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Seasonal variations in the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics
of Bhagirathi river around Tehri reservoir, Uttarakhand
Punetha, Disha; Sharma, Archana; Pokhriya, Priya and Panwar, Pooja
Received: September 28, 2016 Accepted: October 30, 2017 Online: December 31, 2017
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate
the physio-chemical and microbiological
characteristics of the Bhagirathi river in and
around Tehri reservoir. Seasonal assessment
of water quality was conducted for a period of
two years (March 2013 to March 2015) for
three seasons viz. pre-monsoon, monsoon and
post-monsoon to evaluate the suitability of
water for human consumption. Fourteen
physicochemical parameters were analyzed in
the collected samples. Few parameters like
Turbidity (19.95 ± 0.6; 20.16 ± 0.05; 21.06 ±
0.00), Biological oxygen demand (2.88 ±
0.06; 3.14 ± 0.06; 3.39 ± 0.06) in upstream,
reservoir and downstream was found to be
above the permissible limit during the
monsoon season. Pearson’s Correlation
Coefficient was calculated to show the
relationship between the parameters. A
significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed
in water temperature, turbidity and
conductivity in every season. The
bacteriological analysis of water samples
showed higher concentration of coliform i.e.
235/100 ml in reservoir, 332/ 100 ml in
upstream and 685/100 ml in the downstream.
River in and around the Tehri reservoir is
contaminated with E.coli and adequate water
treatment is recommended for domestic use.
Keywords: Reservoir | Physico-chemical |
Upstream | Downstream |
Bhagirathi | Seasonal variation
Introduction
Water is one of the indispensable renewable
natural resources, used for domestic,
industrial, irrigation, and electricity
generation. Any changes in the water quality
are due to the combination of natural and
anthropogenic factors like inputs from
agriculture, discharge of sediments from
erosion and urban and industrial runoff
(Huang et al., 2014). These sources hampers
the quality of water and its use for agriculture,
domestic and aesthetic. Major threat to the
domestic use of water is through microbial
contamination (Joshua et al., 2015; Matta,
2014). Most of the rivers cater‘s dam for
electricity generation and public water
supplies. Hydroelectricity emerged as one of
ESSENCE - International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation
Volume VIII [2] 2017 [6 – 16] [ISSN 0975 - 6272]
[www.essence-journal.com]
For Correspondence: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand Email: [email protected]
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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the best alternative for power generation to
satisfy the ever-increasing human demand for
electricity and domestic use in a sustainable
way (ICOLD,2000). Bhagirathi river a
tributary of Ganga provides cost-effective
conditions for dam construction and
constantly being trapped for electricity
generation due to its strategic geographical
location, availability of perennial flow, and its
terrain followed by deep gorges and wide
valleys (Chakrapani et al., 2005). Tehri dam
on River Bhagirathi is the fifth tallest dam in
the world. Construction of the hydropower led
to the formation of a large water body known
as a reservoir, which changed its
characteristics from lotic to the lentic
ecosystem. It has been used before hand for
basic human consumption. Keeping in view
the changed dynamics of the river there is an
urgent need to monitor the quality of the water
in and around the dam, which is used by the
people for domestic,agricultural and
recreational purpose. This study was done
during the period of 2013-2015 to study the
physico-chemical and microbiological
parameters of Bhagirathi river in and around
the Tehri reservoir in different seasons.
Materials and Method
Study Area
The study area is located in Tehri and
Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand,
India. In the present study, three sampling
station were selected for water quality
analysis in Bhagirathi river around the Tehri
dam, with their coordinates Upstream
(Bhagirathi at Chinyalisaur) 30o33’05’’ North
78o20’54’’ East, Reservoir (Tehri dam)
30o24’26’’ North 78o27’32’’ East, and
Downstream (Bhagirathi at Devprayag)
30o21’10’’ North 78o29’06’’. The sampling
stations were selected to get an overall picture
of the water quality of the reservoir and to
determine the major factors responsible for
change in water quality.
