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6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) Alternatively Fn > 0.4 Frequent and and severe slamming occurrences Large vertical accelerations Nonlinear responses in waves Dynamic instabilities Computational methods Incorporate seakeeping into desing ( ) s m V / 7 . 3 1667 . 0 max NUNO FONSECA - IST

Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

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Page 1: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS

• High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995)

• Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe slamming

occurrences• Large vertical accelerations• Nonlinear responses in waves• Dynamic instabilities

• Computational methods

• Incorporate seakeeping into desing

( )smV /7.3 1667.0max ∇≥

NUNO FONSECA - IST

Page 2: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Classificação de navio rápido pelo critério do HSC code

Velocidade mínima para classificação de navio rápido

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Deslocamento (m3)

Vel

ocid

ade

(nós

)

( ))/7.3 1667.0 smV ∇=

Page 3: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Velocidade mínima para classificação de navio rápido

0

10

20

30

40

0 50 100 150 200 250

comprimento (m)

Vel

ocid

ade

(nós

)

Fn = 0.4

Classificação hidrodinâmica de navio rápido

Page 4: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Navios de deslocamento

Fn < 0.4, peso do navio suportado por forças hidrostáticas

Classificação hidrodinâmica dos navios

Page 5: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Classificação hidrodinâmica dos navios

Navios de semi-deslocamento

0.4 < Fn < 1.1, peso do navio suportado por forças hidrostáticas e de sustentação

Page 6: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Classificação hidrodinâmica dos navios

Embarcações planantes

Fn > 1.1, peso do navio suportado essencialmente por forças de sustentação

Page 7: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Classificação das embarcações rápidas

Page 8: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Características dos navios rápidos / embarcações rápidas

� Velocidades elevadas

� Potências específicas elevadas (consumos específicos elevados)

� Economicamente viáveis para o transporte de carga valiosa em curtas e médiasdistâncias (actualmente!)

� Tendem a ser construídos em materiais leves (aços de alta resistência, alumínio, fibra de vidro e materiais compósitos)

� Tipo de sistema motor: normalmente são motores diesel rápidos, mas também em alguns casos turbinas a gás

Page 9: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Potência específica em função da velocidade paradiversos tipos de veiculos

(1 HP = 0.746 kW)

Page 10: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.1 – MONOHULLS

Specific characteristics that distinguish the the seakeeping of high speed monohulls from conventional monohulls are:• Lower resistance to the advance in still water and in waves• Frequency and severity of slamming occurrences• Larger accelerations• Important nonlinear effects• Possibility of dynamic instabilities

Page 11: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Important nonlinear effects

Model test results for a fast monohull in head regular waves. U = 27knots, Lw/Lpp = 1.22, Hw/T = 0.40 (from research project WAVELOADS)

Vertical Bending Moment at station 15

-2.0E+04

0.0E+00

2.0E+04

4.0E+04

6.0E+04

time

VB

M (K

Nm

)

Steady VBM

Page 12: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Dynamic instabilities

Figure from Cohen and Blount (1986)

Page 13: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.2 – CATAMARANS

• Lower resistance to the advance in still water and in waves

• Possibility of dynamic instabilities

• Critical global loads on the cross deck structure

• Possibility of very severe wetdeck impacts

Page 14: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Possibility of severe wetdeck impacts

Critical global loads on the cross deck structure

(Figure from Nordenstromet al., 1971)

Page 15: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.3 – SMALL WATERPLANE AREA TWIN-HULLS (SWATH)

• Lower resistance to the advance in still water and in waves

• Long natural periods of pitch and heave resulting in low level of accelerations

• Possibility of dynamic instabilities / active control stabilizers

• Critical global loads on the cross deck structure

• Possibility of very severe wetdeck impacts

• Viscous damping associated with vertical motions

Page 16: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Viscous damping associated with vertical motions

( )( )rrDD

v vvCaUxBF += αρ 022

21

Empirical model for estimation vertical viscous forces:

Heave and pitch motion of a SWATH in head regular waves at 20 knots (Lee and Curphey, 1977)Vertical

motion

Lower hull

Viscous force

Page 17: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.4 – SURFACE EFFECT SHIPS (SES)

• Partly supported by a pressurized cushion of air enclosed between two hulls and flexible seals at bow and stern

• Lower resistance to the advance and better seakeeping characteristics

• Cobblestone effect: resonance pressure variations in the air cushion that occur for small wave periods

• Air leakage from the cushion at higher seastates

Page 18: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

(D) Navio de Efeito de Superfície (SES)

Page 19: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.5 – FOILCATAMARAN

• Catamaran with foils either fully submerged or partly submerged • At high speeds the hulls come out of the water• Much lower resistance to the advance in calm water and small seastates• Fully submerged foils have moving flaps coupled to a ride control system• Lower vertical motions and accelerations in waves

Page 20: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

6.6 – PENTAMARAN

• Very slender hull with four sponsons

• Lower resistance to the advance both in still water and in waves

• Better seakeeping behavior than conventional containerships

Page 21: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

9.3 Mercado Actual dos Navios Rápidos e Tendências Futuras

Navios de passageiros em serviço em 1999 (Nigel Gee and Associates LTD)

Page 22: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Dimensão e velocidade dos navios de passageiros em serviço em 1999 (Nigel Gee and Associates LTD)

Page 23: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Nota: a tabela inclui navios que transportam 50 ou mais passageiros e com velocidade de serviço mínima de 25 nós

Page 24: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe
Page 25: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe
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Page 28: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Tendências futuras e possíveis soluções (Nigel Gee and Associates LTD)

Page 29: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Cargeiro transatlântico de alta velocidade (Pentamaran)

Page 30: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Porta-contentores (Pentamaran)

Page 31: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

• Testado em 1967• Capacidade de 544 ton• Vel de 280 nós• 13 turbinas de 98 kN

WIG (Wing Ground Effect)

Page 32: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

• Cargeiro de alta capacidade• 150 m de envergadura• Capacidade de 1400 ton

WIG (Wing Ground Effect)

Page 33: Seakeeping Fast Ships - ULisboa · 6 – SOME NOTES ON THE SEAKEEPING OF FAST SHIPS • High speed craft: (HSC code, IMO, 1995) • Alternatively Fn > 0.4 • Frequent and and severe

Catamaran super esbelto