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Seasonal and Site Fluctuations of Chloride Levels in the Saratoga Lake Watershed. Environmental Studies Capstone Project 2007. What is Salt?. Chemical composition of salt (NaCl) Used as a deicer on roadways (NaCl, KCl, MgCl, CaCl) (RiverSides, 2005). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Seasonal and Site Fluctuations of Chloride Levels in the Saratoga
Lake Watershed
Environmental StudiesCapstone Project 2007
Chemical composition of salt Chemical composition of salt (NaCl)(NaCl)
Used as a deicer on roadways Used as a deicer on roadways (NaCl, KCl, MgCl, CaCl) (NaCl, KCl, MgCl, CaCl) (RiverSides, (RiverSides, 2005)2005)
What is Salt?What is Salt?
(www.rbwm.gov.uk, www.newyorkwater.org, www.earthhopenetwork.net, www.gurnee.il.us)
Impacts of Salt on the Environment
Impacts on aquatic communitiesInvertebrates and plants
Impacts on terrestrial communitiesCan affect areas up to 1 km away from roadways (Habron et al., 2004)
Colonization of invasive species Impacts on water
Affects smaller waterways most(Trombulak and Frissell, 2000)
Impacts of Salt on Humans
Impacts on humans debatable Can’t remove salt at water treatment
plant → hypertension(Special Report 235, 1991)
Metal Corrosion Property Damage Trace metals (Hg, As, Cr, Pb)
(Fischel, 2001)
D
D
D
DRT 29
RT
9
RT
9N
RT
59
RT 9P
I 87RT 43
RT
47
RT
50
RT 63
RT 45
RT 423
DANIELS RD
CRESCENT AVE
WE
ST
AV
E
RA
MPRT
50
I 87
RT 29
RT 67
RT
67
Kristina Connolly and Ashley HellmanES CapstoneSpring 2007
Main Kayaderosseras
Upper Kayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek
Lake Lonely Outlet
Saratoga Lake WatershedSampling Sites
Poe
County Highway 22
Wan
er
Kay
dero
ss A
venu
e E
ast
Vis
ta
Aerial Photo of Lake Lonely Outlet Collection Site
Hypothesis
We anticipated differences in chloride & conductivity levels from:
Upstream & Downstream
Site to Site Season to Season
Sampling
Four sampling dates: 2/24/07, 3/3/07, 3/24/07, 4/6/07
Conductivity measurements for all four dates
Water samples on 2/24/07 and 4/6/07
Conductivity & Chloride Explained
Conductivity: a measure of the ability of a given substance to conduct electric current (www.dictionary.com)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
UpperKayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek MainKayaderosseras
Lake LonelyOutlet
Ch
lori
de
(p
pm
)C
on
du
ctiv
ity
(µS
)
Chloride
Conductivity
Comparison of Average Upstream and Downstream Conductivity Levels for Each
Site
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
UpperKayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek MainKayaderosseras
Lake LonelyOutlet
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y (µ
S)
UpstreamDownstream
Across Date Comparison of Average Conductivity Levels by Site
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
UpperKayaderosseras
Clover MillCreek
MainKayaderosseras
Lake LonelyOutlet
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y (µ
S)
2/24/2007
3/3/2007
3/24/2007
4/6/2007
D
D
D
DRT 29
RT
9
RT
9N
RT
59
RT 9P
I 87RT 43
RT
47
RT
50
RT 63
RT 45
RT 423
DANIELS RD
CRESCENT AVE
WE
ST
AV
E
RA
MPRT
50
I 87
RT 29
RT 67
RT
67
Kristina Connolly and Ashley HellmanES CapstoneSpring 2007
Main Kayaderosseras
Upper Kayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek
Lake Lonely Outlet
Saratoga Lake WatershedSampling Sites
D
D
D
D
Land Use Types
Water
Low Intensity Development
High Intensity Development
Undeveloped
Agriculture
Land Uses in the Saratoga Lake Watershed
Kristina Connolly and Ashley HellmanES CapstoneSpring 2007
Upper Kayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek
Main Kayaderosseras
Lake Lonely Outlet
D
D
D
D
Population Density by Square Mile in the Saratoga Lake Watershed
Kristina Connolly and Ashley HellmanES CapstoneSpring 2007
Population Density
Number of People Per Square Mile
24.7 - 25.0
25.1 - 50.0
50.1 - 100.0
100.1 - 500.0
500.1 - 1000.0
1000.1 - 21150.0
Upper Kayaderosseras
Clover Mill Creek Lake Lonely Outlet
Main Kayaderosseras
What it means… The Saratoga Lake Watershed and the
Future• Highest levels in Lake Lonely Outlet
large roads
• Lowest levels in Upper Kayaderosserassmall roads
• Use data as a component of long-term consistent data for future studies
• Political officials in Saratoga County can use data for future road salt debates
Acknowledgments
• Skidmore College• Environmental Studies Program• Water Resources Initiative • Karen Kellogg, Judy Halstead, Bob Turner,
Bob Jones, Cathy Gibson, and Conor Taff• Jim Turner (for the use of his land)• Dominick Gabriel and Peter van Kuren• Our Parents
References2005. The Weight of Evidence. RiverSides: Where Water Quality Begins.
http://www.riversides.org/index.php?cat=3&page1=8&page2=36
Committee on the Comparative Costs of Rock Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) for Highway Deicing. 1991. Highway Deicing: Comparing Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate. Special Report 235, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA.
Demers, C. L., and R. W. Sage Jr. 1989. Effects of Road Deicing Salt on Chloride Levels in Four Adirondack Streams. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 49: 369-373.
Habron, G.B., M.D. Kaplowitz, and R.L. Levine. 2004. A Soft Systems Approach to Watershed Management: A Road Salt Case Study. Environmental Management 33(6):776-787.
Trombulak, S. C., and C. A. Frissell. 1999. Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities. Conservation Biology 14(1): 18-30.
www.dictionary.com, www.earthhopenetwork.net, www.gurnee.il.us,www.newyorkwater.org, www.rbwm.gov.uk