SCM & Logistic in Military

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SCM & Logistics in Military Services

Professor: Dr.FarahaniBy: Mohammad Molana

E-mail: [email protected]

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Contents:Contents:DefinitionsDefinitionsOrigins of military logisticsOrigins of military logisticsSCM & Anticipatory LogisticsSCM & Anticipatory LogisticsPerformance Based Logistics (PBL)Performance Based Logistics (PBL)Relating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic ChainRelating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic ChainRevolution in Military Logistics (RML)Revolution in Military Logistics (RML)EE--Commerce in a Canadian Military Logistic Commerce in a Canadian Military Logistic Can Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) Benchmark U.S. Military to Can Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) Benchmark U.S. Military to meet its logistics needs?meet its logistics needs?Case Study: IranCase Study: Iran’’s NEZAJA Logistics Models NEZAJA Logistics ModelRefrencesRefrences

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DefinitionsDefinitionsMilitary supply:Military supply:[[1]1]

the the procurementprocurement, , distributiondistribution, , maintenancemaintenance while in while in storagestorage and and salvagesalvage of of supplies, including the determination of supplies, including the determination of kindkind and and quantityquantity of supplies. of supplies.

The The producer phaseproducer phase of a military supply extends from determination of of a military supply extends from determination of procurement procurement schedulesschedules to to acceptance of finished suppliesacceptance of finished supplies by the military services. by the military services.

The The consumer phaseconsumer phase of a military supply extends from of a military supply extends from receipt of finished suppliesreceipt of finished supplies by by the military services through issue for use or consumption.the military services through issue for use or consumption.

Military supply chain management:Military supply chain management:[1][1]a a crosscross--functional approachfunctional approach to procuring, producing, and delivering products and to procuring, producing, and delivering products and

services. The broad management scope includes subservices. The broad management scope includes sub--suppliers, suppliers, internal suppliers, suppliers, internal information and funds flow.information and funds flow.

Military supply chain management:Military supply chain management:[7][7]the the disciplinediscipline that that integratesintegrates acquisition, supply, maintenance, and transportation acquisition, supply, maintenance, and transportation

functionsfunctions with the physical, financial, information, and communications with the physical, financial, information, and communications networks networks in a in a resultsresults--oriented approachoriented approach to to satisfy joint forcesatisfy joint force materiel requirements. materiel requirements.

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Definitions Definitions (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Military logistics:Military logistics:[2][2]

the the artart and and sciencescience of planning and carrying out the of planning and carrying out the movementmovement and and maintenancemaintenance of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those those aspects or militaryaspects or military operations that deal with:operations that deal with:Design, development, acquisition, storage, distribution, maintenDesign, development, acquisition, storage, distribution, maintenance, ance, evacuation, and disposition of evacuation, and disposition of materialmaterial..Movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of Movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnelpersonnel..Acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation, and disposiAcquisition or construction, maintenance, operation, and disposition of tion of facilitiesfacilities..Acquisition or furnishing of Acquisition or furnishing of servicesservices..

Logistics is the lifeblood of any Army Logistics is the lifeblood of any Army [13][13]Changing how we fight influences changes in how we support.Changing how we fight influences changes in how we support.

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Origins of military logisticsOrigins of military logistics[2][2]

The word The word ““logisticslogistics”” is derived from the Greek adjective is derived from the Greek adjective ““logistikoslogistikos”” meaning meaning ““skilled in calculatingskilled in calculating”” ..Research indicates that its Research indicates that its first use in relation to an organized militaryfirst use in relation to an organized militaryadministrative science was by the French writer, administrative science was by the French writer, AntoineAntoine--Henri Henri JominiJomini, in , in 18381838The The first administrative usefirst administrative use of the word was in of the word was in RomanRoman and and ByzantineByzantine times times when there was a military administrative official with the titlewhen there was a military administrative official with the title LogistaLogista. At that . At that time, the word apparently implied a skill involved in time, the word apparently implied a skill involved in mathematical mathematical computationscomputations. . The military activity known as logistics probably is as old as wThe military activity known as logistics probably is as old as war itself. ar itself. In the early history Each warrior was his own logistician. In the early history Each warrior was his own logistician. The men who provided support to the fighters constituted the firThe men who provided support to the fighters constituted the first logistics st logistics organization. organization.

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Origins of military logisticsOrigins of military logistics[2][2] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

judgments must be based not only upon professional knowledge of judgments must be based not only upon professional knowledge of the numerous the numerous aspects of logistics itself but also upon an understanding of thaspects of logistics itself but also upon an understanding of the interplay of closely e interplay of closely related military considerations such as related military considerations such as strategystrategy, , tacticstactics, , intelligenceintelligence, , trainingtraining, , personalpersonal and and financefinance..In major military conflicts, logistics matters are often crucialIn major military conflicts, logistics matters are often crucial in in deciding the deciding the overall outcome of warsoverall outcome of wars. . More generally, More generally, protecting one's own supply linesprotecting one's own supply lines and and attacking those of an attacking those of an enemyenemy is a fundamental military strategy.is a fundamental military strategy.For instance, tonnage warFor instance, tonnage war-- the bulk sinking of cargo ships the bulk sinking of cargo ships -- was a crucial factor in was a crucial factor in World war II. The failure of the German Navy to sink enough cargWorld war II. The failure of the German Navy to sink enough cargo in the Second o in the Second Battle of the Atlantic allowed Britain to stay in the war. Battle of the Atlantic allowed Britain to stay in the war. Military logistics has pioneered a number of techniques that havMilitary logistics has pioneered a number of techniques that have since become e since become widely deployed in the commercial world. widely deployed in the commercial world. Operational ResearchOperational Research grew out of grew out of WWII military logistics efforts.WWII military logistics efforts.

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Anticipatory Logistics: The Army's Answer to Anticipatory Logistics: The Army's Answer to Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management [3][3]

Anticipatory logistics uses Anticipatory logistics uses technologiestechnologies, , information systemsinformation systems, and , and proceduresprocedures to to predictpredict and and prioritizeprioritize customer requirements and provide customer requirements and provide appropriate appropriate sustainmentsustainment. .

Future logisticians will Future logisticians will use current and future technologiesuse current and future technologies as tools to monitor as tools to monitor supply levels and equipment conditions for combat units. They alsupply levels and equipment conditions for combat units. They also will use so will use decision support softwaredecision support software to determine the best use of combat service support to determine the best use of combat service support assets. assets.

The Army is experimenting with the concept of anticipatory logisThe Army is experimenting with the concept of anticipatory logistics for class III tics for class III (petroleum, oils, and lubricants), class V (ammunition), and mai(petroleum, oils, and lubricants), class V (ammunition), and maintenance. ntenance.

