Seated Liberty Dollar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20150421200712

United States

Value 1 US dollar

Mass 26.73 g

Diameter 38.1 mm

Edge Reeded

Composition 90% silver10% copper

Silver 0.77344 troy oz

Years of minting 18401873

Mint marks O, S, CC. Located beneatheagle on reverse. PhiladelphiaMint specimens lack a mintmark.

Obverse

Design Liberty seated

Designer Christian Gobrecht

Design date 1840

Reverse

Seated Liberty dollar

Seated Liberty dollarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Seated Liberty dollar was a dollar coin struck bythe United States Mint from 1840 to 1873 and designedby its chief engraver, Christian Gobrecht. It was the lastsilver coin of that denomination to be struck beforepassage of the Coinage Act of 1873, which temporarilyended production of the silver dollar for Americancommerce. The coin's obverse is based on that of theGobrecht dollar, which had been minted experimentallyfrom 1836 to 1839. However, the soaring eagle used onthe reverse of the Gobrecht dollar was not used; instead,the United States Mint (Mint) used a heraldic eagle, basedon a design by late Mint Chief Engraver John Reich firstutilized on coins in 1807.

Seated Liberty dollars were initially struck only at thePhiladelphia Mint; in 1846, production began at the NewOrleans facility. In the late 1840s, the price of silverincreased relative to gold because of an increase in supplyof the latter caused by the California Gold Rush; this ledto the hoarding, export, and melting of American silvercoins. The Coinage Act of 1853 decreased the weight ofall silver coins of five cents or higher, except for thedollar, but also required a supplemental payment fromthose wishing their bullion struck into dollar coins. Aslittle silver was being presented to the US Mint at thetime, production remained low. In the final years of theseries, there was more silver produced in the US, andmintages increased.

In 1866, "In God We trust" was added to the dollarfollowing its introduction to United States coinage earlierin the decade. Seated Liberty dollar production was haltedby the Coinage Act of 1873, which authorized the tradedollar for use in foreign commerce. Representatives ofsilver interests were unhappy when the metal's pricedropped again in the mid-1870s; they advocated theresumption of the free coinage of silver into legal tender,and after the passage of the BlandAllison Act in 1878,production resumed with the Morgan dollar.

Contents

1 Background2 Gobrecht dollar3 Production

Seated Liberty dollar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seated_Liberty_dollar&prin...

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Design A left-facing bald eagle.Without motto.


Design date 1840

Design discontinued 1865

Design With motto


Design date 1866

Design discontinued 1873

3.1 Design3.2 Release3.3 Later years

4 Abolition and aftermath5 Collecting6 Notes7 References8 Bibliography

BackgroundThe Mint Act of 1792 made both gold and silver legaltender; specified weights of each was equal to a dollar.[1]The United States Mint struck gold and silver only whendepositors supplied metal, which was returned in the formof coin.[2] The fluctuation of market prices forcommodities meant that either precious metal wouldlikely be overvalued in terms of the other, leading tohoarding and melting; in the decades after 1792, it wasusually silver coins which met that fate.[1] In 1806,President Thomas Jefferson officially ordered all silverdollar mintage halted, though production had not occurredsince 1804.[3] This was done in part to prevent the coinsfrom being exported to foreign nations for melting,causing a strain on the fledgling Mint for little gain.[3]Over the next quarter century, the silver coin usuallystruck for bullion depositors was the half dollar.[4] In1831, Mint Director Samuel Moore requested thatPresident Andrew Jackson lift the restriction againstdollar coin production; the president obliged in April ofthat year.[5] Despite the approval to strike the coins, no silver dollars were minted until 1836.[5]

