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SCIENTISTS OF EVOLUTIONAND TAXONOMY
Carl von Linne (Linnaeus, 1707-1778)
• Swedish botanist
• Invented system for naming, ranking and classifying organisms
• 1st to group similar organisms and assign them Latin names
• Two word name known as Binomial nomenclature
• “Father of Taxonomy”
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
• British economist
• Studied how populations of organisms grow geometrically until reaching inevitable limit
• Limiting resources:• Food• Living space• Mates
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
•Proposed theory of Uniformitarianism
•Geological processes work at uniform rates building and wearing down Earth’s crust
•Proposed that the Earth was millions of years old instead of a few thousand
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
•Austrian monk
• Experimented on pea plants to develop a theory of genetics
• Explained how hereditary traits are transferred from parent to offspring
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
• French scientist who published his own theory of evolution
• Believed more complex organisms evolved from simpler ones
• Theory of “use and disuse” – more used body parts develop while unused parts grow weak
• Inheritance of Acquired Traits – traits acquired during an organisms lifetime would be passed on to offspring
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
•British naturalist
•Developed modern concept of evolution
•Process of natural selection – explain species descend from common ancestor
• “Survival of the Fittest”
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
•British biologist
•Co-developer of the theory of evolution
• Expert on geographical distribution of animal species
• Idea of “warning coloration” –bright or unusual coloring protects species by warning predators
Darwin vs. Lamarck
• Lamarck: • Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics – change in organism
during lifetime will be passed on to offspring• Change in organism determined by what they want or need
• Darwin: • Helpful traits passed on from parent to offspring aid in survival• Organisms better suited for a specific environment tend to survive and
reproduce
• Agreed: • Life changed gradually over time and was still developing• Living things change to better adapt to their environment• Life evolved from less complex organisms
Classifying Organisms
• Taxonomy – system used for classifying organisms, developed by Linnaeus• Species assigned a name consisting of two parts:
1. Species name2. Genus name
EX. Homo (genus) sapien (species)•Broader classification from more general to specific:•Domain -> Kingdom-> Phylum-> Class-> Order-> Family->
Genus-> Species
Three Domain System
• Based on differences in DNA structure or evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
• Systematics: study of taxonomy focusing on evolutionary outcomes and tracing the
ancestors of organisms
• The three domains are:1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya
Domain Archaea
•All are single-celled prokaryotes
•Cell walls made of polysaccharides
•DNA with histone proteins
•Considered “extremophiles” – live in extreme environments such as geysers, hot springs, salt lakes
Domain Eukarya
•All are eukaryotes and includes kingdoms:1. Protista2. Fungi3. Plantae4. Animalia
•No peptidoglycan in cells•DNA with histone proteins