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SCMSCM’’ss components components [3][3]

Military Military Corporate Corporate

Customers (soldiers)Customers (soldiers)CustomersCustomers

WarehousingWarehousingWarehousingWarehousing

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

Order managementOrder managementOrder managementOrder management

ManufacturingManufacturingManufacturingManufacturing

ProcurementProcurementProcurementProcurement

SuppliersSuppliersSuppliers Suppliers

SCM has seven components SCM has seven components

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SCMSCM’’ss essential success factorsessential success factors [3][3]

Military Military Corporate Corporate

Mission requirements Mission requirements

Environmental concerns (to include Environmental concerns (to include enemy forces) enemy forces)

Environmental concerns Environmental concerns

Department of Defense regulations Department of Defense regulations Government regulations Government regulations

Joint interoperability Joint interoperability Competition Competition

Deployment within and outside the Deployment within and outside the continental United States continental United States

Globalization Globalization

Information and communication Information and communication technologies technologies

Information and communication Information and communication technologies technologies

Customer needs Customer needs Consumer demand Consumer demand

SCM has essential success factorsSCM has essential success factors

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Corporate & Army SCM models Corporate & Army SCM models [3][3]

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Corporate & Army SCM models Corporate & Army SCM models [3][3] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Most Most notable significant differencesnotable significant differences are the dual directional arrows on the chart are the dual directional arrows on the chart for transportation and for distribution and warehousing in the Afor transportation and for distribution and warehousing in the Army SCM rmy SCM model. These illustrate that the Army may retrograde equipment amodel. These illustrate that the Army may retrograde equipment and nd components for maintenance or retrograde personnel for medical ccomponents for maintenance or retrograde personnel for medical care. are.

Other differencesOther differences are in the external factors that affect the supply chain. Theseare in the external factors that affect the supply chain. Thesefactors includefactors includeJoint interoperability among the services' command, control, Joint interoperability among the services' command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence systems.communications, computer, and intelligence systems.Deployment of forces.Deployment of forces.Soldier and mission requirements.Soldier and mission requirements.

The supply chain reflects the Army's focus on mission accomplishThe supply chain reflects the Army's focus on mission accomplishment as ment as opposed to business' focus on profitability.opposed to business' focus on profitability.

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SCM & Anticipatory LogisticsSCM & Anticipatory Logistics [3][3]

Like the corporate world, the Army faces Like the corporate world, the Army faces two diametrically opposing forcestwo diametrically opposing forces::

1.1. The need to The need to supportsupport combat maneuver forces combat maneuver forces betterbetter, more , more responsivelyresponsively, , and at a and at a lower costlower cost. .

2.2. The need to reduce the logistics footprint of the Army's future The need to reduce the logistics footprint of the Army's future forces.forces.

The Army is exploring how to better support brigade combat teamThe Army is exploring how to better support brigade combat teams (s (BCTsBCTs) ) by by using some underlying SCM conceptsusing some underlying SCM concepts, such as information and , such as information and communication technologies, order management, and transportationcommunication technologies, order management, and transportation using using current and new technologies. current and new technologies.

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Some Actions for enhancing Some Actions for enhancing Anticipatory LogisticsAnticipatory Logistics [3][3]

In an endeavor to In an endeavor to revolutionize anticipatory logisticsrevolutionize anticipatory logistics at the at the wholesale wholesale levellevel, the Army is forming a strategic , the Army is forming a strategic alliance with SAPalliance with SAP to integrate and to integrate and streamline the wholesale logistics process. The benefits will instreamline the wholesale logistics process. The benefits will include a clude a synchronized globalsynchronized global supply, distribution, and financial supply, distribution, and financial networknetwork that will that will increase increase weapon systemweapon system readinessreadiness and and manage missionmanage mission--basedbasedrequirements more responsively. requirements more responsively.

The Department of Defense also is The Department of Defense also is researching advanced technologiesresearching advanced technologiesthat will bring that will bring quantum improvementsquantum improvements in joint military logistics, in joint military logistics, including force deployment, to enhance the readiness of all miliincluding force deployment, to enhance the readiness of all military forces. tary forces.

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Future of SCM & Anticipatory LogisticsFuture of SCM & Anticipatory Logistics [3][3]

Industry's SCM and the Army's anticipatory logisticsIndustry's SCM and the Army's anticipatory logistics for supporting for supporting future combat forces future combat forces are similarare similar. Whereas anticipatory logistics . Whereas anticipatory logistics concentrates on the wholesale and tactical (brigade and below leconcentrates on the wholesale and tactical (brigade and below levels), vels), which which is a small sliceis a small slice of the supply chain that culminates with the of the supply chain that culminates with the customer, customer, SCM takes a holistic approachSCM takes a holistic approach to the entire supply chain. to the entire supply chain.

Both anticipatory logistics and SCM Both anticipatory logistics and SCM share various fundamental conceptsshare various fundamental conceptsin order to meet their respective goals and objectives. in order to meet their respective goals and objectives.

The The future of logistics in the Armyfuture of logistics in the Army is evolving toward a is evolving toward a holistic holistic approachapproach, much like business' SCM efforts, to improve its logistics , much like business' SCM efforts, to improve its logistics capabilitycapability while while reducingreducing its logistics footprint.its logistics footprint.

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Performance Based Logistics (PBL) Performance Based Logistics (PBL) [8][8]

PBL is a PBL is a strategystrategy for for weapon systemweapon system product support that meets product support that meets performance goalsperformance goals for a weapon system through a support structure for a weapon system through a support structure based on based on longlong--term performance agreementsterm performance agreements with clear lines of with clear lines of authority and responsibility.authority and responsibility.

The development and management of PBL arrangements consist of The development and management of PBL arrangements consist of 1212 discrete steps. discrete steps.

Each step contains Each step contains directionsdirections to support the successful completion of to support the successful completion of each step, as well as supporting materials to provide users the each step, as well as supporting materials to provide users the resources resources they need. they need.

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12 Steps of PBL12 Steps of PBL [7][7]

1.1. Integrate Requirements & SupportIntegrate Requirements & Support2.2. Form the PBL TeamForm the PBL Team3.3. Baseline the SystemBaseline the System4.4. Develop Performance OutcomesDevelop Performance Outcomes5.5. Select Product support IntegratorSelect Product support Integrator6.6. Workload Allocation StrategyWorkload Allocation Strategy7.7. Supply Chain Management StrategySupply Chain Management Strategy8.8. Establish PerformanceEstablish Performance--Based AgreementsBased Agreements9.9. Business Case AnalysisBusiness Case Analysis10.10. Award ContractsAward Contracts11.11. Financial EnablersFinancial Enablers12.12. Implement & OversightImplement & Oversight

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12 Steps of PBL 12 Steps of PBL [7][7] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

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PBL & SCM PBL & SCM [4][4]Military supply Chain

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DoD & SCMDoD & SCM [4][4]

The DoD supply chain process The DoD supply chain process encompassesencompasses those those governmentgovernment and and privateprivate--sectorsector organizations, processes, and systems that organizations, processes, and systems that individuallyindividually or or collectivelycollectively play a role in planning for, acquiring, maintaining, or play a role in planning for, acquiring, maintaining, or delivering material resources for military or other operations cdelivering material resources for military or other operations conducted in onducted in support of the United States national defense interests.support of the United States national defense interests.

