SCOPE AND COURSE ORIENTATION

SCOPE AND COURSE ORIENTATION

Welcome to Surface Science and Nanotechnology!

This course will provide the fundamental in Surface Science and use these concepts to discuss nanoscale science and technology. As the material reduces in size (to the nanoscale), the surface-to-volume ratio increases. The role of the surface becomes the “important platform” for many interesting processes that ultimately control the properties of this material.

Nanotechnology is the latest “in” thing. It really includes many many fields from chemical physics to bioorganic chemistry.

• CD & DVD

Page 1 of 9SCOPE AND COURSE ORIENTATION

10-01-15http://leung.uwaterloo.ca/CHEM/750/Lectures%202007/SSNT-1-Introduction.htm

Physics of Compact Disc [ more]

• Computer chip technology − Semiconductor roadmap [ http://public.itrs.net/ ]



Intel cpu technology [more ]

Facts from Intel In closing, we’d like to leave you with a set of 9 interesting facts Intel supplied us with regarding the processors and their transistors we will be intimately familiar with by 2005. Enjoy: 1. The transistors are 0.03 microns wide and some of their structures are about 3 atomic layers thick. The transistors are so small that a vertical pile of 30 million transistor gates would measure 1 inch high (12 million for a centimeter) and a stack of more than 100,000 would equal the thickness of a sheet of paper. 2. These Transistors can turn on and off 10 billion times per second 3. These transistors will be built into Intel processors that are nearly 10 times more complex than the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor, today's most advanced processor. For example, the future processors will have 400 million or more transistors, will run at 10 GHz and operate at less than 1 volt. Today’s Pentium 4 processor has 42 million transistors, runs at 1.5 GHz and operates at 1.7 volts. 4. Faster than a speeding bullet: A 10GHz processor will be able to complete 20 million calculations in the time a speeding bullet travels 1 foot, or 2 million calculations in the time it travels 1 inch. 5. A 10GHz processor is faster than the blink of an eye. In the times it takes you to blink (1/50th of a second or so), the processor can complete about 400 million calculations 6. Imagine putting 400 million parts on a chip the size of your finger nail. Rio de Janeiro’s Maracana stadium, one of the world’s largest athletic stadiums, could only contain an estimated 200,000 spectators for the largest crowd ever gathered for a football (soccer) game. 7. At 1 volt or less, these future processors will consume significantly less power than today’s processors. Thus, they could be easily used in battery-operated devices such as laptop computers and handheld devices. As a comparison, today’s Pentium 4 processor operates at 1.7 volts. (AnandTech Note: obviously this one is stretching it a bit since we know that voltage isn’t the only thing that matters when it comes to portable devices) 8. These transistors will begin appearing in products manufactured using 0.07-micron (70 nanometer) technology, which is three manufacturing processes more advanced than Intel's current 0.18 micron technology. To put this in perspective, today's 0.18-micron technology is two manufacturing processes more advanced that the 0.35 micron technology used when the Pentium processor was introduced in 1993. The Pentium® processor had 3.1 million transistors, ran at 66 MHz and operated at 5 volts. 9. The 0.07 micron (70 nanometer) technology will rely on Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) lithography, the next generation lithography technology, for printing the narrowest lines. This will be combined with 157nm lithography to enable manufacturers to continue producing smaller and faster



processors. Lithography is the process in which circuits -- the pathway through which electrical current flows -- are printed on silicon wafers. EUV will allow semiconductor manufacturers to print ever-smaller features on a wafer. The difference between features drawn by EUV and Deep Ultra-Violet (DUV) lithography, today’s most advanced method, is similar to drawing two lines of equal width and quality on a piece of paper, but using a fat-tipped marker to draw one line and a fine-tipped marker for the other.

