Sea water Reverse Osmoses and Desalination Plants in … · (Al-Birk SWRO plant) located on the Arabian Gulf. ... Usually, control fouling Pretreatment in SWRO ... seawater problems

International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 17

132304-5959-IJCEE-IJENS © August 2013 IJENS I J E N S

Sea water Reverse Osmoses and Desalination

Plants in Saudi Arabia Abdulrazak Homidi H. Almaliki ,

Engineering Collage, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

(Email:[email protected])

Abstract-- The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the

countries using the reverse osmosis technique to desalinate sea

water. It is located in between two seas; the Red Sea and the

Arabian Gulf. Because coasts are subject to certain factors

such as pollution, the quality of each sea is different.

Accordingly, the treatment process in the desalination plants

will be different. In this paper, a comparison between two

desalination (reverse osmosis) plants is researched; one

(Jeddah SWRO plant) located on the Red Sea and the other

(Al-Birk SWRO plant) located on the Arabian Gulf. It has

found that there are no significant differences in the process,

but there are materials used in one and not in the other.

1. INTRODUCTION

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has become one of the

fastest-growing country in the word . The rapid growth is

not accompanied by comparable growth in essential public

services such as an available water supply. Water is one of

main factors in the city's existence, Quantity of water

available and became considered important factors in the

social political and economic life of urban area. The

government has given a great effort to supply cities with

sufficient quantity of water as much as possible. However,

Water is still scarce resource in KSA due to lacking of rains.

In 2007, the Saudi Water Conservation Corporation

(SWCC), produced 1066 million cubic meters of desalinated

water to supply water to Saudi major cities from 30

desalination plants located on Read Sea and Arabian Gulf

coasts [1] most of that desalination plants are reverse

osmoses plants .

The principle of osmosis process that the

solvent(recovery water) naturally moves from low solute

concentration, through a membrane or filter , to an area of

high solute concentration after a certain time the

concentration on both side of filter will be equal[2] . In the

desalination we need to produce pure water, so external

pressure is needed to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent

(water), therefor we call it as reverse osmosis. The process

is similar to membrane filtration. However , there are quite

differences between reverse osmosis and filtration.

1)

To sum up, in the case of RO, there are two types

of flow: the first flow is the normal flow (direct flow) with

natural pressure, which is the pressure caused by the

difference in concentration between the two solutes (the

direct osmotic pressure (DO)); and the second flow is

reverse flow, which needs a pump for reversing the flow

(externally high hydraulic pressure (pump)).

Fig. 1.

METHODOLOGY The proposed methodology is to use deductive and

inductive methods, in order to describe reverse osmoses

technology and sea water reverse osmoses plants in Saudi

Arabia ( Jeddah and Al-Birk plants as case study ) .

2. TYPES OF MEMBRANE OF REVERSE OSMOSES

2-1 choosing membrane

Membrane with highest possible flux and reasonable

should be chosen, with good salt rejection (97%) and

producing water having TDS with less than 500 ppm

according HOW ".

2-2 Commercial SWRO membrane

Technical information on various commercial SWRO

membranes produced worldwide was collected from

literature and from membrane manufacturers: the material of

membrane as follows:

1- Asymmetric cellulose triacetate (CTA)

2- Polyamide (PA) membranes

3- Thin film composite (TFC),

These membranes arc manufactured in one of two main

configuration:

1- Spiral wound (SW) : are made of TFC by several

manufacturers: A- USA by (Fluid system. Filmtec

and Hydranautics) ;B- JAPAN (Toray and Nitto

Denko)



Fig. 2.

2- Hollow fine fiber (HFF): made of PA material by

DuPont company, U.S.A, or of CTA by Toyobo,

Japan.

Fig. 3.

Most of those SWRO membranes are characterized

by high salt rejection, more than 99 %.

These filters are porous and allow water, monovalent

species (Na+, Cl-), dissolved organic matter,

small colloids and viruses through but do not allow

particles, sediment, algae or large bacteria through

Fig. 4.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae



3. DESALINATION

Saudi Arabia suffer of scarcity that have limited

surface water and groundwater choose Desalination to

desalinate seawater to get portable water. Even though 80

percent of purified water is resulted from multistage flash

plants , Reverse osmosis is the most common method of

desalination and RO plants are used in the Middle East.

