ltd, Howberry Park,Wallingford, Oxford OX10 8BA, UK.
Human SettlementsLeitmann, J. (1993). Rapid Urban EnvironmentalAssessment: Toward EnvironmentalManagement in Cities of the Developing World.In: Impact Assessment, 11 (3) (225-260 p.).
The research summarized in this paper was to beused, in combination with other background studiesand research, to develop an overall document onenvironmental strategies for cities, as part of UrbanManagement and Environment component of theJoint UNDP/World Bank/UNCHS UrbanManagement Program (UMP). The objectives of thecase study work reported on were to use and testrapid evaluation methods in different cities that cutacross sectors, to identify generalisable constraintsand analytical approaches to problems, outlineapproaches for setting relative priorities amongsturban environmental problems, and indicate optionsthat could form part of environmental managementstrategies.
IrrigationDougherty, T.C. & Hall, A.W. (1994). A Guide to theEnvironmental Impact Assessment of Irrigationand Drainage Projects in Developing Countries.Hydraulics Research Wallingford, Wallingford,Oxford. (67 p.)
Contact: Hydraulics Research (HR) Wallingford Ltd, Howberry Park,Wallingford, Oxford OX10 8BA, UK.
Mock, J.F. & Bolton, P. Overseas DevelopmentAdministration (ODA) (1993). The ICIDEnvironmental Check-List to IdentifyEnvironmental Effects of Irrigation, Drainageand Flood Control Projects. Hydraulics ResearchWallingford, Oxford. (70 p.)
The Working Group established by the InternationalCommission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) toinvestigate the environmental impacts of irrigation,drainage and flood control projects, has producedthis environmental check-list to help identify possiblechanges which such projects may bring. Effects aregrouped under eight sectors: hydrology, pollution,soils, sediments, ecology, socio-economic, health andecological imbalances. The checklist provides aframework to identify the environmental effects ofnew or existing projects and is intended for use byengineers and planners who are not specialists in theenvironmental sciences. Practical guidance is given inthe use of the procedure in various localities and forvarious types of projects, and suggestions are given asto how it might be adapted to specific situations. Themain components of the procedure are given in aform which can be photocopied for field use.Contact: Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, 1777East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848.
SocialBurdge, R.J. (1994). A Community Guide to SocialImpact Assessment. Social Ecology Press,Middleton, Wisconsin. (173 p.)
This document is structured as a workbook to assistthe user, with the aid of an instructor or workshopfacilitator, to undertake a social impact assessment(SIA) of a proposed project or policy change at thecommunity level. The first three chapters outline thefield of SIA; discuss its evolution in the context ofenvironmental assessment, environmental planningand project evaluation; and outline the concepts usedby social scientists in practicing SIA and conductingrelated research. Chapters 4-6 help focus on acommunity level project. They discuss the steps in theSIA process, how to determine project boundaries,and sources of information. Chapters 7-11 givedetailed instructions for obtaining data andevaluating the significance level of 26 SIA variables,organised under five categories: population impacts;community and institutional change; conflict betweenlocal residents and newcomers; individual and familylevel impacts; and community and infrastructureneeds. Chapter 12 provides a format to consolidateand rank the most significant social impacts, whilechapter 13 outlines a community-level approach tothe identification and mitigation of social impacts.Contact: Social Ecology Press, PO Box 620863, Middleton, Wisconsin53562-0863, USA.
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Oberai, A.S. (1992). Assessing the DemographicImpact of Development Projects. Routledge,London. (xiii, 143 p.)
Very little is currently known about the demographicimpacts of most development projects and about theways in which such impacts can be assessed. Thisbook, based on studies in Third World countries,focuses on conceptual, methodological and policyissues. It considers whether demographic effects ofprojects can be assessed and why developmentplanners should be interested in such an assessment.The author examines the extent to which economicand social changes generated by specific developmentinterventions have influenced demographic behaviourin a particular context. Suggestions are made for howdesired effects can be enhanced and undesired effectsminimised by policy makers and planners indeveloping countries, in order to deal with problemsof population growth and its distribution. The majorshortcomings of existing methodologies are identifiedand the future direction which research might take inorder to be more scientifically valid and useful topolicy-makers is indicated.Contact: Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, UnitedKingdom.
