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Continental Scale Modeling of Bird Diversity using Canopy Structure Metrics of Habitat Heterogeneity Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU) Richard Pearson Ned Horning (AMNH) NASA Annual Biodiversity Meeting Oct 2011 Magnolia warbler Black throated blue warbler Collaborators: Matthew Betts (OSU) Richard Holmes (Dartmouth)

Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

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Continental Scale Modeling of Bird Diversity using Canopy Structure Metrics of Habitat Heterogeneity. Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU) Richard Pearson Ned Horning (AMNH). Magnolia warbler. Black throated blue warbler. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Continental Scale Modeling of Bird Diversity using Canopy Structure Metrics of

Habitat Heterogeneity

Scott GoetzMindy Sun(WHRC)

Ralph DubayahAnu Swatatran

(UMD)

Andy HansenLinda Phillips

(MSU)

Richard PearsonNed Horning

(AMNH)NASA Annual

Biodiversity MeetingOct 2011

Magnolia warbler Black throated blue warbler

Collaborators:

Matthew Betts(OSU)

Richard Holmes(Dartmouth)

Page 2: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Objectives / Research Questions(1) How can patterns of ecosystem structure be observed and

modeled at regional to continental scales using remotely-sensed observations of canopy structure?

(2) What is the influence of satellite measurements of canopy structure on biodiversity model predictions (extent, richness and abundance)?

(3) What are the relationships between bird species richness, vegetation structure and ecosystem productivity at regional to continental-scales?

~

Summer Tanager. Photo by Scott Somershoe, USGS.

Page 3: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

1) How can patterns of ecosystem structure be observed and modeled across scales using remotely-sensed observations of canopy structure?

LVIS Canopy HeightOblique View

Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, MD

Page 4: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

At least 10

2) What is the influence of satellite measurements of canopy structure on biodiversity model predictions (extent, richness and abundance)?

GLAS shots within BBS routes

Page 5: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

National Breeding Bird Survey Species Stratified by Guild

• 3700 active routes, 2900 surveyed annually

• Each route is randomly located and 40km long

• Table shows total number of birds for all routes in each habitat guild for 2006

• 688 species recorded

Deserts 334

Forest 39430

Grassland 23526

Lake/Pond 9133

Marsh 9429

Mountains 1787

Ocean 72

Open Woodland 45793

River/Stream 266

Scrub 10334

Shore-line 912

Town 10711

Birds not included 8938

Page 6: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

National Scale Predictors of Bird Diversity Patterns

Categories of predictors (see poster 161 for details)

• Physical Environment: climate and topography • Vegetation Properties: canopy density / percent

cover, functional groups, biomass• Vegetation Productivity: NPP, GPP (MODIS)• Vegetation Structure: GLAS metrics

Page 7: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Predictions of Bird Species Richness are Robust

829 routes 781 routes

All speciesExplained Variance = 56%

Open Woodland speciesExplained Variance = 59%

Goetz et al. (forthcoming)

Cross-validated with 10% reserved BBS routes

Page 8: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Forest Birds are predicted particularly well

Even in high Canopy Cover & Productivity areas

High productivityroutes (389)

High Canopy CoverExplained = 63%

High ProductivityExplained = 68%

All Forest BirdsExplained Variance = 84%

All 730 routes

High Canopy Cover routes

(259)

Cross-validated with 10% reserved BBS routes

Page 9: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

At the local scale Canopy Structure Matters.. we can even map multi-year habitat use..

Black throatedblue warbler

Goetz et al. (2010) Ecology 91:1569-1576

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Page 10: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

UAVSAR False ColorHHHVVV

Canopy Height (m)05 - 1010 - 1515-2020 - 2525-30> 30

±0 2.5 51.25 km

LVIS RH100 DRL Canopy Height

UAVSAR

UAV

SAR

Fal

se C

olor

HH

HV

VV

Can

opy

Hei

ght (

m)

0 5 - 1

010

- 15

15-2

020

- 25

25-3

0>

30

±0

2.5

51.

