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Leaves-External
• Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem
• Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf• Midrib-the large center vein• Veins-the structural framework of
the leaf• Margin-the edge of the leaf
Leaf Retention
• Evergreen-Leaves stay on the plant all year long
• Deciduous-Leaves will fall off during the dormant periods
• Herbaceous-leaves and stems die back at the end of the season
Leaf Shapes
Cordate Elliptical Ovate Spatulate Deltoid
Lanceolate Liner
Bracts – modified leaves to attract pollinators
Sessile – leaves without a petiole
bract
Real Flower
What are the functions of
leaves?• Capture light• Exchange gases through respiration• Provide a site for photosynthesis
• Some leaves store food and water• Release water through transpiration
cooling the plant
Stems• Movement of Materials
• Support of the leaves and reproductive structures
• Food storages
• Reproduction with stem cuttings or grafting
Root Functions
• Anchor the plant and hold it upright
• Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem
• Store large quantities of plant food• Propagate or reproduce some
plants
Roots-External
• Root cap-indicates growth of new cells
• Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals
Root images from a rice plant
Taproots• Advantages• Penetrates
deeper• Obtain water
from other levels
• Anchor plant
• Disadvantages• Difficult to
remove or harvest
• do not stabilize well
Primary Roots• Grow down into the soil
and may branch repeatedly into lateral roots
• Taproot is a primary root
Fibrous• Advantages• Shallower,
better for fertilization & Water
• Stabilize in soil better
• Disadvantage• Less drought resistant• Tend to get exposed during
cultivation
Fibrous Root• Root structures in which the
primary and lateral roots develop equally so there is not a definite taproot.
Adventitious• Came from stems
or leaves instead of another root
• Prop root of corn and grapes are examples that give support
Storage Roots• Are structures such as those
of carrots and sweet potatoes which are used for food storage.
Flowers
• Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens
• Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers
• Stamen-male part of the flower• Pistil-female part of the flower
Parts of the Stamen
• Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther
• Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells
Parts of the Pistil
• Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen
• Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary
• Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
• Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized
Complete-vs-Incomplete
• Complete flowers have both male and female parts
• Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts
Plant Parts-Fruit
• Cones• Nut (acorn)• Clusters or drupes (raspberry)• Capsules (willow)• Samara (maple)
Life Cycle• Annual-a plant that lives for only 1
year or less
• Biennial-a plant that lives for 2 years, usually flowering in the second year
• Perennial-a plant that lives for more than 2 years
Growth Habits• Trees: greater than 12 feet tall
• Shrubs: less than 12 feet tall
• Vines: a plant that climbs & spreads