Sec 4 SS Chapter 1-Part 2

7/29/2019 Sec 4 SS Chapter 1-Part 2

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Overview

What is transnational terrorism? Is terrorism a new phenomenon?

Significance of September 11 attacks What is Al-Qaeda? Why is Al-Qaeda significant?

Impact of terrorism Economic, social, political

Can transnational terrorism be managed? ASEANs efforts Intl efforts Nurturing an environment that censures terrorism


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What is transnational terrorism?

Recall the IRA and LTTE They used terrorism to

strike fear in the peopleand weaken rulinggovernment

Their aims are nationalisticin nature

Their attacks are localised
http://www.eelam.com/images/ltteatk.jpghttp://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/IRA/Credits.htm


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What is transnational terrorism?

Transnational terrorism involvesthe unlawful use of force orindiscriminate violence byinternationally-linked groupsagainst persons and properties

in many different parts of theworld International membership

Conducts activities in manycountries

Targets international community

Aim to bring about regional orglobal political and socialchange
http://freethoughts.org/archives/terrorism.jpg


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Is terrorism a new phenomenon?

NO! Terrorist acts carried out by

state agents/non-stateorganisations: State agent: Bomb planting on a

South Korean airline by NorthKorean agents in 1987 which killedall on board, bombing of a USairliner over the UK by Libyanagents in 1988 which killed 270people including those on theground

Non-state agent: LTTE, IRA, the1995 sarin gas attacks on Tokyotrain system byAum Shinrikyo,terrorist acts in India in 1980s and1990s by the Khalistan movement-including the assassination of

Indias PM Indira Gandhi on 31 Oct1984


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TerrorismPast Vs. Present

Past Present

Small-scale Big-scale

Did not cause masscasualties

Causes mass casualties

Localised attack Regional/internationalattack

E.g. LTTE, IRA, AumShinrikyo, Khalistan

E.g. 9/11 attacks, 1978terrorist attack in Iran


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Aum Shinrikyo- Who are they?

Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanesenew religious movement organization.

The name "Aum Shinrikyo" (mu Shinriky),

roughly means "True Principle Teachings". In 2000, theorganization changed its name to "Aleph" (the first letterof the Hebrew and Arabic alphabet), changing its logo aswell

The core of Aum doctrine is Buddhist scripture. Other

religious texts are also used, including a number ofTibetan Buddhist sutras, Hindu yogic sutras, and Taoistscriptures. However, there is controversy over whether tocall Aum a Buddhist group or to apply other definitions,such as a 'doomsday cult'.


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Aum Shinrikyo- Who are they?

The movement was foundedby Shoko Asahara in his one-bedroom apartment in Tokyo'sShibuya ward in 1984, startingoff as a Yoga and meditation

class known as Aum-no-kai("Aum club") and steadily grewin the following years. It gainedthe official status as a religiousorganization in 1989. Itattracted such a considerable

number of young graduatesfrom Japan's elite universitiesthat it was dubbed a "religionfor the elite".


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Aum Shinrikyo What did they do?

On the morning of 20th March 1995,Aum members released sarin in aco-ordinated attack on five trains inthe Tokyo subway system, killing 12commuters, harming 54 and

affecting 980 more 5,000 people were injured by the

sarin At the cult's headquarters in

Kamikuishiki on the foot of MountFuji, police found explosives,chemical weapons and biological

warfare agents, such as anthrax andEbola cultures, and a Russianmilitary helicopter. Police also foundlabs to manufacture drugs such asLSD, methamphetamines, and acrude form of truth serum, a safecontaining millions of dollars worth in

cash and gold, and cells, many stillcontaining prisoners
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Saikyo.jpg


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Aum ShinrikyoWhat happened to them?

During the raids, Aumissued statements claimingthat the chemicals were forfertilizers. Over the next 6weeks, over 150 cultmembers were arrested fora variety of offenses

In 1995, the group had

9,000 members in Japan,and as many as 40,000worldwide. As of 2004,

Aum Shinrikyo/Alephmembership was estimated

at 1,500 to 2,000 people
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Khalistan MovementWho are they?

The Khlistn movement (East Punjabi:, West Punjabi: ) is amovement in Indian Punjab in the 1970sand '80s to create "The Land of the Pure"as an independent state in all Punjabi-speaking areas which include Indian

Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh andsome other Punjabi speaking parts ofstates like Gujarat and Rajasthan


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Khalistan MovementWhat did they do?

