SeaTerm2016

!  LearningObjectives!  OICNW-A5.1Precautionsfortheprotectionandsafetyofpassengersinemergencysituations

!  PS-SR-X6.1Importanceofobtainingthenecessaryrest!  PS-SR-X6.2Effectsofsleep,schedules,andthecircadianrhythmonfatigue

!  PS-SR-X6.3Effectsofphysicalstressorsonseafarers!  PS-SR-X6.4Effectsofenvironmentalstressorsinandoutsidetheshipandtheirimpactonseafarers

!  PS-SR-X6.5Effectsofschedulechangesonseafarerfatigue

!  Thekeyissuesassociatedwithlargepassengervesselsare:!  collisionandgrounding;!  fireprotection;!  stabilityandwatertightintegrity;!  life-savingappliances,includingabandonment;!  crewtraining.

!  Whileasignificanthazard,constructionofthesevesselsaffordsbetterprotectionthanmostothershiptypes.

!  However,thisraisessignificantissuesconcerningthequalityandtrainingandtheadequacyofmanning,bothonthebridgeandintheengineroom.

!  Suchvesselsareinessencesmalltownsandassuchneedsufficientoperationalcrewnotonlytomeetroutineoperationalrequirementsbutalsotobeabletomeetthedemandsassociatedwithintensiveoperations.

!  Thisrequiresadequatemanninglevels,notonlytopreventfatiguebutalsotodealwithroutineandnon-routineoperationofthevessel,byrespondingtoemergencysituations.

!  Action:Campaignforadequatemanningofbridgeandengineroom,includingatleasttwoofficersondutybothonthebridgeandengineroomatalltimeswhilethevesselisatsea.

!  Theextrapolationoftherulesofconstructionwithrespecttolargepassengervesselshasraisedsignificantquestionsovertheirsafety.

!  Inparticular,vesselswherevesselshavebeenconstructedwith:!  ashallowdraftinordertoimproveportaccess!  increasednumberofdeckstoprovideleisurefacilitiesincluding

swimmingpools,soreducingtheGM.!  Theeffectsofwhichneedtobeaddressed,particularlyin

adverseweatherconditionsandwhenavesselisturning.!  Action:Campaignfortheexistingstandardsofthestability

andwatertightintegritytobemaintainedandwherenecessaryincreased.

!  Theincreasedsizeofcompartments,includingshoppingmallsandatriums,increasesthepotentialforthespreadoffire.

!  Whileeffectiveautomatedsystemsmayreducetheriskofspreadoffire,thereisaneedforconsiderationofcompartmentalsizeandtheadequacyofcurrentfire-fightingarrangements.

!  Action:Encourageresearchintoexistingfireprotectionsystemsandadequacyofcurrentprotectionmeasures.

!  Lifeboatshaveincreasedinsizeandmassevacuationsystemshavebeendevelopedtomeettheincreasingnumberofpassengerscarried.

!  Whileregulatoryrequirementshavebeenmet,theadequacyofsuchsystemshasincreasinglybeenquestioned.

!  Whileoccasionalreferencehasbeenmadetoinnovativesystems,i.e.escapemodules;thelifeboatandliferafthaveremainedunchangedasthemainmeansofevacuationandsurvival.

!  Action:Encourageresearchintoinnovativesystemsforabandonmentadequacyofexistingevacuationsystemsandthecompatibilityoflife-savingappliancesandequipment.

!  Thestructuralchangeintheemploymentofcrewsonpassengervessels,largelyfromagenciesresultingincasualizationoflabor,raisesseriousquestionsovertheabilitytofightfireandensureanorderlyevacuationofpassengers.

!  Whileacorecrewinbothdeckandengine,includingtheofficers,aretrainedtoahighlevel,thebulkofthecateringdepartmentreceiveminimalisttraining.

!  Safetytrainingisafractionofthesafetytrainingreceivedbyaircraftcabincrew.

!  Action:Seekadditionaltrainingrequirementsforallpersonnelonlargepassengervessels.

!  WhatAreSleepDeprivationandDeficiency?!  Sleepdeprivationisaconditionthatoccursifyou

don'tgetenoughsleep.Sleepdeficiencyisabroaderconcept.Itoccursifyouhaveoneormoreofthefollowing:!  Youdon'tgetenoughsleep(sleepdeprivation)!  Yousleepatthewrongtimeofday(thatis,you'reoutofsyncwithyourbody'snaturalclock)

!  Youdon'tsleepwellorgetallofthedifferenttypesofsleepthatyourbodyneeds

!  Youhaveasleepdisorderthatpreventsyoufromgettingenoughsleeporcausespoorqualitysleep

!  Sleepingisabasichumanneed,likeeating,drinking,andbreathing.Liketheseotherneeds,sleepingisavitalpartofthefoundationforgoodhealthandwell-beingthroughoutyourlifetime.