The Bureau of the Mint in the 1830s was undergoing a period of significant change, as new technologieswere adopted. In 1828, the Mint, whose authorization had been subject to periodic renewal by Congresssince its inception in 1792, was given permanent status.[6] A new building to house the Philadelphia Mintwas authorized by Congress, and opened in 1832.[7] Congress adjusted the precious-metal content of UScoins in 1834 and 1837, and was able to achieve a balance whereby US coins remained in circulationalongside those of foreign nations (mostly Spanish colonial pieces). In 1836, the first steam machinery wasintroduced at the Mint; previously coins had been struck by muscle power.[8] Congress had in 1835authorized branch mints at Dahlonega in Georgia, Charlotte in North Carolina, and at New Orleans inLouisiana. The Charlotte and Dahlonega mints only struck gold, catering to miners in the South who soughtto deposit that metal, but the New Orleans facility would also strike silver coins, including the Seated Libertydollar.[9][10]

Gobrecht dollarIn mid-1835, newly appointed Mint Director Robert M. Patterson engaged artists Titian Peale and Thomas


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The flying eagle reverse of the Gobrechtdollar

Sully to create new designs for American coinage.[11] In an August1, 1835, letter, Patterson proposed that Sully create an obversedesign consisting of Liberty seated on a boulder, holding a "libertypole" in her right hand topped by a pileus, the headgear given bythe Romans to an emancipated slave.[11] He also asked Sully tocreate a reverse design consisting of an "eagle flying, and rising inflight, amidst the constellation irregularly dispersed of twenty-fourstars".[a][11] Patterson requested that the bird appear natural; hecriticized the eagle designs then in use on the nation's coinage asbeing unnatural primarily because of the shield placed on theeagle's breast.[11] Mint Chief Engraver William Kneass prepared asketch based on Patterson's conception, but suffered a stroke,leaving him partially paralyzed.[12] Later in 1835, ChristianGobrecht was hired at the Mint as a draftsman, die sinker, andassistant engraver to Kneass.[13] Although nominally a subordinate,Gobrecht would perform much of the engraving work for the Mint

until Kneass' death in 1840, when Gobrecht was appointed chief engraver.[14]

Sully prepared sketches of the artwork, which Gobrecht used as a guide in engraving copper plates.[15] Theplates were approved by various government officials, and the production of trial strikes began.[15] Thedesign was not free from controversy; former Mint Director Samuel Moore had deprecated the use of thepileus. Quoting former president Thomas Jefferson, Moore had written to Secretary of the Treasury LeviWoodbury, "We are not emancipated slaves."[12]

Following a series of trial strikes and modifications through 1836, the first of what would come to be knownas the Gobrecht dollars were minted in December of that year.[16] The dollars of 1836 were minted with asilver fineness of .892 (89.2%) silver,[16] a specification set forth in the 1792 act.[17] The mandated finenessof US silver coins was changed from .892 to .900 (90%) by the Coinage Act of 1837, passed on January 18,1837; subsequent Gobrecht dollars were struck in .900 silver.[11] Beginning in 1837, an adaptation of theobverse of the Gobrecht dollar, depicting a seated Liberty, was used on the smaller silver coins (from halfdime to half dollar), with Gobrecht's modification of Reich's heraldic eagle on the reverse of the quarter andhalf dollar. Except on the half dime, abolished in 1873, the designs would remain on those coins for over50 years.[b][18][19]

Coinage continued in small amounts until 1839, when official production of the Gobrecht dollar ceased.[20]The coins had been struck as a trial to gauge public acceptance.[21] The Mint acquired a portrait lathe in1837, which allowed Gobrecht to work in large models for the later versions of the Gobrecht dollar, and forthe Seated Liberty dollar. The lathe, a pantograph-like device, mechanically reduced the design from themodel to a coin-size hub, from which working dies could be produced.[14] Prior to 1837, the engraver had tocut the design onto the die face by hand.[22]

Production

Design

Prior to full-scale production of a dollar coin in 1840, Patterson reviewed the designs then in use, includingthe Gobrecht dollar's.[21] The director opted to replace Gobrecht's soaring eagle reverse with a left-facingbald eagle based on a design by former Mint engraver John Reich,[21] a design first used on silver and goldcoinage in 1807.[23] Although the reverse for the dollar was probably selected to match that of the quarterand half dollar, it is not known why the flying eagle design was not used for the lower denominations in thefirst place.[14] Numismatic historian Walter Breen speculates that a Treasury official might have preferred