Figure 1: Location map of sampling site
Sample Collection and Analysis
Water samples were collected from three sites
(Upstream, Tehri reservoir, downstream)
during three different seasons viz. Pre-
monsoon, Monsoon and Post-monsoon for a
period of 2 years from March 2013-March
2015. Samples were collected in triplicate
from the surface using clean high-density
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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polyethylene bottles prewashed with nitric
acid and transferred to the laboratory.
Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, biological dissolved
oxygen were recorded on site. Other
parameters such as chemical oxygen demand,
turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity,
phosphorus, nitrate, chloride, total coliform
were analyzed in the laboratory as per
standard protocol (APHA,1998). The
statistical analysis was carried out using
SPSS-16 to study the correlation and ANOVA
between selected water quality parameters.
Results
Physico-chemical
Seasonal variations in upstream, reservoir and
downstream with its standard deviation are
graphically represented in Figure 2. Table 1
represents the average value of all the
parameters. The present study shows that
some of the parameters were above the
permissible limit during monsoon season
according to BIS, 2012. The average
temperature of the sampling sites ranged
between18o C to 24o C. Significant seasonal
variation (P < 0.05) was observed among all
the sites.
In the upstream portion of the river maximum
pH (8.12 ± 0.05) was recorded in monsoon
season, whereas minimum pH (7.88 ± 0.01)
was recorded at the reservoir in pre-monsoon.
pH of all the sites was found under the
permissible limit as per BIS,2012. Turbidity
in the entire stretch was found above the
permissible limit as per BIS (5 NTU) in all the
seasons. Maximum turbidity was recorded
during monsoon in the reservoir (20.16 ±
0.05) and upstream (21.06 ± 0.05). Electrical
conductivity in the study varied from 116.6 ±
1.00 µs/cm to 133.6 ± 0.58 µs/cm with
maximum value recorded in the reservoir
during monsoon, while minimum value (104.5
± 0.59 µs/cm) recorded at downstream during
post monsoon season. TDS varied from 93
ppm (Pre-monsoon, reservoir) to 116 ppm
(Monsoon, reservoir). In the entire stretch,
dissolved oxygen (DO) varied from 6 mg/l to
8 mg/l. There was no significant seasonal
variation observed in DO level within the
Reservoir Upstream Downstream (BIS) 2012;IS: 10500) pH 7.56±0.40 8.07±0.12 7.57±0.27 6.5-8.5
Temperature 0C 21.46±3.08 18.12±2.43 18.39±1.96 - Turbidity NTU 12.65±5.63 14.44±8.31 13.26±5.85 5
Conductivity µs/cm 133.37±37.34 124.53±29.51 116.06±23.23 - TDS mg/l 103.14±22.51 98.78±23.35 100.31±21.91 500
Alkalinity mg/l 105.16±39.23 84.58±21.66 88.4±25.64 200 Hardness mg/l 85.04±26.27 74.72±28.30 70.60±30.67 300
DO mg/l 7.29±1.30 7.67±0.87 7.61±0.95 - BOD mg/l 3.63±1.18 3.17±0.76 4.15±1.81 3 COD mg/l 22.15±21.89 16.32±14.34 16.11±16.97 -
Chloride mg/l 27.76±8.17 21.45±4.29 24.97±6.80 250 Sulphate mg/l 6.98±3.39 8.90±0.84 12.06±1.71 200
Phosphate mg/l 3.42±0.69 3.46±0.52 3.82±0.41 - Nitrate mg/l 3±0.25 4±0.30 2.5±0.30 45
Total coliform /100ml 235.00±54.36 332.66±60.25 685.33±60.25 10/100 ml Table 1: Average value of physico-chemical and biological
parameters
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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sites. The minimum value of DO (6.14 ±0.05)
was recorded during summer may be due to
increased temperature. Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) varied from 3 mg/l to 6 mg/l,
with maximum BOD (6.40 ± 0.09 mg/l)
during pre-monsoon in downstream and
minimum of (2.38 ± 0.05 mg/l) during post-
monsoon in upstream. The present study
showed an overall increase in the BOD in all
the sites. The value of Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) ranged from 4mg/l to 22
mg/l. COD was found to be maximum in pre-
monsoon season (16.53 ± 0.62 mg/l) in the
reservoir and in monsoon season (17.95 ± 1.85
mg/l) in upstream. Seasonal behavior of
hardness in the study site was more or less
similar at all the sites. A similar result was also
reported by Singh and Choudhary, 2013.