A large energy requirements to operate and maintain

the plants, but electricity can be produced by using oil which

is available in the region put oil is recently become scares.

Thus, energy has to be managed for that the power plants

are located near to the desalination plants, which the energy

exchanged between each other which reduces energy losses.

Energy requirements are low in comparison to other

processes of desalination, Because RO does not need heat or

phase changes.

Sea Water Reverse Osmoses system consists six

components as follows :

1. Intake

2. Pretreatment

3. High pressure pump

4. Membrane assembly

5. Re-mineralization and pH adjustment

6. Disinfection

3-1 Pretreatment

When operating RO and Nano-filtration (NF)

Pretreatment of effluent is important as the nature of

membrane and the problem of fouling . The material of

membrane is designed and made in such a way to allow

water to flow through the system in same time back flow is

not allowed. Because accumulated solid cannot be removed

from the membrane surface systems, fouling the pores of

membrane come to the surface (loss of production capacity

and efficiency). Because the previous reasons , pretreatment

is a necessary for RO system. Contamination of membranes

causes a higher energy use, a higher cleaning frequency and

a shorter life span of the membrane, Membrane

contamination is usually called fouling. And in order to

avoid the problem of fouling , Jian-Jun Qin, Boris Liberman,

and Kiran A. Kekre are develop a system that depends on

direct osmoses to remove and control fouling continuously

without disturbing the process of revers osmoses (flow

water ) [3] . Usually, control fouling Pretreatment in SWRO

systems contains of four components:

"Screening of solids: to reduce fouling of pores of

the membranes by filtration , fine particle or

biological growth, and to reduce the damage that

may occur to pump.[5]

Chemical Dosing: Oxidizing biocides, such as

chlorine, are added to kill bacteria, followed by

bisulfite dosing to deactivate the chlorine, which

can destroy a thin-film composite membrane. There

are also bio fouling inhibitors, which do not kill

bacteria, but simply prevent them from growing

slime on the membrane surface and plant walls .[5]

Pre-filtration pH adjustment: If the pH, hardness

and the alkalinity in the feed water result in a

scaling tendency when they are concentrated in the

reject stream, acid is dosed to maintain carbonates

in their soluble carbonic acid form" .[5]

3-2 High pressure pump

The pump is used to push sea water through the

membrane, in same time the membrane prevents salt to pass

through it. In the case of seawater, they range from 800 to

1,180 psi (55 to 81.5 bar or 6 to 8 MPa). This requires a

large amount of energy.

3-3 Membrane assembly

The layers of a membrane should be assembled that

allows purified water to pass against it in same time must be

stiff enough to withstand against the pressure which is

applied against it.

3-4 Re-mineralization and pH adjustment

In this stage, lime and caustic are used for preventing

corrosion of plant's pipeline and materials which the sea

water is very corrosive. Usually lime and caustic are used to

adjust pH between 6.8 and 8 to meet the global drinking

water specifications, as result that action will be useful in

effective disinfection and for corrosion control.

3-5 Disinfection

As a pretreatment action, and to avoid some of the

seawater problems that may cause damage in some of the

plant’s parts, such as pump, membrane or pipes, we are

attempting to avoid large particles. Some of the TDS which

are present naturally in seawater reduce the plant’s parts

specification or requirements. So the quality of seawater

should be taken into consideration in terms of our plant’s

design (choosing membrane, pipes and pump material)

because seawater may harm these materials; otherwise the

attempt must be made to reduce the seawater content before

feeding the plants.

3-6 Post-treatment

The purpose of this actions is to stabilize water and

alkalinity adjustment (hardening) for example in Jeddah,

AL-Birke and Umm Luj , a dosage at the concentration of

30-60 ppm of Ca(OH)2 is used see table 1d .

Chlorination is used as a post-treatment action for the water

resulting from reverse osmosis as a final step in order to

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation



avoid and prevent growth of microorganisms during water

distribution to the pipe network or storage.

5. PROBLEMS OF SWRO

5-1 Effect of high feed temperature on Nano-

filtration and RO membrane performance [15]

Saudi Arabia is in arid area so temperature is very important

factor that may affect the water recovery . therefore An 8.0

m3/hr NF and 3.0 m3/hr SWRO membrane as pilot study

was used to determine the effect of feed water temperature

on Nano-filtration (NF) and Seawater Reverse Osmosis

(SWRO) membrane performance.

