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SEAWEED CULTURE TECHNIQUES
MUHAMMAD NAFIS BIN RAHMAT 1118337KAMARUDDIN BIN MANSUR 1114219AMIR SAFWAN BIN HAMZAH 1120219HANISAH BINTI UJANG 1110546NUR SYAMIMI BINTI MOHD NAIL 1120234
SBT 4435 MARINE ECOLOGY
HISTORY OF SEAWEED FARMING
History of Seaweed Farming
• One of the earliest records of seaweed farming – Tokyo Bay, Japan, 1670
• 1970s – larger scale cultivation was considered
• For over three decades since the Second World War, production of carrageenan was restricted by the availability of natural stocks
• End of 1960s – search for more diverse supply began
• First seaweed farm established in 1969, in the Tawi-Tawi province of south Philipines – joint effort between Marine Colloids Inc. and the University of Hawaii Professor Maxwell Doty
World Aquacultur
e Production
of Seaweed
• Major producers – China – Indonesia– Philippines– Republic of Korea
• Others – Japan– Malaysia– Zanzibar– Solomon Islands– Vietnam
SEAWEED CULTURE
TECHNIQUES
BASIC METHODS
OF SEAWEED CULTURE
1. Selection of Site and Species
2. Seed Preparation3. Planting4. Harvesting5. Drying6. Storage
SELECTION OF SITE AND SPECIES
Selection of Species
• Easy availability • Rapid growth • Easy cultivability• Mode of reproduction• Tolerance to wide
range of physical and chemical factors
• Nutritional and market value
Selection of Site
• Availability of sunlight • Temperature• Water quality • Salinity • Depth• Waves and currents
SEED PREPARATION
Seed Preparatio
n
• Seedstock can be bought or obtained from the wild or by harvesting from the farm
• Healthy strong branches should be chosen
• Free from foreign materials and epiphytes
PLANTING
Planting1. Bottom Monoline Method2. Suspended Monoline Method3. Long Line Floating System4. Bamboo Raft Method5. Spider Web Method 6. Lantay Method7. Hanging Rope Culture Method
Bottom Monoline
Method
• Short stakes are used and then erected on the seabed.
• Arranged in rows and the seeded lines have not floating.
• Very shallow areas or exposed to spring tides.
• Procedures:i. Using a mallet, drive wooden posts to
the bottom one meter apart in rows and 10 meters between rows.
ii. Tie nylon monolines at both ends of the posts, parallel to each other.
iii. The distance of the line from the bottom should be about 20–25 cm (8–10 inches).
Bottom Monoline
Method
• Advantage – The structure is easy to
construct.
• Disadvantages– It cannot be farmed on rocky
seabeds and supply of stakes will getting low.
– The minimum of water movement will barely affect the seaweed
– Susceptible to grazing by marine organisms.
Suspended Monoline
Method
• It uses long stakes around 1 to 1.5 meters long that areerected on seabed and arranged huge distance between rows.
• Long seeded lines that float on seawater.
• Suitable for use in submergedareas with 0.5 to 1.5 meters of water depth at spring low tides.
• The monolines are attached to a wooden or bamboo frame, the size of which varies depending on the available frame materials.
• The units are anchored to the substrate from their corners, using nylon ropes.
• Floatation materials are attached to the corner of the rafts to increase their buoyancy.
Suspended Monoline
Method
• Advantage– the water movement is good even
with small wave action and the distance of seaweed fromwater surface is stable.
• Disadvantages– Cannot be used on rocky
seabed as it might disrupt the stakes.
– The supply of stakes willgetting low(sedimentation).
– The seaweed are vulnerable to grazing.
Long Line Floating System
• The long line floating system use ropes that are suspended by floats and theyare anchored by weights.
• The seeded lines are floating on the seawater.
• This technique can be applied on the area with water depth of 1.5 meters or more at spring low tide.
Long Line Floating System
• Advantages– The water movement is good
even with light wave action, – The distance from water
surface ispersistent
– The seaweeds are less susceptible to grazing organisms.
• Disadvantage– It is quiet complicated to
construct the structure of the suspended ropes and line techniques.
Bamboo Raft
Method
• The use of bamboo polesas floating tools and weight as anchors
• The seeded lines may or may not havefloats.
• This method is suitable for use in areas with 1.0 meter water depth or moreat spring low tides.
• The steps to construct this technique are:i. Tie each corner to a large coral with a
cord so that the net is stretchedtightly.
ii. And then, cut one meter piece of bamboo and tie one piece to each cornerof the net.
iii. Lastly, add additional net to the previously constructed one.
Bamboo Raft
Method
• Advantages – Water movement is good
even with light wave action,– the distance from water
surface ispersistent
– the seaweeds are less susceptible to grazing organisms.
• Disadvantages– The bamboos are not easy to
get and somehowit is expensive to buy.
– The construction of the bamboos is rather complicated anddifficult.
Spider Web
Method
• Also known as tumbo tumbo.• Similar to bamboo raft method
except suspension is done by floaters.
• Wide surface area allows higher yield.
• Flexible and environmental friendly.• Difficult to set up, and poses threats
to transportations.
Floating Basket
Method
• Also known as floating cage or lantay method.
• Use cage, basket, or bamboo frame covered with net.
• Seaweed plantlets are tied on the mesh.
• Protects seaweed from strong wave action and natural predators.
Hanging Rope
Culture Method
• A single floating raft rope connected with culture ropes at certain intervals.
• The raft rope is anchored using bamboo stakes.
• The culture ropes are attached to weights at their ends.
• Simple and easy to manage.• Lower seaweeds get less sunlight,
and the culture ropes may intertwine.
HARVESTING
Harvesting
DRYING
Drying
STORAGE
Storage • The seaweed should be stored in a rainproof shed or warehouse.
• Not recommended to store more than 6-months
• Must be kept dry to avoid fermentation that could degrade the quality of the carrageenans.
• Marketing:– Multinational buyers– Seaweed processing factories
ADVANTAGES, PROBLEMS, &
CHALLENGES OF SEAWEED CULTURE
Advantages of
Seaweed Culture Simple
technology and
requires low initial
capital
Short growth cycle (6 weeks)
Favorable price, rapid
and high return on
investment
Economic Impact of Seaweed
CultureSource of important ingredient (carrageenan) in food and other industrial application
Source of income
Significant production for export market
Bioremediation Potential Integration of seaweed cultivation
with fish farming to utilize the nutrients from the fish farm
Nutrient bioremediation capability to remove up to 90% nutrient discharge
Reduce the risk of eutrophication
Benefit economy and environment in sustainable manner
Problems &
Challenges of
Seaweed Culture
Unavailability of good quality
seedling
Pollution in production
area
Shortage and poor quality of
dried raw material
Lack of capital
Lack of research and development
activitiesSeaweed diseases
Ice-Ice Disease
Seaweeds emit moist organic substances that attract bacteria
Induce whitening and hardening the branches
Unfavorable environment i. Water qualityii. Light intensityiii. Temperatureiv. Salinity
Water movement Leads to significant decrease of
seaweed production and carrageenan yield
Epiphytes Infestation
& Silting
Natural Predators/
Grazers
Rocky and coral reefs area Longline culture method is less
vulnerable
Climate
Vulnerable to bad weather– Rough sea– Heavy rain
Choose site that are well protected from tidal waves and strong winds
Mobilize and harvest seaweed to avoid any loss
THANK YOU