Bacteriological: Total Coliform (TC) was
enumerated using Most Probable Number
method. Water can be easily contaminated by
the animal or human waste and especially
from runoff of storm water drains. Water
samples from the sampling sites showed the
presence of contamination. MPN values to
detect total coliform ranged from 170/100 ml
to 900/100 ml in the entire stretch. The
maximum value of 900 ± 11.30/100 ml and
500 ± 10.51/100 ml was found in downstream.
Coliform was found to increase during pre-
monsoon and monsoon season in all the sites.
It was found above the permissible limit in the
sampling sites as per BIS (10/100ml).
Discussion
Physico-chemical and microbiological water
qualities are the major indicators to be
monitored in the water bodies to assess its
quality. Any altered values in the physical-
chemical parameters specify the changing
condition in the water with its associated
internal factors (Gulumbe et al., 2016). pH
and temperature are the significant factors,
which favors the growth of the microorganism
and increase other factors. Seasonal
fluctuation changes the temperature of water
which in turn influences the pH. Alkalinity
also showed a positive correlation with pH(r =
.825). The pH value observed was alkaline. In
the upstream site pH was more than both
reservoir and downstream site, which could be
attributed to the deposition of minerals from
weathering of rock by running water (Hynes,
1990). Among the sampling sites, variations
found in pH and temperature might be due to
geographic location, weather conditions and
sampling time (Parashar et al., 2008). In the
case of the reservoir, because of the large
surface area of the dam excessive evaporation
takes place which affects the atmospheric
condition (Othman et al.,2016; Sharma and
Walia, 2015).Similar observations were also
seen in many water bodies (Narayana et al.,
2008 in Anjanapura reservoir; Garg et al.,
2009 in Ramsagar reservoir; Laad et al., 2016
in Omkareshwar reservoir; Kumara et al.,
2010 in TB dam, Kumari et al., 2013 in
Narmada river and its dam; Shinde et al., 2010
in Harsool dam, Virha et al., 2011 in Bhopal
lake; Sinha et al., 2011 in Kalyani lake.
Turbidity in the sampling sites was observed
higher in monsoon due to the surface runoff
which lowers down after the monsoon due to
the settling down of the suspended matter.
Change in land use due to the developmental
activities increase the erosion and runoff
(Orchard et al., 2013). Similar situations were
also reported by (Kumari et al., 2013 in
Narmada dam; Kar et al., 2010 in Hirakund
dam; Bhatt et al., 2014 in Sukhnag). The
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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presence of the TDS and conductivity in the
sampling sites indicates the presence of
pollutants around the river and reservoir
(Sabata and Nayar, 1995; Raut et al., 2011).
Increased value of TDS and conductivity
attributed to anthropogenic activities, such as
cloth washing, garbage dumping, and mixing
of sewerage in water body which are some
common activities that are practiced at the
riverbank. TDS varied from (93.22 ± 0.58 to
116 ± 0.60), when compared to BIS norms,
represents the moderate quality of water
which is soft in nature. It was relatively found
to be higher during monsoon in all the sites
except slight variation in upstream, which
may be attributed to surface runoff (Shinde et
al., 2010). TDS was positively correlated with
conductivity (r =.943). A decrease in DO level
in pre-monsoon season was observed in
comparison to monsoon and post monsoon
seasons in all sites, DO is significantly
correlated to temperature (r =.998) hence in
pre-monsoon when the temperature increased
the DO decreased, as oxygen solubility
decreases with rise in temperature.
BOD and COD were recorded high in
monsoon and pre-monsoon season which
could be attributed to temperature, seasonal
variation and run off sewage deposition in the
water body during rainy season. BOD was
found to be nearly close to the prescribed limit
of 5 mg/l in all the sites and seasons indicating
the organic pollution load which in turns
increases nitrates and coliforms in the water
(Benedict, 2011). Sewage, domestic waste
and anthropogenic activities like bathing,
washing might be the reason of the increased
BOD in all the sites (Venkatesharaju et al.,
2010). Several studies like Vyas et al., 2006 in
Bhopal lake; Lianthuamluaia et al., 2013 in
savitri reservoir; Gonjari et al., 2008 in triputi
reservoir have recorded a similar kind of
observation. Present study reveals variation in
the COD can be caused by release of untreated
sewage and agricultural waste at some points.