On the morning of 31 October 1984, PrimeMinister Indira Gandhi was shot-dead bytwo Sikh security guards in New Delhi.

The assassination triggered violenceagainst Sikhs across north India. It wasalleged that State-operated nationaltelevision was used by the state to incite

violence against the Sikhs. Sixteenpoliticians were named as organisers ofthe riots.


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Khalistan MovementWhat happened to them?

The Central government attempted to seek a political solution to thegrievances of the Sikhs through the Rajiv-Longowal Accord, whichtook place between the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi andHarchand Singh Longowal, the then President of the Akali Dal, whowas assassinated a few months later. The accord recognised thereligious, territorial and economic demands of the Sikhs that werethought to be non-negotiable under Indira Gandhis tenure. Whilethe agreement provided some basis for a return to normalcy, it wasdenounced by Sikh militants who claimed that the Indian state couldnot be trusted.

The present situation in Punjab is generally regarded as peaceful,and the militant Khalistan movement weakened considerably. The

Sikh community maintains its own unique identity and is sociallyassimilated in cosmopolitan areas. India presently has a Sikh PrimeMinister Manmohan Singh, who is highly regarded by both the leftand right wing sections of the political spectrum. The presentsituation remains peaceful to a large extent, though support for anindependent homeland may remain strong in Punjab. Themovement is popular in the Sikh diaspora in Europe and North

America.


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Operation Blue Star


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Lords Resistance Army

The Lord's Resistance Army(LRA) was formed in 1987. It is a rebel guerrilla army

operating mainly in northernUganda and parts of Sudan.

The group is engaged in anarmed rebellion against the

Ugandan government in what isnow one of Africa's longest-running conflicts.

Leader: Joseph Kony, whoproclaims himself a spiritmedium, and apparently wishesto establish a state based on the

Ten Commandments and Acholitradition. The LRA is accused of

widespread human rightsviolations, including mutilation,torture, rape, the abduction ofcivilians, the use of child soldiers

and a number of massacres.

Every night, across northern Uganda an

estimated 50,000 children leave their

homes and travel as far as 10 miles away

to city centers in search of a safe place to

sleep. They flee their homes out of fear of

being abducted and forced into combat

and sexual slavery by the Lord'sResistance Army.
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9/11 Attacks

Location New York City, U.S. (1st & 2nd)Arlington Co, VA, U.S. (3rd)Near Shanksville, PA, U.S.(4th)

Target World Trade Center and ThePentagon (fourth target isunknown, but suspected to be alocation in Washington, D.C.; Al-Qaeda claims it was to be theUnited States Capitol

Date Tuesday, September 11, 20018:46 am 10:28 am (UTC-4)

Victims Death toll: 2,993 (including 19terrorists)

Injured:6,291+
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9/11 Attacks Four commercial airliners were hijacked en route to California from Logan

International, Dulles International, and Newark airports. Each of the airlinershad a jet fuel capacity of nearly 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 liters). Two ofthe airliners were flown into the World Trade Center, one each into the Northand South towers, one was flown into the Pentagon, and the fourth crashednear Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

American Airlines Flight 11, crashed into the northern side of the North

Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) at 8:46:30 a.m. local time, hitting atthe 94-98th floors. United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the 78-84th floors of the South Tower

at 9:02:59 a.m. local time, an event covered live by television broadcastersand amateur filmers from around the world who had their cameras trained onthe buildings after the earlier crash.

American Airlines Flight 77, crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 a.m. localtime. United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field in southwest Pennsylvania just

outside of Shanksville, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington,D.C., at 10:03:11 a.m. local time. The crash in Pennsylvania resulted fromthe passengers of the airliner attempting to regain control from the hijackers.
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Three buildings in the World Trade

Center Complex collapsed due tostructural failure on the day of the attack.The south tower (2 WTC) fell atapproximately 9:59 a.m., after burning for56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact

of United Airlines Flight 175, and the northtower (1 WTC) collapsed at 10:28 a.m.,after burning for approximately 102minutes. A third building, 7 World TradeCenter (7 WTC) collapsed at 5:20 p.m.,after being heavily damaged by debris

from the Twin Towers when they fell
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Significance of September 11Attacks

Landmark in the history of terrorism

Victims from more than 30 countries died in the attacks

The attacks showed that:

Terrorists were well-trained and could coordinate simultaneousmass attacks

Terrorists were willing to target civilians indiscriminately and diefor their cause


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Impact of 9/11 Attacks

Loss of lives

Collapse of two 110 storey-tall towers

New York City covered in dust and debrisof the ruined buildings

Psychological and economic impact on

USA and the world


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How many of you have heard ofOsama bin Laden?