25km

LandsatNDVI difference

UAVSAR False ColorHHHVVV

Canopy Height (m)05 - 1010 - 1515-2020 - 2525-30> 30

±0 2.5 51.25 km

0 0.6

UAV

SAR

Fal

se C

olor

HH

HV

VV

Can

opy

Hei

ght (

m)

0 5 - 1

010

- 15

15-2

020

- 25

25-3

0>

30

±0

2.5

51.

25km

0 5 10 15 20 25 >30 m

Fusion with optical, hyper-spectral, hyper-resolution, SAR even better..

0 5 10 15 20 25 >30 m

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Page 11: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Oven bird

Red eyed Vireo

Black-throated Warbler

Prevalence < 2 2 – 44 – 66 - 9

Radar only All metrics

Swatatran, Dubayah, Goetz, et al. (in press) PlosOne

Page 12: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Radar only All metrics

Blackpoll Warbler< 2 2 – 44 – 66 - 9

Prevalence

Yellow Warbler

Magnolia Warbler

Swatatran, Dubayah, Goetz, et al. (in press) PlosOne

Page 13: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

UAVSAR

Landsat DRL

LVIS

UAVSAR+DRL+

Landsat

UAVSAR+LV

IS+Lan

dsat

UAVSAR+LV

IS+DRL+

Landsat

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% v

aria

nce

expl

aine

d Single versus multi-sensor predictions of Bird Species Richness

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Swatatran, Dubayah, Goetz, et al. (in press) PlosOne

Page 14: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Species habitat use varies with vegetation cover across a range of heights

Yellow-rumped warbler more prevalent in lower canopy

Ovenbird more prevalent in upper canopy

Page 15: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Predicting Abundance more difficult..Boosted Regression Tree Model predictions of species abundance at HBEF

Magnolia Warbler, r2=0.71

Good prediction…Average prediction…

(mean r2 for 16 species = 0.38) Poor prediction…

Blackburnian Warbler, r2=0.383 Brown Creeper, r2=0.036

Page 16: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Summary of Findingsthus far..

1. National scale bird species richness can be robustly predicted using a suite of environmental variables

– At the national scale LIDaR canopy structure metrics are not selected as the most important variables

2. At local scale (HBEF, Patuxent) bird species richness and habitat use (multi-year prevalence) can be robustly predicted using lidar and multi-sensor canopy structure

– Abundance more difficult

Page 17: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Next Steps & in Progress

• Extend regional & national scale analyses across productivity, land use and disturbance gradients

• Analyze SE LVIS transect data and intersections with BBS routes

• We have made some progress on this..

Page 18: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Phillips et al. (2010) Ecological Applications

Geographic regions differ in the slope of the species -productivity relationship

3) What are the relationships between bird species richness, vegetation structure and ecosystem productivity at regional to continental-scales?

Page 19: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

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#S

#S

#S

#S

#S#S #S

#S

#S

Raleigh

Atlanta

Richmond

KnoxvilleAsheville

Charlotte

Washington

Birmingham

Charlottesville

LVIS transect (approx 2400 miles surveyed)BBS routes (66 routes that overlap transect)

#

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

BBS stop locations

Point Segment Route

Three analysis units

Southeast LVIS Transect

Intersection of BBS routes with LVIS

acquisitions

Page 20: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Southeast US

BBS sample locations, Segments, Routes

Disturbance History and Land Use

LVIS Canopy cover

Canopy cover by height class

Land coverPercent AgPercent developedPercent CanopyVariety of cover types

MODISGPPVCF forest

Soil fertility

BBS species richness and diversity

Geographic Location

Three Analysis units

Stratify

Response variable

Predictor variables

Other biophysicalTemperaturePrecipiationElevationNDVI

Regional Interactions among Ecosystem Productivity and Canopy Structure

Page 21: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Stop locations and BBS route buffer

LVIS transect overlap

Collected GPS stop location data collected for 53 of 63 BBS routes from BBS Surveyor and/or driving the route GPS

Page 22: Scott Goetz Mindy Sun (WHRC) Ralph Dubayah Anu Swatatran (UMD) Andy Hansen Linda Phillips (MSU)

Stop locations and BBS route buffer

LVIS points in red

BBS stop locations buffered (Red)

BBS route buffered (Yellow)