In case of reservoir, the results show increased
COD mainly due to sewage and outlet of the
drains from the nearby settlement. Increased
human activities in the vicinity of the
upstream and dam area showed their effects
by increase in the level of COD same as
observed by Lianthuamluaia et al., 2013. In
the present study, slightly higher value was
noticed in the chloride content of the reservoir
and upstream during monsoon. Natural
presence of rocks, human activities such as
road construction and flow of organic waste
both from agricultural activities and human
waste washed with rainwater leads to addition
of chlorides in the water body (Goel, 1980).
Similar findings were also reported by Dudeja
et al., 2016; Agarwal et al., 2010; Matta and
Uniyal, 2017.
During the monsoon season, addition of
discharge sewage waste, and surface runoff
containing decomposing organic matter from
nearby vegetation contributes to presence of
nitrate in the water body (Benedict, 2011). In
sampling sites nitrate concentration varied
from 3 mg/l to 4 mg/l. The presence of nitrates
is an indication of bacterial growth, same as
observed by Majumder et al., 2006, who
reported the increased microbial activities due
to the presence of nitrate. In the reservoir
sulphate in water is mainly derived from
dissolution of gypsum or oxidation of pyrites
(Dudjea et al., 2016). In case of upstream, use
of fertilizers in the agricultural fields along
with the sewage contamination could be the
cause for the presence sulphate concentration.
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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Similar findings were also reported by Gupta
et al., 2013; Agarwal et al., 2010; Matta et al.,
2017). In the present investigation no
significant change was found in the total
hardness of the water within sites as well as
seasons. As the area is free from any industrial
pollution, observed hardness could be the
result of natural origin i.e. from mountains.
Seasonally total coliform count was found
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the entire
stretch. Bacteria were found to exceptionally
high in monsoon, as seasonal stroms and
tributary also discharge their waste directly in
the river. Human settlements near the
sampling sites discharge untreated sewage
waste water directly to the river bank which is
a major cause of presence of coliform in the
water body throughout the year. Seasonal
variation in the coliform is graphically
represented in Figure 2(k).
Statistical analysis by ANOVA represented
that there was no significant difference found
between the sites seasonally for BOD,
alkalinity and nitrate. For pH, turbidity, EC,
DO, COD, sulphate, phosphate, MPN there
was a significant variation among all the
sampling sites (P<0.05).
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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Figure 2 (a-n): Seasonal variations in the physico-chemical and biological parameters.
Conclusion
Rivers are one of the biggest sources of fresh
water and fulfill requirements of the people
for domestic, industrial, irrigation use and
electricity generation. Multipurpose Tehri
dam has been a challenging project on
Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
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Bhagirathi river. The present investigation
provides a considerable insight into the water
quality of the river in and around the dam.
Although most parametrical results are within
the permissible limits when compared with
BIS 2012, except turbidity and MPN. There
are seasonal variations observed in the
parameters like BOD, MPN and turbidity
mainly during monsoon. Entire study area was
found to be average in terms of quality. These
parameters are crucial to assess the quality of
the water, therefore, these values should
always be taken into consideration when
recommending water for household usage.
The study area is free from any industrial
pollution but the subsequent release of
domestic waste water and sewage waste is
putting an adverse effect on the quality of the
water and its associated environment. One of
the utmost ecological issues along the river
and reservoir is illegal dumping of solid waste
near the shore which needs to be managed. All
the water samples were contaminated by
coliform so it is recommended that water
adequate water treatment plans and set-up
should be established before discharge of
household drains into the river. Proper waste
disposal initiatives should be taken as a
preventative measure to control the
contamination of the water so that the purity
of the aquatic ecosystem could be maintained
for future generations as well.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Head, School of
Environment and Natural Resources, Doon
University, Dehradun and Tehri Hydro
Development Cooperation (THDC) for
extending the support and facility to conduct
this research.
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