Did you know that


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Osama's son wants to be 'peaceambassador'

Associated Press

Posted online: Friday , January 18, 2008 at 02:50:59Updated: Friday , January 18, 2008 at 03:06:38

Cairo, January 17: Omar Osama bin Laden bears a strikingresemblance to his notorious father - except for the dreadlocks that

dangle halfway down his back. Then there's the black leather bikerjacket.The 26-year-old does not renounce his father, al-Qaida leaderOsama bin Laden, but in an interview with The Associated Press, hesaid there is better way to defend Islam than al-Qaida's militancy:Omar wants to be an "ambassador for peace" between Muslims andthe West.Omar raised a tabloid storm in Britain last year when he married a52-year-old British woman, Jane Felix-Browne, who took on thename Zaina Alsabah. Now the couple say they want to beadvocates, planning a 5,000-kilometre horse race across North

Africa to draw attention to the cause of peace.


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Omar Osama bin Laden andJane Felix-Browne
http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/07_01/mrsbinladenES1107_468x756.jpg


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What is Al-Qaeda?

Al-Qaeda means the base(Al=the, Qaeda=base)

An organisation created in1989 by Osama bin Laden out

of a network of Arabvolunteers who had gone toAfghanistan in the 1980s tofight against SovietCommunism

Osama fell out with the Saudiruling family and they rejectedhis offer to lead an army ofmilitants to liberate Kuwait in1990. Saudi turned to the USfor help instead.
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Osama was unhappy with this and retaliated by carryingout anti-state activities. The Saudi governmenteventually expelled him from the country and thisprovoked Osama to carry out campaigns against the

Saudi government, the US and its allies Goal of Al-Qaeda: Rid Muslim countries of the influence of the West, particularly

the US

Establish a global Islamic caliphate, based on extremist

misinterpretations of Islamic teachings How to achieve these goals?

The use of terrorism against US and its allies

What is Al-Qaeda?


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Why is Al-Qaeda Significant?

Epitome of the new form of transnational terroristorganisation. Features: Multi-national membership, scattered all over the world

Utilises globalisation, such as the use of internet and

international banking, to plan and carry out attacks acrosscontinents

Attacks are designed to ensure maximum casualties
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Post 9/11 attacks, USdeclared a global war onterrorism Osama bin Laden and

other Al-Qaeda memberswere believed to be in

Afghanistan and theTaliban governmentrefused to give them up tothe coalition forces

US-led coalition forceswent into Afghanistan inOctober 2001 to attack theterrorist training camps and

Al-Qaeda terrorists

American consumers are snapping up

action figures of Osama Bin Laden and USPresident George W Bush. (BBC News, 19

April 2002)


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However, Al-Qaeda was stillcapable of launching terroristattacks because it has manygroups associated with it Al-Qaeda shares expertise,

resources, strategy and evenconducts joint operations withthese groups

Main reason for Al-Qaedascontinued resilience: deliberateand effective spread of its

ideology based on the misuseand misinterpretation of religiousconcepts

It claims that Islam sanctions andrequires Muslims to undertakeviolence against the West and its

allies, which also includes killingcivilians


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Al-Qaedas ideology is rejected by Muslims andIslam

After the September 11 attacks and disruption of JI

terrorist network in Singapore, more than 120 Muslimorganisations in Singapore issued a joint publicstatement to condemn the misuse of Islam forterrorism

The Mufti of Singapore, Tuan Haji Syed Isa Semaitcondemned the act of terrorism staged by terroristswho subscribed to Al-Qaedas ideology and carriedout suicide bombing in Jordan in November 2005


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In the Bali bombing incident(2002), 200 people were killedand 300 injured

These attacks were carried outby JI, a group linked to Al-Qaeda

Significance: Attacks could happen even with

increased security and vigilance

Terrorists were now targettingsoft targets, such as night clubs

and shopping centres

In 2005, Bali was again bombed by

terrorists


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Where has Al-Qaeda/organisationslinked to Al-Qaeda launched attacks?


