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Scientific Revolution
Primary Content Source: Prentice Hall World HistoryImages as cited.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY: Until the 1500s many people believed the EARTH was at the center of the universe (solar system too, since solar system is in the universe)
-Started in Greece by ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy-Church taught the same
theory (God made Earth, so…)-In the 1500’s and 1600’s, discoveries were made that made people start changing their minds. Or at least start asking questions.
saburchill.com
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: Proposed in 1543 by Copernicus, a Polish astronomer.
-Said SUN was at center of the universe. -Written in his book, Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.-Said several planets (including Earth) orbited the sun.
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Most experts rejected this radical theory.
-In Europe at the time, all scientific knowledge and many religious teachings were based on the arguments developed by classical thinkers. -If Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge might be called into question.
arnett.us.com en.wikipedia.org
SUPPORT FOR COPERNICUS-In the late 1500s a Danish astronomer named TYCHO BRAHE backed Copernicus’ argument.-He observed the position of planets for years, carefully noting the position of heavenly bodies-His assistant carried on his work after Brahe died
buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com
After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the brilliant German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. -His calculations supported Copernicus’s heliocentric view.
physics.usyd.edu.au
NEW IDEASKepler’s ideas were different in another way, however.
-Taught that orbits weren’t perfect circles around the sun,but oval-shaped.
Copernicus and Ptolemy believed in orbits shaped like circles.
Kepler: ELLIPTICAL (oval) orbits
lcsd.gov.hk
Scientists built on the foundations of Copernicus and Kepler.
-In Italy, Galileo Galilei assembled an astronomical telescope.
-Galileo had observed the four moons of Jupiter moving slowly around that planet.
-Like Copernicus he realized that the Earth moved around the sun.
jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu
UNDER ATTACK: Other scholars attacked Galileo because his observations contradicted ancient views about the world. -The Church condemned him because his ideas challenged the Christian teaching that the heavens were fixed, unmoving, and perfect.
dailygalaxy.com
ON TRIAL: In 1633 Galileo was brought before the Inquisition. -INQUISITION: A court established by the Roman Catholic Church in the thirteenth century to try cases of heresy and other offenses against the church.-Threatened with death unless he took back his theory and said that Earth was at center of the universe.-Took it back, but reluctantly
0nd.org
Despite the opposition of religious authorities, by the early 1600s a new approach to science had emerged. Unlike most earlier approaches, it did not rely on authorities like Aristotle or Ptolemy or
even the Bible. It depended instead upon observation and experimentation.
sciencephoto.com
The new approach to science required scientists to collect and accurately measure
data. To explain the data, scientists used reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis, or
possible explanation. They then tested the hypothesis with further observation or
experimentation.
jackcomstock.deviantart.com
Complex mathematical calculations were used to convert the observations and experiments
into scientific laws. After reaching a conclusion, scientists repeated their work at
least once, and usually many times, to confirm their findings. This step-by-step process of discovery became known as the scientific
method.
science.phillipmartin.info
The new scientific method was really a revolution in thought.
-Two giants of this revolution were the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes. Each
devoted himself to the problem of knowledge.
zazzle.com
SIMILARITIES:-Both Bacon and Descartes rejected Aristotle’s
assumptions and Church teachings about “science.”-Instead, looked for truth and believed it could only be
found through investigation.
mises.org
Bacon and Descartes differed in their
methods.Bacon stressed
experimentation and observation. He wanted
science to make life better for people by leading to
practical technologies.
answers.com
Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. In his Discourse on Method, he explains
how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge.
“I think, therefore I am.”
sqapo.com
ISAAC NEWTON-By age 24, came up with a brilliant theory to explain how
planets circled the sun-Saw an apple fall from a tree, wondered if force that made apple fall to Earth was same that controlled the movement
of the planets
astrobob.areavoices.com
In the next 20 years, Newton perfected his theory. Using mathematics, he showed that a single force keeps
the planets in their orbits around the sun.
He called this force gravity.
galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu
In 1687, Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
-Book explains the law of gravity and other workings of the universe.
- Nature, argued Newton, follows uniform laws.- All motion in the universe can be measured and described
mathematically.
loc.gov
To many, Newton’s work seemed to link physics and astronomy, to bind the new
science as gravity itself held the universe together. An English poet caught the spirit of
what would later be called the Newtonian revolution:
“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in night,God said, Let Newton be! and all was light.”
- Alexander Pope, Epitaphs
For over 200 years, Newton’s laws held fast. In the early 1900s, startling new theories of the universe called some of Newton’s ideas into question. Yet Newton’s laws of motion and mechanics continue to have many practical
uses. Newton helped develop an important new branch of mathematics – calculus.
instantworlddomination.com
Chemistry slowly freed itself from the magical notions of medieval alchemists, who had
believed it was possible to transform ordinary metals into gold.
metahistory.org
In the 1600s, Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds. He also explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases. Boyle’s
work opened the way to modern chemical analysis of the composition of matter.
en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
During the Renaissance, artists and physicians made new efforts to
study the human body. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius
published On the Structure of the Human Body, the first accurate
and detailed study of
human anatomy.
mcm.edu
A French physician, Ambrose Pare, developed a new and more effective ointment for
preventing infection. He also developed a
technique for closing wounds with stitches.
le-paradis-des-anges.forumactif.fr uh.edu
In the early 1600s, William Harvey, an English scholar, described the circulation of the blood
for the first time. He showed how the heart serves as a pump to force blood through veins
and arteries.
famousscientists.org wired.com
Later in the century, the Dutch inventor Anthony van Leeuwenhoek perfected the
microscope and became the first human to see cells and microorganisms. These pioneering
scientists opened the way for further advances.
www.uv.escommons.wikimedia.org
Thinkers like Bacon, Descartes, and Newton applied the scientific method to the pursuit of knowledge. Their work encouraged others to
search for scientific laws governing the universe. Such ideas opened the way to the
Enlightenment of the 1700s.
newworldencyclopedia.org