The The common private sector terminologycommon private sector terminology for those financial, for those financial, administrative and flow of materials processes that achieve the administrative and flow of materials processes that achieve the steadysteady and and accurateaccurate availability of parts and goods availability of parts and goods from manufacturers to from manufacturers to customerscustomers is commonly referred to as supply chain management.is commonly referred to as supply chain management.

In DoD the description of this same overarching function is moreIn DoD the description of this same overarching function is more correctly correctly termed Logistics Chain Managementtermed Logistics Chain Management. .

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DoD & Supply SystemDoD & Supply System [4][4]

The DoD supply system is predicated upon The DoD supply system is predicated upon Wholesale Wholesale andand RetailRetail supply supply processes, processes, similarsimilar to the private sector.to the private sector.

Wholesale itemsWholesale items are generally stored in distribution are generally stored in distribution warehouseswarehouses, , sometimes called sometimes called inventory control pointsinventory control points. Wholesale warehouses are . Wholesale warehouses are often collocatedoften collocated with Defense Depots or Integrated Materiel Management with Defense Depots or Integrated Materiel Management Centers or, in the case of Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Centers or, in the case of Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) items may be items may be storedstored in in regional supply centersregional supply centers or forward located distribution points.or forward located distribution points.

In many cases (i.e. DLA) the In many cases (i.e. DLA) the assetsassets are not even procured or owned by the are not even procured or owned by the military Services. military Services.

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DoD & Supply SystemDoD & Supply System [4] [4] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

The The retail supply systemsretail supply systems are owned and managed by theare owned and managed by the individualindividualmilitary Service Departments, and are usually military Service Departments, and are usually locatedlocated at operating at operating locations, either in the Continental United States locations, either in the Continental United States (CONUS)(CONUS) or outside the or outside the United States United States (OCONUS)(OCONUS). In general, all retail supply functions are . In general, all retail supply functions are operated by organic DoD personnel, including military personnel operated by organic DoD personnel, including military personnel where where applicable.applicable.

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In general, the Military Departments have a In general, the Military Departments have a strongstrong preferencepreferencefor for organic operation of the retail supply functionorganic operation of the retail supply function. .

Conversely, there is Conversely, there is no strong preferenceno strong preference for for ownership or ownership or managementmanagement of wholesale supply activitiesof wholesale supply activities. .

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Categories of supply support items in DoD Categories of supply support items in DoD [4] [4]

Unique Reparable Items:Unique Reparable Items: They are usually They are usually sourced by the Prime sourced by the Prime Vendor/OriginalVendor/Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) of the system. Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) of the system.

Common Reparable ItemsCommon Reparable Items: They are usually : They are usually managed organically within managed organically within the DoDthe DoD materiel management process but are also candidates for corporamateriel management process but are also candidates for corporate te PBL contracts. PBL contracts.

Unique Consumable ItemsUnique Consumable Items: usually : usually sourced by the Prime Vendor/OEMsourced by the Prime Vendor/OEMof the system. Strong consideration should be given to of the system. Strong consideration should be given to allocating allocating responsibilityresponsibility for acquisition of these items to the Prime Vendor. for acquisition of these items to the Prime Vendor.

Common Consumable Items:Common Consumable Items: These are generally These are generally managed and managed and provided by DLAprovided by DLA..

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DoD & SCMDoD & SCM [4] [4] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

In the In the private sectorprivate sector, the vast majority of items transitioning through a , the vast majority of items transitioning through a supply chain originate as supply chain originate as newly manufactured itemsnewly manufactured items, while , while in DoDin DoD a a significant percentage of items used to meet supply requirementssignificant percentage of items used to meet supply requirements come come from from repaired itemsrepaired items..

The differences in complexity, management, and efficiency are siThe differences in complexity, management, and efficiency are significant, gnificant, and necessarily involve other functionsand necessarily involve other functions primarily maintenance, which primarily maintenance, which multiplies the problems of developing and executingmultiplies the problems of developing and executing an efficient, an efficient, effective supply process. effective supply process.

Supply chain management in DoD is an Supply chain management in DoD is an integrated processintegrated process that that begins begins with planningwith planning the acquisition of customerthe acquisition of customer--driven requirements for material driven requirements for material and services and and services and ends with the deliveryends with the delivery of material to the operational of material to the operational customer, including the customer, including the material returns/disposal segments of the material returns/disposal segments of the processprocess and the and the flow of required informationflow of required information in in both directionsboth directions among among suppliers, logistics managers, and customers.suppliers, logistics managers, and customers. [5][5]

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DoD & SCM DoD & SCM [5][5] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

ToTo supply materiel and logisticssupply materiel and logistics services to DoD units services to DoD units throughout the throughout the worldworld, the DoD Components maintain a supply chain consisting of :, the DoD Components maintain a supply chain consisting of :weapon system support contractorsweapon system support contractors, , retail supply activitiesretail supply activities, , distribution depotsdistribution depots, , transportation networkstransportation networks including contracted carriers, including contracted carriers, Military Service and Defense Logistics AgencyMilitary Service and Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) (DLA) integrated materiel managersintegrated materiel managers ((IMMsIMMs), ), weapon system program officesweapon system program offices, , commercial distributors and supplierscommercial distributors and suppliers including manufacturers, including manufacturers, commercial and organic maintenance facilitiescommercial and organic maintenance facilities and and other logistics activities (e.g., engineering support activitiesother logistics activities (e.g., engineering support activities ((ESAsESAs), testing ), testing facilities, cataloging services, reutilization and marketing offfacilities, cataloging services, reutilization and marketing offices). ices).

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Relating SCOR Model to DoDRelating SCOR Model to DoDLogistic ChainLogistic Chain[4][4]

Although efforts have been made to reflect the DoD supply chain Although efforts have been made to reflect the DoD supply chain process in the process in the SCOR model (primarily through use of the SCOR model (primarily through use of the ““Make/RepairMake/Repair”” process shown in the process shown in the graphic), its use and application within DoD is still evolving.graphic), its use and application within DoD is still evolving.