"Increased seawater temperature, at a constant feed pressure

(about 20 bars) and feed flow rate (about 8.0 m3/hr) to NF

membranes, increased the NF total recovery rate by 10 %.

When feed flow rate (about 3.0 m3 /hr) and the temperature

increase by 5 Co at a constant feed pressure (about 69 bar)

and, SWRO membrane recovery rate increased by 8%.An

increase in bacterial density throughout the process was

observed corresponding to elevated intake seawater

temperatures. However, high temperatures did not increase

bacterial growth performance. Consequently, temperatures

between 35oC to 40 oC did not enhance bio fouling

potential".[7]

5-2 Degradation of Cell Wall (Cellulose) in Presence of

Acid

Chlorination, coagulation-flocculation, Antiscalant

addition and finally acidification with sulfuric acid are very

important action in the RO process. Experimental work has

done in order to estimate the acid dosage suitable to reduce

PH [16] .In Saudi Arabia they face this problem , Dosing of

sulfuric acid causes hydrolysis of the cell walls, and their

selective conversion into smaller constituent sugars. In

general, addition of acid may improve the coagulation-

filtration process resulting in an improved feed quality.

In presence of acid the cellulosic wall in phytoplankton is

degraded to glucose:

As result, Phytoplankton is the grass of the oceans

and some organism eat sugars then will grow in and on the

filter causing fouling . "A liter of seawater filtrate void of

phytoplankton requires 26 ml of 0.1 N sulfuric acid to bring

the pH down from 8.2 to 4.5. By comparison, 36 ml of 0.1 N

sulfuric acid is required to bring the pH of 1 liter of seawater

containing phytoplankton to the same level, i.e., pH 4.5.

This indicates that the additional acid of 10 ml required to

lower the pH to 4.5 is consumed in the conversion of

cellulose in phytoplankton to sugars".[8]

5-3 Membrane Fouling

There are several reasons for damage to reverse

osmosis (RO) membrane materials. One reason is chemical

dosing in the water; another is identified or unidentified

membrane fouling substances, which cost thousands to

millions of dollars each year (l-4). "Fouling of RO

membranes is defined operationally as the reduction in

water transport per unit area of membrane (flux), caused by

a substance or substances in the feed water that accumulate

either on or in the membrane."





5-3-1Removing Fouling

The mechanism of fouling is very important in order

to identify the or determine a method to avoid or remove

fouling. Contamination of filters causes a higher pressure

and loos in energy, a higher cleaning frequency and a

shorter membrane's life. The process of membrane

contamination is commonly called fouling. Engineers face

challenge of removing that Fouling, first of all we have to

category Fouling into types in order to ease finding methods

to remove it.

There are several types of Fouling, including

inorganic Fouling (colloids and precipitates) and organic

Fouling (dissolved organics and microorganisms). We clean

to keep the filtration capacity at a certain level. At a certain

point the pressure has increased so much that it is no longer

economical.

For the control of membrane fouling there are many

different techniques.

1- Bio film removal

2- Chemical cleaning ( activated carbon

( adsorption) ) to adsorb biofouling

3- Develop a method by using principle of osmoses

5-3-2 Disinfection

There is several ways to disinfect the purified water which

result from reverse osmoses:

1- Killing of bacteria by the use of chlorination But

bodies of chlorinated bacteria still form a biofilm,

compatibility of dead bacteria over living bacteria

it may secure the living bacteria .[10]

2- Ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection “kills” by

damaging DNA so that the bacteria can’t reproduce.

Save on membrane.

3- Ozone very active oxidant. [10]

4- Oxidation is rupturing the cell wall of bacteria then

cell bodies may form a biofilm. And since all of the

organics will not be completely oxidized to carbon

dioxide and water, the resulting total organic

carbon (TOC) may increase. [10]

We have to be careful in case of using some

Disinfection type because it may destroy membrane as well.

May help in eliminating fouling.

http://www.lenntech.com/biofilm_removal.htm

http://www.lenntech.com/chemical-cleaning.htm



5-3-3 Adsorption

Carbon and others adsorbent may help in adsorb bio-fouling

5-3-4 Cleaning

If we can’t avoid fouling layers, then we can remove

them once they are formed. That some of the Fouling may

be removed by using chemical cleaned especially in case of

well-known Fouling.