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Chief EngraverChristian Gobrechtcreated the SeatedLiberty design.

the Reich design.[24]

The obverse of the Gobrecht dollar was in high relief, but Mint officials felt thatthis should be lowered for the new coin, which was to be struck in much largerquantities. Patterson hired Robert Ball Hughes, a Philadelphia artist, to modifythe design. As part of Hughes' modifications, Liberty's head was enlarged, thedrapery was thickened, and the relief was lowered overall.[21] Thirteen stars werealso included on the obverse.[25] On the Gobrecht dollar, with its high relief, thedepiction of Liberty appears like a statue on a plinth; the flatter Seated Libertydecreased relief appears more like an engraving.[18]

Art historian Cornelius Vermeule tied the appearance of the obverse toneoclassicism, noting the resemblance of Gobrecht's Liberty to the marble statuesof ancient Rome. The neoclassical school was popular in the first half of the 19thcentury, and not only among official artists; Vermeule noted, "it becomes almostpainfully evident that similar sources were consulted both by the engravers of

United States coins in Philadelphia and by the cutters of tombstones from Maine to Illinois".[26] The reverseretained the shield upon the eagle's breast. Art historian Vermeule described it as "the same old unnatural,unartistic eagle with shield on his stomach, like a baseball umpire's protector ... to clutch branch and olives inone foot, arrows of war in the other oversized set of claws".[18] According to numismatic historian DavidLange, the Reich-Gobrecht reverse design is known among some coin collectors as the "sandwich-boardeagle".[27] Breen, in his comprehensive volume on US coins, complains of "the 'improvements' inflicted by[Hughes] on a hapless Ms. Liberty. Compared with the original Sully-Gobrecht conception of 183639, thisis a sorry mess indeed."[24]

Release

A small production run of 12,500 was minted in July 1840 to allow bullion depositors to become familiarwith the new coins before having their silver struck into dollars.[28] The process of bringing the new coin topublic hands was made easier by a congressional authorization in 1837 for a fund that allowed the Mint a"float", permitting it to give depositors payment in coin without waiting for their metal to go through theminting process.[27] Bullion producers began depositing the silver required to initiate heavier production laterin 1840; 41,000 pieces were minted in November, followed by a mintage of 7,505 in December.[28] Depositsincreased the following year, which saw a mintage of 173,000 pieces.[29] All coins were produced at thePhiladelphia Mint until 1846, when 59,000 were struck at the Mint at New Orleans.[30]

Following the discovery of gold in California, a large amount of gold coins began appearing in Americancommercial channels.[31] The influx caused the price of gold relative to silver to decrease, making silvercoins worth more as bullion than as currency.[24] They were exported abroad, or else melted locally for theirbullion value.[31] As it was profitable to export silver, little was presented at the Mint, which resulted in lowmintage numbers for the silver dollar; 1,300 and 1,100 were struck in 1851 and 1852 respectively.[30] Therarity of these dates was recognized by the late 1850s; Mint employees made surreptitious restrikes to sell tocollectors.[24]

Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1853 in February of that year.[32] The act lowered the silver weight ofthe coins ranging from the half dime to half dollar by 6.9%, though the dollar remained unaffected.[32] The1853 act eliminated the practice of depositing silver bullion to be struck into coin, except into the dollar forwhich a coining charge of .5% was imposed. According to the Senate report filed with the bill which becamethe Coinage Act, these changes were intended as a temporary expedient, with the free coinage of silver to berestored when bullion prices became stable.[33] Sources vary in their explanation as to why Congress choseto exempt the dollar from the silver coinage overhaul: numismatic historian R.W. Julian suggests that it was


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A cartoon from the April 9, 1870 issue ofHarper's Weekly which anticipates theresumption of government payments inprecious-metal coins.