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Relating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic ChainRelating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic Chain [6][6] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

The goal in The goal in planningplanning for supply chain management is to for supply chain management is to facilitate integrationfacilitate integrationbetween between business partnersbusiness partners, including suppliers and customers. In DoD, , including suppliers and customers. In DoD, organizational realitiesorganizational realities and the and the constraint of outconstraint of out--modedmoded systemssystems and and legal legal requirementsrequirements must be taken into consideration. The must be taken into consideration. The challenge for DoDchallenge for DoD is to is to develop and maintain planning develop and maintain planning coordination and integrationcoordination and integration across across organizations and over time to organizations and over time to reduce costs,reduce costs, increase customer satisfactionincrease customer satisfaction and and improve weapon system readinessimprove weapon system readiness..

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In government, material sourcing involves a number of distinct, In government, material sourcing involves a number of distinct, but related activities. These include:but related activities. These include:Schedule deliveriesSchedule deliveries from suppliers; from suppliers; receivereceive, , verifyverify, and , and transfer producttransfer product; and ; and authorizeauthorize supplier supplier payments. payments. IdentifyIdentify and selectand select supplysupply sources when not predetermined, as for engineersources when not predetermined, as for engineer--toto--order product. order product. Manage Manage business rulesbusiness rules, , assessassess supplier performance, and supplier performance, and maintain datamaintain data. . Manage Manage inventoryinventory, , capitalcapital assets, incoming product, supplier assets, incoming product, supplier networknetwork, import/export , import/export requirements, and requirements, and supplier agreementssupplier agreements..

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Relating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic ChainRelating SCOR Model to DoD Logistic Chain [10][10] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)Activities included in makeActivities included in make--repair include:repair include:

ProcessProcess returned itemsreturned itemsSchedule productionSchedule production activities, issue product, activities, issue product, produceproduce and and testtest, , packagepackage, stage , stage product, and product, and releaserelease product to deliver.product to deliver.Finalize engineeringFinalize engineering for engineerfor engineer--toto--order product.order product.ManageManage rules, performance, data, inrules, performance, data, in--process products (WIP), equipment and facilities, process products (WIP), equipment and facilities, transportation, production network, and regulatory compliance fotransportation, production network, and regulatory compliance for production.r production.

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In government, materialIn government, material delivery involves a number of distinct, but related activities. delivery involves a number of distinct, but related activities. These include:These include:All All order managementorder management steps steps from processing from processing customer inquiries and material orders to customer inquiries and material orders to routingroutingshipments and selecting shipments and selecting carrierscarriers. . Warehouse managementWarehouse management from receiving and picking product to load and ship product. from receiving and picking product to load and ship product. TransportingTransporting material from source to destination. material from source to destination. ReceiveReceive and and verifyverify product at product at customer sitecustomer site and and installinstall, if necessary. , if necessary. InvoicingInvoicing customer. customer. ManageManage Deliver business rules, performance, information, finished prodDeliver business rules, performance, information, finished product inventories, capital uct inventories, capital assets, transportation, product life cycle, and import/export reassets, transportation, product life cycle, and import/export requirements. quirements.

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In the government, a materialIn the government, a material return involves a number of distinct, but related activities. Threturn involves a number of distinct, but related activities. These include:ese include:Returning defective productReturning defective product including including authorizingauthorizing return; return; schedulingscheduling product return; product return; receivingreceiving, , verifyingverifying, and , and dispositiondisposition of defective product; and return of defective product; and return replacementreplacement or credit. or credit. Returning Returning maintenance, repair & overhaul (MRO) productsmaintenance, repair & overhaul (MRO) products including including authorizingauthorizing and and schedulinscheduling return, g return, determiningdetermining product condition, product condition, transferringtransferring product, product, verifyingverifying product product condition, condition, dispositiondisposition, and request return authorization. , and request return authorization. Returning excess productReturning excess product including identifying excess inventory, scheduling shipment, reincluding identifying excess inventory, scheduling shipment, receiving ceiving returns, approving request authorization, receiving excess produreturns, approving request authorization, receiving excess product ct return in Sourcereturn in Source, verifying , verifying excess, and recover and disposition of excess product. excess, and recover and disposition of excess product. Managing MaterialManaging Material Returns Returns based onbased on business rulesbusiness rules that includethat include performance targets, data performance targets, data collection, returning inventory, capital assets, transportation,collection, returning inventory, capital assets, transportation, network configuration, and network configuration, and regulatoryregulatoryrequirements and requirements and compliancecompliance..Whether customers are returning that materiel so it can be repaiWhether customers are returning that materiel so it can be repaired or stored for red or stored for immediate useimmediate use or as or as excess to current needs, the time, quality, cost, and variabilitexcess to current needs, the time, quality, cost, and variability incurred in the return process y incurred in the return process represents value to DoD activities.represents value to DoD activities.

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Revolution in Military Logistics (RML) Revolution in Military Logistics (RML) [13][13]The Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) has stated "the The Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) has stated "the transformation objectivetransformation objective is to is to field a forcefield a force that is strategically that is strategically responsiveresponsive and and dominantdominant every point on the every point on the spectrum of operations ".spectrum of operations ".

ThisThis transformation transformation challengeschallenges the Army to balance nearthe Army to balance near--term term readinessreadiness and force and force modernizationmodernization in an environment of in an environment of increasedincreased missions and missions and fewerfewer resources.resources.

At the At the joint leveljoint level, change started with Joint , change started with Joint Vision 2010 and Focused LogisticsVision 2010 and Focused Logistics; at ; at the the Army levelArmy level, change started with the Revolution in Military Logistics , change started with the Revolution in Military Logistics (RML)(RML). .

‘‘Revolution in Military LogisticsRevolution in Military Logistics’’ is a is a conceptconcept being evolved to being evolved to createcreate a a capabilitycapability--basedbased,, modularmodular and a and a flexibleflexible organizationorganization capable of anticipating and predicting capable of anticipating and predicting logistic requirements with the creation of matching infrastructulogistic requirements with the creation of matching infrastructure and facilities. [16]re and facilities. [16]

It proposesIt proposes a dynamic, distributiona dynamic, distribution--based logistic system that could be based logistic system that could be projected projected rapidlyrapidly and and operated efficientlyoperated efficiently to provide widelyto provide widely--distributed combat forces with distributed combat forces with uninterrupted fuel and supplies. [16]uninterrupted fuel and supplies. [16]

The RML is not only central to preparing for future military opeThe RML is not only central to preparing for future military operations; it is the rations; it is the fulcrum of the Armyfulcrum of the Army’’s effort to balance readiness and modernization.s effort to balance readiness and modernization.

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Revolution in Military LogisticsRevolution in Military Logistics [13][13] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Army transformation is about changing Army transformation is about changing the way we fightthe way we fight. .

It is the process of It is the process of convertingconverting the armythe army’’s s focusfocus and and structurestructure from a from a Cold Cold WarWar construct to a construct to a full spectrum combat forcefull spectrum combat force that is strategically that is strategically responsive and dominant at every point on the spectrum of confliresponsive and dominant at every point on the spectrum of conflict.ct.