!  Sleepdeficiencycanleadtophysicalandmentalhealthproblems,injuries,lossofproductivity,andevenagreaterriskofdeath.

!  Sleepdeficiencyislinkedtomanychronichealthproblems,includingheartdisease,kidneydisease,highbloodpressure,diabetes,stroke,obesity,anddepression.

!  Sleepdeficiencyalsoisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofinjury!  Acommonmythisthatpeoplecanlearntogetbyonlittlesleep

withnonegativeeffects

!  Manyfactorsplayaroleinpreparingyourbodytofallasleepandwakeup.Youhaveaninternal"bodyclock"thatcontrolswhenyou'reawakeandwhenyourbodyisreadyforsleep.

!  Thebodyclocktypicallyhasa24-hourrepeatingrhythm(calledthecircadianrhythm).Twoprocessesinteracttocontrolthisrhythm.Thefirstisapressuretosleepthatbuildswitheveryhourthatyou'reawake.Thisdriveforsleepreachesapeakintheevening,whenmostpeoplefallasleep.

!  Sleepplaysavitalroleingoodhealthandwell-beingthroughoutyourlife.Gettingenoughqualitysleepattherighttimescanhelpprotectyourmentalhealth,physicalhealth,qualityoflife,andsafety.

!  Thewayyoufeelwhileyou'reawakedependsinpartonwhathappenswhileyou'resleeping.Duringsleep,yourbodyisworkingtosupporthealthybrainfunctionandmaintainyourphysicalhealth.Inchildrenandteens,sleepalsohelpssupportgrowthanddevelopment.

!  Thedamagefromsleepdeficiencycanoccurinaninstant(suchasacarcrash),oritcanharmyouovertime.Forexample,ongoingsleepdeficiencycanraiseyourriskforsomechronichealthproblems.Italsocanaffecthowwellyouthink,react,work,learn,andgetalongwithothers.

!  Theamountofsleepyouneedeachdaywillchangeoverthecourseofyourlife.Althoughsleepneedsvaryfrompersontoperson,thechartbelowshowsgeneralrecommendationsfordifferentagegroups.

Age RecommendedAmountofSleep

Newborns 16–18hoursaday

Preschool-agedchildren 11–12hoursaday

School-agedchildren Atleast10hoursaday

Teens 9–10hoursaday

Adults(includingtheelderly) 7–8hoursaday

!  Sleepdeficiency,whichincludessleepdeprivation,affectspeopleofallages,races,andethnicities.Certaingroupsofpeoplemaybemorelikelytobesleepdeficient.Examplesincludepeoplewho:!  Havelimitedtimeavailableforsleep,suchascaregiversorpeople

workinglonghoursormorethanonejob!  Haveschedulesthatconflictwiththeirinternalbodyclocks,suchas

shiftworkers,firstresponders,teenswhohaveearlyschoolschedules,orpeoplewhomusttravelforwork

!  Makelifestylechoicesthatpreventthemfromgettingenoughsleep,suchastakingmedicinetostayawake,abusingalcoholordrugs,ornotleavingenoughtimeforsleep

!  Haveundiagnosedoruntreatedmedicalproblems,suchasstress,anxiety,orsleepdisorders

!  Havemedicalconditionsortakemedicinesthatinterferewithsleep

!  Sleepdeficiencycancauseyoutofeelverytiredduringtheday.Youmaynotfeelrefreshedandalertwhenyouwakeup.Sleepdeficiencyalsocaninterferewithwork,school,driving,andsocialfunctioning.

!  Sleepdeficiencycancauseproblemswithlearning,focusing,andreacting.Youmayhavetroublemakingdecisions,solvingproblems,rememberingthings,controllingyouremotionsandbehavior,andcopingwithchange.Youmaytakelongertofinishtasks,haveaslowerreactiontime,andmakemoremistakes.

!  Youcantakestepstoimproveyoursleephabits.First,makesurethatyouallowyourselfenoughtimetosleep.Withenoughsleepeachnight,youmayfindthatyou'rehappierandmoreproductiveduringtheday.

!  Sleepoftenisthefirstthingthatbusypeoplesqueezeoutoftheirschedules.Makingtimetosleepwillhelpyouprotectyourhealthandwell-beingnowandinthefuture.

!  Nappingduringthedaymayprovideaboostinalertnessandperformance.However,ifyouhavetroublefallingasleepatnight,limitnapsortakethemearlierintheafternoon.Adultsshouldnapfornomorethan20minutes.