done due to its status as the "flagship" of American coins.[32] According to Don Taxay in his history of theMint and coinage, "the silver dollar, which it [the act] left unchanged to preserve a bi-metallic currency,continued to be exported and was rarely used in commerce. Without realizing it, the country had enteredonto the gold standard."[34] Julian agreed, noting that the act instituted a de facto gold standard in the UnitedStates, because it required silver coinage to be paid for in gold.[35] The silver dollar continued to circulatelittle; quantities were sent west beginning in 1854 to serve as "small change" in California.[24] Silver pricesremained high into the 1860s, and little silver bullion was presented for striking into dollars. To servecollectors, individual specimens were made available to the public by the Mint at a cost of $1.08.[24]

Later years

Numismatist and coin dealer Q. David Bowers believes thatmost Seated Liberty dollars produced after 1853 were shipped toChina to pay for luxury goods, including tea and silk.[36] R. W.Julian argued to the contrary, that continued production of thedollar had little to do with trade with the Orient (where goodswere paid for in silver), suggesting instead that the coins weresent to the West for use there.[36] However, although the Mint'sEngraving Department sent dies for the dollar to the SanFrancisco facility repeatedly from 1858 on, the California mintused them only once before 1870, striking 20,000 dollars in1859, a year in which 255,700 were struck at Philadelphia and360,000 at New Orleans. Production at New Orleans wasdisrupted after 1860 by the Civil War; it did not strike silverdollars again until 1879, after the end of the Seated Libertyseries.[24][37][38] After the outbreak of the war in 1861,inflationary greenbacks were introduced, and precious-metalcoins vanished from circulation.[39][40] In April 1863, new MintDirector James Pollock argued that the silver dollar beeliminated, noting in a letter that the coin "no longer enters intoour monetary system. The few pieces made are for Asiatic andother foreign trade and are not seen in circulation."[39]

In November 1861, Reverend M. R. Watkinson suggested in a letter that some sort of religious motto shouldbe placed on American coinage to reflect the increasing religiosity of United States citizens following theoutbreak of the Civil War. In an October 21, 1863, report to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, Pollockexpressed his own desire to emblazon American coins with a religious motto. The Mint began producingpatterns bearing various mottoes, including "God Our Trust" and "In God We Trust"; the latter wasultimately selected, and its first use was on the two-cent piece in 1864.The following year, a law was passedallowing the Treasury to place the motto upon any coin at its discretion. The motto was placed on the silverdollar, as well as various other silver, gold and base metal coins, in 1866.[41]

The coin shortage continued after the end of the Civil War, due largely to the large war debt incurred by thefederal government. As a result, silver coinage began to trade at a significant premium to the now ubiquitousgreenbacks. Accordingly, the government was reluctant to issue silver coins. Nevertheless, the Mintcontinued striking silver, to be stored in vaults until such time as they could enter the marketplace.[42] TheSeated Liberty dollar was the first coin to be struck at the Carson City Mint; the first to be issued were 2,303pieces paid to a Mr. A. Wright on February 11, 1870.[43] The dollar was struck at Carson City from 1870 to1873, with the largest mintage, 11,758, in 1870. The largest quantity struck at any mint was in 1872 atPhiladelphia: 1,105,500, though the mintage in 1871 had also exceeded a million.[30]


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Democratic presidentialcandidate William JenningsBryan campaign poster, 1900.The silver dollar illustratedbelow the portrait resembles aSeated Liberty dollar.

Abolition and aftermathBeginning in 1859, large quantities of silver were found in Nevada Territory and elsewhere in the AmericanWest.[44] In 1869, Director of the Mint Henry Linderman began advocating the end of the acceptance ofsilver bullion deposits to be struck into dollars. Although silver dollars were not coined in large numbers,Linderman saw that mining in the West would increase after the completion of the transcontinentalrailroad,[c] which it did, as US silver production increased from 10 million troy ounces in 1867 to more than22 million five years later. Linderman foresaw that these activities would increase the supply of silver,causing its price to drop below the $1.2929 per ounce at which the precious metal in the standard silverdollar is worth $1.00. He anticipated that silver suppliers would turn to the Mint to dispose of their productby striking it into dollars. The monetization of that cheap silver, Linderman feared, would inflate thecurrency and drive gold from commerce because of Gresham's law. Although silver advocates later calledthe resulting law the "Crime of '73" and claimed that it had been passed in a deceitful manner, the bill wasdiscussed during five different sessions of Congress, read in full by both the House of Representatives andthe Senate and printed in full on multiple occasions. Once it passed both houses of Congress, it was signedinto law by President Ulysses S. Grant on February 12, 1873.[45][46]