WasteGlennie, E. & Frost, R.C. (1989). Guidance onCarrying out an Environmental Assessment fora Sludge Incineration Plant. Water ResearchCentre, Swindon, UK.Contact: Water Research Centre Plc (WRC) Swindon, PO Box 85,Frankland Road, Blagrove, Swindon, Wilts SN5 8YR, UK.
Water ResourcesPal, K. & Rajappa, R. (1993). (1993). EIA Guidelinesfor Water Resources Development Projects. In:Water Resources Development, 9 (2) (pp. 189-204).
This paper is a spin-off of a document developed byWater and Power Consultancy Services on SustainableWater Resources Development and Management tocarry out an Environmental Impact Assessment Study.In this phase the aims, objectives and approaches toprepare guidelines are discussed, taking into accountthe policy and legal considerations. The variousstages in EIA are reported along with assessmenttechniques for sustainable development.
WetlandsHowe, C.P. & Claridge, G.F. & Hughes, R. &Zuwendra (1991). Manual of Guidelines forScoping EIA in Tropical Wetlands. PHPA/AWBSumatra Wetland Project Report. Asian WetlandBureau, Bogor. (xvi, 261 p., annexes)
The manual is designed to assist in the identificationof wetland benefits at a site before project plans arefinalised, and to assess the potential impacts ofdevelopment projects on these benefits. Originallydeveloped for use in Indonesia, this‘internationalised’ text will be of use for scopingdevelopment projects that may impact on tropicalwetlands in general. The manual includesdescriptions and diagrams of all recognised benefitsprovided by tropical wetlands, together with lists ofthe types of activities associated with developmentprojects that may have impacts on such benefits. Themanual is designed in such a way as to assist users todetermine potential impacts of particular projects onspecific wetland types.Contact: Asian Wetlands Bureau (AWB), University of Malaya, LembahPantai, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Windschy, J.W. & Kraft, M. & Carpenter, M. (1997).Guide to Hazardous Materials and WasteManagement. Solano Press Books, California. (xiv,344 p.) ISBN 0 923956 24 7
This text book, adapted from a university course, iswritten for both students and professionals in thefield. It provides a wealth of information on: thechemical properties of hazardous materials andwastes; the legal requirements (in the USA) for theirhandling, storage, transportation, and disposal; andguidance on managing these materials effectively forthe protection of employees, facilities, andcommunities. The guide focuses on risk, regulationand responsibility.Contact: Solano Press Books, PO Box 773, Point Arena, California95468, United States of America.
SECTORAL GUIDELINES - MISCELLANEOUS
The International Institute for Environment and Developmentis an independent not-for-profit organisation which exists topromote sustainable development. IIED is one of the largestindependent groups engaged in research and policy analysison environment and development issues. IIED seeks topromote patterns of sustainable development through:
• strengthening the capacity of stakeholders to identify,articulate and solve problems around sustainabledevelopment,• conducting research on policy and policy-related issues,with specialists and institutions working for sustainabledevelopment throughout the world;• providing advice to those who influence or make policy;• encouraging debate, through dissemination ofenvironmental and development information/educationmaterials in printed publications and other media, in talksand presentations, and through networking.
We work with governments and international agencies, theacademic community, foundations and non-governmentalorganisations, community groups and the people theyrepresent. IIED mainly focuses on countries of the south, butworks increasingly on northern issues where they relate tothe global agenda.
International Institute forEnvironment and Development,3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H
ODD, UK.Tel. + 44 (0)171 388 2117;Fax + 44 (0)171 388 2826;email: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.iied.org