It is It is more than technologymore than technology; it; it’’s doctrine, training, leadership, organizations, s doctrine, training, leadership, organizations, materiel readiness, installations, and soldiers. materiel readiness, installations, and soldiers.

The The first wavefirst wave of RML of RML focuses onfocuses on exploiting improvements in exploiting improvements in automationautomation; ; communicationscommunications; ; business practicesbusiness practices; ; reshapingreshaping command and control command and control relationships to provide better unity of command and reduced logrelationships to provide better unity of command and reduced logistics istics footprint.footprint.

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & AutomationAutomation [13][13]

The The precision deliveryprecision delivery of combat service support (CSS) is anticipatory; it of combat service support (CSS) is anticipatory; it provides provides significant efficienciessignificant efficiencies in both in both supplysupply and and distributiondistribution..

As the Army continues to As the Army continues to streamlinestreamline its operations, both in its operations, both in peacepeace and in and in combatcombat, a passive approach to logistics simply is not acceptable. , a passive approach to logistics simply is not acceptable. Waiting Waiting for support is not a strategy.for support is not a strategy.

To harness these economies, the Army must To harness these economies, the Army must capturecapture, , processprocess, and , and managemanagethe disparate data and communications systems that make CSS occuthe disparate data and communications systems that make CSS occur.r.

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & AutomationAutomation [13] [13] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

At the At the heart ofheart of the CSS the CSS information systeminformation system is the Global Support is the Global Support SystemSystem--Army Army (GCSS(GCSS--Army)Army)..

GCSSGCSS--ArmyArmy is much more thanis much more than a close combat a close combat coordinationcoordination and CSS and CSS delivery information system. It delivery information system. It integratesintegrates and and fusesfuses information from the information from the factoryfactory to the to the foxhole foxhole -- coordinating, expediting, and managing the coordinating, expediting, and managing the numerous activities in betweennumerous activities in between..

GCSSGCSS--ArmyArmy is an is an evolutionaryevolutionary logistics information system that logistics information system that builds builds onon the functions and processes of the functions and processes of existing systemsexisting systems toto generate data, generate data, integrate databases, and fuse CSS information from external sourintegrate databases, and fuse CSS information from external sources as ces as necessary to execute the RML.necessary to execute the RML.

GCSSGCSS--Army modernizes CSS automation through its integration of three Army modernizes CSS automation through its integration of three hardware configurations, seven operating systems, eight programmhardware configurations, seven operating systems, eight programming ing languages, and five communication protocols into a single systemlanguages, and five communication protocols into a single system baseline.baseline.

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & AutomationAutomation [13] [13] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

GCSSGCSS--ArmyArmy software will be delivered in a software will be delivered in a number of modulesnumber of modules, according to the , according to the particular function needed:particular function needed:

•• maintenance modulemaintenance module•• property accountability module property accountability module •• Ammunition and supply modules Ammunition and supply modules •• The integrated materiel management center (IMMC) module The integrated materiel management center (IMMC) module •• management modulemanagement module

Without doubt, GCSSWithout doubt, GCSS--Army is an Army is an ambitious programambitious program. But it is well within the . But it is well within the bounds of current bounds of current technological capabilitiestechnological capabilities and and war fighting doctrinewar fighting doctrine. .

01:10 36

Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & CommunicationsCommunications [13][13]

A A seamlessseamless logistics systemlogistics system that ties all parts of the logistics community into that ties all parts of the logistics community into one network of shared situational awareness and unified action one network of shared situational awareness and unified action can be can be achieved onlyachieved only in an environment dominated by in an environment dominated by global, wireless, assured global, wireless, assured communicationscommunications..

Global wirelessGlobal wireless communications will provide communications will provide soldierssoldiers the capability to the capability to reachreachand "and "seesee" virtually anywhere on the " virtually anywhere on the battlefieldbattlefield or in the world.or in the world.

These technologiesThese technologies can provide the capability to receive, transmit, store, and can provide the capability to receive, transmit, store, and retrieve information in a single seamless logistics system supporetrieve information in a single seamless logistics system supporting a rting a modern force in tomorrow's Army:modern force in tomorrow's Army:

•• Putting up more satellitesPutting up more satellites•• Increase the speed of information flowIncrease the speed of information flow•• Competition for market shareCompetition for market share•• Battery lifeBattery life

01:10 37

Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & Best Business PracticesBest Business Practices [13][13]

Methodologies Methodologies and and applicationsapplications used in private industry that used in private industry that elevate a elevate a commercial enterprisecommercial enterprise above the competition are referred to as above the competition are referred to as ""commercial best practicescommercial best practices..““

Best practices enable leadingBest practices enable leading--edge organizations to deliver worldedge organizations to deliver world--class class standards of performance to their customers.standards of performance to their customers.

The emergence of commercial best practices took place because ofThe emergence of commercial best practices took place because ofdownsizingdownsizing and a and a hunger for profitabilityhunger for profitability, or , or doing more with lessdoing more with less, so it , so it stands to reason that there could be a great deal of benefit to stands to reason that there could be a great deal of benefit to Army Army implementation of these best practices.implementation of these best practices.

01:10 38

Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & Best Business PracticesBest Business Practices [13] [13] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

These technologies can provide the capability to receive, transmThese technologies can provide the capability to receive, transmit, it, store, and retrieve information in a single seamless logistics sstore, and retrieve information in a single seamless logistics system ystem supporting a modern force in tomorrow's Army:supporting a modern force in tomorrow's Army:

•• Integrated supply chain management,Integrated supply chain management,•• Industry's changing view of logistics,Industry's changing view of logistics,•• Electronic commerce,Electronic commerce,•• Automated identification technology,Automated identification technology,•• Direct vendor delivery, load optimization,Direct vendor delivery, load optimization,•• Outsourcing,Outsourcing,•• Smart simple designSmart simple design

01:10 39

Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & Army Support Provider (ASP)Army Support Provider (ASP) [13][13]

The The Army Materiel Command (AMC)Army Materiel Command (AMC) will transform into a more responsive will transform into a more responsive Army Support Provider (ASP)Army Support Provider (ASP)..

This ASP will ensure: This ASP will ensure:

sustainabilitysustainability is designed into future systems with enormous is designed into future systems with enormous improvements in improvements in reliabilityreliability, , availabilityavailability, and , and maintainabilitymaintainability;;

a single commanda single command, control, communication, computers/information and , control, communication, computers/information and technology architecture technology architecture provides logistics information at all levelsprovides logistics information at all levels;;

centralized contracting information is always available;centralized contracting information is always available;

embedded diagnostics/prognostics and Automatic Identification embedded diagnostics/prognostics and Automatic Identification Technology (AIT).Technology (AIT).