Her is some of cleaners connected by the type of formation

[11]:

1- Enzyme, to hydrolyze slime layer components(It is

the type of reaction that is used to break down

certain polymers)

2- Anti-precipitant, to solubilize inorganics

3- Denaturing agent, to solubilize organics

4- Bactericide, to kill living bacteria

The problem is that the biofilm changes with time so it

difficult to decide which substance should we used. Some

bacteria change its form specially the entire one.

The fouling layer changes with time. Cleaning

effectiveness of a single formulation may change

accordingly. It is obvious from the information presented in

this article that much more research is needed Stable

colloidal particles are destabilized by partial or complete

neutralization of their surface charge. This allows the

particles to come into close enough contact to agglomerate

(Figure 2b). Destabilization of particles by the addition of

organic polymers and by inorganic salts such as alum and

ferric chloride (coagulant aids) has been used for many

years in clarifiers and filters to accomplish agglomeration of

smaller particles into larger particles that can be settled or

filtered out.

5-3-5 Reduce fouling

In general increased feed/concentrate velocity and/or

decreased water flux reduces fouling.

6. DISADVANTAGES

Around 5 to 15 percent of the water influent to the RO

system is treated by RO system. The water rejected on the

RO membrane is discharged as waste water so it needs to be

treated again in order to environment conservation. That

waste water is having a concentrated rejected contaminants

more than sea water , so methods to treat this water are

unfeasible .

In production pure water production, the efficiency of

heavy municipal system is closer to 48%, so it needs to

develop a high pressure for more efficiency.

7. SEA WATER REVERSE OSMOSES IN SAUDI ARABIA

Saudi Arabia is the country which makes most use of

reverse osmosis as a technique to produce desalinated water.

29.2% of the total world desalination plant capacity (1066

million cubic meters m3/d have been built in KSA (1). Most

of the desalinated water in the Kingdom is produced from

the sea by the MSF process. The SWRO total capacity built

so far in the Kingdom stands at over 133,000 m3/d.

SWRO desalination is a more recent technology

than other types. SWRO has proved its reliability in the

KSA and other parts of the world. The Saline Water

Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is the major builder and

sponsor of seawater desalination plants in Saudi Arabia,

producing 1066 million cubic meters (1), produced from

various SWRO plants located on both the Gulf and the Red

Sea coasts.

Comparing between tow SWRO plants will be

explained in this paper; one of them supplying purified

water for Al-Birk where located on the western coast of

Saudi Arabia , and the second one is Jeddah reverse osmoses

plants which is supplying purified water to Jeddah where

located on the eastern coast .

A- Al-Birk SWRO plant

The capacity of Al-Birk SWRO plant is 2275 m3/day.

It was established in December 1983, and the material of the

membrane is the DuPont Hollow Fine Fiber (HFF)

membrane system (5). The flow diagram of Al-Birk SWRO

plant is shown below.

Al-Birk SWRO plant produces water within TDS less

than 250 ppm, which is within the WHO standard of TDS at

500 ppm. By using a double stage of reverse osmosis the

salt rejection is 99.5%. The Al-Birk plant feed water was

chlorinated by 4 ppm and DE chlorinated in order to

eliminate or reduce biological fouling, which is the problem

of this plant.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer



A- Jeddah SWRO plant

The capacity of Jeddah SWRO plant is 12000

m3/d which is greater than that produced in the Al-Birk plant

because the population of Jeddah city is greater than Al-Birk

city. It was established in 1978 and made with a UOP SW

membrane system (7). The ability of the Jeddah SWRO

plant for salt rejection in both stages is 99.5%, whereas

water recovery in the Jeddah plant was between 24 and 28%.

In the Jeddah plant, biological fouling is caused by feed

water that contains biological matter which was avoided by

adding a dose of chlorination to disinfect it by 0.5-1 ppm

compared with 4ppm. This means that the Gulf Sea is more

polluted than the Red Sea because of oil production which

may affect the water quality of feed water. The flow

diagram of the Jeddah SWRO plant is shown below.



7-1 Seawater Feed compression

Table 2 shows feed water quality for the two plants

which depends on the sea water quality itself. In fact, the

water feed of Al-Birk plant has got TDS 39000 ppm

while 41492 ppm at Jeddah.

