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SCULPTURE: 3-Dimensional Art
• Permanence• 3-dimensional art / realistic• Types- full round (may use devices
for support)• Relief: maintains 2-d quality, low
or high (by half their depth)• Linear (thin, elongated items),
mobiles
Methods of Execution
• Subtraction (carving away)• Material culture determines wood,
stone, bone, etc.• Types of rock: (1) igneous (granite-
hard, lasting, difficult)• (2) Sedimentary (limestone- lasting,
easy, smooth, luster)• (3) Metamorphic (marble- lasting,
pleasure to carve, colors)
Methods: Subtraction
• Creates a model, smaller than sculpture, of clay, plaster, wax
• Roughs out the image to within 2-3 inches of finished area
• Using a different set of tools, the sculptor finishes the work to precise detail
• Finally the sculptor polishes the material
Methods: Construction
• Construction- adds element to element; built sculpture (plastics, metals, terracotta clay, resins, wood, mixed media)
Methods: Substitution
• Substitution- molded or cast• Positive = artist creates an identically
sized model• Negative = covering the model with
plaster, which when hardens is removed, the sculptor has created the negative mold for the sculpture
• Sculptor pours molten metal into mold, the metal hardens when cooled & the sculpture emerges- it can then be polished
Lost Wax Technique
• Lost wax technique (cire-perdue)- cast sculpture in which the basic mold uses a wax model which is then melted to leave desired spaces in the mold
Lost Wax
1. Sculptor covers core of clay in the shape of the sculpture with wax layer
2. He then carves details into the wax and attaches rods & pouring cup & covers everything with a thick layer of clay
3. When the clay dries, the artist heats the mold to melt the wax & then pours molten metal into the mold
4. When metal solidifies, the mold is broken to release the sculpture- it cannot be duplicated, and is hollow, therefore lighter and less expensive
Manipulation- modeling- clay
Sculptural Art Elements
• Mass (literal)• Line & Form: open & closed• Space / Negative space• Color• Texture
Mass (Literal)
Open Form
Closed Form
Negative Space
Color
Texture
Texture
Texture
Design Principles
• Proportion, relative relationship of shapes to one another
• Scale- size in relation to standard• Repetition (rhythm, harmony, variation)• Balance - Biomorphic / geometric forms• Articulation: manner by which we move from
one element to the next (how the artist has repeated, varied, harmonized, & related its parts and the movement from one part to another)
• Focal area (emphasis)
Proportion- size of the parts in relation to the whole
Scale: size in relation to normal
Repetition
Balance
Contemporary Methods
• Found Objects: changes the context of objects, combines objects in a different way, or decides an object has an aesthetic reference and presents it that way
• Ephemeral art: conceptual, transitory, and makes statement then ceases to exist
Ephemeral Art
Sensory Experience
Touch Temperature Age Dynamics Size Lighting Environment