01:10 40

Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & Single Stock Fund (SSF)Single Stock Fund (SSF) [13][13]

The Single Stock Fund (SSF)The Single Stock Fund (SSF) was a Headquarters, Department of the Army was a Headquarters, Department of the Army (HQDA), initiative to (HQDA), initiative to reengineer inventory management functionsreengineer inventory management functions and and associated financial processesassociated financial processes throughout the Army.throughout the Army.

Once completed, the SSF will consolidate management of current Once completed, the SSF will consolidate management of current wholesale, theater, corps/installation, and division authorized wholesale, theater, corps/installation, and division authorized stockagestockage list list inventories into a seamless logistics and financial system, thusinventories into a seamless logistics and financial system, thus creating a creating a single, virtual supply and maintenance organization. single, virtual supply and maintenance organization.

SSF is fundamental to achieving the Revolution in Military LogisSSF is fundamental to achieving the Revolution in Military Logistics.tics.

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & Infrastructure and Reduced Logistical FootprintInfrastructure and Reduced Logistical Footprint [13][13]The The RMLRML requires increased requires increased agilityagility in a number of dimensions. Army logistics will have to in a number of dimensions. Army logistics will have to

become more agile become more agile -- structurallystructurally, , physicallyphysically, and, and mentallymentally --in order to in order to cope withcope with the the demands of demands of dynamic RMLdynamic RML support to the agile and mobile forces of the Objective support to the agile and mobile forces of the Objective Force, the Force, the goal of the currentgoal of the current Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).

•• Structural agilityStructural agility will be accomplished through total will be accomplished through total integrationintegration of all Army of all Army componentscomponents, as well as , as well as incorporationincorporation of support teams from other services, allies, of support teams from other services, allies, and the Army's partners in industry to meet the demands of speciand the Army's partners in industry to meet the demands of specific missions.fic missions.

•• Physical agilityPhysical agility enhances the ability to enhances the ability to deploydeploy and and maneuvermaneuver the operational the operational infrastructure of the distributioninfrastructure of the distribution--based logistics system.based logistics system.

•• Mental agilityMental agility refers to refers to attitudeattitude. RML logistics is fast logistics. All logistics . RML logistics is fast logistics. All logistics managers in the supply chain need to managers in the supply chain need to thinkthink several steps ahead, all of the time.several steps ahead, all of the time.

Acquisition AGLITY is a key Army goal in RMLAcquisition AGLITY is a key Army goal in RML

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & DistributionDistribution--Based Logistics Based Logistics [13][13]

The operational concept DistributionThe operational concept Distribution--based logistics based logistics (DBL) relies on(DBL) relies ondistribution distribution velocityvelocity and and precisionprecision, , rather thanrather than redundantredundant supply mass, supply mass, to provide responsive support to war fighters.to provide responsive support to war fighters.

DBLDBL will will comprisecomprise a system of a system of innovative policiesinnovative policies, , doctrinedoctrine and and conceptsconcepts; ; reengineeredreengineered logistic functional processes; logistic functional processes; redesignedredesigned organizations; organizations; new new materiel systemsmateriel systems with embedded sensors and prognostics; with embedded sensors and prognostics; advanced advanced informationinformation, , decisiondecision--supportsupport and command and control systems; and and command and control systems; and wellwell--led, highly trained led, highly trained soldiers and civilianssoldiers and civilians to operate and manage it.to operate and manage it.

It reduces the massIt reduces the mass required to compensate for the lethal uncertainties of required to compensate for the lethal uncertainties of war by reducing uncertainty across the Joint Theater. DBL rests war by reducing uncertainty across the Joint Theater. DBL rests on three on three pillars: pillars: visibilityvisibility, , capacitycapacity, and , and controlcontrol..

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Revolution in Military Logistics & Revolution in Military Logistics & DistributionDistribution--Based Logistics Based Logistics [13] [13] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Visibility:Visibility: The acquisition of near realThe acquisition of near real--time situational understanding, or time situational understanding, or visibility, has been a major objective of Force XXI. Visibility visibility, has been a major objective of Force XXI. Visibility can be can be grouped into three major categoriesgrouped into three major categories. First, there is visibility of. First, there is visibility of the the supported war fighting unitssupported war fighting units, The second category of visibility is , The second category of visibility is logistic logistic capabilities and constraintscapabilities and constraints, The third category of visibility includes , The third category of visibility includes logistic requirements and prioritieslogistic requirements and priorities to the supporting organizations at the to the supporting organizations at the theater and strategic levels.theater and strategic levels.

Capacity:Capacity: The logistics force must have the The logistics force must have the physical capacityphysical capacity to to act onact onthe knowledge provided by real time visibility. This includes the knowledge provided by real time visibility. This includes the array ofthe array ofmateriel systems: materiel systems: the lean but adequate inventoriesthe lean but adequate inventories; road, rail and ; road, rail and facilities infrastructure; and skilled personnel.facilities infrastructure; and skilled personnel.

Control:Control: Some of the most important logistics modernization efforts fallSome of the most important logistics modernization efforts fallunder the tenet of control. These include the under the tenet of control. These include the tactical force structuretactical force structure of the of the brigade combat teams; the brigade combat teams; the theater support commandtheater support command; and the ; and the single single seamlessseamless Army logistics organization, the Army logistics organization, the Army Readiness CommandArmy Readiness Command..

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Integration of Electronic Commerce in a Integration of Electronic Commerce in a Canadian Military Logistic Setting Canadian Military Logistic Setting

A conceptual approach A conceptual approach [14] [14]

The The main goalmain goal of this paper is to of this paper is to examineexamine briefly the briefly the current EC scenario for current EC scenario for DNDDND and and to present a conceptual frameworkto present a conceptual framework to develop an EC system in a to develop an EC system in a military logistic environment. military logistic environment.

They are four dimensions to any EC model:They are four dimensions to any EC model:Type of market:Type of market: B2C (BusinessB2C (Business--toto--Commerce) , B2B (BusinessCommerce) , B2B (Business--toto--Business), and C2C (ConsumerBusiness), and C2C (Consumer--toto--Consumer)Consumer)Type of product:Type of product: physical goods, information content, and servicesphysical goods, information content, and servicesEnvironment:Environment: WebWeb--based, brick and mortarbased, brick and mortarGeographic:Geographic: regional, national, and international. regional, national, and international.

B2BB2B can can consist ofconsist of a variety of possible activities such as a variety of possible activities such as EE--procurementprocurement, , Expense Management systems Expense Management systems (EMS)(EMS), and Supply Chain Management , and Supply Chain Management (SCM)(SCM). .

01:10 45

EE--Commerce in a Canadian Military Logistic Commerce in a Canadian Military Logistic [14][14] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Business processes in a military logistic systemBusiness processes in a military logistic system

Traditional communicationTraditional communicationmedia such as phone calls, fax, media such as phone calls, fax, and purchase orders by mail and purchase orders by mail are used to purchase goods. are used to purchase goods.