7-2 PLANT COMPARISON

Table 1 is showing the process design data of the

three plants which is including equipment used in these

processes and their material. Table A1 shows the location of

the plants, capacity and date of establishing. Table b,c 1

shows the pretreatment process , and the desalination parts

of the plant. Table d1 shows the post-treatment part of the

plants.

7-3 Pretreatment

7-3-1 Disinfection

As a pretreatment action, and to avoid some of the

seawater problems that may cause damage in some of the

plant’s parts, such as pump, membrane or pipes, we are

attempting to avoid large particles. Some of the TDS which

are present naturally in seawater reduce the plant’s parts

specification or requirements. So the quality of seawater

should be taken into consideration in terms of our plant’s

design (choosing membrane, pipes and pump material)

because seawater may harm these materials; otherwise the

attempt must be made to reduce the seawater content before

feeding the plants.

A- Jeddah plant

UOP thin film and composite (TFC) SW membranes

are used in the Jeddah plant. Water feed is disinfected by a

dose of 1 ppm of the algaecide CuSO4 in the feed (Table

1B). This dosage is less than that in the Al-Birk plants. This

difference gives an indication that the quality of Red Sea

water is of better quality than that of the Gulf Sea where the

Al-Birk plants are located. The sea water that feeds it

contains most algae because Jeddah city is an industrial city.

(Algaecide is a substance used for killing and preventing the

growth of algae).

B- Al-Birk plant

Copper sulfate is an effective algaecide for reducing

or controlling algae and plankton (6). Copper sulfate is used

instead of chlorine to avoid or reduce the risk of damaging

the membrane by chlorine when used as a disinfectant.

However Al-Birk plant utilizes chlorine to disinfect the

water feed to the plant at the concentration of 4 ppm at the

intake, and l-l.2 ppm after the filters.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae



7-3-2 Coagulation - Flocculation - Filtration

7-3-2-1 Coagulation - Flocculation

A- Al-Birk plant

The coagulant Magni-floc 537C is used at the concentration

of l-2 ppm in the water feed at Al-Birk plant .

B- Jeddah plant

Both coagulants: Alum (0-10 ppm) (Chemical

flocculants) and polymer (0-1 ppm) are dosed in the feed of

the Jeddah plant (see Table 1B).

"Alum is used to clarify water by neutralizing

the electrical double layer surrounding very fine

suspended particles, allowing them to flocculate (stick

together)." [3]

7-3-2-2 Filtration

A- Jeddah plants

In the case of filtration systems, a gravity filter with

particle size 0.55 to 0.66 mm which set in order to avoid the

largest partial before reverse osmoses filter, followed by a

pressure dual media filter with fine sand, particle size 0.45 -

0.55 mm, are used in the filtration step before the process of

reverse osmosis in order to avoid larger particles. In addition,

Jeddah plants have a 25 u cartridge filter.

B- Al-Birk plant

Table 1B shows that Al-Birk plant has a

coarse sand filter with particle size 1.35 mm this

may give us an indicator that gulf sea water contain

solid matter bigger than red sea water this can be

easily referred to the narrowest of gulf sea water,

followed by a dual media filter with sand particle

size of 0.55 mm, and has a finer cartridge filter,

size 5 u.

"A cartridge filter is a filter that uses a barrier/sifts

method in order to clean sediments and harmful

solids out of water. Some of these filters are made

to stop microscopic items, and others are made

simply to stop the major solids from entering a

system"[3]

2) 7-4 Post-treatment

3) The same post-treatment actions are used at

the two plants. Table 1D shows a dosage at the

concentration of 30-60 ppm of Ca(OH)2 in order to

stabilize water and alkalinity adjustment

(hardening).

Chlorination is used as a post-treatment action for the

water resulting from reverse osmosis as a final step in order

to avoid and prevent growth of microorganisms during

water distribution to the pipe network or storage.

7-5 Plant Operation & Maintenance (O&M)

Table 3 shows the major operation and maintenance

work done at the two plants. Jeddah and Al-Birk plants are

cleaned three to four times per year.

The cleaning process includes chemical cleaning.

Chemicals used in cleaning the UOP membrane are limited

to three: Citric acid (l%), Borax (l%), and EDTA (1%).