!  Napsarecalled“nooners”onSeaTerm

!  Circadianrhythmsarethenaturaldailyrhythmsthatgovernourdailylives.Thecircadianclock,locatedinthesuprachiasmaticnucleusofthehypothalamus,regulatesdailyvariationsinnumerousphysiologicalprocessessuchassleep/wakefulness,temperature,andhormonerelease,aswellascognitiveperformance.

!  Ordinarilytheclockissynchronizedtothe24-hrdaybythedailyalterationinlightanddarkness.Problemscanarisebecausethecircadianclockcannotadjustimmediatelytoanabruptchangeinthetimingofthelight/darkorsleep/wakeschedule,asinshiftwork.

!  Whenhumansmovetoanewtimezoneorchangetheirshiftschedule(e.g.,workatnightandsleepduringtheday),theinternalcircadianclockcantakefromdaystoweekstoadaptphysiologicallytothenewschedule.

!  Workingonshipsisnotaneasytask.Negligiblesociallife,monotonousroutines,andharshworkingconditionsaresomeofthemanydifficultiesfacedbyseafarersonboardships.

!  Leadstobothphysicalandpsychologicalstress.!  Shippingcompaniesemploymultinationalcrews,

whichbringsalongitsownsetofproblemssuchaslanguagebarrier,groupformationetc.

!  Allthesefactorsalongwiththereducingnumberofcrewmembersonboardshipshavebeenoneofthemainreasonsforincreaseinphysicalandpsychologicalstressonboardships.

!  Conflicts,politics,ego-clashetc.areboundtoexistamongcrewmembers.

!  Theseproblemsfurtherresultsintoavarietyofphysicalandpsychologicalproblemsamongcrewmembers.

!  Someofthemainonesare:!  Lackofinterestinwork!  Lackofmotivation!  Shorttemper!  Carelessmistakeswhiledoingwork!  Tendencytotakeshortcutstofinishwork!  Frustration!  Lackofseriousnesstowardsonesdutiesandonboardsafety!  Tendencytoblamejuniorsorcolleaguesformistakes!  Frequentabsencefromworkplace!  Makingprofessionalmistakes

!  Someofthemainreasonsandsymptomsofphysicalandpsychologicalstressonboardshipare:!  Lackofinterestinwork!  Lackofmotivation!  Shorttemper!  Carelessmistakeswhiledoingwork!  Tendencytotakeshortcutstofinishwork!  Frustration

Lackofseriousnesstowardsonesdutiesandonboardsafety!  Tendencytoblamejuniorsorcolleaguesformistakes!  Frequentabsencefromworkplace!  Makingprofessionalmistakes

!  Mainreasonsthatleadtoenvironmentalstressorsare:!  Shortageofmanpowerbecauseoflesscrewmembers!  Frequentcallingatport(Dutiesatportrequiremostphysicaleffortsandlongworkinghours)

!  Personalorfamilyproblems!  Longworkinghours!  Homesickness!  Notbeingrelievedontimebythecompany!  Workpressure

!  Mainreasonsthatleadtoenvironmentalstressorsare:!  Unfriendlyworkingenvironment!  Differencesofopinion/conflictswithcolleagues!  Unavailabilityofnecessaryprovisions!  Dissatisfiedwithcompanypolicy!  Dissatisfiedwithqualityoffood!  Rejectedfrompromotion,salaryorleave!  Dissatisfiedwithfacilitiesprovidedonboarde.g.entertainmentfacilities

“Thepathtofightandmanagethestressonboardbeginswiththesuccessfulrecognitionofitsexistence.Withoutacknowledgingthepresenceofthestressor,theexpectationofastressfreeworkingenvironmentisuseless.”

!  Seafarersareaslikelyasotherworkerstobeexposedtoworkschedulesandcharacteristicsassociatedwithfatigue.

!  Theyarealso,however,subjecttoindustry-specificfactorspotentiallylinkedtofatigue.!  fastportturnaroundsand!  harshenvironmentalconditions,!  withdemanding(oftensplit)shiftsystems,!  regularsustainedattentionandphysicalexertion,

!  Numerousanecdotalreportsandevidencecitefatigueasacausalfactorinaccidentsandimpairedcollisionriskawareness.

!  Theimpactoflongperiodsofsustainedattentionandinadequateresthasbeendocumented.

! Workstress,jobdemands,sleepqualityandshorttoursofdutywereassociatedwithfatigue.

!  Fatigueshouldbeaddressedbyconsideringhowmultiplefactorscombinetocausefatigue.

!  Fatigueamongseafarersmayalsohavelongertermhealthconsequences.