SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENTChris Anderson

Randolph-Henry H. S.

• During the Middle Ages science was based on

Magic

Mystery

What the Ancients had written

• Most scientific theories were outdated:• Believed Earth to be flat• Earth was the center of the universe

• Science began to change in the 1600s• New technology developed (microscope and telescope)

Astronomy

• 1.) Nicolaus Copernicus:• Polish astronomer• Worked at University of Krakow in 1492• Believed earth to be round• Heliocentric view of universe

• Believed the ______________to be center of the universe

• Never proved his theory• Since he was Catholic, he did NOT publish his ideas

Nicolaus Copernicus

• 2.) Johannes Kepler:• Skilled mathematician• Used math to prove that the Earth travels around Sun

• Also proved the other planets travel around the sun

• Planets use elliptical orbits—not circular• Although Protestant, still afraid to publish

Johannes Kepler

• 3.) Galileo Galilei:• 1609: created his telescope• Discovered moons around Jupiter (Galilean Moons)

• Proves that a body can travel around another body

• 1632: Published his ideas• Catholic Church did NOT like his book• He was placed on trial • He recanted his ideas even though he knew he was right

• Placed under house arrest for the rest of his life• Continued to work in science• Created the Universal Laws of Physics

Galileo Galilei

Philosophy

• 1.) Francis Bacon:• English Philosopher• Information not based on proven fact should be thrown out

• Believed in using the scientific method

Francis Bacon

• 2.) Rene Descartes:• French Philosopher and mathematician• Only way to reach truth is through reason• Invented analytic geometry

• 3.) Sir Isaac Newton:• Physicist from England (tell story)• Believed in scientific method• 1687: wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

• The book explained his ideas on gravity and universal gravitation (why the planets move)

• Invented Calculus

Sir Isaac Newton

Biology, Medicine, Anatomy

• 1.) Andreas Vesalius:• French medical student• Illegally dissected dead humans (tell story)• Contributed a lot to the study of anatomy

Andreas Vesalius

• 2.) William Harvey:• English doctor• Discovered how blood circulates through the body

• 3.) Robert Hooke:• Englishman• Discovered the _________________• Used the microscope to make his discovery• What type of material did he look at to make his discovery???

Robert Hooke

Chemistry

• 1.) Robert Boyle:• Irishman• Turned chemistry into a pure science (tell story about alchemy)

• Defined element—any substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts

Robert Boyle

• 2.) Joseph Priestly:• English chemist and preacher• Studied air• Discovered Oxygen• Discovered carbon dioxide (CO2)• What did his discovery of CO2 help to develop????

Joseph Priestly

Studies on Oxygen

• 3.) Antoine Lavosier:• French Chemist• Studied Oxygen• Burning objects consume oxygen—Nature of Combustion

IMPACT OF SCIENCE

• Common people in Europe became interested in science

• Began conducting scientific experiments at home

• People began to believe that everything could be explained by using the scientific method (law, politics, economics, social relationships, etc.)

Thomas Hobbes:

• Believed that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government

• Without an absolute monarch, a nation would fall apart

• Believed humans are naturally inclined to become violent and disorderly (discuss)

• Believed people do NOT have the right to rebel against the government

• 1651: wrote Leviathan about a fictional place without a government

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke:

• Believed the government should be based on a contract and order needed to be established (What type of contract???)

• Believed humans to be naturally moral and reasonable (Who was right??)

• People have rights to:• Life • Liberty • Property

Ever heard of these before???

• Believed people COULD rebel against their government if the government took away their rights

• 1690: wrote Two Treatises of Government• Lots of people in the American colonies read Locke’s book

• Used Locke’s ideas as the basis for the American Revolution

• Jefferson used Locke’s ideas in the Declaration of Independence

John Locke

Hugo Grotius

• Dutch jurist• Wanted international law to be based on natural law

William Penn

• Founded the Quaker Colony in Pennsylvania

• Pacifism

Deism

• Religious philosophy that says no one religious philosophy is true

• Do not believe in organized religion• Very popular in America and Europe• Most of America’s founding fathers where deist

TRIUMPH OF REASON

Age of Enlightenment

• Occurred during the late 17th and 18th centuries

• People see the world as they have never seen it before

• Classification of animals, insects, and plants

• See the universe as a machine with fixed laws

Philosophes (Philosophers)

• Thinkers of the Enlightenment• Believe in Locke’s and Newton’s ideas• Dislike superstition• Like freedom of speech and people’s right to liberty

• Wrote lots of books

• France—active center for the Enlightenment

• Salons—places where thinkers would gather to share ideas

• Madame de Pompadour—famous French lady who ran a popular salon in Paris

Madame de Pompadour

Encyclopedie

• The most important accomplishment of the Enlightenment

• Published in 1751• 28 volumes about everything known in the world (3000 pages long)

• Started as a French translation of an English _____________________

• Denis Diderot—editor of Encyclopedie• Goes to prison defending the work

Denis Diderot

Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu)

• Helped Diderot with the Encyclopedie• 1748: wrote Spirit of Laws• Liked England’s government• Believed in 3 branches of government equally sharing power• 1.) Legislative• 2.) Executive• 3.) Judicial

Ever heard of these???

• Believed in Individual rights• His ideas are present in the U. S. Constitution

Montesquieu

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)

• French writer and deist• Most famous work=Candid• Believed in separation of Church and State• Served 2 prison terms in the Bastille (tell story)

Voltaire

Enlightened Despots

• Many monarchs attempted to use Enlightenment ideas in their nations

• Trying to promote industry, agriculture, culture, and education

• 1.) Frederick II (Prussia)• Abolished torture• Created elementary schools (Why????)

• 2.) Maria Theresa (Austria)• Wanted to free the serfs, but did not• Created elementary schools

• 3.) Joseph II (Austria)• Maria’s son• Abolished serfdom• Equal tax for all• Freedom of press

All his reforms fail because the Church and

nobles force him to repeal all of the reforms.

WHY??

Art/Music/Literature

• Enlightenment ideas will affect the arts• Palaces/museums constructed• Artists created works that were calm and rational

• Works appeal to the mind, not the eye

• Music was also transformed• Music created for pleasure, not the Church• Composers stressed balance, contrast, and refined emotion

• 2 new inventions—piano and violin

Bach, Toccata and Fugue in D minor, organ - YouTube

Other Views

• Not all people agreed with the Enlightenment

• Thought it was too rational—not enough emotion

• 1.) Jean-Jacques Rousseau:• Criticized the Enlightenment• Unhappy guy• Had physical/mental problems• Believed most people were naturally good• Civilization (cities) made people bad• Said all people should go live in the country and become closer to nature

• Believe in Locke’s ideas (power resting with the people)

Rousseau

• 2.) Immanuel Kant:• Metaphysics—philosophy that deals with universal, spiritual, and eternal questions—all are real even though science cannot explain them

• 1781: wrote Critique of Pure Reason • Said religion, beauty, and morality were real even though they could not be explained by science

Immanuel Kant

• 3.) Count von Zinzendorf:• Created the Moravian Brethren• Stressed the emotional and mystical side of Christianity (miracles)

• 4.) John Wesley:• Created Methodism (Methodist Church)• Stresses the value of the personal religious experience

• Eventually, the Enlightenment will be replaced by Romanticism

• A new movement that stresses emotion and the individual