Goods are shipped to the Goods are shipped to the customer, verified, and stored. customer, verified, and stored. The output of this process is an The output of this process is an invoice.invoice.

Consistent productConsistent product catalogs catalogs are sometimes unavailable and are sometimes unavailable and an inefficient order entry (fax, an inefficient order entry (fax, mail, etc.) takes place. Long mail, etc.) takes place. Long delivery times occur and delivery times occur and processing costs increase. processing costs increase.

01:10 46

EE--Commerce in a Canadian Military LogisticCommerce in a Canadian Military Logistic [14][14] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

Useful technologies for the development and integration of Open Useful technologies for the development and integration of Open EC SystemsEC Systems

If an organization works with If an organization works with members of its supply chain in members of its supply chain in an electronic fashion, a number an electronic fashion, a number of benefits can accrue. of benefits can accrue.

Military business units have to Military business units have to be an early adopter of B2B be an early adopter of B2B systemssystems, with open buying on , with open buying on the Internet, to do sound business the Internet, to do sound business in electronic markets. in electronic markets.

Figure presents the technologies Figure presents the technologies that are needed to support the that are needed to support the electronic business processes in electronic business processes in military logistic systems. military logistic systems.

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Relationship between Relationship between DND'sDND's business entities and business partnersbusiness entities and business partners

DND DND needs an EC portalneeds an EC portal on the Interneton the Internet to establish a to establish a B2B commerceB2B commerceenvironment with its business partners. environment with its business partners. There should be a There should be a standard EC frameworkstandard EC framework for for securesecure and and interoperableinteroperableB2B Web commerce (B2B Web commerce (Internet ConsortiumInternet Consortium). ). These These electronic linkageselectronic linkages can tighten the chain by making it can tighten the chain by making it quickerquicker, , more accuratemore accurate, more , more reliablereliable and/or moreand/or more securesecure. .

01:10 48


Important determinants to consider during the development of EC Important determinants to consider during the development of EC systemssystems

describe the factors that stakeholders (DND, Top Government Offidescribe the factors that stakeholders (DND, Top Government Officers) and end cers) and end users should consider while developing and building military EC users should consider while developing and building military EC systems.systems.

01:10 49


Evaluation framework for the EC systemEvaluation framework for the EC systemTwo key features should characterize the backTwo key features should characterize the back--end end evaluationevaluation function for the EC system as function for the EC system as presented in Figure: presented in Figure:

A A continuous formativecontinuous formative evaluation evaluation during the development and implementationduring the development and implementation of of the EC system assuring the quality of the Webthe EC system assuring the quality of the Web--based electronic markets for business based electronic markets for business entities in DND. entities in DND. A A summative evaluationsummative evaluation process process during the postduring the post--implementationimplementation operation of the EC operation of the EC system to assure a 100%system to assure a 100%--quality assurance.quality assurance.

The main goal of the evaluation program is to assess the 'real' The main goal of the evaluation program is to assess the 'real' outcomes of the EC subsystem outcomes of the EC subsystem

01:10 50

Can Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) Benchmark Can Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) Benchmark U.S. Military to meet its logistics needs? U.S. Military to meet its logistics needs? [15][15]

Finland's neighboring countries are Sweden, Norway, and Russia. Finland's neighboring countries are Sweden, Norway, and Russia. Finland has a population of 5.2 million. Finland has a population of 5.2 million. Finland's security policy is based on nonparticipation in militaFinland's security policy is based on nonparticipation in military alliances ry alliances and on a credible national defense.and on a credible national defense.Finland participates in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Finland participates in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) NATO) Partnership for Peace program.Partnership for Peace program.Finland's military doctrine is based on a Finland's military doctrine is based on a territorial defenseterritorial defense that will be that will be adjusted to meet future threats. adjusted to meet future threats. The strength of the wartime FDF is 470,000 men; this will be redThe strength of the wartime FDF is 470,000 men; this will be reduced to uced to 350,000 men by the year 2008.350,000 men by the year 2008.

01:10 51

Comparison FDF & U.S. Military LogisticsComparison FDF & U.S. Military Logistics [15][15]

The new, The new, asymmetric battlefieldasymmetric battlefield creates new requirements for logistics creates new requirements for logistics systems. systems. Many countriesMany countries and their armed forces and their armed forces face the same challengesface the same challenges: : reorganizingreorganizing the armed forces and reducing defense budgets. The the armed forces and reducing defense budgets. The dilemmadilemmaall nations face is all nations face is whether to changewhether to change their military logistics systems their military logistics systems or to or to dependdepend on old principles and doctrines. on old principles and doctrines. As As U.S. Army logisticsU.S. Army logistics is being transformed as a part of the is being transformed as a part of the Revolution in Revolution in Military AffairsMilitary Affairs, Many nations , Many nations look to the United Stateslook to the United States for guidance. for guidance. As U.S. National Security Strategy and National Military StrategAs U.S. National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy, the y, the U.S.U.S.Armed Forces Armed Forces must respondmust respond to the full spectrum of crises to the full spectrum of crises all over the worldall over the world. . Both logistics systems must be able to provide support operationBoth logistics systems must be able to provide support operations s at homeat home, , overseaoverseas, and during s, and during international crisesinternational crises. .

The FDF focuses mainly on logistics operations on its own soil aThe FDF focuses mainly on logistics operations on its own soil and the U.S. nd the U.S. Army concentrates on operations abroad. Army concentrates on operations abroad.

01:10 52

Comparison FDF & U.S. Military LogisticsComparison FDF & U.S. Military Logistics [15][15] (cont(cont’’d.)d.)

The tools to achieve effectiveness and efficiency are the characThe tools to achieve effectiveness and efficiency are the characteristics of teristics of logistics shown in the table below:logistics shown in the table below:

Comparison of Logistics CharacteristicsComparison of Logistics Characteristics

01:10 53


The comparison of U.S., Finnish, and business logistics characteThe comparison of U.S., Finnish, and business logistics characteristics in the ristics in the table shows that :table shows that :The basic meanings behind different terms are almost the same. The basic meanings behind different terms are almost the same. The U.S. Army's logistics functions are clearer. The U.S. Army's logistics functions are clearer. The U.S. and FDF military logistics characteristics with businesThe U.S. and FDF military logistics characteristics with business logistics s logistics characteristics reveals that they characteristics reveals that they are very much alikeare very much alike..No contradictions, so the direction of development appears to beNo contradictions, so the direction of development appears to be the same the same among them all.among them all.The characteristics of the FDF are comparable, although they areThe characteristics of the FDF are comparable, although they are expressed expressed in different, less concise terms. in different, less concise terms.

