Scientific MethodScientific MethodSteps of the Scientific MethodSteps of the Scientific Method1. Observation1. Observation2. Hypothesis2. Hypothesis3. Experimental Design/Data Collection (Testing the 3. Experimental Design/Data Collection (Testing the Hypothesis)Hypothesis)4. Analysis (Explaining the Data)4. Analysis (Explaining the Data)

Biology IntroductionBiology Introduction

-Control -Control Factor in an experiment that stays the same throughout the Factor in an experiment that stays the same throughout the course of the experiment. All good experiments have at least one controlcourse of the experiment. All good experiments have at least one control-Variable -Variable Factor in the experiment that changes. The fewer the Factor in the experiment that changes. The fewer the variables in an experiment, the better the design.variables in an experiment, the better the design.-Theory -Theory Hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and never disproved Hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and never disprovedScientific Law/Principle Scientific Law/Principle Scientific truths that are valid everywhere in Scientific truths that are valid everywhere in the universethe universeFact Fact Truth known by actual experience or evidence Truth known by actual experience or evidenceBelief Belief Opinion or conviction that something is true Opinion or conviction that something is true

Important Scientific Method TermsImportant Scientific Method Terms

Themes of BiologyThemes of Biology

Biology- Study of LifeBiology- Study of Life

Branches of BiologyBranches of BiologyBotany- PlantsBotany- Plants Physiology- Processes Physiology- Processes Anatomy-StructureAnatomy-Structure Zoology-AnimalsZoology-AnimalsCell Biology- Cells Cell Biology- Cells Genetics- InheritanceGenetics- Inheritance

Evolution- Change in organisms over timeEvolution- Change in organisms over timeBiochemistry- Chemistry of processes in organismsBiochemistry- Chemistry of processes in organismsEcology- Organisms & EnvironmentEcology- Organisms & EnvironmentMicrobiology- Microscopic OrganismsMicrobiology- Microscopic OrganismsOrganism – Anything capable of carrying out life processesOrganism – Anything capable of carrying out life processes

Major Themes in BiologyMajor Themes in Biology1. Cell Structure & Function1. Cell Structure & FunctionUnicellular Organisms Unicellular Organisms 1 cell 1 cell Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms More than 1 cell More than 1 cell2. Internal Stability2. Internal Stability ability to maintain internal conditions ability to maintain internal conditions3. Reproduction & Inheritance3. Reproduction & InheritanceSexual reproductionSexual reproduction between 2 individuals between 2 individualsAsexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 1 cell splits to form 2 cells 1 cell splits to form 2 cells4. Evolution- species change over time4. Evolution- species change over time5. Interdependence of organisms (ecology) 5. Interdependence of organisms (ecology) Relationship Relationship between organisms & environmentbetween organisms & environment6. Matter, Energy, & Organization6. Matter, Energy, & Organization Harvesting energy for life Harvesting energy for lifeAutotrophicAutotrophic Use energy directly from sun for food Use energy directly from sun for foodHeterotroph Heterotroph must take in food for energy must take in food for energy

Unicellular or multicellular?Unicellular or multicellular? Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph?

Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph? Autotroph or Heterotroph?Autotroph or Heterotroph?

Properties Of LifeProperties Of Life1.1. Made of cellsMade of cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3. Universal genetic code3. Universal genetic code4. Growth and development4. Growth and developmentGrowth- Increase in Amount of material in an organismGrowth- Increase in Amount of material in an organismDevelopment- Series of changes an organism undergoes in Development- Series of changes an organism undergoes in

becoming an adult becoming an adult 5. Obtain & use energy (from food or sun)5. Obtain & use energy (from food or sun)6. Respond to their environment 6. Respond to their environment Stimulus: anything in an organismStimulus: anything in an organism’’s environment that causes s environment that causes

it to reactit to react7. Homeostasis: Organisms maintain constant internal 7. Homeostasis: Organisms maintain constant internal

conditions regardless of external changesconditions regardless of external changesExamples?Examples?8. Evolve: Species change over time8. Evolve: Species change over time

Taxonomy and ClassificationTaxonomy and Classification

Taxonomy- Science of identifying, Taxonomy- Science of identifying, classifying, and naming organismsclassifying, and naming organisms

Taxa- Categories into which biologists Taxa- Categories into which biologists classify organismsclassify organisms

Why Do We Need to Classify Why Do We Need to Classify Organisms?Organisms?

Common names like frog and worm donCommon names like frog and worm don’’t t tell us enough informationtell us enough information

Common names are misleadingCommon names are misleading

Common names vary from country to Common names vary from country to countrycountry

Early Classification SystemEarly Classification System

Designed by AristotleDesigned by Aristotle

Divided into 2 groups- Plants Divided into 2 groups- Plants and Animalsand Animals

Modern Classification SystemModern Classification System•Binomial nomenclature (2 names)Binomial nomenclature (2 names)•Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th centurycentury•Organisms organized by structural Organisms organized by structural featuresfeatures

TaxaTaxa

•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesGenus, Species

•King Phillip Came Over For Good SoupKing Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Scientific NamesScientific Names

•Organism referred to by genus and speciesOrganism referred to by genus and species

•Genus capitalized, species is notGenus capitalized, species is not

•Entire name is either underlined or italicizedEntire name is either underlined or italicized

Classification

Kingdoms of Life• Traditionally, 5 kingdom system used to

classify life…1.Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

5. Monera- which includes

Archae (Kingdom: Archaebacteria)

Bacteria (Kingdom: Eubacteria)

Domains

As biologists recognize the differences betweenthe 2 kinds of prokaryotes, they also sawsimilarities among all eukaryotes.

So, a new system that was proposed that dividesorganisms into 3 Domains based on celltype, genetics, and nutrition1. Bacteria2. Archae (Ancient unicellular organisms similar to

bacteria)3. Eukarya (Plants, animals, and fungi)

MoneraUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Unicellular

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Prokaryotic

Nutrition Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

Reproduction Asexual

Movement None

Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial

Other Info Some help in fighting disease

Examples Bacteria

ProtistaUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Unicellular

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Eukaryotic

Nutrition Heterotrophic or

AutotrophicReproduction Asexual or Sexual

Movement Cilia or Flagella

Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial

Other Info Some eat bacteria

Examples Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, & Paramecium

FungiUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Unicellular OR Multicellular

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Eukaryotic

Nutrition Heterotrophic

Reproduction Asexual or Sexual

Movement None

Environment Terrestrial

Other Info Decomposers

Examples Mold, yeast, & mushrooms

PlantaeUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Multicellular

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Eukaryotic

Nutrition Autotrophic

Reproduction Asexual or Sexual

Movement None

Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial

Other Info Insects aid in pollination

Examples Mosses, Ferns, Shrubs, Trees, & Flowering Plants

AnimaliaUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Multicellular

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Eukaryotic

Nutrition Heterotrophic

Reproduction Asexual or Sexual

Movement Yes (at some stage)Environment Aquatic or TerrestrialOther Info Largest kingdom over 1,000,000

species!Examples Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish,

Mammals, & Birds

What is the most diverse group of animals?

Arthropods!!•Most diverse phyla

•> 1 million species have been described.

•2 out of every 3 organisms known on Earth are arthropods