The Coinage Act of 1873 ended production of the standard silver dollar andauthorized creation of the Trade dollar, thus concluding the Seated Libertydollar series.[47] The Trade dollar was slightly heavier than the standarddollar and was intended for use in payments in silver to merchants in China.Although not meant for use in the United States, a last-minute rider gave itlegal tender status there up to $5. When silver prices plummeted in themid-1870s, millions appeared in circulation, at first in the West and thenthroughout the United States, causing problems in commerce when banksinsisted on the $5 legal tender limit. Other abuses followed, such aspurchase by companies for bullion value (by then about $0.80) for use inpay packets. Workers had little option but to accept them as dollars. Inresponse to complaints, Congress ended any status as legal tender in 1876,halted production of the Trade dollar (except for collectors) in 1878, andagreed to redeem any which had not been chopmarked in 1887.[48]

The 1873 act eliminated the provisions allowing depositors of silver bullionto have their metal struck into standard silver dollars; they could now onlyreceive Trade dollars, which were not legal tender beyond $5.[49][50] As theprice of silver then was about $1.30 per ounce, there was no outcry fromsilver producers.[51] Beginning in 1874, however, the price dropped; silverwould not again sell for $1.2929 or more on the open market in the UnitedStates until 1963.[52] Advocates of silver both sought a market for thecommodity and believed that "free silver" or bimetallism would boost the economy and make it easy forfarmers to repay debts. Many in Congress agreed, and the first battle over the issue resulted in a partialvictory for silver forces, as the 1878 BlandAllison Act required the Mint to purchase large quantities ofsilver on the open market and strike the bullion into dollar coins. The Mint did so, using a new design byAssistant Engraver George T. Morgan,[d] which came to be known as the Morgan dollar.[53][54] The issue ofwhat monetary standard would be used occupied the nation for the rest of the 19th century, becoming mostacute in the 1896 presidential election. In that election, the unsuccessful Democratic candidate, WilliamJennings Bryan, campaigned on "free silver", having electrified the Democratic National Convention withhis Cross of Gold speech, decrying the gold standard. The issue was settled for the time by the GoldStandard Act of 1900, making that standard the law of the land.[53][55]

Collecting


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Considerable private melting in the early years of the series makes many dates rare; more melting took placewhen large quantities that had accumulated at the New York Sub-Treasury were sent to Philadelphia in 1861and 1862 for restriking into smaller denominations.[56] R. S. Yeoman's 2014 edition of A Guide Book ofUnited States Coins[e] lists no Seated Liberty dollar in collectable condition (very good or better) at less than$280.[57]

The key dates of the series include the 1866 variety which lacks the motto "In God We Trust", of which onlytwo are known; one sold at auction in 2005 for $1,207,500.[58] Another rarity is the 1870 struck at SanFrancisco (1870-S), of which the mintage is not known as their striking was not recorded in that mint'srecords. Those records indicate that in May 1870, the San Francisco Mint returned two dollar reverse dies toPhiladelphia as mistakenly sent without mint mark, and received two proper replacements. There is norecord of any 1870-dated obverse dies for the dollar being sent to San Francisco; nevertheless, the coinsexist. Breen, writing in 1988, lists twelve examples known, which he speculates may have been presentationpieces, meant to be inserted in a cornerstone.[59] One sold at auction for $1,092,500 in 2003.[58] A similarmystery attends the 1873-S, which despite the stated mintage of 700, is not known to exist. Two of thepieces were routinely sent to Philadelphia for examination at the 1874 meeting of the United States AssayCommission, but apparently were not preserved. Breen suggests that the remaining mintage may have beenmelted along with obsolete silver coins.[60]

Notes

The number of states at the timea. A wreathed "Half Dime" or "One Dime" was used on the reverse of those smaller denominations.b. Completed in 1869c. From 1917 until his death in 1925, chief engraver. See Coin World Almanac 1977, pp. 216217.d. Commonly called the Red Book.e.

