Science Synthesis II

8/2/2019 Science Synthesis II

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SCIENCE

GRADE FIRST

PLANT NEEDS

PARTS OF THE PLANT

TYPES OF PLANTS


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TREES BUSHES GRASS

GRADE SECOND

Plant Cell Structure

Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food.Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight toconvert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the celluses for fuel.

1. Cell Membrane:The function of the cell membrane is to allow waste material to exit the cell. The cellmembrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside.

2. Cell WallThe function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and to control the amountof water entering the cell.

3. Golgi BodyIt puts proteins into packages, called vesicles.

4. Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRead more in BotanyThe function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize and exports proteinsand glycoproteins.

5. LysosomesThe purpose of lysosomes are to digest things. They could be used to digest food orbreak down the cell when it dies. Lysosomes are The cells garbage disposal system.

6. CytoplasmThe function of the cytoplasm is to distribute oxygen and food (nutrients) to other partsof the cell and it supports all parts inside the cell. It has three main functions: storage,energy, and manufacturing.

7. NucleolusThe nucleolus is where ribosomes are made. The nucleolus disappears during cell

reproduction.


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8. VacuoleThe function of the vacuole is to store water, nutrients, and other substances thatcannot be used right away. They tend to be larger in plant cells because plants arewatered.

9. Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell.

10.ChloroplastChloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. They contain chlorophyll, the greenpigment that is needed for photosynthesis. The main purpose of this organelle is toproduce sugars and starches.

11.NucleusThe nucleus regulates all cell activity. It contains chromosomes, structures made up ofgenetic information, that direct a cells growth and reproduction.

12.Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumThe function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to package proteins for transport,synthesize membrane phosolipids, and releases calcium.

13.MitochondriaThe function of the mitochondria is to provide the cell with energy. Through theprocess of respiration, the mitochondria uses oxygen to change sugar into energy

14.Centrosome:The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced.

Animal Cell

The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, asingle cell). Most cells are very small; most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells


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are covered by a cell membrane and come in many different shapes. The contents of acell are called the protoplasm.

The following is a glossary of animal cell terms:

1.Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell

membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blockingothers.

2.Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located nearthe nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is wheremicrotubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the twoparts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of thecentrosome.

3.Cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles arelocated.

4.Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. Itproduces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteinsand carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.5.Lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane andcontaining digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.

6.Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The innermembrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). Themitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) forthe cell.

7.Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

8.Nnucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.Some cells have more than one nucleolus.

9.Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. Thenucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) andcontains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

10.Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sitesof protein synthesis.rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous,

infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER iscontinuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes thatgive it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and producesproteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into thecell membrane).

11.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected,membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (theER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called theER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes andproduces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from roughER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and

membranes.

12.Vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills withfood being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.


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GRADE THIRD

PLANTS CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS


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PLANTS REPRODUCTION

POLLINATION

Flowering plants use the wind, insects,bats, birds and mammals to transferpollen from the male (stamen) part of theflower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

PARTS OF A FLOWER

Sepals protect the bud until it opens.

Petals attract insects.

Stamens make pollen.

Carpels grow into fruits which contain the seeds.

FERTILISATION

Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule.Fertilised ovules develop into seeds.The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

WIND POLLINATION

Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attractinsects.They do have stamens and carpels.These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

SEED DISPERSAL

Seeds are dispersed in many different ways:WindExplosionWater

AnimalsBirdsScatter

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs


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when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall offleaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that

encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION


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ANIMALS REPROUCTION


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GRADE FOURTH

POLLINATION

Flowering plants use the wind, insects,bats, birds and mammals to transferpollen from the male (stamen) part of theflower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

PARTS OF A FLOWER





FERTILISATION

Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule.Fertilised ovules develop into seeds.The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

WIND POLLINATION

Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attractinsects.They do have stamens and carpels.These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

SEED DISPERSAL

Seeds are dispersed in many different ways:WindExplosionWater

Animals

BirdsScatter

Plant Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurswhen the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall offleaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure thatencloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.

When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.


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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION


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ANIMALS REPROUCTION


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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY EAT


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GRADE FIFTH

POLLINATION


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PARTS OF A FLOWER





Plant Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurswhen the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off

leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure thatencloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION


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STEPS OF GROWING

STEPS OF GROWING

GERMINATION BABY BOY YOUNG MAN ADULT OLD MAN


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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS

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Science Synthesis II