Facts from Intel - "Old" news in 2005

• Nanocatalysis − Applications in fossil fuels

Nanocatalysts and fossil fuels [ 2002 , 2009]

• Biosensors and Bio-Nanotechnology [ more ]



• Nanostructured materials for Fuel Cell



• Nanoelectronics and quantum computing − Nanotechnology: Beyond the silicon roadmap, Neil Mathur, Nature 419, 573 - 575 (10 October 2002)

Existing silicon-based CMOS technology in computers cannot navigate the roadmap as far as the nanoscale. At that scale, quantum effects start to become significant, and even if silicon components were shrunk to these dimensions the result would not be a 'quantum computer': heat dissipation (around 100 W cm-2, according to L. Manchanda, Semiconductor Research Co.) would not only lead to the decoherence of fragile quantum states, it would melt the silicon substrate. So what does the science of today suggest about the computing of tomorrow?

Moore’s First Law: The number of transistors on a single IC chip doubles every 18 months.

Moore’s Second Law: The cost of a fab facility to make this chip increases in a semi-log scale. [ http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/ ]

• Nanotechnology around the world Foresight Institute [ http://www.foresight.org/index.html ] Nanotech forum



http://www.nanotech.50megs.com/ http://www.nanoforum.org/ http://unit.aist.go.jp/nanotech/

Cientifica [ http://www.cientifica.com/index.html ]

NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering [ http://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/start.htm ] NNI National Nanotechnology Initiative [ http://www.nano.gov/html/edu/eduunder.html ]

Nanotechnology in European Union [ http://www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology/ ]

• Nanotechnology research in Canada NRC [ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/randd/areas/nanotechnology_e.html ] NINT [ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/nint.html ] NanoQuebec [ http://www.nanoquebec.ca ]

NaNO [http://www.nanoontario.ca/index.php?page=about ] - U of T website

NanoBC [http://www.nems.ca/nanobc/] Universities – various

• “New” Nanotechnology Engineering at University of Waterloo [ http://www.nanotech.uwaterloo.ca ]

• “New” Collaborative Graduate Program in Nanotechnology at University of Waterloo [ http://www.gwc2.on.ca/files/chem_plus_nanotechnology.pdf ]

• WATLab

ON-LINE REFERENCES

• http://www.nanoHUB.org

• http://www.nanotech-now.com

•

http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamics.Educational.Sites_html• http://www.vjnano.org/nano/

1. Course calendar description

Basic survey of the fundamental concepts and various advanced techniques used in Surface Science for studying the physical, electronic, optical and other properties of surfaces and nanoscale materials. Survey of the recent (selected)



new “hot” developments in the exciting multidisciplinary field of Nanotechnology.

2. Course outline

Surface science is a big field and it includes any area of chemistry or physics or materials research that is done directly on or by a surface, or indirectly induced by the surface. It has to do with properties of a surface or the attempt to manipulate and create (or engineer) unique properties exclusive to surface and interfaces. In this course (the next 20 lectures or so), we will focus on THREE main areas (~2-3 weeks each). Finally, we will discuss the main application area − nanotechnology.

• Physical structure of surfaces and nanomaterials: “what is” and “how to probe”

• Electronic structure: “what is” and “how to probe”

• Surface interactions and reactions

CO oxidation on Ru(111) by A. Hetey

• Hot topic: Nanotechnology

NOTE: Standard review articles and selected book chapters will be used as reference materials. We encourage getting more information from the Library and/or via the web, in order to gain a better understanding of selected course materials.

For this course, we will need:

• Basic Math background: Algebra & Differential Eqns

• Structure and Bonding − Basic concepts about point group symmetry and



conceptualization of molecular structure

• Elementary Quantum Chemistry − We will not talk too much about thermodynamics which we will learn more next term from the Thermodynamics-2 course

• Solid State Chemistry or Solid State Physics

3. Course evaluation

Even though this is a special topic course, it is not meant to be an easy course!

There are 3 assignments and 1 term-paper, and 1 final exam. See course outline.

4. Lecturing style

Lecture materials will be put up on the web.

Use the website as a general guide as we are expected to do a lot of learning on our own.

5. Questions?

6. Homework − Due: 28 January 2010

Go through this web page and the related literature. Identify a possible term-paper topic related to any aspect of nanotechnology Define “nanotechnology” Write a 200-word summary (with 5 key references).



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SCOPE AND COURSE ORIENTATION