Chemical used in cleaning the membrane at the Al-Birk

plant are: Bis, HCl, Tannic acid, Formaldehyde, Citric acid,

P.O.M.E., etc

CONCLUSION

Reverse osmosis is an important

technique for purifying sea water. Sea water

reverse osmosis desalination plants consist of four

main processes: first, a pretreatment process to

avoid fouling problems and destroying membranes;

second, a pressure pump; third, a membrane

assembly which affects water purification

efficiency; fourth, a disinfection process.

According to the comparison between the two

reverse osmosis plants, whatever processes are

used in reverse osmosis desalination plants, the

quality of purified water is the same but the quality

of the feed water will affect the choice of pre-

treatment, post-treatment and cleaning method.

REFERENCES [1] M. Hassan, and Saleh Al-Jarrah, Thabet Al-Lohabi,

Abdullah Al-Hamdan, and Lutfi M. Bakheet,

Mohamed M.I. Al-Amri, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SWCC SWRO PLANTS, Saline

Water Conversion Corporation Research

Development & Training Center. [2] Ata M. Hassan, A. T .M. Jamaluddin, M. O. Saeed,

Abdullah Al-Rubaian and Ali Al-Reweli, AL-BIRK

SWRO PLANT OPERATION WITH TOYOBO MEMBRANE IN TRAIN 200 INSTEAD OF

DUPONT B-10 MEMBRANE, Saline Water

Conversion Corporation Research Development & Training Center.

[3] Thomas Mani, Abdulrahman Abanmy and Ata M.

Hassan, EFFECT OF ACID DOSING OF SEAWATER FEED AHEAD OF SAND FILTER

ON PHYTOPLANKTON DEGRADATION, Saline

Water Conversion Corporation Research Development & Training Center.

[4] Tzahi Y. Cath Amy E. Childress b, Menachem

Elimelech Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments, Division of Environmental

Science and Engineering.

[5] Jian-Jun Qin, Boris Liberman and Kiran A. Kekre, Direct Osmosis for Reverse Osmosis Fouling

Control: Principles, Applications and Recent

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[6] Sangyoup Lee, Chanhee Boo, Menachem Elimelech, Seungkwan Hong, Comparison of fouling behavior

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Journal of Membrane Science. [7] Maria Dina Afonsoa* , Jamal 0. Jaberb, Mousa S .

Mohsen ,Brackish groundwater treatment by reverse

osmosis in Jordan, Chemical Engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_double_layer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculate

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-stop-drop-and-roll.htm



Department, Institute Superior Tecnico,. Desalination

141 (2001) 15-22.

[8] Min Luo, Zhansheng Wang, Complex fouling and

cleaning-in-place of a reverse osmosis desalination

system, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Desalination 141 (2001) 15-22.

[9] A. B6dalo-Santoyo, J.L. G6mez-Carrasco, E.

G6mez-G6mez, application of reverse osmosis to reduce pollutants present in industrial wastewater,

Desalination 155 (2003) 101-108.

[10] S.S. Madaeni*, Y. Mansourpanah, Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes fouled by

whey, Desalination 161 (2004) 13-24.

[11] Ata M. Hassan, REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW NF SEAWATER DESALINATION

PROCESS FROM PILOT PLANT TO

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION PLANT STAGES, Saline Water Conversion Corporation.

[12] A. Mohammed Farooque, Ahamed Al-Amoudi,

A.T.M. Jamaluddin, and Ata M. Hassan, PERFORMANCE RESTORATION, AUTOPSY

AND ANALYSES OF FIVE DIFFERENT

COMMERCIAL SWRO MEMBRANES, Research and Development Center Saline Water Conversion

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[13] Ata M. Hassan, Abdulrahman M. Abanmy, Mohammad Al-Thobiety and Thomas Mani,

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SWCC SWRO PLANTS PART II, SWCC Central

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[14] Abdulgader A. Maghrabi, Troy Green and Shalan Al-Ghamdi, EFFECT OF HIGH FEED

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[15] Abdul Rahman M. Abanmy, REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FOULING - THE FINAL

FRONTIER, Saline Water Conversion Corporation,

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SIMULATION, AND OPTIMIZATION OF

LARGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL DESALINATION PLANTS, Dissertation submitted

to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute

and State University in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

In Chemical Engineering.



Appendix







Documents

Sea water Reverse Osmoses and Desalination Plants in … · (Al-Birk SWRO plant) located on the Arabian Gulf. ... Usually, control fouling Pretreatment in SWRO ... seawater problems