References

Coin World Almanac 1977, p. 247.1. Lange, p. 37.2. Julian, p. 431.3. Taxay, pp. 125126.4. Julian, p. 495.5. Lange, p. 41.6. Taxay, pp. 145, 149.7. Lange, pp. 4143.8. Coin World Almanac 1977, pp. 200202.9. Yeoman, p. 222.10. Julian, p. 496.11. Taxay, p. 171.12. Coin World Almanac 1977, p. 211.13. Lange, p. 46.14. Julian, p. 498.15. Julian, p. 504.16. Peters, pp. 246251.17. Vermeule, p. 47.18.

Yeoman, pp. 139142, 147151, 163167,195200.

19.

Julian, p. 505.20. Julian, p. 535.21. Taxay, p. 150.22. Yeoman, pp. 185, 234.23. Breen, p. 436.24. Yeoman, p. 217.25. Vermeule, pp. 4748.26. Lange, p. 47.27. Julian, p. 537.28. Yeoman, p. 214.29. Yeoman, p. 218.30. Julian, p. 538.31. Julian, p. 539.32. Taxay, pp. 219224.33. Taxay, p. 221.34. Julian, p. 540.35.


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Julian, p. 542.36. Yeoman, pp. 218222.37. Coin World Almanac 1977, p. 203.38. Julian, p. 544.39. Coin World Almanac 1977, pp. 321325.40. Julian, p. 546.41. Julian, p. 547.42. Lange, p. 111.43. Coin World Almanac 1977, p. 165.44. Van Allen & Mallis, pp. 2123.45. Taxay, pp. 259261.46. Van Allen & Mallis, p. 23.47. Breen, p. 466.48.

Breen, pp. 441443.49. Taxay, p. 259.50. Coin World Almanac 1977, p. 153.51. Coin World Almanac 1977, pp. 167, 179180.52. Lange, pp. 119122.53. Taxay, pp. 267271.54. Breen, p. 443.55. Breen, pp. 436443.56. Yeoman, pp. 222223.57. Yeoman, p. 223.58. Breen, p. 442.59. Breen, pp. 440441.60.

Bibliography

Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins. New York:Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14207-6.Coin World Almanac (3rd ed.). Sidney, Ohio: Amos Press. 1977. OCLC 4017981(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4017981).Julian, R.W. (1993). Bowers, Q. David, ed. Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States.Wolfeboro, New Hampshire: Bowers and Merena Galleries. ISBN 0-943161-48-7.Lange, David W. (2006). History of the United States Mint and its Coinage. Atlanta, Ga.: WhitmanPublishing. ISBN 978-0-7948-1972-9.Peters, Richard, ed. (1845). The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America(http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage). Boston, Mass.: Charles C. Little and James Brown.Taxay, Don (1983). The U.S. Mint and Coinage (reprint of 1966 ed.). New York: Sanford J. DurstNumismatic Publications. ISBN 978-0-915262-68-7.Van Allen, Leroy C.; Mallis, A. George (1991). Comprehensive Catalog and Encyclopedia of Morgan& Peace Dollars. Virginia Beach, Va.: DLRC Press. ISBN 978-1-880731-11-6.Vermeule, Cornelius (1971). Numismatic Art in America. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-62840-3.Yeoman, R.S. (2013). A Guide Book to United States Coins (The Official Red Book) (67th ed.).Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7948-4180-5.


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Preceded byGobrecht dollar

Dollar coin of the United States(18401873)

Concurrent with:Liberty Head Gold dollar Type I

(18491854)Small Head Indian Gold dollar Type

II (18541856)Large Head Indian Gold dollar Type

III (18561873)

Succeeded byMorgan dollar

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Categories: Coins of the United States Liberty symbols United States dollar coinsUnited States silver coins

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Seated Liberty Dollar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20150421200712