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Impact of Terrorism

1. Economic Impact Governments have budgeted more money to increase their

countries security

Governments deployed troops and police to guard areas, suchas airports, embassies and other vulnerable spots

Emergency exercises were also conducted to ensure citizensare prepared and know what to do, if they are faced withterrorist attacks

E.g. In January 2006, Singapore conducted Exercise Northstar V,led by Singapore Civil Defence Force, to simulate 5 bombexplosions and one simulated chemical attacks, involving theclosure of 13 MRT stations and service disruption of three hours.The operation involves 2,000 personnel from 22 agencies andthus far is the largest civil emergency exercise


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Exercise Northstar V


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Impact of Terrorism

1. Economic Impacta. 9/11 Attacks

The 9/11 attacks claimedmany lives and

properties. Insurancecompanies had to payabout US$40 billion incompensation of the loss

Airline industry lostmoney because peoplewere afraid of flying

US government had togive economic aid to theairline companies toprevent them from going

out of business

Financial performance of US airlines

before and after 9/11


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Impact of Terrorism

1. Economic Impact

b. Bali Bombing (2002)

Balis main source of income

was tourism After the 2002 bombing

incident, tourists arrival toBali dropped by more than50%

Many Balinese lost theirlivelihood

The Indonesian governmentfaced pressure to relieve theeconomic hardship of theBalinese
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Impact of Terrorism

2. Social Impact

Act of terrorism may create suspicion and tensionamong various ethnic and religious groups

Governments worldwide have put in measures to

ensure that terrorism would not hurt the socialcohesion in their countries

PM Lee Hsien Loong on 9 Feb 2006 introduced theCommunity Engagement Programme as a long term measureto ensure Singaporeans will maintain social cohesion and

harmony. Aim: to bring together Singaporeans from differentcommunities, to strengthen inter-communal bonds, to put inplace response plans to help deal with potential communaltensions after the incident, be it terrorist attack of a civilemergency

911 d th JI A t I t d


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911 and the JI Arrest Impacted

Singapores Social Cohesion


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but we were able to talk about

the issues openly


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Impact of Terrorism

3. Political Impact Governments have the

responsibility to keep citizenssafe from terrorists

Thus, governments need totighten various controls, such asstepping up border security toensure that terrorists do not slipinto the country

Greater checks on travellersidentities and belongings

Intrusive legislation aimed at

countering terrorism have beenintroduced

Critics argue that such measureswill curb individual freedom andinvade personal privacy

Nevertheless, such trade-off is

necessary to ensure security


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Can Transnational Terrorism be Managed?

1. ASEANs efforts to manage terrorism

ASEAN views terrorism as a major threat tointernational peace and security and a direct

challenge to the achievement of peace,progress and prosperity in ASEAN

ASEAN governments pledged theirdetermination to cooperate againsttransnational terrorists through join policeand intelligence measures
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1. ASEANs efforts to manage terrorism ASEAN pledged to enhance information and

intelligence exchange on terrorists and terroristactivities

Information provided by Singapore has helped Philippineauthorities to arrest JI bomb-maker Fathur Rohman Al-Ghozi in 2002. Fathur was involved in the bombing of theLight Railway Train in Manila (Dec 2000) and he was a leadcharacter in the Al-Qaeda plot to bomb western targets inSingapore
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Can Transnational Terrorism be

Managed?

2. International efforts to combatterrorism

UN passed a series of resolutions toget all member countries to freezefinancial assets of terrorist and theirsupporters, deny them travel andsafe haven, prevent terroristrecruitment and weapons supplyand cooperate with other countriesin information sharing and criminalprosecution

The UN set up Counter-TerrorismCommittee (CTC) to monitormember countries adherence to theresolutions as well as to strengthenthe counter-terrorism capacity of UNmember states. CTC also providestechnical assistance to countriesthat require help in implementing theresolutions


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2. International efforts to combat terrorism

Have these measures been successful?

Member countries managed to freeze more than

US$200 million in terrorist funding 4,000 terrorist suspects arrested through the sharing

of information among member countries

However, international community has not been that

successful because: Terrorists are able to evade security restrictions imposed by

governments

Terrorists are able to continually recruit new operatives


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Can Transnational Terrorism be

Managed?

3. Nurturing an environment thatcensures

terrorism

Terrorists usually operate onhate and enmity, and instigate

and falsely sanction a person/a group to commit such acts ofviolence

Thus, there is a need forsociety to stand firmly againstideas that fuel terrorism,otherwise these ideas will gainlegitimacy in the society

Documents

Sec 4 SS Chapter 1-Part 2