01:10 54


An analysis of the comparison reveals that the An analysis of the comparison reveals that the FDFFDF needs to needs to update two update two characteristicscharacteristics::

The firstThe first is survivabilityis survivability--the ability of CSS elements to the ability of CSS elements to prevailprevail in the face in the face of potential of potential destructiondestruction and the ability to and the ability to protect support functionsprotect support functions. One . One way to reinforce the way to reinforce the FDF'sFDF's logistics survivability is to increase the combat logistics survivability is to increase the combat capabilities of its CSS units when capabilities of its CSS units when reviewing their organization and reviewing their organization and equipmentequipment. .

The secondThe second characteristic that the FDF needs to update is characteristic that the FDF needs to update is integrationintegration. CSS . CSS operations must be synchronized with all aspects of operations. operations must be synchronized with all aspects of operations. The The national logistics systemnational logistics system must be able to must be able to support international support international operationsoperations without special arrangements. Although the FDF has a long without special arrangements. Although the FDF has a long history of sending units to peacekeeping missions around the worhistory of sending units to peacekeeping missions around the world, ld, the the support system does not respond fully to today's requirements fosupport system does not respond fully to today's requirements for rapid r rapid reaction and force deployment.reaction and force deployment.

01:10 55


Comparison of Logistics FunctionsComparison of Logistics Functions

01:10 56


The CSS functions of the FDF are similar to U.S. Army logistics The CSS functions of the FDF are similar to U.S. Army logistics functions. functions. (See the table above.) (See the table above.) The main differenceThe main difference is that combat health is a is that combat health is a logistics function for the FDF and a personnel function for the logistics function for the FDF and a personnel function for the U.S. Army. U.S. Army.

The old system was based on independent branches of logistics, sThe old system was based on independent branches of logistics, such as uch as ordnance. ordnance.

The new logistics functions are supply, combat health, field serThe new logistics functions are supply, combat health, field services, vices, maintenance, and transportation. maintenance, and transportation.

The effects of this change are widespread and create the need toThe effects of this change are widespread and create the need to streamlinestreamlinemany things. many things.

AreasAreas needing improvement include needing improvement include not only manualsnot only manuals but also CSS but also CSS unit unit organizationsorganizations, , the ideologythe ideology of older logisticians who are used to doing of older logisticians who are used to doing things the old way, and CSS things the old way, and CSS personnel trainingpersonnel training systems. systems.

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The FDF The FDF supply classification systemsupply classification system correlates with the U.S. Army correlates with the U.S. Army classification classification only in principleonly in principle, because the FDF uses neither the U.S. , because the FDF uses neither the U.S. Army supply class system nor the NATO classification system. Army supply class system nor the NATO classification system.

The supply classification system is an integral part of the suppThe supply classification system is an integral part of the supply system. ly system.

Making the FDF supply system compatible with U.S. or NATO systemMaking the FDF supply system compatible with U.S. or NATO systems s undoubtedly would increase its usefulness. undoubtedly would increase its usefulness.

01:10 58


A fundamental differenceA fundamental difference between FDF and U.S. Army between FDF and U.S. Army ideologyideology is the is the method the FDF uses to support its method the FDF uses to support its combat forcescombat forces..The main principle of The main principle of U.S. ArmyU.S. Army logistics doctrine is to logistics doctrine is to release release

operational commandersoperational commanders from worryingfrom worrying about logistics arrangements by about logistics arrangements by giving the responsibility to logisticians. Army's organizationalgiving the responsibility to logisticians. Army's organizational modularity modularity makes it possible to provide interchangeable and tailor able unimakes it possible to provide interchangeable and tailor able units to meet ts to meet changing needs. changing needs. In the In the FDFFDF, the , the commander has total responsibility at all levelscommander has total responsibility at all levels, which is , which is why organizations at brigade and below are fixed. They are also why organizations at brigade and below are fixed. They are also more more logistically independentlogistically independent, because forward support battalion, because forward support battalion--level level capability is built into the brigade organization. capability is built into the brigade organization.

This [This [FDFFDF’’ss approachapproach] ] has proved to be a foresighted strategyhas proved to be a foresighted strategy since it is since it is the direction the U.S. Army is taking in developing new conceptsthe direction the U.S. Army is taking in developing new concepts to to respond to future challenges. U.S. CSS units above brigade levelrespond to future challenges. U.S. CSS units above brigade level are not are not fully modular and therefore are not fully able to respond to tomfully modular and therefore are not fully able to respond to tomorrow's orrow's requirements. requirements.

01:10 59

Case Study: IranCase Study: Iran’’s NEZAJA s NEZAJA Logistics ModelLogistics Model

پشتيباني منطقه اي پشتيباني منطقه اي پشتيباني لشكري پشتيباني لشكري

ستاد و اركان ستاد و اركان گردان نگهداري و تعميراتگردان نگهداري و تعميرات

گردان بهداشت و درمان گردان بهداشت و درمان گردان مهندسي گردان مهندسي

گردان آماد و ترابريگردان آماد و ترابري زاغه مهمات زاغه مهمات

دسته دسته / / گروهان گروهان / / گردان گردان / / پشتيباني تيپ پشتيباني تيپ

01:10 60

با تشكر از توجه شما با تشكر از توجه شما

01:10 61

ReferencesReferences

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[2]. URL: [2]. URL: http://www.answers.com/topic/militaryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/military--logisticslogisticsWikipedia Wikipedia [3]. URL: [3]. URL: http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/SepOct02/MS774.htmhttp://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/SepOct02/MS774.htm[4]. URL: [4]. URL: https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=32523https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=32523[5]. URL: [5]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46502=46502[6]. URL: [6]. URL: https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46490https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46490[7]. URL: [7]. URL: https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=22412https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=22412 from jp4from jp4--09 09 [8]. URL: [8]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=32529=32529[9]. URL: [9]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46491=46491[10]. URL: [10]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46492=46492[11]. URL: [11]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46493=46493[12]. URL: [12]. URL: https://https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?idacc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=46494=46494[13]. [13]. AundreAundre F. F. PiggeePiggee, , ‘‘Transformation Transformation –– Revolution in Military LogisticsRevolution in Military Logistics’’ , USAWC strategy , USAWC strategy

research project, U.S. Army War College CARLISLE BARRACKS, PENNSresearch project, U.S. Army War College CARLISLE BARRACKS, PENNSYLVANIA YLVANIA 1701317013

[14]. URL: [14]. URL: http://www.rmc.ca/academic/busadm/staff/stpierre/research/icis20http://www.rmc.ca/academic/busadm/staff/stpierre/research/icis2000_e.html00_e.html[15]. URL: [15]. URL: http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/JanFeb03/MS788.htmhttp://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/JanFeb03/MS788.htm

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SCM & Logistic in Military